LAB 4: Computation of basis and dimension for a vector space and graphical representation of

linear transformation

Objectives:

Use python

1. to verify the Rank nullity theorem of a given linear transformation

2. to compute the dimension of vector space

3. to represent linear transformations graphically

1 .Rank Nullity Theorem

Verify the rank-nullity theorem for the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 defined byT(x, y, z) = (x + 4y
+ 7z, 2x + 5y + 8z, 3x + 6y + 9z)

import numpy as np

from scipy . linalg import null_space

A=np.array([[1 , 2 , 3], [4 , 5 , 6], [7 , 8 , 9]])

rank=np.linalg.matrix_rank(A)

print(" Rank of the matrix ", rank)

ns=null_space(A)

print(" Null space of the matrix ", ns)

nullity=ns.shape [1]

print(" Null space of the matrix ", nullity)

if rank + nullity == A . shape [1]:

print("Rank - nullity theorem holds .")

else :

print("Rank - nullity theorem does not hold .")

output:
Rank of the matrix 2
Null space of the matrix [[-0.40824829]
[ 0.81649658]
[-0.40824829]]
Null space of the matrix 1
Rank - nullity theorem holds.

2. Dimension of Vector Space

Find the dimension of subspace spanned by the vectors(1, 2, 3)(2, 3, 1)

and (3, 1, 2)

import numpy as np
V=np.array([
[1 , 2 , 3],
[2 , 3 , 1],
[3 , 1 , 2]])
basis=np.linalg.matrix_rank(V)
dimension=V.shape[0]
print("Basis of the matrix ", basis)
print(" Dimension of the matrix ", dimension)

output:
Basis of the matrix 3
Dimension of the matrix 3

3. Extract the linearly independent rows in given matrix: Basis of Row

space

from numpy import *

import sympy as sp
A=[[1 ,-1 ,1 , 1],[2 ,-5 ,2 , 2],[3 ,-3 ,5 , 3],[4 ,-4 ,4 , 4]]
AB=array( A )
S=shape( A )
n=len( A )
for i in range( n ):
if AB[i , i]==0:
ab=copy( AB )
for k in range( i+1 , S[0]):
if ab[k , i]!=0:
ab[i ,:]=AB[k ,:]
ab[k ,:]=AB[i ,:]
AB=copy( ab )
for j in range( i+1 , n ):
Fact=AB[j , i]/AB[i , i]
for k in range(i , n ):
AB[j , k]=AB[j , k]- Fact*AB[i , k]
display("REF of given matrix : ", sp . Matrix ( AB ))
temp={(0 , 0 , 0 , 0 )}
result=[]
for idx , row in enumerate(map(tuple , AB )):
if row not in temp :
result.append( idx )
print("\n Basis are non - zero rows of A:")
display( sp . Matrix( AB[ result ]))

output:
'REF of given matrix : '

1 −1 1 1
0 −3 0 0
[ ]
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0

Basis are non - zero rows of A:

1 −1 1 1
[0 −3 0 0]
0 0 2 0
4.Graphical representation of a transformation
4.1Horizontal stretch:
Represent the horizontal stretch transformation T : R2ßR2 geometrically
Find the image of vector (10, 0) when it is stretched horizontally by 2
units.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V=np.array([[10,0]])
origin=np.array([[0 , 0 , 0],[0 , 0 , 0]])
A=np.matrix([[2 , 0],[0 , 1]])
V1=np.matrix( V )
V2=A*np.transpose( V1 )
V2=np.array( V2 )
plt.quiver(*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)
plt.quiver(*origin , V2[0 ,:], V2[1 ,:], color =['r'], scale =50)
plt.show()

output:

Another example:

from math import pi,sin,cos

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

coords=np.array([[0 , 0],[0.5 , 0.5],[0.5 , 1.5],[0 , 1],[0 , 0]])

coords=coords.transpose()

coords
x=coords[0 ,:]

y=coords [1 ,:]

A=np.array([[2 , 0],[0 , 1]])

A_coords=A@coords

x_LT1=A_coords [0 ,:]

y_LT1=A_coords [1 ,:]

fig,ax=plt.subplots()

ax.plot(x ,y ,'ro ')

ax.plot(x_LT1 , y_LT1 ,'bo ')

ax.plot(x ,y ,'r', ls="--")

ax.plot( x_LT1 , y_LT1 ,'b')

ax.axvline( x=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.axhline( y=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.grid( True )

ax.axis([-2 ,2 ,-1 , 2])

ax.set_aspect('equal')

ax.set_title(" Horizontal Stretch ") ;

output:
4.2 Reflection:

Represent the reflection transformation T : R2 → R2 geometrically. Find the image of vector (10, 0)
when it is reflected about y axis.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

V=np.array([[10 , 0]])

origin=np.array([[0 , 0 , 0],[0 , 0 , 0]])

A=np.matrix ([[-1 , 0],[0 , 1]])

V1=np.matrix(V)

V2=A*np.transpose( V1 )

V2=np.array ( V2 )

plt.quiver(*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)

plt.quiver (*origin , V2[0 ,:], V2[1 ,:], color =['r'], scale =50)

plt.show()

output:

Another example.
B=np.array([[-1 , 0],[0 , 1]])

B_coords=B@coords
x_LT2=B_coords[0 ,:]

y_LT2=B_coords[1 ,:]

fig,ax=plt.subplots()

ax.plot(x ,y ,'ro ')

ax.plot(x_LT2 , y_LT2 ,'bo')

ax.plot(x,y,'r', ls="--")

ax.plot( x_LT2 , y_LT2 ,'b')

ax.axvline(x=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.axhline(y=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.grid( True )

ax.axis([-2 ,2 ,-1 , 2])

ax.set_aspect('equal')

ax.set_title(" Reflection ") ;

output:

4.3 Rotation:

Represent the rotation transformation T : R2 → R2 geometrically. Find the image of vector (10, 0)
when it is rotated by π/2 radians.
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

V=np.array([[10 , 0]])

origin=np.array([[0 , 0 , 0],[0 , 0 , 0]])

A=np.matrix([[0 ,-1],[1 , 1]])

V1=np.matrix( V )

V2=A*np.transpose( V1 )

V2=np.array( V2 )

plt.quiver(*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)

plt.quiver(*origin , V2[0 ,:], V2[1 ,:], color =['r'], scale =50)

plt.show ()

output:

Another example

theta=pi/6

R=np.array([[cos( theta ) ,-sin( theta )],[sin( theta ) ,cos( theta )]])

R_coords=R@coords

x_LT3=R_coords[0 ,:]
y_LT3=R_coords[1 ,:]

fig,ax=plt.subplots()

ax.plot(x ,y ,'ro')

ax.plot(x_LT3 , y_LT3 ,'bo')

ax.plot(x ,y ,'r', ls="--")

ax.plot(x_LT3 , y_LT3 ,'b')

ax.axvline(x=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.axhline(y=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.grid( True )

ax.axis ([-2 ,2 ,-1 , 2])

ax.set_aspect ('equal')

output:

4.4 Shear Transformation

Represent the Shear transformation T : R2 → R2 geometrically. Find the image of (2, 3) under shear
transformation.
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

V=np.array([[2 , 3]])
origin=np.array([[0 , 0 , 0],[0 , 0 , 0]])

A=np.matrix([[1 , 2],[0 , 1]])

V1=np.matrix( V )

V2=A*np.transpose( V1 )

V2=np.array( V2 )

print(" Image of given vectors is:", V2)

plt.quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =20)

plt.quiver (*origin , V2[0 ,:], V2[1 ,:], color =['r'], scale =20)

plt.show ()

output:
Image of given vectors is: [[8]
[3]]

Another example.

S=np.array([[1 , 2],[0 , 1]])

S_coords=S@coords

x_LT4=S_coords [0 ,:]

y_LT4=S_coords [1 ,:]

fig , ax=plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x ,y ,'ro')

ax.plot(x_LT4 , y_LT4 ,'bo')

ax.plot(x ,y ,'r', ls="--")

ax.plot(x_LT4 , y_LT4 ,'b')

ax.axvline(x=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.axhline(y=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.grid( True )

ax.axis([-2 ,4 ,-1 , 2])

ax.set_aspect('equal')

ax.set_title(" Shear ") ;

output:

4.5 Composition

Represent the composition of two 2D transformations. Find the image of vector (10, 0) when it is
rotated by π/2 radians then stretched horizontally 2 units.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

V=np.array([[2 , 3]])

origin=np.array([[0 , 0 , 0],[0 , 0 , 0]])

A=np.matrix([[0 , -1],[1 , 0]])

B=np.matrix([[2 , 0],[0 , 1]])

V1=np.matrix( V )

V2=A*np.transpose ( V1 )

V3=B*V2

V2=np.array( V2 )

V3=np.array( V3 )

print(" Image of given vectors is:", V3 )

plt.quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =20)

plt.quiver (*origin , V2[0 ,:], V2[1 ,:], color =['r'], scale =20)

plt.quiver (*origin , V3[0 ,:], V3[1 ,:], color =['g'], scale =20)

plt.title ('Blue = original , Red = Rotated ,Green = Rotated + Streached')

plt.show()
output: Image of given vectors is: [[-6]
[ 2]]

Another example.

C=np.array([[-cos( theta ) ,sin( theta )],[sin( theta ) ,cos( theta )]])

C_coords=C@coords

x_LT5=C_coords[0 ,:]

y_LT5=C_coords[1 ,:]
fig , ax=plt . subplots ()

ax.plot(x ,y ,'ro ')

ax.plot( x_LT5 , y_LT5 ,'bo')

ax.plot (x ,y ,'r', ls="--")

ax.plot ( x_LT5 , y_LT5 ,'b')

ax.axvline ( x=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.axhline ( y=0 , color ="k", ls=":")

ax.grid ( True )

ax.axis ([-2 ,2 ,-1 , 2])

ax.set_aspect ('equal')

output: