Open Access

Anim Biosci
Vol. 36, No. 4:529-539 April 2023
https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0192
pISSN 2765-0189 eISSN 2765-0235

Recent advances in feed and nutrition of beef cattle in China

— A review

Qian Gao1, Hu Liu2, Zuo Wang1, Xinyi Lan1, Jishan An1, Weijun Shen1,*, and Fachun Wan1,*

* Corresponding Authors: Abstract: The beef cattle industry in China has advanced remarkably since its reform and
Weijun Shen
Tel: +86-0731-84618034, opening up; consequently, China has become the world’s third-largest beef cattle producer.
Fax: +86-0731-84613027, China is also one of the countries with the most substantial research input and output in the
E-mail: [email protected] field of beef cattle feed and nutrition. The progress and innovation by China in the research
Fachun Wan
Tel: +86-0731-84618176,
field of beef cattle feed and nutrition have undoubtedly promoted the development of the
Fax: +86-0731-84610280, domestic beef cattle industry. This review summarizes recent advances in feed resource
E-mail: [email protected] development, nutrient requirements, and nutritional regulation of beef cattle in China.
1
College of Animal Science and Technology,
Limitations in current research and perspectives on future work are also discussed.
Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha
410128, China Keywords: Beef Cattle; China; Feed Resource Development; Nutrient Requirements;
2
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro- Nutritional Regulation
Ecosystems; College of Ecology, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China

ORCID
Qian Gao
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-2385
Hu Liu INTRODUCTION
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7506-774X
Zuo Wang
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-9026
The vigorous development of beef cattle farming can alleviate the competition for grains
Xinyi Lan between humans and livestock and help improve the dietary structure of humans. Addi-
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-0515
Jishan An tionally, beef cattle farming contributes to rural revitalization in China. Given these factors,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-705X China has been increasing support for beef cattle farming and related research over the
Weijun Shen
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-8761 past decades.
Fachun Wan China has become the world’s third-largest beef cattle producer, with an annual beef
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8051-3663
output of 6.72 million tonnes in 2020 [1]. At present, China’s GDP ranks second in the
Submitted May 12, 2022; Revised Jul 7, 2022; world, with a per capita GDP of US $12,500. Brazil is the world’s largest beef cattle pro-
Accepted Aug 10, 2022
ducer, with a per capita GDP of US $8,000. However, the annual per capita consumption of
beef in Brazil is 32.7 kg, more than four times that of China (Statista, https://www.statista.
com). The low per capita beef consumption in China is due to the Chinese dietary habit
of preferring pork and chicken. Beef cattle industry in China was established late. Before
that, cattle, as important draught animals, were forbidden to be slaughtered without per-
mission, which made it difficult to establish beef consumption habits. However, as machines
have replaced cattle for ploughing in recent decades, slaughtering cattle for food is no longer
restricted. Chinese people have gradually incorporated more beef into their diet, resulting
in the sustained and rapid growth of per capita consumption of beef, highlighting China
as a promising market. Driven by domestic beef consumption demand, the beef industry
in China is expected to further develop and become more prominent in the global beef
industry. However, China’s beef cattle industry has been facing multiple issues that restrict
its efficient and sustainable development (Figure 1). The production efficiency of the beef
cattle industry in China lags behind that of other developed countries, and the total yield
of high-grade beef in China is much lower than domestic consumption. This is mainly
because of the backward feeding management strategies and cattle breeding. Diets mainly

Copyright © 2023 by Animal Bioscience

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License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
www.animbiosci.org and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 529
 Gao et al (2023) Anim Biosci 36:529-539

Figure 1. Current status of beef cattle farming in China.

consist of medium- and low-quality roughage, resulting in a an increase in the costs of feeding beef cattle in China. The
low feed conversion rate and slow growth rate of beef cattle. agriculture, forestry, and food industry produce many by-
Furthermore, according to the National Breed List of Livestock products that can be used as cheap feed resources to reduce
and Poultry Genetic Resources (2021 Edition), China has 80 feeding costs (Figure 2).
beef cattle (Bos taurus) breeds, including 55 local breeds, 15 Previous studies have reported the nutritional components
imported breeds, and 10 cultivated breeds. Local beef cattle of these by-products [6,7]. Moreover, numerous experiments
breeds and their hybrid offspring make up the main body of have been conducted to evaluate the feeding value of these
the beef cattle farming industry in China. However, the body resources for beef cattle (Table 1). Notably, these resources
size and production efficiency of most of these breeds are poor. have not been effectively utilized. The main factors restricting
Beef cattle often face various environmental stresses, such as the utilization of these resources in beef cattle farming are
heat and cold stresses, which deteriorate animal welfare and their low nutritional value, poor palatability, difficult preser-
farming profits [2-4]. In addition, beef cattle farming produces vation, and presence of toxic substances and anti-nutritional
many pollutants, particularly methane [5]. In recent years, factors. Therefore, these feed resources are often processed to
the Chinese government has promulgated a series of strict compensate for their defects. For example, silage treatment
environmental protection laws that pose severe challenges to is conducive to the long-term preservation of green forage,
beef cattle farming in China. such as banana stems and leaves [8]. In addition, ammoniation
Feed and nutrition research plays a vital role in resolving [9] and microbial inoculation [10] can improve the feeding
the abovementioned problems, thus promoting the transfor- value of crops straw, thus expanding the application of these
mation and modernization of the beef cattle industry in China. resources in beef cattle production.
In this review, we summarize the research progress in this
field over the past decade. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF
CATTLE
DEVELOPMENT OF FEED RESOURCES
Since the promulgation of the “Feeding Standard of Beef
In recent years, the rising costs of raw materials have led to Cattle” (FSBC) in 2004, China has continued to strengthen

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Figure 2. Some unconventional feed resources in beef cattle farming in China, as well as the limitations and coping strategies for the develop-
ment of unconventional feed resources.

its research on the nutrient requirements of beef cattle, mainly such as Xianan cattle, Yanhuang cattle and Yunling cattle.
focusing on energy and protein requirements of growing- In addition, the proportion of concentrate in beef cattle diets
finishing beef cattle (Table 2). However, marginal information is gradually increased to improve their production efficiency.
is available on the demand of growing-finishing beef cattle Therefore, the difference between FSBC and the research
for other nutrients, such as minerals and vitamins. Addition- results may be due to the changes in breeding, feed com-
ally, Xu et al [11] showed that a phosphorus concentration of position, and feeding management, which can affect the
0.37% in the diet can satisfy the phosphorus requirements of nutritional requirements of beef cattle.
crossbred replacement beef heifers (Simmental×Chinese
yellow cattle) with body weights of (369.5±37.8) kg. NUTRITIONAL REGULATION OF BEEF
We compared the conclusions of previous studies with CATTLE
the recommendations of the FSBC [12], and the results sug-
gested that these recommendations may over- or underestimate Nutritional regulation strategies to improve the growth
the actual nutrient requirements for beef cattle (Table 3). and rumen fermentation of beef cattle
For example, Zhang et al [13] reported that the crude pro- The average production efficiency of beef cattle in China has
tein requirements of Qinchuan cattle with body weights of been lower than that in developed countries for a long time,
(289.3±17.8) kg (with an average daily gain of 0 to 1.2 kg) which reduces the profit and market competitiveness of the
were lower (29 to 132 g per cattle per day) than those rec- domestic beef cattle industry. Improving the production effi-
ommended by the FSBC [12]. The formulation of FSBC is ciency of beef cattle is thus a critical problem for the beef
based on the research results before 2004. Since 2004, China cattle industry in China.
has been vigorously promoting the improvement of beef The growth performance of beef cattle can be improved
cattle breeds. During this period, many changes have been by adjusting the feed composition in the diet and adding
made to the composition of beef cattle breeds. For example, functional substances. For adjusting diet structure, it has
China cultivated some new beef cattle breeds after 2004, been reported that the growth performance and meat quality

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Table 1. Nutrient composition of some unconventional feed materials (DM basis) and their application effects in beef cattle farming
Nutrient levels (%) Annual yield1),
Feed materials Application effects References
DM CP EE NDF ADF Ash Ca P million tonnes
Agriculture by-products
Soybean straw 92.99 5.83 1.61 69.86 58.16 - 1.46 0.18 31.36 Rumen degradation rates of DM, OM, and CP: [6]
soybean straw > corn straw
Sugarcane top 94.24 6.60 0.81 76.53 39.80 - 0.64 0.14 27.03 The rumen degradation rate of DM: sugar- [6]
cane top > corn straw
Banana stem and leaf 89.70 6.15 2.13 47.72 42.42 8.93 - - 27.63 ADG (No effect; Replacement ratio of corn [8, 60]
silage in the diet = 100%)
Peanut vine 90.00 10.20 1.61 44.99 39.16 - 2.42 0.11 20.51 Rumen degradation rates of DM, CP, and [6]
NDF: peanut vine > corn straw
Potato vine 11.97 16.84 4.97 37.16 - 9.46 1.88 0.20 10.25 ADG, DMI, and F/G (No effect; Replacement [61,62]
ratio of corn silage in the diet = 20%)
Food industry by-products
Potato starch residue 89.17 7.92 0.64 31.94 15.89 4.64 0.55 0.66 - ADG, DMI, and F/G (No effect; Replacement [63]
ratio of corn in the diet = 4%)
Perilla cake 89.26 34.50 7.72 38.50 18.79 2.71 0.98 0.89 - DM and NDF digestibilities ↑; Nitrogen depo- [64]
sition ↑ (Replacement ratio of soybean meal
in the diet = 100%)
Forestry resources
Mulberry leaf 95.26 22.50 2.20 24.71 21.37 14.01 2.42 5.65 - DMI and ADG ↑; Serum MDA content ↓ (Pro- [65,66]
potion in the diet = 30%)
Broussonetia papyrifera 23.62 17.93 3.25 47.64 30.69 6.39 1.06 0.20 - ADG ↑; F/G ↓; MCP content ↑; PUFA content [7]
leaf of beef meat ↑ (Replacement ratio of corn
silage in the diet = 66.17%)
Caragana korshinskii 95.08 16.43 3.96 63.03 42.09 5.85 1.25 0.27 - ADG (No effect); Serum urea nitrogen and [67,68]
alkaline phosphatase content ↓; (Propotion in
the roughage = 70%)
DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; ADG, average daily
gain; DMI, dry matter intake; F/G, feed to gain ratio; OM, organic matter; MDA, malonaldehyde; MCP, mycoprotein; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ↑,
increased; ↓, decreased.
1)
Annual yield of by-products = annual yield of agricultural products × by-product coefficient (by-products produced per unit of output of agricultural prod-
ucts). The data for the annual output of agricultural products are from the China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2021 [69] and the China Statistical Yearbook
2021 [1]. The by-product coefficient is determined by referring to Zhu et al [70].

improved when beef cattle consumed high-quality roughage during the fattening period, which can easily induce sub-
[14]. Moreover, increasing the dietary energy [15,16] and acute ruminal acidosis (SRAS). Dietary supplementation
crude protein [17] levels can help improve the growth per- with inulin [25], and niacin [26] can effectively relieve SRAS
formance of beef cattle. Improved dietary nutrient levels may and improve the rumen fermentation of beef cattle.
improve the growth performance of beef cattle, but can also
cause adverse effects on rumen function, the viscera, and Nutritional regulation strategies to improve the meat
body metabolism of beef cattle [18]. Functional additives, quality of beef cattle
such as probiotics and plant extracts, can improve the growth Beef quality is one of the most important factors affecting
performance of beef cattle without exhibiting these negative price and consumers’ purchase behavior. In China, the em-
effects (Table 4). phasis on the nutritional regulation of beef quality is for
In addition, the rumen, the main digestive organ of rumi- improving the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and opti-
nants, provides 70% to 80% of the energy requirements for mization of meat fatty acid composition. Previous studies
growth. Previous studies have reported that regulating dietary reported that increased dietary energy levels can increase
energy [19] and crude protein [20] levels and roughage com- the transcription and translation of adipogenic genes, pro-
binations [21] can affect the rumen fermentation of beef mote the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes,
cattle. Diets supplemented with 2-methylbutyrate [22], and and decrease transcription and translation of lipidolytic genes,
folic acid [23] can promote rumen nutrient degradation and thus promoting the accumulation of IMF in beef [27,28].
mycoprotein synthesis in beef cattle. Moreover, the addition In addition, dietary supplementation with daidzein [29],
of live yeast [24] and inulin [25] in the diet can increase the nicotinic acid [30], and conjugated linoleic acid [31] can
ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid in the rumen fluid, thus also promote IMF deposition of beef cattle.
improving the energy utilization of feed in beef cattle. Addi- Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), which as an important
tionally, beef cattle are usually fed a high-concentrate diet component of meat, are important for human health [32].

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Table 2. Nutrient requirements of growing-finishing beef cattle in China

Breeds Energy requirements1) (MJ/d) Protein requirements2) (g/d) References
200 to 225 kg
Jinjiang cattle rDE = 35.535 × ∆W+6.989 - [71]
rME = 33.194 × ∆W+2.849
225 to 250 kg
Jinjiang cattle - rCP = 528.79 × ∆W+246.65 [71]
rDCP = 453.86 × ∆W+211.70
275 to 300 kg
Xianan cattle rDE = 0.517 × BW0.75+0.170 × ∆W rCP = 5.40 × BW0.75+359.35 × ∆W [72]
rME = 0.402 × BW0.75 +36.020 × ∆W rDCP = 2.79 × BW0.75+260.69 × ∆W
Xiangzhong black cattle rDE = 0.648 × BW0.75+33.120 × ∆W rCP = 5.29 × BW0.75+430.69 × ∆W [72]
rME = 0.506 × BW0.75+32.150 × ∆W rDCP = 2.66 × BW0.75+377.95 × ∆W
Qinchuan cattle - rCP = 5.94 × BW0.75+470.84 × ∆W [13]
rIDCP = 3.71 × BW0.75+285.22 × ∆W
Simmental × Guizhou local hybrid cattle rNEmf = (0.300 × ∆W+0.322) × BW0.75 rCP = (6.40 × ∆W+6.26) × BW0.75 [73]
300 to 325 kg
Wandong cattle rMEm = 0.522 × BW0.75 rMPm = 3.93 × BW0.75 [74,75]
rNE = (0.348+.291 × ∆W) × BW0.75 rNPm = 2.63 × BW0.75
Jinjiang cattle rDE = 0.638 × BW0.75+36.837 × ∆W - [76]
325 to 350 kg
Qinchuan cattle rDE = 0.778 × BW0.75+37.050 × ∆W - [77]
rME = 0.668 × BW0.75+33.490 × ∆W
350 to 375 kg
Jinjiang cattle rDE = 0.770 × BW0.75+40.088 × ∆W
rME = 0.645 × BW0.75+38.603 × ∆W - [78]
400 to 425 kg
Xianan cattle rDE = 0.854 × BW0.75+16.921 × ∆W - [79]
rME = 0.709 × BW0.75+14.043 × ∆W
1)
rDE, requirements of digestible energy; ∆W, daily weight gain in kilograms; rME, requirements of metabolizable energy; rMEm, metabolizable energy re-
quirements for maintenance; BW, body weight in kilograms; rNE, requirements of net energy; rNEmf, requirements of combined net energy.
2)
rMPm, metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance; rNPm, net protein requirements for maintenance; rCP, requirements of crude protein; rDCP,
requirements of digestible crude protein; rIDCP, requirements of intestine digestible crude protein.

Wang et al [33] showed that increasing dietary energy levels of beef cattle
can increase the monounsaturated fatty acids content of beef, Heat, cold, and transportation are the most common and
which is attributed to a change in the rumen microflora. Fur- harmful sources of stress for beef cattle. Heat stress can impair
thermore, dietary supplementation with rumen-protected the antioxidant, immune, and digestive functions of beef
unsaturated fat [34], microalgae [35], and oregano essential cattle [4,37]. Previous studies have reported that optimizing
oil [36] can increase the UFA content and optimize the fatty the dietary cation-anion balance [38] and increasing dietary
acid composition of beef. nutrient levels [39,40] can effectively alleviate heat stress in
Nutritional regulation strategies to improve the welfare beef cattle. Moreover, Zhuang et al [41] showed that replac-

Table 3. Comparison of the conclusions of previous studies with the recommendations of the feeding standard of beef cattle

ADG rCP (g/d) rNEmf (MJ/d) rCP (g/d) rNE (MJ/d)

BW (kg) BW (kg) BW (kg)
(kg) FSBC1) JJ2) FSBC1) SG3) FSBC1) AX4) XN5) SG3) QC6) FSBC1) WD7)
0 225 to 250 320 247 275 to 300 19.37 21.74 372 357 365 423 401 300 to 325 23.21 25.09
0.3 452 405 24.77 27.82 501 486 472 552 542 25.69 31.38
0.6 576 564 28.79 33.90 619 616 580 682 684 28.72 37.67
0.9 691 723 34.18 39.98 731 745 688 812 825 32.50 43.96
1.2 796 881 42.51 46.06 834 874 796 941 966 37.33 50.26
ADG, daily weight gain; BW, body weight; rCP, requirements of crude protein; rNEmf, requirements of combined net energy; rNE, requirements of net energy;
FSBC, feeding standard of beef cattle; JJ, Jinjiang cattle; SG, Simmental × Guizhou local hybrid cattle; AX, Angus × Xiangxi crossbred cattle; XN, Xinan cattle;
QC, Qinchuan cattle; WD, Wandong cattle.
References: 1) [12]; 2) [71]; 3) [73]; 4) [72]; 5) [72]; 6) [13]; 7) [74].

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Table 4. Effects of different additives on the growth of beef cattle in China

Additives Dosage1) Responses2) References
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5 g per cattle per day (viable yeast ADG ↑; Rumen MCP and propionic acid contents ↑; [80]
≥ 2 × 1010 CFU/g) CP and NDF digestibilities ↑; Serum IgA and IgM contents ↑
Yeast culture 150 g per cattle per day ADG ↑; F/G ↓; Back fat thickness ↑ [81]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1 4 × 1010 CFU per cattle per day ADG ↑; FCR ↑; Serum GH and IGF-1 contents ↑ [82]
Daidzein 400 mg/kg DM ADG ↑; CP digestibility ↑; Serum GH and IGF-1 contents ↑ [83]
Soybean lecithin 20 g/kg DM ADG ↑; F/G ↓; Rumen total VFA concentration ↑ [84]
Oregano essential oil 10 g per cattle per day ADG ↑; The slaughter weight ↑ [85]
Betaine 0.6 g/kg DM ADG ↑; FCR ↑; Rumen total VFA and NH3-N contents ↑ [86]
Niacin 640 mg/kg DM ADG ↑; F/G ↓; OM, DM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities ↑ [87]
N-carbamylglutamate 40 mg/kg body weight ADG ↑; FCR ↑ [56]
Pantothenate 0.48 g/kg DM DMI ↑, ADG ↑; OM, DM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities ↑ [88]
Coated folic acid 4 mg/kg DM ADG ↑; OM, DM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibilities ↑ [89]
Lysophospholipid 0.05% DM ADG ↑; EE and CP digestibilities ↑ [90]
Guanidinoacetic acid 0.48 g/kg DM ADG ↑; FCR ↑; ADF and NDF digestibilities ↑ [86]
CFU, colony-forming units; DM, dry matter; ADG, average daily gain; MCP, mycoprotein; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; IgA, immunoglobulin A;
IgM, immunoglobulin M; F/G, feed to gain ratio; FCR, feed conversion ratio; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; DMI, dry matter intake;
VFA, volatile fatty acid; OM, organic matter; ADF, acid detergent fiber; EE, ether extract; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased.

ing 30% of the forage component with fermented herbal tea High pollutant emission is a basic characteristic of the current
residue in the diet can increase fecal microbial diversity and beef cattle farming industry in China. Stricter environmen-
alleviate heat stress. In addition to adjusting the diet structure, tal protection constraints in recent years have thus resulted
diets supplemented with honeysuckle extract [42], grape seed in severe challenges for the beef cattle industry in China.
extract [43], creatine pyruvate [44], puerarin [45], rumen- Methane (CH4) is one of the main pollutants released from
protected γ-aminobutyric acid [46], and Agastache rugosa beef cattle farming. In 2009, methane emissions from beef
essential oil [47] can alleviate heat stress in beef cattle. cattle farming in China accounted for nearly two-thirds of
Cold stress can damage the immune and antioxidant func- all CH4 produced by domestic ruminant farming [5]. In ad-
tions of beef cattle by activating the hypothalamus–pituitary– dition, CH4 emissions from ruminants account for 2% to
thyroid axis [2]. A recent study showed that increasing the 12% of total dietary energy [52]. Therefore, mitigating CH4
dietary energy levels can relieve cold stress in beef cattle [48]. emissions is particularly important for the efficient and sus-
Transport stress can lead to an imbalance in rumen flora, tainable development of the beef cattle industry. The nutritional
nutritional metabolism, and immunity of beef cattle [3,49]. regulation strategies for mitigating CH4 emissions can be
It has been reported that dietary supplementation with Astrag- mainly divided into optimizing the diet structure and adding
alus polysaccharides [50] and creatine pyruvate [51] can functional substances to the diet (Table 5).
alleviate transport stress in beef cattle. In addition to CH4, beef cattle farming also produces other
pollutants such as nitrogen, organic matter, and nitrous oxide
Nutritional regulation strategies for reduction of (N2O). A recent study reported that balancing the dietary
pollutant emissions from beef cattle farming ratio of nitrogen to sulfur can help increase nitrogen reten-

Table 5. Effects of different nutritional strategies on mitigation of CH4 emissions from beef cattle in China
Strategies Measures1) Responses References
Dietary structure Substituting canola or cottonseed meal for soy- CH4 yield (L/d): 13.3% (canola meal) or 32.8% (cottonseed [91]
optimization bean meal meal) ↓
Increasing dietary CP level from 8.15% to 10.67% CH4 yield (L/d): 56.0% ↓ [92]
Functional Cerium (240 mg/kg DM) CH4 yield (L/d): 25.3% ↓ [93]
additives 2-methylbutyrate (2 g/kg BW) CH4 yield (L/d): 27.07% ↓ [94]
supplementation Tannic acid (13 g/kg DM) CH4 yield (L/d): 14.7% ↓ [95]
Nitrate (1% DM) CH4 yield (L/d): 28.5% ↓ [96]
3-nitropropanol (200 mg/kg DM) CH4 yield (L/d): 25.6% ↓ [97]
Caffeic acid (40 g/kg DM) CH4 yield (mL/g DM) of in vitro fermentation at 48 h: 8.1% ↓ [98]
(high-forage substrate)
Polyphenols from chestnut involucre (0.2% DM) CH4 yield (mL/d) of in vitro fermentation: 8.4% ↓ [99]
CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; BW, body weight; ↓, decreased.

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tion and reduce urinary nitrogen content of beef cattle [53]. CONCLUSION
Dietary supplementation with rumen-protected methionine
[54], vitamin E [55], and N-carbamylglutamate [56] can also In general, China has a relatively solid foundation of research
increase nitrogen retention and reduce urinary nitrogen in the field of beef cattle feed and nutrition that strongly
content of beef cattle. Although the addition of tannic acid supports the development of domestic beef cattle industry.
[57] and gallic acid [58] to the diets of beef cattle cannot af- However, there are still many limitations in current research,
fect the nitrogen balance, but they can attenuate the urine which restrict the efficient and sustainable development of
N2O-N emissions by transferring nitrogen from the urine to beef cattle industry. In the future, more studies should focus
the feces. Additionally, Gao et al [59] showed that adding red on developing unconventional feed resources, studying the
cabbage extract to the diet reduced urine N2O-N emissions regulation mechanisms for efficient feed utilization and high-
of beef cattle by increasing urinary hippuric acid excretion. quality beef production, and establishing technologies of
precision nutrition and low-carbon farming for beef cattle.
CURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONFLICT OF INTEREST
China has abundant unconventional feed resources; however, We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial
these resources are not utilized effectively. Therefore, it is nec- organization regarding the material discussed in the manu-
essary to further evaluate the nutritional and feeding values script.
of these resources and study appropriate processing and stor-
age technologies to expand their application in beef cattle FUNDING
farming.
Because of the improvements in intensive beef cattle farm- This work was supported by the National Natural Science
ing in China, the original extensive feeding management Foundation of China (32172758), the China Agriculture
strategy has been gradually replaced with precision feeding Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-37), and the
techniques. Understanding the precise nutrient requirements Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
of beef cattle is the premise of precision feeding. We compared (2021JJ30011).
the conclusions of previous studies with the recommendations
of the FSBC [12]. The results suggested that these recom- REFERENCES
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