Example 8.11.

3 : Program to display the number of vowels and consonants

in the given string
str1=input ("Enter a string: ")
str2="aAeEiIoOuU"
v,c=0,0
for i in str1:
if i in str2:
v+=1
elif i.isalpha():
c+=1
print ("The given string contains { } vowels and { } consonants".format(v,c))

Output
Enter a string: Tamilnadu School Education
The given string contains 11 vowels and 13 consonants

Example 8.11.4 : Program to create an Abecedarian series. (Abecedarian

refers list of elements appear in alphabetical order)
str1="ABCDEFGH"
str2="ate"
for i in str1:
print ((i+str2),end='\t')
Output
Aate Bate Cate Date Eate Fate Gate Hate

Example 8.11.5 : Program that accept a string from the user and display
the same after removing vowels from it
def rem_vowels(s):
temp_str=''
for i in s:
if i in "aAeEiIoOuU":
pass
else:
temp_str+=i
print ("The string without vowels: ", temp_str)
str1= input ("Enter a String: ")
rem_vowels (str1)
Output
Enter a String: Mathematical fundations of Computer Science
The string without vowels: Mthmtcl fndtns f Cmptr Scnc

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 Example 8.11.6 : Program that count the occurrences of a character in a
string
def count(s, c):
c1=0
for i in s:
if i == c:
c1+=1
return c1
str1=input ("Enter a String: ")
ch=input ("Enter a character to be searched: ")
cnt=count (str1, ch)
print ("The given character {} is occurs {} times in the given string".format(ch,cnt))
Out Put
Enter a String: Software Engineering
Enter a character to be searched: e
The given character e is occurs 3 times in the given string

Points to remember:
• String is a data type in python.
• Strings are immutable, that means once you define string, it cannot be changed during
execution.
• Defining strings within triple quotes also allows creation of multiline strings.
• In a String, python allocate an index value for its each character which is known as
subscript.
• The subscript can be positive or negative integer numbers.
• Slice is a substring of a main string.
• Stride is a third argument in slicing operation.
• Escape sequences starts with a backslash and it can be interpreted differently.
• The format( ) function used with strings is very versatile and powerful function used
for formatting strings.
• The ‘in’ and ‘not in’ operators can be used with strings to determine whether a string
is present in another string.

Hands on Experience

1. Write a python program to find the length of a string.

2. Write a program to count the occurrences of each word in a given string.

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 3. Write a program to add a prefix text to all the lines in a string.

4. Write a program to print integers with ‘*’ on the right of specified width.

5. Write a program to create a mirror image of the given string. For example, “wel” = “lew“.

6. Write a program to removes all the occurrences of a give character in a string.

7. Write a program to append a string to another string without using += operator.

8. Write a program to swap two strings.

9. Write a program to replace a string with another string without using replace().

10. Write a program to count the number of characters, words and lines in a given string.

Evaluation
Part - I

Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

1. Which of the following is the output of the following python code?
str1="TamilNadu"
print(str1[::-1])
(a) Tamilnadu (b) Tmlau
(c) udanlimaT d) udaNlimaT
2. What will be the output of the following code?
str1 = "Chennai Schools"
str1[7] = "-"
(a) Chennai-Schools (b) Chenna-School
(c) Type error (D) Chennai
3. Which of the following operator is used for concatenation?
(a) + (b) & (c) * d) =
4. Defining strings within triple quotes allows creating:
(a) Single line Strings (b) Multiline Strings
(c) Double line Strings (d) Multiple Strings
5. Strings in python:
(a) Changeable (b) Mutable
(c) Immutable (d) flexible

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 6. Which of the following is the slicing operator?
(a) { } (b) [ ] (c) < > (d) ( )
7. What is stride?
(a) index value of slide operation (b) first argument of slice operation
(c) second argument of slice operation (d) third argument of slice operation
8. Which of the following formatting character is used to print exponential notation in
upper case?
(a) %f (b) %E (c) %g (d) %n
9. Which of the following is used as placeholders or replacement fields which get replaced
along with format( ) function?
(a) { } (b) < > (c) ++ (d) ^^
10. The subscript of a string may be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Either (a) or (b)

Part -II

Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

1. What is String?
2. Do you modify a string in Python?
3. How will you delete a string in Python?
4. What will be the output of the following python code?
str1 = “School”
print(str1*3)
5. What is slicing?
Part -III

Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

1. Write a Python program to display the given pattern
COMPUTER
COMPUTE
COMPUT
COMPU
COMP
COM
CO
C

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 2. Write a short about the followings with suitable example:
(a) capitalize( ) (b) swapcase( )
3. What will be the output of the given python program?
str1 = "welcome"
str2 = "to school"
str3=str1[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:]
print(str3)
4. What is the use of format( )? Give an example.
5. Write a note about count( ) function in python.

Part -IV

Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

1. Explain about string operators in python with suitable example.

Reference Books
1. https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html
2. https://www.techbeamers.com/python-tutorial-step-by-step/#tutorial-list
3. Python programming using problem solving approach – Reema Thareja – Oxford University
press.
4. Python Crash Course – Eric Matthes – No starch press, San Francisco.

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 CHAPTER 9
Unit III
LISTS, TUPLES, SETS AND DICTIONARY

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

• Understand the basic concepts of various collection data types in python such as List,
Tuples, sets and Dictionary.
• Work with List, Tuples, sets and Dictionaries using variety of functions.
• Writting Python programs using List, Tuples, sets and Dictionaries.
• Understand the relationship between List, Tuples and Dictionaries.

9.1 Introduction to List

Python programming language has four collections of data types such as List, Tuples,
Set and Dictionary. A list in Python is known as a “sequence data type” like strings. It is an
ordered collection of values enclosed within square brackets [ ]. Each value of a list is called
as element. It can be of any type such as numbers, characters, strings and even the nested lists
as well. The elements can be modified or mutable which means the elements can be replaced,
added or removed. Every element rests at some position in the list. The position of an element
is indexed with numbers beginning with zero which is used to locate and access a particular
element. Thus, lists are similar to arrays, what you learnt in XI std.
9.1.1 Create a List in Python
In python, a list is simply created by using square bracket. The elements of list should
be specified within square brackets. The following syntax explains the creation of list.

Syntax:
Variable = [element-1, element-2, element-3 …… element-n]

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 Example
Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
Fruits = [“Apple”, “Orange”, “Mango”, “Banana”]
MyList = [ ]

In the above example, the list Marks has four integer elements; second list Fruits has
four string elements; third is an empty list. The elements of a list need not be homogenous type
of data. The following list contains multiple type elements.

Mylist = [ “Welcome”, 3.14, 10, [2, 4, 6] ]

In the above example, Mylist contains another list as an element. This type of list is
known as “Nested List”.

Nested list is a list containing another list as an element.

9.1.2 Accessing List elements

Python assigns an automatic index value for each element of a list begins with zero.
Index value can be used to access an element in a list. In python, index value is an integer
number which can be positive or negative.

Example
Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
Marks 10 23 41 75
Index (Positive) 0 1 2 3
IndexNegative) -4 -3 -2 -1

Positive value of index counts from the beginning of the list and negative value means
counting backward from end of the list (i.e. in reverse order).

To access an element from a list, write the name of the list, followed by the index of the
element enclosed within square brackets.

Syntax:
List_Variable = [E1, E2, E3 …… En]
print (List_Variable[index of a element])

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 Example (Accessing single element):
>>> Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
>>> print (Marks[0])
10

In the above example, print command prints 10 as output, as the index of 10 is zero.

Example: Accessing elements in revevrse order

>>> Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
>>> print (Marks[-1])
75

Note
A negative index can be used to access an element in reverse order.

(i) Accessing all elements of a list

Loops are used to access all elements from a list. The initial value of the loop must be
zero. Zero is the beginning index value of a list.

Example
Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
i=0
while i < 4:
print (Marks[i])
i=i+1
Output
10
23
41
75

In the above example, Marks list contains four integer elements i.e., 10, 23, 41, 75. Each
element has an index value from 0. The index value of the elements are 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively.
Here, the while loop is used to read all the elements. The initial value of the loop is zero, and
the test condition is i < 4, as long as the test condition is true, the loop executes and prints the
corresponding output.

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 During the first iteration, the value of i is 0, where the condition is true. Now, the
following statement print (Marks [i]) gets executed and prints the value of Marks [0] element
ie. 10.

The next statement i = i + 1 increments the value of i from 0 to 1. Now, the flow of
control shifts to the while statement for checking the test condition. The process repeats to
print the remaining elements of Marks list until the test condition of while loop becomes false.

The following table shows that the execution of loop and the value to be print.

print
Iteration i while i < 4 i=i+1
(Marks[i])

1 0 0 < 4 True Marks [0] = 10 0+1=1

2 1 1 < 4 True Marks [1] = 23 1+1=2

3 2 2 < 4 True Marks [2] = 41 2+1=3

4 3 3 < 4 True Marks [3] = 75 3+1=4

5 4 4 < 4 False -- --

(ii) Reverse Indexing

Python enables reverse or negative indexing for the list elements. Thus, python lists
index in opposite order. The python sets -1 as the index value for the last element in list and -2
for the preceding element and so on. This is called as Reverse Indexing.

Example
Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
i = -1
while i >= -4:
print (Marks[i])
i = i + -1
Output
75
41
23
10

The following table shows the working process of the above python coding

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 Iteration i while i >= -4 print ( Marks[i] ) i = i + -1
1 -1 -1 >= -4 True Marks[-1] = 75 -1 + (-1) = -2
2 -2 -2 >= -4 True Marks[-2] = 41 -2 + (-1) = -3
3 -3 -3 >= -4 True Marks[-3] = 23 -3 + (-1) = -4
4 -4 -4 >= -4 True Marks[-4] = 10 -4 + (-1) = -5
5 -5 -5 >= -4 False -- --

9.1.3 List Length

The len() function in Python is used to find the length of a list. (i.e., the number of
elements in a list). Usually, the len() function is used to set the upper limit in a loop to read all
the elements of a list. If a list contains another list as an element, len() returns that inner list as
a single element.

Example :Accessing single element

>>> MySubject = [“Tamil”, “English”, “Comp. Science”, “Maths”]
>>> len(MySubject)
4

Example : Program to display elements in a list using loop

MySubject = ["Tamil", "English", "Comp. Science", "Maths"]
i=0
while i < len(MySubject):
print (MySubject[i])
i=i+1
Output
Tamil
English
Comp. Science
Maths

9.1.4 Accessing elements using for loop

In Python, the for loop is used to access all the elements in a list one by one. This is just
like the for keyword in other programming language such as C++.

Syntax:
for index_var in list:
print (index_var)

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 Here, index_var represents the index value of each element in the list. Python reads
this “for” statement like English: “For (every) element in (the list of) list and print (the name of
the) list items”

Example

Marks=[23, 45, 67, 78, 98]

for x in Marks:
print( x )
Output
23
45
67
78
98

In the above example, Marks list has 5 elements; each element is indexed from 0 to 4. The
Python reads the for loop and print statements like English: “For (every) element (represented
as x) in (the list of) Marks and print (the values of the) elements”.

9.1.5 Changing list elements

In Python, the lists are mutable, which means they can be changed. A list element or
range of elements can be changed or altered by using simple assignment operator =.

Syntax:
List_Variable [index of an element] = Value to be changed
List_Variable [index from : index to] = Values to changed

Where, index from is the beginning index of the range; index to is the upper limit of
the range which is excluded in the range. For example, if you set the range [0:5] means, Python
takes only 0 to 4 as element index. Thus, if you want to update the range of elements from 1 to
4, it should be specified as [1:5].

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 Example 9.1: Python program to update/change single value
MyList = [2, 4, 5, 8, 10]
print ("MyList elements before update... ")
for x in MyList:
print (x)
MyList[2] = 6
print ("MyList elements after updation... ")
for y in MyList:
print (y)
Output:
MyList elements before update...
2
4
5
8
10
MyList elements after updation...
2
4
6
8
10
Example 9.2: Python program to update/change range of values
MyList = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
print ("List Odd numbers... ")
for x in MyList:
print (x)
MyList[0:5] = 2,4,6,8,10
print ("List Even numbers... ")
for y in MyList:
print (y)
Output
List Odd numbers...
1
3
5
7
9
List Even numbers...
2
4
6
8
10

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 9.1.6 Adding more elements in a list Example
In Python, append() function is >>> Mylist.extend([71, 32, 29])
used to add a single element and extend()
>>> print(Mylist)
function is used to add more than one
element to an existing list. [34, 45, 48, 90, 71, 32, 29]

Syntax: In the above code, extend() function

List.append (element to be added) is used to include multiple elements, the
List.extend ( [elements to be added]) print statement shows all the elements of
the list after the inclusion of additional
In extend() function, multiple elements.
elements should be specified within square 9.1.7 Inserting elements in a list
bracket as arguments of the function.
As you learnt already, append()
Example function in Python is used to add more
>>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48] elements in a list. But, it includes elements
>>> Mylist.append(90) at the end of a list. If you want to include
>>> print(Mylist) an element at your desired position, you can
[34, 45, 48, 90] use insert () function. The insert() function
is used to insert an element at any position
In the above example, Mylist is of a list.
created with three elements. Through >>>
Syntax:
Mylist.append(90) statement, an additional
value 90 is included with the existing list List.insert (position index, element)
as last element, following print statement
shows all the elements within the list MyList.

Example
>>> MyList=[34,98,47,'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan' ]
>>> print(MyList)
[34, 98, 47, 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan']
>>> MyList.insert(3, 'Ramakrishnan')
>>> print(MyList)
[34, 98, 47, 'Ramakrishnan', 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan']

In the above example, insert() function inserts a new element ‘Ramakrishnan’ at the
index value 3, ie. at the 4th position. While inserting a new element in between the existing
elements, at a particular location, the existing elements shifts one position to the right.

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 9.1.8 Deleting elements from a list
There are two ways to delete an element from a list viz. del statement and remove()
function. del statement is used to delete elements whose index is known whereas remove()
function is used to delete elements of a list if its index is unknown. The del statement can also
be used to delete entire list.

Syntax:
del List [index of an element]
# to delete a particular element
del List [index from : index to]
# to delete multiple elements
del List
# to delete entire list

Example
>>> MySubjects = ['Tamil', 'Hindi', 'Telugu', 'Maths']
>>> print (MySubjects)
['Tamil', 'Hindi', 'Telugu', 'Maths']
>>> del MySubjects[1]
>>> print (MySubjects)
['Tamil', 'Telugu', 'Maths']

In the above example, the list MySubjects has been created with four elements. print
statement shows all the elements of the list. In >>> del MySubjects[1] statement, deletes an
element whose index value is 1 and the following print shows the remaining elements of the
list.
Example
>>> del MySubjects[1:3]
>>> print(MySubjects)
['Tamil']

In the above codes, >>> del MySubjects[1:3] deletes the second and third elements
from the list. The upper limit of index is specified within square brackets, will be taken as -1 by
the python.

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 Example
>>> del MySubjects
>>> print(MySubjects)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
print(MySubjects)
NameError: name 'MySubjects' is not defined

Here, >>> del MySubjects, deletes the list MySubjects entirely. When you try to print the
elements, Python shows an error as the list is not defined. Which means, the list MySubjects
has been completely deleted.

As already stated, the remove() function can also be used to delete one or more elements
if the index value is not known. Apart from remove() function, pop() function can also be
used to delete an element using the given index value. pop() function deletes and returns the
last element of a list if the index is not given.

The function clear() is used to delete all the elements in list, it deletes only the elements
and retains the list. Remember that, the del statement deletes entire list.

Syntax:
List.remove(element) # to delete a particular element
List.pop(index of an element)
List.clear( )

Example
>>> MyList=[12,89,34,'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin']
>>> print(MyList)
[12, 89, 34, 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin']
>>> MyList.remove(89)
>>> print(MyList)
[12, 34, 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin']

In the above example, MyList has been created with three integer and three string
elements, the following print statement shows all the elements available in the list. In the
statement >>> MyList.remove(89), deletes the element 89 from the list and the print statement
shows the remaining elements.

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 Example
>>> MyList.pop(1)
34
>>> print(MyList)
[12, 'Kannan', 'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin']

In the above code, pop() function is used to delete a particular element using its index
value, as soon as the element is deleted, the pop() function shows the element which is deleted.
pop() function is used to delete only one element from a list. Remember that, del statement
deletes multiple elements.

Example
>>> MyList.clear( )
>>> print(MyList)
[ ]

In the above code, clear() function removes only the elements and retains the list. When
you try to print the list which is already cleared, an empty square bracket is displayed without
any elements, which means the list is empty.

9.1.9 List and range ( ) function

The range() is a function used to generate a series of values in Python. Using range()
function, you can create list with series of values. The range() function has three arguments.

Syntax of range ( ) function:

range (start value, end value, step value)

where,

• start value – beginning value of series. Zero is the default beginning value.
• end value – upper limit of series. Python takes the ending value as upper limit – 1.
• step value – It is an optional argument, which is used to generate different interval of
values.

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 Example : Generating whole numbers upto 10
for x in range (1, 11):
print(x)
Output
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Example : Generating first 10 even numbers

for x in range (2, 11, 2):
print(x)
Output
2
4
6
8
10

(i) Creating a list with series of values

Using the range() function, you can create a list with series of values. To convert the
result of range() function into list, we need one more function called list(). The list()

function makes the result of range() as a list.

Syntax:
List_Varibale = list ( range ( ) )

Note

The list ( ) function is also used to create list in python.

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 Example
>>> Even_List = list(range(2,11,2))
>>> print(Even_List)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

In the above code, list() function takes the result of range() as Even_List elements. Thus,
Even_List list has the elements of first five even numbers.

Similarly, we can create any series of values using range() function. The following example
explains how to create a list with squares of first 10 natural numbers.

Example : Generating squares of first 10 natural numbers

squares = [ ]
for x in range(1,11):
s = x ** 2
squares.append(s)
print (squares)

In the above program, an empty list is created named “squares”. Then, the for loop
generates natural numbers from 1 to 10 using range() function. Inside the loop, the current
value of x is raised to the power 2 and stored in the variables. Each new value of square is
appended to the list “squares”. Finally, the program shows the following values as output.
Output
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

9.1.10 List comprehensions

List comprehension is a simplest way of creating sequence of elements that satisfy a
certain condition.

Syntax:
List = [ expression for variable in range ]

Example : Generating squares of first 10 natural numbers using the

concept of List comprehension

>>> squares = [ x ** 2 for x in range(1,11) ]

>>> print (squares)
Output:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

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 In the above example, x ** 2 in the expression is evaluated each time it is iterated. This
is the shortcut method of generating series of values.

9.1.11 Other important list funcion

Function Description Syntax Example

MyList=[12, 12, 36]

x = MyList.copy()
Returns a copy of the print(x)
copy ( ) List.copy( )
list
Output:
[12, 12, 36]
MyList=[36 ,12 ,12]
Returns the number x = MyList.count(12)
count ( ) of similar elements List.count(value) print(x)
present in the last. Output:
2
MyList=[36 ,12 ,12]
Returns the index value x = MyList.index(12)
index ( ) of the first recurring List.index(element) print(x)
element Output:
1
MyList=[36 ,23 ,12]
MyList.reverse()
Reverses the order of print(MyList)
reverse ( ) List.reverse( )
the element in the list.
Output:
[12 ,23 ,36]

sort ( ) Sorts the element in list List.sort(reverse=True|False, key=myFunc)

MyList=['Thilothamma', 'Tharani', 'Anitha',

Both arguments are optional 'SaiSree', 'Lavanya']
• If reverse is set as True, list sorting MyList.sort( )
is in descending order. print(MyList)
• Ascending is default. MyList.sort(reverse=True)
• Key=myFunc; “myFunc” - the name print(MyList)
of the user defined function that
specifies the sorting criteria. Output:
['Anitha', 'Lavanya', 'SaiSree', 'Tharani',
Note: sort( ) will affect the original list. 'Thilothamma']
['Thilothamma', 'Tharani', 'SaiSree', 'Lavanya',
'Anitha']

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 MyList=[21,76,98,23]
Returns the maximum print(max(MyList))
max( ) max(list)
value in a list. Output:
98
MyList=[21,76,98,23]
Returns the minimum print(min(MyList))
min( ) min(list)
value in a list. Output:
21
MyList=[21,76,98,23]
Returns the sum of print(sum(MyList))
sum( ) sum(list)
values in a list. Output:
218
9.1.12 Programs using List

Program 1: write a program that creates a list of numbers from 1 to 20

that are divisible by 4
divBy4=[ ]
for i in range(21):
if (i%4==0):
divBy4.append(i)
print(divBy4)
Output
[0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20]

Program 2: Write a program to define a list of countries that are a member of

BRICS. Check whether a county is member of BRICS or not
country=["India", "Russia", "Srilanka", "China", "Brazil"]
is_member = input("Enter the name of the country: ")
if is_member in country:
print(is_member, " is the member of BRICS")
else:
print(is_member, " is not a member of BRICS")
Output
Enter the name of the country: India
India is the member of BRICS
Output
Enter the name of the country: Japan
Japan is not a member of BRICS

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 Program 3: Python program to read marks of six subjects and to print the
marks scored in each subject and show the total marks
marks=[]
subjects=['Tamil', 'English', 'Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Comp. Science', 'Maths']
for i in range(6):
m=int(input("Enter Mark = "))
marks.append(m)
for j in range(len(marks)):
print("{ }. { } Mark = { } ".format(j+1,subjects[j],marks[j]))
print("Total Marks = ", sum(marks))
Output
Enter Mark = 45
Enter Mark = 98
Enter Mark = 76
Enter Mark = 28
Enter Mark = 46
Enter Mark = 15
1. Tamil Mark = 45
2. English Mark = 98
3. Physics Mark = 76
4. Chemistry Mark = 28
5. Comp. Science Mark = 46
6. Maths Mark = 15
Total Marks = 308

Program 4: Python program to read prices of 5 items in a list and then

display sum of all the prices, product of all the prices and find the average

items=[]
prod=1
for i in range(5):
print ("Enter price for item { } : ".format(i+1))
p=int(input())
items.append(p)
for j in range(len(items)):
print("Price for item { } = Rs. { }".format(j+1,items[j]))
prod = prod * items[j]
print("Sum of all prices = Rs.", sum(items))
print("Product of all prices = Rs.", prod)
print("Average of all prices = Rs.",sum(items)/len(items))

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 Output:
Enter price for item 1 :
5
Enter price for item 2 :
10
Enter price for item 3 :
15
Enter price for item 4 :
20
Enter price for item 5 :
25
Price for item 1 = Rs. 5
Price for item 2 = Rs. 10
Price for item 3 = Rs. 15
Price for item 4 = Rs. 20
Price for item 5 = Rs. 25
Sum of all prices = Rs. 75
Product of all prices = Rs. 375000
Average of all prices = Rs. 15.0

Program 5: Python program to count the number of employees earning

more than 1 lakh per annum. The monthly salaries of n number of
employees are given

count=0
n=int(input("Enter no. of employees: "))
print("No. of Employees",n)
salary=[]
for i in range(n):
print("Enter Monthly Salary of Employee { } Rs.: ".format(i+1))
s=int(input())
salary.append(s)
for j in range(len(salary)):
annual_salary = salary[j] * 12
print ("Annual Salary of Employee { } is:Rs. { }".format(j+1,annual_salary))
if annual_salary >= 100000:
count = count + 1
print("{ } Employees out of { } employees are earning more than Rs. 1 Lakh per annum".
format(count, n))

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 Output:
Enter no. of employees: 5
No. of Employees 5
Enter Monthly Salary of Employee 1 Rs.:
3000
Enter Monthly Salary of Employee 2 Rs.:
9500
Enter Monthly Salary of Employee 3 Rs.:
12500
Enter Monthly Salary of Employee 4 Rs.:
5750
Enter Monthly Salary of Employee 5 Rs.:
8000
Annual Salary of Employee 1 is:Rs. 36000
Annual Salary of Employee 2 is:Rs. 114000
Annual Salary of Employee 3 is:Rs. 150000
Annual Salary of Employee 4 is:Rs. 69000
Annual Salary of Employee 5 is:Rs. 96000
2 Employees out of 5 employees are earning more than Rs. 1 Lakh per annum

Program 6: Write a program to create a list of numbers in the range 1 to 10.

Then delete all the even numbers from the list and print the final list.
Num = []
for x in range(1,11):
Num.append(x)
print("The list of numbers from 1 to 10 = ", Num)

for index, i in enumerate(Num):

if(i%2==0):
del Num[index]
print("The list after deleting even numbers = ", Num)

Output
The list of numbers from 1 to 10 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
The list after deleting even numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

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 Program 7: Write a program to generate in the Fibonacci series and store it
in a list. Then find the sum of all values.
a=-1
b=1
n=int(input("Enter no. of terms: "))
i=0
sum=0
Fibo=[]
while i<n:
s=a+b
Fibo.append(s)
sum+=s
a=b
b=s
i+=1
print("Fibonacci series upto "+ str(n) +" terms is : " + str(Fibo))
print("The sum of Fibonacci series: ",sum)
Output
Enter no. of terms: 10
Fibonacci series upto 10 terms is : [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
The sum of Fibonacci series: 88

9.2 Tuples

Introduction to Tuples
Tuples consists of a number of values separated by comma and enclosed within
parentheses. Tuple is similar to list, values in a list can be changed but not in a tuple.

The term Tuple is originated from the Latin word represents an abstraction of the
sequence of numbers:
single(1), double(2), triple(3), quadruple(4), quintuple(5), sextuple(6), septuple(7),
octuple(8), ..., n‑tuple, ...,

9.2.1 Comparison of Tuples and list

1. The elements of a list are changeable (mutable) whereas the elements of a tuple are
unchangeable (immutable), this is the key difference between tuples and list.

2. The elements of a list are enclosed within square brackets. But, the elements of a tuple are
enclosed by paranthesis.

3. Iterating tuples is faster than list.

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 9.2.2 Creating Tuples
Creating tuples is similar to list. In a list, elements are defined within square brackets,
whereas in tuples, they may be enclosed by parenthesis. The elements of a tuple can be even
defined without parenthesis. Whether the elements defined within parenthesis or without
parenthesis, there is no differente in it's function.

Syntax:
# Empty tuple
Tuple_Name = ( )

# Tuple with n number elements

Tuple_Name = (E1, E2, E2 ……. En)

# Elements of a tuple without parenthesis

Tuple_Name = E1, E2, E3 ….. En

Example
>>> MyTup1 = (23, 56, 89, 'A', 'E', 'I', "Tamil")
>>> print(MyTup1)
(23, 56, 89, 'A', 'E', 'I', 'Tamil')

>>> MyTup2 = 23, 56, 89, 'A', 'E', 'I', "Tamil"

>>> print (MyTup2)
(23, 56, 89, 'A', 'E', 'I', 'Tamil')

(i) Creating tuples using tuple( ) function

The tuple() function is used to create Tuples from a list. When you create a tuple, from a
list, the elements should be enclosed within square brackets.

Syntax:
Tuple_Name = tuple( [list elements] )

Example
>>> MyTup3 = tuple( [23, 45, 90] )
>>> print(MyTup3)
(23, 45, 90)
>>> type (MyTup3)
<class ‘tuple’>

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 Note
Type ( ) function is used to know the data type of a python object.

(ii) Creating Single element tuple

While creating a tuple with a single element, add a comma at the end of the element.
In the absence of a comma, Python will consider the element as an ordinary data type; not a
tuple. Creating a Tuple with one element is called “Singleton” tuple.

Example
>>> MyTup4 = (10)
>>> type(MyTup4)
<class 'int'>
>>> MyTup5 = (10,)
>>> type(MyTup5)
<class 'tuple'>

9.2.3 Accessing values in a Tuple

Like list, each element of tuple has an index number starting from zero. The elements of
a tuple can be easily accessed by using index number.

Example
>>> Tup1 = (12, 78, 91, “Tamil”, “Telugu”, 3.14, 69.48)
# to access all the elements of a tuple
>>> print(Tup1)
(12, 78, 91, 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 3.14, 69.48)
#accessing selected elements using indices
>>> print(Tup1[2:5])
(91, 'Tamil', 'Telugu')
#accessing from the first element up to the specified index value
>>> print(Tup1[:5])
(12, 78, 91, 'Tamil', 'Telugu')
# accessing from the specified element up to the last element.
>>> print(Tup1[4:])
('Telugu', 3.14, 69.48)
# accessing from the first element to the last element
>>> print(Tup1[:])
(12, 78, 91, 'Tamil', 'Telugu', 3.14, 69.48)

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 9.2.4 Update and Delete Tuple
As you know a tuple is immutable, the elements in a tuple cannot be changed. Instead of
altering values in a tuple, joining two tuples or deleting the entire tuple is possible.

Example
# Program to join two tuples
Tup1 = (2,4,6,8,10)
Tup2 = (1,3,5,7,9)
Tup3 = Tup1 + Tup2
print(Tup3)

Output
(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)

To delete an entire tuple, the del command can be used.

Syntax:
del tuple_name

Example
Tup1 = (2,4,6,8,10)
print("The elements of Tup1 is ", Tup1)
del Tup1
print (Tup1)

Output:
The elements of Tup1 is (2, 4, 6, 8, 10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/Python/Tuple Examp 1.py", line 4, in <module>
print (Tup1)
NameError: name 'Tup1' is not defined

Note that, the print statement in the above code prints the elements. Then, the del statement
deletes the entire tuple. When you try to print the deleted tuple, Python shows the error.

9.2.5 Tuple Assignment

Tuple assignment is a powerful feature in Python. It allows a tuple variable on the left
of the assignment operator to be assigned to the values on the right side of the assignment

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 operator. Each value is assigned to its respective variable.

a b c
= 34 90 76

Example
>>> (a, b, c) = (34, 90, 76)
>>> print(a,b,c)
34 90 76
# expression are evaluated before assignment
>>> (x, y, z, p) = (2**2, 5/3+4, 15%2, 34>65)
>>> print(x,y,z,p)
4 5.666666666666667 1 False

Note that, when you assign values to a tuple, ensure that the number of values on both sides of
the assignment operator are same; otherwise, an error is generated by Python.

9.2.6 Returning multiple values in Tuples

A function can return only one value at a time, but Python returns more than one value
from a function. Python groups multiple values and returns them together.

Example : Program to return the maximum as well as minimum values in

a list
def Min_Max(n):
a = max(n)
b = min(n)
return(a, b)
Num = (12, 65, 84, 1, 18, 85, 99)
(Max_Num, Min_Num) = Min_Max(Num)
print("Maximum value = ", Max_Num)
print("Minimum value = ", Min_Num)

Output:
Maximum value = 99
Minimum value = 1

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 9.2.7 Nested Tuples
In Python, a tuple can be defined inside another tuple; called Nested tuple. In a nested
tuple, each tuple is considered as an element. The for loop will be useful to access all the
elements in a nested tuple.

Example

Toppers = (("Vinodini", "XII-F", 98.7), ("Soundarya", "XII-H", 97.5),

("Tharani", "XII-F", 95.3), ("Saisri", "XII-G", 93.8))
for i in Toppers:
print(i)

Output:
('Vinodini', 'XII-F', 98.7)
('Soundarya', 'XII-H', 97.5)
('Tharani', 'XII-F', 95.3)
('Saisri', 'XII-G', 93.8)

Note
Some of the functions used in List can be applicable even for tuples.

9.2.8 Programs using Tuples

Program 1: Write a program to swap two values using tuple assignment

a = int(input("Enter value of A: "))

b = int(input("Enter value of B: "))
print("Value of A = ", a, "\n Value of B = ", b)
(a, b) = (b, a)
print("Value of A = ", a, "\n Value of B = ", b)

Output:
Enter value of A: 54
Enter value of B: 38
Value of A = 54
Value of B = 38
Value of A = 38
Value of B = 54

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 Program 2: Write a program using a function that returns the area and
circumference of a circle whose radius is passed as an argument.two values
using tuple assignment
pi = 3.14
def Circle(r):
return (pi*r*r, 2*pi*r)
radius = float(input("Enter the Radius: "))
(area, circum) = Circle(radius)
print ("Area of the circle = ", area)
print ("Circumference of the circle = ", circum)

Output:
Enter the Radius: 5
Area of the circle = 78.5
Circumference of the circle = 31.400000000000002

Program 3: Write a program that has a list of positive and negative numbers.
Create a new tuple that has only positive numbers from the list

Numbers = (5, -8, 6, 8, -4, 3, 1)

Positive = ( )
for i in Numbers:
if i > 0:
Positive += (i, )
print("Positive Numbers: ", Positive)

Output:
Positive Numbers: (5, 6, 8, 3, 1)

9.3 Sets

Introduction
In python, a set is another type of collection data type. A Set is a mutable and an unordered
collection of elements without duplicates. That means the elements within a set cannot be
repeated. This feature used to include membership testing and eliminating duplicate elements.

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 9.3.1 Creating a Set
A set is created by placing all the elements separated by comma within a pair of curly
brackets. The set() function can also used to create sets in Python.

Syntax:
Set_Variable = {E1, E2, E3 …….. En}

Example
>>> S1={1,2,3,'A',3.14}
>>> print(S1)
{1, 2, 3, 3.14, 'A'}

>>> S2={1,2,2,'A',3.14}
>>> print(S2)
{1, 2, 'A', 3.14}

In the above examples, the set S1 is created with different types of elements without
duplicate values. Whereas in the set S2 is created with duplicate values, but python accepts
only one element among the duplications. Which means python removed the duplicate value,
because a set in python cannot have duplicate elements.

Note
When you print the elements from a set, python shows the values in different order.

9.3.2 Creating Set using List or Tuple

A list or Tuple can be converted as set by using set() function. This is very simple
procedure. First you have to create a list or Tuple then, substitute its variable within set()
function as argument.

Example

MyList=[2,4,6,8,10]
MySet=set(MyList)
print(MySet)

Output:
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

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 9.3.3 Set Operations
As you learnt in mathematics, the python is also supports the set operations such as
Union, Intersection, difference and Symmetric difference.

(i) Union: It includes all elements from two or more sets

Set A Set B

In python, the operator | is used to union of two sets. The function union() is also used
to join two sets in python.

Example: Program to Join (Union) two sets using union operator

set_A={2,4,6,8}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
U_set=set_A|set_B
print(U_set)
Output:
{2, 4, 6, 8, 'A', 'D', 'C', 'B'}

Example: Program to Join (Union) two sets using union function

set_A={2,4,6,8}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
set_U=set_A.union(set_B)
print(set_U)
Output:
{'D', 2, 4, 6, 8, 'B', 'C', 'A'}

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 (ii) Intersection: It includes the common elements in two sets

Set A Set B

The operator & is used to intersect two sets in python. The function intersection() is also
used to intersect two sets in python.

Example: Program to insect two sets using intersection operator

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A & set_B)

Output:
{'A', 'D'}

Example: Program to insect two sets using intersection function

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A.intersection(set_B))

Output:
{'A', 'D'}

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 (iii) Difference
It includes all elements that are in first set (say set A) but not in the second set (say set B)

Set A Set B

The minus (-) operator is used to difference set operation in python. The function
difference() is also used to difference operation.

Example: Program to difference of two sets using minus operator

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A - set_B)

Output:
{2, 4}

Example: Program to difference of two sets using difference function

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A.difference(set_B))

Output:
{2, 4}

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 (iv) Symmetric difference
It includes all the elements that are in two sets (say sets A and B) but not the one that are
common to two sets.

Set A Set B

The caret (^) operator is used to symmetric difference set operation in python. The
function symmetric_difference() is also used to do the same operation.

Example: Program to symmetric difference of two sets using caret operator

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A ^ set_B)

Output:
{2, 4, 'B', 'C'}

Example: Program to difference of two sets using symmetric difference

function

set_A={'A', 2, 4, 'D'}
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
print(set_A.symmetric_difference(set_B))

Output:
{2, 4, 'B', 'C'}

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 9.3.4 Programs using Sets
Program 1: Program that generate a set of prime numbers and another set of even
numbers. Demonstrate the result of union, intersection, difference and symmetirc
difference operations.

Example

even=set([x*2 for x in range(1,11)])

primes=set()
for i in range(2,20):
j=2
f=0
while j<=i/2:
if i%j==0:
f=1
j+=1
if f==0:
primes.add(i)
print("Even Numbers: ", even)
print("Prime Numbers: ", primes)
print("Union: ", even.union(primes))
print("Intersection: ", even.intersection(primes))
print("Difference: ", even.difference(primes))
print("Symmetric Difference: ", even.symmetric_difference(primes))
Output:
Even Numbers: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
Prime Numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Union: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Intersection: {2}
Difference: {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
Symmetric Difference: {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}

9.4 Dictionaries

Introduction
In python, a dictionary is a mixed collection of elements. Unlike other collection data
types such as a list or tuple, the dictionary type stores a key along with its element. The keys in
a Python dictionary is separated by a colon ( : ) while the commas work as a separator for the
elements. The key value pairs are enclosed with curly braces { }.

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 Syntax of defining a dictionary:
Dictionary_Name = { Key_1: Value_1,
Key_2:Value_2,
……..
Key_n:Value_n
}

Key in the dictionary must be unique case sensitive and can be of any valid Python type.

9.4.1 Creating a Dictionary

# Empty dictionary
Dict1 = { }

# Dictionary with Key

Dict_Stud = { 'RollNo': '1234', 'Name':'Murali', 'Class':'XII', 'Marks':'451'}

9.4.2 Dictionary Comprehensions

In Python, comprehension is another way of creating dictionary. The following is the
syntax of creating such dictionary.

Syntax
Dict = { expression for variable in sequence [if condition] }

The if condition is optional and if specified, only those values in the sequence are evaluated
using the expression which satisfy the condition.

Example

Dict = { x : 2 * x for x in range(1,10)}

Output of the above code is
{1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 6, 4: 8, 5: 10, 6: 12, 7: 14, 8: 16, 9: 18}

9.4.3 Accessing, Adding, Modifying and Deleting elements from a Dictionary

Accessing all elements from a dictionary is very similar as Lists and Tuples. Simple print
function is used to access all the elements. If you want to access a particular element, square
brackets can be used along with key.

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