Differentiation Formulae Integration Formulae

Let u, v be functions of x, while n, a, c are con- Let u, v be functions of x, while n, a, C are constants.
stants.
Z Z Z
1. (u ± v) dx = u dx ± v dx.
d
1. (c) = 0. Z
dx 2. du = u + C.
d
2. (x) = 1.
Z Z
dx 3. a u dx = a u dx.
d du dv
3. (u + v + · · · ) = + + ··· . Z
un+1
dx dx dx 4. un du = + C, where n 6= −1.
d du n+1
4. (cu) = c .. Z
1
dx dx 5. du = ln |u| + C.
d dv du u
5. (uv) = u +v . Z
dx dx dx 6. eu du = eu + C.
d u du dv
 
  1
6. = 2 v −u . au
Z
dx v v dx dx 7. au du = + C, where a > 0 and a 6= 1.
ln a
d n
7. (x ) = nxn−1 .
Z
dx 8. sin u du = − cos u + C.
d n du
8. (u ) = nun−1 .
Z
dx dx 9. cos u du = sin u + C.
d u du
9. (a ) = au ln a , where a > 0.
Z
dx dx 10. tan u du = − ln |cos u| + C = ln |sec u| + C.
d u du
10. (e ) = eu .
Z
dx dx 11. cot u du = ln |sin u| + C = − ln |cosec u| + C.
d 1 du loga e du
11. .
Z
(loga u) = = 12. sec u du = ln |sec u + tan u| + C.
dx u ln a dx u dx
d  1 du loga e du
11’ loga |u| = .
Z
= 13. cosec u du = ln |cosec u − cot u| + C.
dx u ln a dx u dx
d 1 du
12. .
Z
(ln u) = 14. sec2 u du = tan u + C.
dx u dx
d  1 du Z
12’ ln |u| = . 15. cosec2 u du = − cot u + C.
dx u dx
d du Z
13. (sin u) = cos u . 16. sec u tan u du = sec u + C.
dx dx
d du Z
14. (cos u) = − sin u . 17. cosec u cot u du = − cosec u + C.
dx dx
d du Z
1 u
15. (tan u) = sec2 u . 18. √ du = arcsin + C, where a > 0.
dx dx a 2 − u2 a
d du Z
1
16. (cot u) = −cosec2 u . 19. du = ln u + a2 + u2 + C.
p
dx dx √
a2 + u2
d du
17. (sec u) = sec u tan u .
Z
1
20. du = ln u + u2 − a2 + C.
p
dx dx √
u2 − a2
d du
18. (cosec u) = − cosec u cot u . |u|
Z
1 1
dx dx 21. √ du = arcsec + C.
2 2 a a
d 1 du Z u u −a
19. . 1 1 u
(arcsin u) = √
dx 1 − u dx 2 22. du = arctan + C.
a2 + u2 a a
d 1 du Z
20. (arccos u) = − √ . 23.
1
du =
1
ln
a+u
dx 1 − u dx2
a2 − u2 2a a−u
+ C.
d 1 du Z
1 1 u−a
21. (arctan u) = . 24. du = ln + C.
dx 1 + u dx 2 2
u −a 2 2a u+a
d 1 du a2
22. .
Z p
(arccot u) = − up 2 u
dx 1 + u2 dx 25. a2 − u2 du = a − u2 + arcsin + C, a > 0.
2 2 a
d 1 du a2
23. .
Z p
(arcsec u) = √ up 2
26. a2 + u2 du = ln u + a2 + u2 + C.
p
dx |u| u − 1 dx
2
2
a + u2 +
2
d 1 du Z p
u a2
24. . 27. u2 − a2 du = ln u + u2 − a2 + C.
p p
(arccosec u) = − √ u2 − a2 −
dx |u| u − 1 dx
2
2 2
 Trigonometric Functions
Algebraic Identities Let (x, y) be a point on the circle x2 + y 2 = 1
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
and θ the angle subtended at the center of the circle.
(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
Define cos θ = x and sin θ = y. Furthermore,
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
sin θ 1
(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 tan θ = , cot θ = ,
cos θ tan θ
a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b) 1 1
sec θ = , cosec θ = .
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) cos θ sin θ
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 ) hy opposite side
po sin θ = hypothenuse

opposite side
√ if a ≥ 0 th

a en
a2 = |a| = us cos θ = adjacent side
−a if a < 0 e hypothenuse
opposite side
a+b a b
= + and
a/b
=
a θ tan θ = adjacent side
c c c c bc adjacent side

Square Completion with a 6= 0 :

  Values of Trigonometric Functions
2 2 b
ax + bx + c = a x + x + c
a
 2  2 !
2 b b b π π π π
=a x + x+ − +c θ 0
a 2a 2a 6 4 3 2
√ √
 2 !  2 1 2 3
2 b b b sin θ 0 1
=a x + x+ +c−a 2 2 2
a 2a 2a √ √
3 2 1

b 2
  2
b cos θ 1 0
=a x+ +c−a 2 2 2
a 2a 1 √
tan θ 0 √ 1 3 undefined
The solutions to ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a, b, and c 3
are constants with a 6= 0, are
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac sin(π − θ) = sin θ sin(2π + θ) = sin θ
x= . cos(π − θ) = − cos θ cos(2π + θ) = cos θ
2a
tan(π − θ) = − tan θ tan(2π + θ) = tan θ
Properties of Logarithms sin(π + θ) = − sin θ sin(2π − θ) = − sin θ
a m
= b ⇐⇒ m = loga b cos(π + θ) = − cos θ cos(2π − θ) = cos θ
tan(π + θ) = tan θ tan(2π − θ) = − tan θ
loga a = 1, loga 1 = 0
loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
m
loga = loga m − loga n Trigonometric Identities
n
loga (mn ) = n loga m, aloga m = m sin(−θ) = − sin θ, cos(−θ) = cos θ
logc b 1
loga b = , loga b =
π  π 
logc a logb a sin − θ = cos θ, cos − θ = sin θ
2 2
log m = log10 m (common logarithm)
sin θ + cos θ = 1
2 2
ln m = loge m (natural logarithm), where e ≈ 2.718
sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1, cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
Properties of Exponentiation 2 tan θ
sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ =
1 + tan2 θ
a0 = 1, where a 6= 0
am 1 cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
am an = am+n , = am−n , a−m = m 1 − tan2 θ
an a
 a m a m cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 =
(am )n = amn , (ab)m = am bm , = m 1 + tan2 θ
√ m
b b 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)
a = a n for a > 0
n m

√ 2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)

(a ± b)n 6= an ± bn ,
n n
a ± bn 6= a ± b
2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)