2

|2

o
processor

o
analog digital
o

-
smart
phones (tablet
phablet )

2.2
o peripherals

{
pointing device ,
touch pad
touch screen
magnetic strip reader , -
smart card
scanner
digital
camera
Sensor Graphic
tablet
MICR OMR
OCR
Grid
DigitiZer
}
 - History of computing

1. 1450
2. 1450 - 1840) |3
3. 1840 -1940)
4. 1940

Mathematical Operations)
, , ,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Mathematical Operations)
(+)
(-)
(/)
(*)

Abacus)

ABACUS)

5000
ABACUS) Beads
 |4

22

Napier Bones

Napier Bones
 Slide Rule)

1632 Slide Rule)

NASA Slide Rule

|5

Adding Machine / Pascaline)

1642 Blaise Pascal) , Adding Machine

Pascaline
Step Reckoner

1674 Gottfried
Wilhelm Von Leibnitz)

|6

Step Reckoner
Punch
card)

The step reckoner (stepped reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by the German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around and completed in

It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations.
-
Punch Card System

1801 Joseph Jacquard Punch Card System

Punch Card

|7

Punch card

Punch Card Jacquard

loom
 Analytical Engine)

1830 Charles Babbage Punch Card

(Analytical Engine)

input, process, output |8

Analytical Engine Charles Babbage

1st Computer Programmer)

Analytical machine) Ada Augusta)

Programs)
Ada
 -

1880 Herman Hollerith)

1890

|9
IBM

19
, ,
Tele Printer)

(Vacuum tube)

1906

(Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator - Mark ):

1936 Howard Aiken

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
Mark
 | 10

-Mark

1942 John
Vincent Atanasoff Clifford Berry
ENIAC
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
| 11
1946 Moore School of Electrical Engineering
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania

Calculation Steps)
Vacuum Tubes 18,000
First Generation )
5,000
0.2
1,500

ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert proposed the EDVAC's construction in August 1944, and
design work for the EDVAC commenced before the ENIAC was fully operational. -

1947
Stored-program
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)
Maurice Wilkes EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

| 12

The Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. Inspired by John von Neumann's
seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, the machine was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the
University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the second electronic digital stored-program
computer to go into regular service.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

binary
stored-program computer .
:
o John Mauchly
o J. Presper Eckert
August 1944
1949 Ballistics Research Laboratory

o
 | 13

EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and
automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory capacity of 1,000 34-bit words. EDVAC's average addition time was
864 microseconds and its average multiplication time was 2,900 microseconds.

UNIVAC I (Universal Automated Calculator) :

1950
Remington Rand UNIVAC I

10,000
 1946 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)

- John Mauchly J. Presper Eckert

1949 EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable | 14

Automatic Computer) ,

- John Mauchly J. Presper Eckert

1957 IBM(International Business Machine) IBM 704

100,000

Transistor)

1947 William Shockley John Bardeen

Walter Brattain Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tubes
200,000 250,000
Second Generation)

,
 William Shockley
John Bardeen
Walter Brattain

| 15

,
, ,

IBM ,
IBM ,
CDC ,
CDC ,
UNIVAC

IC Integrated Circuit

1964 IC Integrated Circuit

Silicon Chips)
LSI (Large Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration)

SSI (Small Scale Integration)

MSI (Medium Scale Integration),
LSI (Large Scale Integration),
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)

- IBM- series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), TDC-

 Microprocessor)

VLSI ( )

IC), Silicon Chip)

Microprocessor)
| 16

GUI Graphical User Interfaces)

DEC ,
STAR ,
PDP

Processors)

Intel
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
Cyrix
Motorola
NEC

1975 MIT ALTAIR 8800 Switches) Program

1976

1981 IBM IBM-PC

1984 Macintosh

Intel processor AMD processor

| 17
intel Celeron AMD Athlon
intel Pentium 1,2,3,4 AMD Sempron
Intel Atom AMD Phenom
Intel Dual core
Intel core 2 Duo
intel Core i3 , Core i5, Core i7

1977 Commodore Radio Shack Personal Computers)

Intel, Cyrix, IDT, AMD Motorola

(Computer Generation)

(1G) Vacuum Tubes)

(2G) Transistor)

(3G) Integrated Circuits)

(4G) Microprocessor)

(5G) Artificial Intelligence)

 First Generation Computers) (1940-1956) - Vacuum Tube

Circuit) Vacuum Tubes)

Magnetic Drums)
| 18
Machine Language)

Punched Card) Paper Tape)

Printouts)

UNIVAC ENIAC UNIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer),
UNIVAC-1 (Universal Automatic Calculator - 1)
 Second Generation)(1956-1963) - Transistors

| 19

Punched Card)
Printouts)

Cryptic Binary Machine Language)

Symbolic) Assembly Language)
COBOL FORTRAN
 Third Generation) (1964-1971) - IC

Miniatured)
Semiconductors)
| 20

Keyboard)
Monitor)
Operating Systems)
applications)
 Fourth Generation)(1971-Present) - Microprocessor

Microprocessor)
| 21

Silicon Chip)

1981 IBM

Microprocessor
VLSI, ULSI

High-Level Programming Language : Java, Python,

Visual Programming Language

Microprocessor)
VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits
 Fifth Generation(Present - Beyond ) - Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence)

Voice Recognition Applications)

| 22

Voice Recognition),
Character Recognition ),
Text To Speech),
Hand Written Recognition Systems)

Quantum Computation), Molecular

Technology) Nanotechnology)

High-Level Programming Language

Object-Oriented Programming Language
Prolog, LISP,
 | 23

Blaise Pascal)

Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz)

Joseph Jacquard

Charles Babbage)

Ada Augasta Lovelace)

Herman Hollerith)
 Howard Aiken)

| 24
Remington Rand

William Shockley
John Bardeen
Walter Brattain

(Jhon Vonn Neumann)

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) Mark 1

| 25

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

UNIVAC I (Universal Automated Calculator)

o
Analog Digital
| 26
o

o
o
o
o
o - smart phones
o (tablet
o phablet )

Digital Computers)
Analog Computers)
Hybrid Computers)

General Purpose)
Special Purpose)

Super Computers)
Main Frame Computers)
Mini Computers)
Micro Computers)
- smart phones
(tablet
phablet )

Personal Computers)

Desktop Computers)
Workstations)
Laptop Computers)
Palmtop Computers)
Note Book Computers)
Personal Digital Assistant or Digital Diary - PDA)
Pocket Computers)
 Digital Computers)

| 27

accuracy)
Business applications)

Programming)

Analog Computers)

input data) Continuous) Process)

Voltage)
Resistance)
temperature)

Quantities)
Measurements) Single
Purpose Device) Programming)

Accuracy factor)

Business Applications) Storage

Capacity)
 Hybrid computers)

digital Computation)
Analog Principles)

- Process control computer system) , | 28

Analog)
digital computer unit) Process)

General Purpose)

Special Purpose)

Super Computers)

, ,
films,

CDC 6600 Cray, Fugitsu, NEC

Tianhe-2
1.2
terminals
storage)

The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600. World's first supercomputer, designed by Seymour Cray and James E. Thornton.
 | 29

Main Frame Computers)

Business Application) General Purpose

Computers)

Main frame terminal 1000

online) secondary storage)
Magnetic Tape Drivers), hard disks, printers,
, , online)
 Mini Computers)

Main frame mini main frame

processors)
| 30

Servers
Web Servers
Mail Servers
DataBase servers

Micro Computers)
Micro Computers
Personal Computers - PC) Input Output
Devices), Storage Devices) Microprocessor)
silicon
, 1970 Micro Computers

Desktop computers
Work stations)
Laptop computers)
Palmtop computers)
PDA - Personal Digital Assistance)
Phablet

- smart phones
 (tablet

| 31

phablet
Phablet: Apple Plus, Galaxy Note, etc

Personal Computers)

Desktop Computers)

Personal Computers)

Workstations)

Laptop Computers)

Palmtop Computers)

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

Notebook Computers)
 Personal Digital Assistant or Digital Diary - PDA)

| 32

(Hardware and their Interfaces)

peripherals

(Input Devices)

(keyboard entry)

buttons
typewriter-style

(Direct Entry)

(keyboard)

, , ,
 Pointing Device

Mouse, | 33
Trackball,
Touch pad,
Touch Screen,
Joystrick

Touch Pad

tactile sensor

touchpad is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor, a specialized

surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers
to a relative position on the operating system that is made output to
the screen.
laptop computers
portable media
players

(Remote Control)

(Infrared)

Touch Screen
 | 34

Magnetic Strip Reader

Credit card, ATM card

magnetic stripe reader

- (Barcode Reader)

smart card

Smart cards chip

smart card Reader chip
password, pin number, ,

Scanner

Scanner
Scanner

MICR
OMR
OCR

| 35

Digital Camera

DSLR cameras: Digital Single-Lens Reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a
single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, as opposed to photographic film.

Resolution

1 megapixel = 1 million total pixels = 1,000,000 Pixels

(Microphone)

Voice Command
 Sensor

| 36

Ambient Light Sensor

High End Android

Proximity Sensor - ,

Graphic Tablet

stylus

MICR

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

MICR
,
, MICR
 OMR

Optical Mark Recognition

Scanner
OMR OMR
Scanner | 37

OCR

Optical Character Recognition

Scanner , ,
OCR Scanner
,

(Video Camera)

CCD CMOS

cameras cameras can take breathtaking video

Camcorder camcorders can capture some great stills.

action
cameras
(GoPro)

| 38

HD video

1080 lines uses 1920 pixels per line (1920 x 1080).

720 lines uses 1280 pixels per line (1280 x 720).

4K / Ultra HD (UHD)

horizontal resolution of 4,096 pixels.

3,840x2,160 resolution.

Select large-screen resolutions

Resolution Horizontal x Vertical Other names Devices

name pixels
8K 7,680x4,320 none Concept TVs
"Cinema" 4K 4,096x[unspecified] 4K Projectors
UHD 3,840x2,160 4K, Ultra HD, Ultra-High Definition TVs
2K 2,048x[unspecified] none Projectors
WUXGA 1,920x1,200 Widescreen Ultra Extended Graphics Monitors,
Array projectors
1080p 1,920x1,080 Full HD, FHD, HD, High Definition TVs, monitors
720p 1,280x720 HD, High Definition TVs

Digitizer

Digitizing or digitization, the conversion of a typically analog object, image or a signal into digital form