GERPHIS Notes - History must be presented in an

engaging manner
WHAT IS HISTORY
History is a science
Definitions of History
- History is based on facts. It has to use
- History is the past itself - history as an
scientific method in studying the past.
event
- The study of the past
- Recreation of the past (so historians
Sources in History
could study the past) through videos,
photos, and written records Primary Source
- History comes from the Greek word
- A source that is an eyewitness of the
“Historia” which means “Learning from
event.
inquiry”, “inquiry”, or “investigation
- Relics or artifacts
- Interpretive
- Written sources
- Oral testimonies - testimonies of people
who actually witnessed an event
Characteristics of History
Secondary Source
History is subjective
- A source that is based on a primary
- Historical facts are objective but
source
interpretations of history are subjective
- Questions asked in history:
o What happened? - the answer is
Why do we study history?
always based on objective
historical facts - To learn from past mistakes and
o Why did it happen? successes
o What is the moral relevance of - “To familiarize the alien” - learn what is
the story? - answer could be unfamiliar
subjective, depending on the - “To alienate the familiar” - challenge
POV of the historian knowledge
- It important to consider which - To learn cultural relativism - judging
perspectives do the historians come another culture based on one culture’s
from. standards - opposite is ethnocentrism
- Ex: Katipunan was founded July 7 1892, (judging based on how we view the
but conceptualized/conceived as early world, you are using your point of view,
as January 1892 as found on Spanish my culture is better than yours)
archives documents
- Historical revisionism - retelling what
happened to their advantage History in an interdisciplinary perspectives
- Historical denialism - denying what has
- Interdisciplinary - best seen in subfields
actually happened
of history
- Historical negationism
- Historical distortion - Denial of holocaust

History is an art Interdisciplinarity in History

Political history is the study of all those aspects Prof H. Otley Beyer of UP Anthro said the the Ph
of the past that have to do with the formal was peopled through a series of waves of
organization of power in society, which for the migration
majority of human societies means the state.
- Each wave of migrant groups had their
The Annales school advocated that historians own racial and cultural characteristics
should not just have a broader approach but which differs them from each other
an awareness of what they could learn from (Negritos, indones, malays)
other disciplines, especially the social sciences - Treated race and culture as one
— economics, sociology, social psychology, o Race in the world - human race
and geography. o Race is a social construct to
discriminate other people based
on skin color
Subdisciplines of History o Filipinx - concept used by Fil-Ams,
they think that the Philippine
Economic History - focuses on “earthly
language is not inclusive
necessities”, and seeks to reconstruct
o Race and culture are not one.
production, exchange, and consumption
This theory was questioned after
Social History - is the history of everyday life the excavation of the Tabon
Man.
Cultural History - studies culture i.e. patterns of
- Believed that migrants introduced in the
thought and understanding modes of
archipelago all of its cultural traits
language, rituals of life, and ways of thinking
- Implies there were no humans in ph
before migration
- One of the most commonly used by
PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES
historians in books on ph history
Peopling - peopled - how a place (ph) is
Wave migration theory - not accepted
populated
anymore
Prehistory - predates the written documents
- William Henry Scott called it “flawed by
- involves artifacts little evidence, dubious methodology
and simple fantasy”
Homo luzonensis lived on the island of Luzon at
- At the time, (early 20th century when
least 50000 - 67000 years ago.
Beyer was an anthropologist), anthro
- found in Callo Cave in Cagayan was used to explain racial classification
- oldest known human remains found in of people
the Philippines so far
- they ate seafoods
Austronesians - brown race
The previously known earliest human remains in
the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a Postulated two movements of people in SEA
skull and jawbone of three persons collectively and Pacific:
called “Tabon Man.”
- Australoid – generally characterized by
- Dated between 22000 BC and 20000 BC very dark pigmentation
- Southern mongoloid – thought to have
largely displaced/absorbed by earlier
 population, called as “brown race” or - Mapuraw – undyed – without tattoos
austronesians - Tagalogs did not tattoo

Peter Bellwood’s Mainland Origin Hypothesis Skull Molding

- Southern China to Taiwan to Ph and to - Visayan wanted their children to be

other places “moon-faced” or with flat face

Willhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Theory Penis pins and circumcision

- Mindanao and Northern Indonesia to - Visayan men used penis pins (tugbuk)
South China and downwards and penis rings (sakra) for greater sexual
pleasure of women. They also had
Austronesians connections can be seen
circumcision for hygienic purposes.
linguistically - link between Ph language and
- Tagalog men had pellets under the skin
Bahasa Indonesia (pinto, bola)
of the penis

Hair

- Visayan men had long hair (shoulder to

16TH CENTURY TAGALOG AND VISAYAN waist) and wove amulets in their hair.
SOCIETIES AND CULTURES - Visayan women had longer hair
reaching their ankles.
Decorative dentistry
- Tagalog men had longer hair.
Teeth staining and golds in teeth were - Short hair was a sign of mourning.
prominent.
Clothing
Nganga
- They wore bahag or g-string. Upperclass
- mark of beauty wore bahag that covered their things,
- used in social gatherings, always offered lowerclass wore strip-like bahags
when visitors come, females prepare the - Red clothing was reserved for those who
nganga killed enemies.
- love and courtship - men tell women - Visayan men did not want to cover their
that no one is making their nganga yet tattoos
o If the girl liked the guy, she will
Jewelry
send nganga to the guy
- Used in assassinations - poison was - Gold and jewelry marks wealth
included in the battle nut concoction - Bulawan – gold in Visayas
- Men and women wore gold hoop
Tattooing
earrings and had earlobes distended
- Visayan men were called
Social Organization – Both societies were fluid,
pintados/painted ones because of the
one could go down through punishment and
tattoos on their bodies
slaves could buy their freedom.
- Tattoos (batuk) as symbols of warrior’s
courage. Only those who killed their Tagalog
enemies could have tattoos. Most brave
Maginoo – ruling class
warriors have tattoos on their faces,
- Visayan women had tattoos on arms - Gat (Lord/Prince), Dayang
and hands for decorative purposes (Lady/Princess)
 - Datu (ruler of brgy/bayan), Dian Ancestors believed that spirits were around
(primary wife) and everything has a soul.
- Rajah/King (supreme datu), Hara
Animism - animus - animo
(primary wife)
Maykapal means creator
Maharlika and timawa – free people
Austronesian term hantu (meaning ghost) is
- Maharlika – military
related to the term anito
- Timawa – agriculture
Balete - even other SEAs find it scary
Alipin – slaves
In SEA, buwaya darat (land crocodile) means
- Alipin namamahay – could have houses
playboy
and marry
- Alipin sa gigilid – lived in houses of
masters and could not marry
June 18
- Bulisik - lower status, meaning vile, alipin
sa gigilid of an aliping namamahay 16th Century Mindanao Society and Culture
- Bulislis - lowest of the low, one whose
Populated by mostly Muslims
private parts are shown, alipin sa gigilid
of an aliping sa gigilid, “walang hiya” as - when the Spaniards came, they were already
their body parts are already exposed Muslims
- How does one become a slave?
- Spaniards who went there were killed
Through birth

Sultanate of Maguindanao
Visayas
Sultan is Muslam ruler (diff w rajah visayan
Datu – ruling class
counterparts)
- Kaponoan (most sovereign), Sarripada
- Rajah was simply not a Muslim ruler
(His highness), Batara (Lord)
- Atubang sa Datu (Prime minister)
- Paragahin (Chief steward)
Murang pagiisip - innocent, bata pa, wala
- Bilanggo (Chief of prisoners)
pang kamalay-malay
- Paratawag (slave announcing decrees)
- Dayang/Bai (female members of ruling Rajah Muda - literally means young king
class)

Timawa – free people

Ora means people/person
Oripun
Datu has been ora-dasal — big man
- Hayohay – lowest oripun
Orang besal - big man

People in Sulu work in Malaysia, Saba.

OTHER NOTES
- Used to be part of the Sultanate of Sulu
June 10 - Spiritual Beliefs of the Early Filipinos
 because the route they took was
experimental. The ships were powered by the
Islam arrived in Sulu because it was the nearest
wind.
place to Malaysia.
His expedition was not a luxury cruise. They had
Grandson of Sultan of Borneo
a short supply of water and food. Some food
Islamism was spreading to the Maginoo class. It was crumbled to dust and contaminated. They
started with the Maginoo class because they are in deep waters so they cannot get any fish
are influential, they are the leaders (at least in and believed that there were monsters and
Manila). didn’t want to disturb them. They boiled
leather boots and belt made out of animal skin
to eat.

Magellan did not discover the Philippines

The Spanish Colonization of the Philippines because the country has a culture of its own
already. Rediscovery is not the correct term.
Reconquista (Reconquest) - to end/expel the
Muslims after nearly 800 years of occupation of
the Muslims in Spain
July 8
- so their #1 reason was to spread Christianity
Magellan and his men were so hungry when
and prevent Islamism
they arrived in the Philippines. They were given
- Created by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela food — lechon.
of Castille: these two monarchs are his (Henry
They may had numerous masses in Philippine
VIII, Catherine of Aragon) in-laws
waters so the correct term is first Easter mass.

Spain wanted a new route to go to Spice

Blood compact signified brotherhood. It is
Island (not in the Philippines).
done through putting drops of blood (from
Uses of spices: upper arm) mixed with wine to drink. They are
now ritual brothers (through ritual kinship).
- preservation

- medicine/herbal remedies
Magellan was killed by Lapulapu’s men.
- to add flavor
Lapulapu was only directing.
- trade (who controlled the supply of spices
and the trade routes? Italians and Ottomans) -
drove up prices of spices (worth their weight in Spanish colonization - 1565
gold)
Christianization of the Philippines - 1521

Rajah Matanda met the spaniards in 1521

Magellan was a Portuguese. The King of
Portugal did not want to support his endeavors.
The King did not want to risk his resources in an SPIRITUAL BELIEFS OF THE EARLY FILIPINOS
unsure venture. The King of Spain (Charles V)
The Gods
thinks it would be great. Magellan left in 1519. It
took them 2 years to arrive in the Philippines
Early Filipinos worshipped the moon, the sun, Makabosog – a merciful diwata of
the stars, the rainbow, the rivers, the seas, the Visayas who provides food for the hungry.
rocks, the trees, the animals, etc.
Katambay – Bicol guardian anito for
The Tagalogs called the supreme god Bathala individuals.
Maykapal. He was known as the creator and
Tagbibi – diwata protector of children of
grand conserver of the universe.
the mountain ethnic groups in Mindanao.
The Visayan creator god is said to be Laon, a
Masiken – guardian of the underworld of
name implying antiquity.
the Igorots.
Ancient Filipinos, like many still today, believed
that all things have a life force or “soul.” These
spirits were called anitos. The Cosmos

There were two types of anitos: the nature • Early Filipinos believed that the universe
spirits and the spirits of dead ancestors. was divided into different regions and
levels, with three being the lowest
• Anitos were found among all Filipino
number of levels: the sky, the earth and
groups from Batanes to Mindanao. In
the underworld.
Visayas and Mindanao (places
geographically closer to Hindu-Buddhist • The diwatas or anitos and other beings
empires in Indonesia) they were called influenced the lives of people on earth,
diwatas. making the babaylans, rituals and
amulets indispensible.
• The word diwata is of Sanskrit origin and
means “divinity.” The Javanese have • The Pintados of Panay believed that
spirits called dewata or djuwata; the their supreme deity, Macaptan, lived in
Dyaks of Borneo refer to theirs as the sky. They also believed that those
dyewata or djebata. who died by stabbing, or those eaten
by crocodiles or shot by arrows went to
• Guardian spirits were believed to
the sky.
preside over specific human activities
such as birth, marriage, death, hunting, • Maguayen first brought the spirits of the
fishing, farming etc. Beneficent and dead, whether good or bad, to the
powerful, they generally rule from the underworld, via a barangay. It was on
sky but some stay in their areas of earth that humans lived with the
responsibility on earth or in the diwatas.
underworld.
• The Tagalogs believed that evil people
Some guardian gods: went to Kasanaan, a place of anguish.
Good people did not live with Bathala
Ikapati or Lakapati – Tagalog goddess
in the sky but went instead to Maka, a
of fertility, guardian anito of agriculture
place of rest.
Dian Masalanta – Tagalog anito of
• Fr. Pedro Chirino said that the place of
lovers and childbirth
rest was called Kaluwalhatian. Virgins
Liktakan – Manobo god of sunrise, sunset and could not enter Kaluwalhatian because
good weather. they had no lovers to help them cross a
 narrow plank over a raging torrent en 16TH CENTURY MINDANAO SOCIETY AND
route. CULTURE

• Almost the entire archipelago had one Sultanate of Maguindanao

term for the sky: langit. It was believed
• The Sultanate of Maguindanao was
that the supreme god lived in the sky.
founded in 1515 by Sultan
• The earth was where humans, animals, Kabungsuwan, a prince of Johore, after
plants, the anitos or diwatas lived. marrying into the local royal family.
Tagalogs used the terms sanglibutan,
• The Maguindanao Royal Family
sangtinacpan and sandayigdig for all
consisted of the Sultan, his wife the
things on earth and under the sky.
Sultana, the Rajah Muda (Crown
• Most believed that the soul went to the Prince), the Rajah Laut (Sea Lord),
underworld, rather than the sky. As one Princes (a prince was called Katchil)
Spanish chronicler said, the Visayans and Princesses (a princess was called
believed that “their souls go down Putri or Dayang).
below and say that this is better
• The Royal Family was supported by the
because they are cooler there than up
Orangkaya (literally, “Rich People”), a
above where it is very hot.”
kind of nobility with the right to trade.

• The Sultan was advised by the Pandita

Sacred Trees and Animals (wise men) and a council of elders
called the Bichara Atas.
• The balete – a sacred place of worship.
Many anitos lived in it. For the Warays, it Sultunate of Sulu
was the home of a diwata and its
• Tuan Masha’ika was a Malay Muslim
enemy, a tiny evil man.
who brought Islam to the Philippines in
• The crocodile – ancient Filipinos went on the late 13th century. He married the
their knees in homage whenever one daughter of Rajah Sipad, who was the
appeared. When Tagalogs and king of the Buranun.
Visayans wanted to say something
• Karim ul Makhdum, a Muslim missionary,
about it, they referred to it as
further spread Islam in the 14th century.
grandfather.
• Prince Abubakr of Sumatra came to
• Tagalogs feared and venerated the
Jolo and married Dayang Paramisuli,
crocodile. Offerings of food were set out
daughter of Rajah Baguinda of Sulu.
for them, and the salaksak bird was
Abubakr founded the Sultanate of Sulu
considered sacred because of its ability
in 1450.
to pick the crocodile’s teeth without
harm. • The Royal Family of Sulu was related to
both the Royal Families of the Sultanate
• The snake – ancient Visayans believed
of Borneo and the Kingdom of Manila.
that a snake could be born with some
male children. Great warriors were said • Islam was beginning to spread in the
to be accompanied by their twin snakes Kingdom of Manila when the Spaniards
on their wars. came.
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES Lopez de Villalobos, who who gave the
name “Felipinas” (after Prince Philip,
The Spanish kingdoms of Castille and Aragon
later King Philip II) to Samar and Leyte.
joined forces to get back Spain for the
Christians. This struggle was called Reconquista • The expedition led by Miguel Lopez de
(Reconquest). In 1492, Spaniards victoriously Legazpi returned to seize Cebu in 1565
ended nearly 800 years of the Muslim and after three years converted Visayan
occupation of Spain. rajahs to Christianity.

After the Reconquista, Spaniards had a strong • In 1571 Legazpi mounted an expedition
desire to drive away Muslims from other places to the north. Legazpi conquered Manila
and to spread Christianity in other lands. with the help of 600 Visayan troops and
established it as a Spanish settlement.
Spain had three important reasons in wanting
to explore and conquer new lands: • The Spanish sought to replace the
indigenous religion and to bring the
1. The Spaniards wanted to propagate
islands under a single political and
Christianity and to prevent the spread of Islam.
religious authority. This process was
2. Spain wanted to find the Moluccas or neither unopposed nor completely
the Spice Islands, which were the principal successful.
source of spices.
• The extension of Spanish rule through
3. Spain wanted to increase the prestige lowland Luzon and the Visayas took
of the kingdom. many decades of combined military
and missionary action.
• Spain sent a number of expeditions to
Asia. The first was the one led by • The primary agents of conquista
Ferdinand Magellan. His expedition left espiritual (spiritual conquest) were the
Spain on September 20, 1519. Spanish priests who belonged to
different religious orders.
• The Magellan expedition reached Leyte
Gulf on March 16, 1521. • Conquista espiritual was also
accompanied by resettlement. In a
• The first Easter Mass in the Philippines
process called reduccion barangays
was held in Limasawa on March 31,
were coaxed or coerced into towns
1521.
organized around a newly built church
• Magellan and his men went to Cebu with resident priest.
when he heard there was more food
• The success of colonization was largely
there. Rajah Humabon of Cebu and
due to the practice of Spanish explorers
Magellan had a blood compact.
of befriending local rulers.
• Magellan tried to reorient the datus’
• Colonization of the islands was done
allegiance to the king of Spain via Rajah
with the consent of local rulers. In 1571,
Humabon. However, not all datus were
a referendum was conducted among
prepared to follow Humabon into an
the datu families of Manila if they
alliance with Spain. One of them was
wanted Spain to remain in the city to
Lapulapu, ruler of Mactan.
help safeguard them against their
• Another Spaniard who led an enemies.
expedition to the Philippines was Ruy
• The datu families favored Spanish
presence, and Rajah Matanda gave
the Spaniards land for their resettlement.

• The Synod of Manila of 1582 declared

that Spain had a duty to rule the
Philippines because of delegated
authority from the pope.

• The Synod also ruled that Spain had a

right to colonize the Philippines to ensure
a situation favorable for Christianity.

• The Synod also agreed that colonial

officials exercised authority in the
Spanish king’s name, and that local
rulers should share in the responsibilities
of the colonial government.

• In every town there was a plaza

complex. The basic plan was a plaza
surrounded by a church and convent,
civic buildings, market, school and
homes of prominent families.

• The datu families became the

principalia or the families of the
gobernadorcillos and cabezas de
barangay.

• According to Carmen Guerrero Nakpil,

“It was Kristo Hesus with whom they [the
Filipinos] identified and fell in love.”

• Ultimately, it was Christ Himself and His

story that made Filipinos accept
Catholic Christianity.