Online - 2455-3891

Vol 11, Issue 3, 2018 Print - 0974-2441

Review Article

NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS) AS A SOURCE FOR GREEN SYNTHESIS OF

NANOPARTICLES

GIRISH K*
Department of Microbiology, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru – 570 008, Karnataka, India. Email: [email protected]
Received: 17 October 2017, Revised and Accepted: 06 December 2017

ABSTRACT

Nanoscience has found various applications in different biomedical fields. The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a vast area of research
due to its potential applications. These particles can be prepared by different chemical, physical, and biological approaches. In recent years, green
synthesis of NPs using plant extracts has gained much interest due to non-toxicity and very low cost of synthesis. The plant extracts act both as
reducing agent as well as capping agent. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a well-known medicinal plant and has been studied for the biosynthesis
of NPs. A. indica has various phytochemicals identified that can reduce the metal ions. The bioreduction of NPs from neem extract is an eco-friendly,
low cost, and green synthesis method and these NPs are reported to exhibit good antimicrobial, mainly antibacterial, activity.

Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Neem, Nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.21939

INTRODUCTION synthesis [12]. Many bacterial cultures were used for different kind of
NPs such as gold NPs using Shewanella algae, a marine bacterium [17] and
Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary field which mainly
actinomycetes Thermomonospora sp., [18] and Streptomyces viridogenes
concerns with the fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) with specific
strain HM10 [19], silver NPs (AgNPs) by cyanobacteria Plectonema
requirements in terms of size, shape, and controlled dispersity. The
boryanum [20] and by fungi Aspergillus fumigatus [21], Trichoderma
field of nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas in
asperellum [22], and Fusarium oxysporum [7,23], Fusarium udum, and
modern material science. Over the last few decades, the syntheses of
Stemphylium vericans [23]; cadmium NPs biosynthesis was done by
novel metal NPs have been the subject of many applied researches due
Clostridium thermoaceticum, magnetite NPs by Actinobacteria sp., and
to their unique properties [1]. “Nano” is used to indicate 1 billionth
uranium NPs by Shewanella oneidensis [24], titanium dioxide NPs using
of a meter (or) 10−9 [2]. In general, particles with a size <100 nm are
bacteria Lactobacillus sp., [25] and Bacillus subtilis [26].
referred to as NPs. The “Nano” is derived from the Greek word for dwarf
and is also related to the Spanish word Nino [3]. In nanotechnology, a Biosyntheses of NPs using extracts from various plants such
nanoparticle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in as Aloe vera [27], Jatropha curcas [28], Acalypha indica [29],
terms of its transport and properties [4]. This technology presently has Sesuvium portulacastrum [30], Garcinia mangostana [31], Ocimum
attracted various branches of application due to the dissimilar behavior tenuiflorum [32,33], Abutilon indicum, Melia dubia [34], Solanum
of the bulk material when reduced to its nanosize [5]. trilobatum [35], Musa balbisiana [33], Crataegus douglasii [36], Beta
vulgaris (beet root) [37], Tagetes erecta (marigold) [38], Ziziphora
The distinctive properties of nanomaterials are mainly influenced
tenuior [39], Carica papaya [40], Digitaria radicosa [41], and Lantana
by size, shape, interactions with stabilizers, media, and methods of
camara [42], have been reported in literature with nanoparticle size
synthesis [1,6]. Therefore, controlled synthesis of NPs with respect to
ranging from 5 to 20 nm. However, the potential of higher plants as
their size, shape, and stability is a key challenge to reach their better
source for this purpose is still largely unexplored.
applied characteristics [1]. In general, metal NPs can be prepared and
stabilized by chemical, physical, and biological methods; the chemical
NPS SYNTHESIS USING NEEM EXTRACT
approach, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical techniques,
photochemical reduction [7-9], and pyrolysis [10]; and physical Extracts from neem (A. indica) plant have been used for greener
methods such as arc discharge and physical vapor condensation [11] are synthesis of NPs [16,43,44]. The major advantage of using the neem
used. However, many of these nanoparticle synthesis methods involve leaves is that it is a commonly available medicinal plant and known to
the use of hazardous chemicals or high energy requirements, which have antimicrobial activity [45].
are rather difficult and include wasteful purifications [12]. Biological
systems such as the use of plant materials provide an innovative, eco- Gold NPs were synthesized using neem leaf extract and the synthesis
friendly alternative for the production of NPs [13]. Biosynthesis using was confirmed by color changes and characterized by ultraviolet
plant sources offers several advantages such as cost-effectiveness, eco- (UV)-visible spectroscopy [46,47]. Gold NPs were synthesized
friendliness, and the elimination of high pressure, energy, temperature, by mixing aqueous extract of neem leaves and 10−3 M aqueous
and toxic chemicals necessary in the traditional synthesis methods [14]. chloroauric acid (HAuCl4). Isomorphic spherical gold NPs of 15–18
Plants provide a better platform for nanoparticle synthesis as they are nm in size were synthesized [48]. Gold NPs were synthesized using
free from toxic chemicals as well as provide natural capping agents [15]. neem leaf extract and 2% auric chloride solution (AuCl4) and were
The plant extracts contain various organic compounds such as terpenoids characterized [43].
that aid nanoparticle synthesis. Terpenoids are surface-active molecules
that help to stabilize the NPs [16]. Using neem leaf extract, researchers produced platinum NPs from
chloroplatinic acid. The solution color changed from light yellow
Microorganisms can also be utilized to produce NPs, but the rates of to black on heating, indicating the formation of platinum NPs. The
syntheses are slow compared to routes involving plants mediated NPs were between 5 and 50 nm in diameter. These platinum NPs are
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Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 3, 2018,

potentially useful in the bioelectronics and chemical industries for Silver ions (Ag+) and its compounds are highly toxic to microorganisms
various medicinal and catalytic applications [16]. exhibiting strong biocidal effects on many species of bacteria but have a
low toxicity toward animal cells [65]. Bacterial cells exposed to the Ag+
Zerovalent iron NPs were synthesized from the leaf extract of the neem ions activate stress response that leads to the condensation of DNA in the
plant. The diameter of iron NPs was within the range of 50–100 nm [49]. center of the cell, and this condensation of DNA prevents cell replication
Spherical-shaped iron oxide particles ranging in size from 10 to 20 nm by preventing the DNA from being accessed by transcriptional enzymes
were synthesized by simple coprecipitation method. The synthesized such as DNA polymerase. It can also cause cell membrane detachment
NPs were stabilized by biocapping with aqueous leaf extract of neem. from the cell wall, cell wall damage, and electron dense granules
The antimicrobial activity of neem extract capped magnetite NPs was composed of silver outside and, in some instances, inside the cell [66].
evaluated against Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, AgNPs anchor to and penetrate the cell wall of bacteria [67], suggesting
and Pseudomonas sp., by agar well diffusion method. The capping that the resultant structural change in the cell membrane could cause
agents on the surface of magnetite NPs were inefficient to inhibit the an increase in cell permeability, leading to an uncontrolled transport
growth of bacteria [50]. through the cytoplasmic membrane, and ultimately cell death. Silver
inactivates proteins by binding to sulfur-containing compounds [68]. It
Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONPs) without calcinations were developed was also reported that treating cells with silver leads to cell shrinkage
by green synthesis method using aqueous leaf extracts of A. indica. The and dehydration [69]. It has also been proposed that the antibacterial
formed NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanism of AgNPs is related to the formation of free radicals and
X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), subsequent free radical-induced membrane damage [70,71]. However,
and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) for its morphology, it has been reported that AgNPs are non-toxic to humans though most
size, crystallinity, and percentage composition. The results confirmed effective against virus, bacteria, and other eukaryotic microorganisms
the formation of nanoflowers of 51 nm. This ZnONPs could be used as even at low concentrations without any side effects [72].
an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic ions
from aqueous solution [51]. ZnO nanotubes were successfully fabricated AgNPs are synthesized by reducing silver ion using reducing
using neem leaf extract. ZnO nanotubes were characterized by SEM and agents present in neem extract and are characterized by UV-visible
XRD. The final product was highly crystalline with the size of 25 nm. spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer (DLS), SEM, transmission
ZnONPs showed a significant antibacterial activity against E. coli with electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, XRD analysis,
nanoparticle tracking analyzer analysis, and FTIR analysis [5,33,73-75].
zone of inhibition of 12 mm [52]. ZnO is non-toxic and used in industrial
Transformation of silver ions into AgNPs during exposure to the neem
sectors including environmental, synthetic textiles, food, packaging,
leaf extract is followed by color change from pale yellow to dark
medical care, healthcare, as well as construction and decoration [53].
yellowish brown color in aqueous solution [1]. Studies have indicated
that the reducing phytochemicals in the neem leaf consisted mainly of
A. indica plant-mediated process was developed for the synthesis of
terpenoids. It was found that these reducing components also served as
titanium NPs from titanium dioxide [54] and titanium isopropoxide [55].
capping and stabilizing agents in addition to reduction as revealed from
The titanium NPs were spherical in shape and the size ranged from 15
FTIR studies [76].
to 42 nm [54].
Antimicrobial activity of neem synthesized AgNPs
Synthesis of AgNPs using neem extract
Studies showed that the surgical masks coated with AgNPs had
Silver is one of the most commercialized nanomaterials with 500 tons
antibacterial properties. Nanoparticle-coated masks were capable of
of AgNPs production per year [56] and is estimated to increase in next
100% reduction in viable E. coli and S. aureus cells after incubation.
few years. Including its profound role in the field of high sensitivity
In addition, the study reported no signs of skin irritation in any of the
biomolecular detection, catalysis, biosensors, and medicine; it has been
persons wearing the masks [77]. Biosynthetic production of AgNPs by
acknowledged to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effects along
aqueous extract of neem leaves (20% w/v) and 0.01 M silver nitrate
with the antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenesis activities
(AgNO3) solution in 1:4 mixing ratio and its bactericidal effect in cotton
[31,57]. AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties cloth against E. coli by disk diffusion method were studied. The results
that play an indispensable role in drug delivery, diagnostics, imaging, demonstrated the antibacterial activity, and thereby possible use of
sensing, gene delivery, artificial implants, and tissue engineering [58]. cotton cloths incorporated with biologically synthesized AgNPs for
wound dressing [78].
A number of techniques are available for the synthesis of AgNPs such
as ion sputtering, chemical reduction, and sol-gel. [37,38,40,59]. The growth of gentamycin and ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella
However, these methods also result in contaminants during the pneumoniae, gentamicin and piperacillin-resistant Salmonella typhi,
synthesis procedures or in later applications with associated fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans, and multiple drug-resistant
limitations. AgNPs can be produced at low concentration of leaf extract E. coli was inhibited by neem synthesized AgNPs. The average size of
without using any additional harmful chemical/physical methods. This AgNPs synthesized using neem leaves extract was 43 nm [73]. Neem-
greener synthesis of AgNPs is one-step, cost-effective, environment- mediated biosynthesized NPs, in the size of around 70–80 nm, showed
friendly, and relatively reproducible and often results in more stable significant inhibition of urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens such as S.
materials [60]. This eco-friendly method could be a competitive aureus, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and E. coli [79]. Green synthesized
alternative to the conventional physical/chemical methods used AgNPs from 1 mM AgNO3 solution through aqueous leaf extract of
for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle and has a potential to be neem showed antibacterial activity against S. typhi and Klebsiella
used in biomedical applications and will play an important role in pneumoniae [80]. AgNPs were prepared using aqueous neem leaf
optoelectronics and medical devices in near future. extract and AgNO3 solution at room temperature. The synthesized NPs
were coated on polyurethane foams (PU) by overnight exposure to the
AgNPs, due to their antimicrobial properties, have been used most aqueous solution. Several rounds of washing and air drying resulted in
widely in the health industry, medicine, textile coatings, food storage, stable PU foam with uniform coating. This silver nanoparticle-coated PU
dye reduction, wound dressing, antiseptic creams, and a number of was capable of removing the complete load of bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus,
environmental applications [61]. Since ancient times, elemental silver and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) from water samples with initial load
and its compounds have been used as antimicrobial agents and was of 1×105 and 1×106 CFU/ml, after a contact time of 30 min. The water
used to preserve water in the form of silver coins/silver vessels [38,62]. treated with the control sample (pure PU) showed substantial growth
Antibacterial properties of silver are documented since 1000 B.C. when on the plates. Even after the treatment of 30 min, the AgNPs were found
silver vessels were used to preserve water [63,64]. to have stable binding with PU and did not mix with water [5].

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Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 3, 2018,

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