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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

A conceptual rainfall-runoff mathematical model to simulate

runoff using daily amount of rainfall for arid and semi-arid
region

Sheetal Shende
School of Science, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
E mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The structure of water resources needed long-term runoff. Because of the huge
operating and maintenance costs of sites collecting large quantities of data, it is always a
problem for developing countries. Data collection apart from these estimates of runoff from the
river basin, irrigation schedules, flood control and dam design and other engineering structures
have been very important to plan and manage. In hydrology, various models are available for
understanding and predicting the Runoff process. The tank model is often favored for its
simplicity among several conceptual precipitation runoff models. However, due to the
calibration of too many parameters of the model, it requires a lot of time and effort to get better
results. In fact, the price has gone up for product calibration. In this case, a new mathematical
model is being developed to analyze the amount of runoff, which is rainfall. The paper
illustrates the application of Ordinary Differential Equation the field of Mathematics which
helps to relate the value of function itself for an unknown function of one or several variables.

1. Introduction
Water is a key element for the livelihood. It is a key to economic development and growth, especially
in view of rapid population growth of agriculture and industry. The Asian economies are mainly
agricultural in most Asian countries. The success of agriculture is dependent entirely on a continuous
supply of water from rivers, water reservoirs and canals due to arid and semi-arid conditions.
Rainwater, as well as people and cattle falling on the surface of the earth, is extremely important to
agriculture. In most parts of the world, the principal source of water for agriculture is rainfall. The
rainfall characteristics vary between places, every day, month by month and year by year [4,5,6].

Agricultural land in India was stated at 60.45 % in 2016, as per the records of the World Bank
collection of development indicators. But this agricultural land more and more replace with industries
because of the fast growth of economy and society [12]. Farmers in India are dependent on rivers,
reservoirs, tanks and wells for water at the time of irrigation. So in India it is very important to have
technique to predict Runoff. In rainfall runoff modelling, it is almost impossible to measure exact
amount of runoff, and that is mainly due to the high catchment heterogeneity and the limitation of
measurement techniques [13]. This limitation and the need to extrapolate information from the
available measurements initiated the application of mathematical modelling. Mathematical models are
used to predict how the hydrologic system will respond to precipitation events, and are applied widely
in water resources [15]. However, the multiple variables involved in calibration of the rainfall-rune-off
patterns with regards to local observation data can be complicated and time consuming in order to
enhance model predictability. The assessment of the effects of soil use and land cover change in water
sources is a factor in agricultural and civil water management modeling.
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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

Surface runoff is an important consideration when assessing water resources monitoring and water
quality resolution and the issue of water quantity such as flood predictions, and environmental and
biological water environments [1]. Rainwater also contributes an excessive amount of excess nutrients
and pesticides because it washes into the water. Erosion is also caused by intense torrential downpours
and flooding that destroys vegetation and structures [2].

Recently, there have been proposed many conceptual models, including but not limited to: models of
the Sacrament (Brazil and Hudlow 1981), of Clark (Clark 1945), of Nash (Nash 1957), of HBV
(Bergstrom 1992, 1995), of HYMOD (Moore 1985) and of the watershed model (Crawford and
Linsley, 1966). (Luquen & Mary, 1974, 1983). (see ref. [3,8,11,14,16,17,20,21,23])

There are various rainfall models that are used to simulate floods and daily rushing events in India .
The models are conceptual representations of runoff precipitation. The Sugwara device was developed
for flood hydrology from Japan and included three tanks which were vertically stacked. It was created
with Japanese environmental conditions in mind [7,10,22].

Hairul Basyar of Aceh (Indonesia) invented the Tank model following.

Phien et al. [24] have developed two watershed models that can be used to simulate water pollution in
Thailand. The model tank in India also applies to the various basins [25]. Ramasastri K.S. Airport.
Using the Tanzanian model for simulating the Malaprabha basin runoff from southern Indian Western
Ghats, the Model for the Malaprabha Basin has been found to be very efficient [19]. The tank model
was used in 1984 to collect information about daily streamflows in two central Indian sub-basins. To
solve this problem, the model was developed [18].

The use of the model tank for hydrological studies has been quite limited in India and only a few
studies have so far been carried out.

2. Methodology and Model Structure

Sugawara, a representative of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, suggested the tank
prototype in 1951. This model integrates physical processes into the hydrological model. The idea is to
measure the flow rate of the fuel in the tank by dividing it into smaller samples. Factors such as
infiltration, filtration, storage, surface runoff, sub-base flow, and base flow are all relevant to the
outcome. Runoff in the top tank provides water for collection in the bottom tank. How do the inlets on
the second, third, and fourth tank work? When, finally, water flows across the surface area and rushes
off the surface, the season of Monsoon will arrive. In order to supply an abundant amount of water to
the rinse solution, the rinsing surface was increased.

In this respect, a mathematical model of the tank model is attempted. Tank Model assumes four
vertical tanks representing the flush surface, intermediate fluid, sub-base fluid, and base fluid as
shown in figure 1 respective

The side channel output describes the runoff calculi. The office eliminates the top tank surface runoffs,
the second tank's center runoff, the third tank's base runoff and the 4th tank base flow. The structure of
the zonal underground water typically shown in the figure can be considered as corresponding figure 1
and figure 2.

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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

Surface Discharge Surface Flow

Intermediate Flow
Intermediate Discharge
Sub-base Flow

Sub-base Discharge
Base Flow

Base Discharge
Figure 1. Tank Figure 2. Types of flow
Model

Let us split the model shown in figure 1 in three different tanks as shown in figure 3(a), figure 3(b)
and figure 3(c).

Figure 3(a) Figure 3(b) Figure 3 (c)

Figure 3. Tanks with three, two and one outlet respectively
If we move each tank's side outlet(s) to the bottom of the tanks, we convert the model into one of the
linear forms displayed in figure 4(a) and figure 4(b).

Figure 4(a). Tank with two Figure 4(b). Tank with three
outlets outlets

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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

3. Results
Let us assume below parameters to obtain equation of runoff for each of three distinct tanks
𝑝𝑖 (𝑡): Precipitation (Input),
𝑟𝑖 (𝑡): Runoff (Output), where 𝑖 = 1,2,3 and
𝑠(𝑡): Storage
𝑘, 𝑘0 , 𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 are cross-section area of outlet for different tank.

Case 1: For the tank of type shown in figure the following equations hold:

𝑑
[𝑠(𝑡)] = 𝑝1 (𝑡) − 𝑟1 (𝑡);
𝑑𝑡
Where 𝑟1 (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑠(𝑡)
𝑑
∴ [𝑠(𝑡)] + 𝑘𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑝1 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
Figure 4(a). tank with one outlet ∴ [𝑟1 (𝑡)] + 𝑘𝑟1 (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑝1 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

Since rainfall is impulsive in nature at time 𝑡 = 0 to an empty linear tank 𝑝1 (t) = δ(t)
where δ(t) is a Dirac Delta function.
Hence by solving above equation using Laplace Transforms output will be exponential function as
shown in below equation.
𝑟1 (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

Case 2: For the tank of type shown in figure the following equations hold:

Figure 5. Tank with two outlets

𝑑
[𝑠(𝑡)] = 𝑝2 (𝑡) − 𝑟2 (𝑡),
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑟2 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑠(𝑡)
𝑑
∴ [𝑠(𝑡)] + (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑝2 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∴ [𝑟 (𝑡)] + (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑟2 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑝2 (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡 2

Similarly, by solving above equation using Laplace Transform with initial conditions

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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

𝑝2 (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡) Runoff (output) will be an exponential function as shown below:

𝑟2 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑒 −(𝑘0 +𝑘1)𝑡

Case 3: For the tank of type shown in figure the following equations hold:
𝑑
[𝑠(𝑡)] = 𝑝3 (𝑡) − 𝑟3 (𝑡),
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑟3 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑠(𝑡)
𝑑
∴ [𝑠(𝑡)] + (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑝3 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
∴ [𝑟 (𝑡)] + (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑟3 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑝3 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 3

Figure 6. Tank with three outlets

Again applying initial condition 𝑝3 (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡) to above equation and solving it by using the Laplace
Transform Runoff (output) will be an exponential function as shown below:
𝑟3 (𝑡) = (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑒 −(𝑘0 +𝑘1+𝑘2)𝑡

Adding Runoff getting by all the three vertical tanks we get total amount of Runoff

𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑟1 (𝑡) + 𝑟2 (𝑡) + 𝑟3 (𝑡)

𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 + 2(𝑘0 + 𝑘1 )𝑒 −(𝑘0 +𝑘1)𝑡 + (𝑘0 + 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑒 −(𝑘0+𝑘1 +𝑘2)𝑡

4. Conclusion:
For efficient water resource management, accurate approximation of runoff is needed. It is relatively
easy to estimate the runoff of the tank model. Although the tank is divided into zones, there is only
one model tank in the entire tank. The rainfall is taken into consideration in each area as rain water.
We have developed a differential first order equation and we try to find the rush quantity in each tank
at a certain time. Lastly, find Runoff summation for each tank and find the total runoff. By daily
rainfall data we can simulate this model. It is widely used by hydrologists and engineers, but not
sufficient data can lead to a lack of approximation. The irrigation preparation, crop rotation and
cropping pattern can be envisaged with the knowledge of water in the water basin.

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ICACSE 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964 (2021) 022017 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1964/2/022017

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