7 y
____- Chaptem=dNe bwort: vere 0
= Dott =e sah address used in order do-uniquely —
a: ee AY |W Nore “Greoroco\ =—
. Hiessiay agen yeiche anus vsinsthe To oterne,
Identify a. ee
The address “Is_meide_up_o of 32-bin thse Which can be
divisible Inde a nesor® portion nba Portion
oth dhe» help ict .q- subnet mask.
eV 3p binary bits sqre_brokent intoskour octeke (Lost
=PGbits) Sach bcte# 1s’ convertedhiido clecimal
and_.separied by q period C dot)
Por dhis_oes0n, Van IP adhe ot iisintardsctot be_6xpe—
sosSej In dotted decimal Fares
i (for Srampllen—JF2 168) neodetae Vol
be he ge iy eee eee 20
_dedmal _, er 90000000 — ‘i/it lt} binary
The-satemetiAssigneid Numben Authoriiy..C1AMA)
aia a networks ideatitiers Jo avoid al we plicad/ cas.
|| op: eg BE Hl aE
S04 indies a
‘They are unique ‘in dhe sense dhat 4 Zach addres clehine
One, ind only. one —Connacctilan da. dhe \ Gndercne
‘Two devices “onthe Intermed —(a0—neuee herve dhe
Visame:addzes..a4 dhe. .same dime.
WA. address. Space:2 Fest
peter iene coe WUC a is =
TP ¥4 Use8 82S addpegses Which means
that “th eae aRate a ecin a4, Atle, 68506 6
h orc_thoa 4 billisa)3. | Such byte iu identified by a decimal. nomber in
henge Co 2581)
(| ais mecns. thar theoretically»
no_restrictions, bre dha dill
could. be Cannecteds edhe. Sntemneb "2
The fellewing u the detted desimal_netalion ofthe
— Jaber addons.”
sac aah | 113. tag. 29-9.
There are too prrevelend neladige. densthow aa] |
S04 address Binary notaon..and Qetted. desi 5 | Somple:
— ee. eT ayte aye Pate
ssid lal adbreieg —
(hes architecture"
lassfal addressing the address spuce u-clvided
‘inte fice classes: UA. Gc 0. Dod E.
= Go. moke Abe. Wog:addresi_ ror. Compach aad 22th
|| #0 read _Grtemer adda ses_ax usually wait
| in decimal Prom esith ardecimal point Cidet)
fasepareting the byles. 1
=|] Each class occupier ome Park orate addins. spar.
= |e cao
—-[hhes Gokenpe. oat bore dong back and Thug
addressing Hirt come out her vem only a
fens computers all dor dhe st 4
Netwerising eapesis of dhat dime suggesheg.
hat hed wine plenty oP Slim addlrats 21
=e covert cihe- Mog addaess_exguiremenk. OF
Ahab poried_and.dhat —sP ae Flbuae.
= addnazasax_sa bik Binary” hinting
Theor elicalty | weshere:' 40a 269 2
Vooigee Ghrq.addseser ca" 89) ausioate-g
athe numa OF eweritable OP Quig iaddreasts for
Juse 15 less becauts dher Ox mony Poy
address ceservatien. For .spednti usta
= | Ther onas_Sharp “increase in_dhe_numbur_¢P hal
etwas and business neterokall_over dhe
globe. Therefare. che number of available Qi
addresses ere nob enough to adden tht
device? aside Vast expending ‘interact
ft sal
Aetwok AddressTrenslod on
dewléped was’ Fo: Prevent
OF Thy adn sess
= [he main aon wn
cna). Jechnolegy
dhe ask depletion
NAT. Clyetwork Addvess Gonslation) allows 4
device (Such 08 a Pouter. Pirewall or 4
sserver_munning Network Op erating: Syston s.
dike “windows 2008. hindous sloi2.. Gu.
“Linus er Unix) do tapnslate add red sed
defucen dhe public intemeb anda -tocal
Private oatwank. —
There are desned wange of private QPvy addrencer
[hat Gan be_send 19 conkiqux. GPvy caeldxsies
Wor poivat «use (ex. hnlide_and_.enderprise.
petwink. valde a heme network inside
Q_hotel netvok etc). The GPvq: tankhiic
mpainating. Prom or destined do.Private Moy
Qddrester Ay.not allowed ho-move Cor arapp-
ed) ‘ina Public lnternck “router Cin 104her
coords, pablis. iOternet rautens Are ceineiqured
bo. Nop any traf Pics Comm coming..
2amdAbe deta 930
discarded So. ox. seoedhabdhis Pielel Jitenult
Fora datuqrart
fis val
+ [os cee comupic
Protea) Coz Bir).
This. Add sepresenis the Vranyork Taye protocel
[thai handed” over dale fe 49 layers
is Field_Comesin. handy brhen the. data. Semel bie
ad ons ts ae 0 cihab tase GP
tele pete! akan eich —pbot to.hand
mex_the data. to. — — —_}_
isha aqpacsests avalue dha ‘1scaleula
png a0.siqaritim conning all the Belin —
~caluilateel ands storeel header thin
P_dahagaim “s- sent Lime Source: 10. destination
and of destination. ide kis checksum. 1s again
-Caleated Gad veribied | agciath Ake _eheaksursPres-
akin headers
GF Ake vatug is, some Aen Abe datagoan oes ac
Coreapted he HE Quumedl thal gy adalegoamA Teeth Dateerehii Control easage:
fi eid Hedy = a Bedi jaye eee stage
Aossthe Source IP
His job is_4eBeport dhe exrar
ay prabien aries _Laile Aebirin
P paride deste ty Fork =
[dem Pgh 15 a.se wienlted Proboce) THA frok
to|_of tension of 4 of (cP) 1P_Penboselioule
Dasa arian that MPa pastanala deen Box
iny-mechahnin dotwepork
(50,0 Aubcticoibasttande io Seem Lar
Be Parking errors. BUMP. paver Gene ie
in. camracting dhe enven. sh ath is ken
“| caret oy Righer acl proto
sare option
1 mot be fre: et an
___ pgs the fhe fe
ead
20st Preven 1a
epresentes|
can de Several easan behind aepodin
Sheaeee ke
Arter with adalagram tara hash in
nbd bene | ned oe trig ype ak: yok: Ane) ddd. Mert _
hop Ceamtec) toed dhe Bina hackestnchion be: ‘Dat aan
. G2e9). co
Aloo those cu soa adh cheat
Bunt —ndeoot nek eh 4 has hecome28in. 7
Thure_may re_ambiguily ‘ia dhcsheddon of FP gy,
De mays ha
q \
Prdatagon
2 dhe Aedtin
pL
ee
ps Belawause hare Ahecmersagefarmacki Ro Gin Pig
Sue sages VP Vinp doe ts oo cua HO sto
Thihad anoxia byte head i radusapodh Proven ‘Ith te
fq Seehs i
ol Hhas. Q vehable -size sdatig Seb} Ont
cl
xy Ay peso message! HL jhe
ey Tp Mes coos ithe ame - a Sat
LThowgh the chealencformakic eb Fichalngte) Por-euc
acl nih ou each
Agra yd
eset ga Ney ol We sone x
I. | Prong dheoe Fisk _4 dye, the Pink byte descmae
| he, neat soso. bibep debine dhe cheakex
he dpe! gP dhe rheasidgié dh nSccond byte
han Ries thsi tte geason bein, dheAype’ of
he MesS AIC. iD
othe Metsage _vii || The data “Section \vaties. satonding Ao dae ype
of message — —
vind the data cotton bd he: erent cae menage
sw cbholds dnd opoforhadiojodol
fae aac
= idatagoum | dhkab. dina ot ‘A
| here
__ix_| os data Section — sf qaony ge hs more
| COM dd i 6H regarding faith Jute 6Codes = port vireachuble.“ve-the. Process Capp?
i posnm) for sohis Ake clatag ram Ls
destined may nok be sunning —
uri unadle_cto_dlelires
Or-Moute. dhe-datagrar Akey® ercorct a
data'sqm sond Sends acdedtin ating unr
ror Message. dadhe ‘ori qinla) -Sauree has
iohert_ dhe _datogoum has originated...
v. |\Gde im = dibdhe: Sender \hap specie not do fra
sn agemen2idatag sum. buh aosding cua nok
be dene csithouk Pragmeatadiey
Code 1.5 Dnablefo..atterdh plizh Source muding ie
peor more, wouer: detined in_sourte—
___semling optiea ‘is _onreachable
Coie: =.Roukers sto “ipitermatien "regarding
Bd he_desiinaiion. host _nichworh.
=| Refi do dhe “image above. you will observ.
— dhe dyfe_section 1 dertinadtion vareachable
ror Message “!s '3/ Phe code Section dehioe
= cihe_oreasen, for discarding dhe _measag:
dettination vn reach able métsaqe Code rung.
“vitil Code % = Reuter doesn
gost dhe exten of dhe destinadion
2 is lsoleted.
Unable de-communicate vith the dedlinesin
neluork due to administration frohisitlay
Code 10 Dnable 4o Communication with he destin
potion horadeduc to. administration
Pe Poblbition.
Cede 1 Destination host un reachable, passiily
tf -beadaon dade
(Code ll = For the speciied Semire, lhe nedweris
1s__vnteachadle.
Code 2~ Protovel pnrechabk ‘be cihe protocol
may.nar.. vein fer which he
date g2um ‘u clestinglinfom_dhi er Ta pared
[Ho infom dhe source the! a -
| seo discarded dutde Congesdion—la“meite=
destinadion host. a
oo aan a Eel Sino
foe ee
ent COn_be Aen yeasoa
ded_measage to Source hots —Lusics
says clades 8 a.nd Code fons
[cen
ren [tate Oo
PO Fieeen Te
unvted
unt
SP hole + Fort bye a lappa
Te baden. 3 Fete agiat aia!
CSE a a Temes
ated, Quenth Saunabel Wy
|B diesestinatin hat sog dle smite
biguily fin. dhe Reatur 7 daelagaion tren
oe hey discard dhe. legend Gad 8
| parameter. Prstiem leh
saginating. eon bet oh ie dokepmayEP odbvess ch Toyae B57
Getecdict Int Digi ok teal
rican eg Baad oa
ge tith dhis code sted fete
- Sag th a Speairic.
—type_0f ser 4
= Message vith dis code redirects Pom
Redireclion_messuge “13 seat from
Touking table
Focathest “In the Same nelusth. ules
dhe host = Speiric mute For spesiric.
ype 0 service — i
Me apulerhere dees noe discard dh
dalagzam \insheod: 4
pnaler_sreuter:
| Devlin there wore Fi emesiage among hid
Sie at deprecnie tet meer aneey
© ]Me dose quay masage that qnheing oe) Joaey “a reqileth_and tefl =.
Ging MomP-requnPh and wel message ox td
lake athe crmind trip ime. -
ith eachother
Fuge 2 oval codes
Sone be
pom murnieale
inmpuhich
st_or wouter. the its sea
hes ches vequety massage 4o-icthi*conrth. pedi
hort or Guten vith wu it ont deMebilemGoderaetsiProtacal
= [Mobile 5915 a: Communication protacal:Ce
by extending» Gnieendt tool AP) a
allows he, dom
Ph ensares that dhe Commodicisdiny ysl