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 g  g  t   t 4  8t 3  20t 2  16t  4

(e) g2  4  8  4  0

3. Find the magnitudes and phases of these complex quantities.

Solutions 2-2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  
 3 j 2.3
(a) e

e
 3 j 2.3
   
 e3 e j 2.3  e3 cos 2.3  j sin 2.3

e
 3 j 2.3
   
 e3 cos 2 2.3  sin 2 2.3  e3  0.0498

(b) e2 j 6

e2 j 6  e2 e j6  e2  7.3891

100
8  j13
(c)

100 100 100

   6.5512
8  j13 8  j13 8  13
2 2

j4 f
4. Let G  f   .
2  j 7 f /11

(a) What value does the magnitude of this function approach as f approaches
positive infinity?

Solutions 2-3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 j4 f j4 f 4 44
lim     6.285
f  2  j 7 f /11 j7 f /11 7 /11 7

Solutions 2-4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (b) What value (in radians) does the phase of this function approach as f
approaches zero from the positive side?
lim  j4 f    2  j7 f / 11   lim   j 4 f   2    / 2  0   / 2
f 0 
f 0 

jf
5. Let X  f  
jf  10
(a) Find the magnitude X  4  and the angle in radians

j / 2
jf j4 4e
X f    X 4    0.3714e j1.19
jf  10 j4  10 10.77e j 0.3805

X  4   0.3714

(b) What value (in radians) does approach as f approaches zero from
the positive side?

Shifting and Scaling

6. For each function g  t  graph g  t ,  g  t  , g  t  1 , and g  2t  .
(a) (b)
g(t) g(t)

4 3

2
t 1
t

-3

g(-t) g(-t) -g(t) -g(t)

4 3 3

t 1
t 2
t t
-2 -1
-3 4 -3

Solutions 2-5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g(t-1) g(t-1) g(2t) g(2t)

4 3 4 3
-1

1 3
t 1 2
t 1
t 1
t
2
-3 -3

7. Find the values of the following signals at the indicated times.

(a) x  t   2 rect  t / 4  , x  1  2 rect  1 / 4   2

(b) x  t   5rect  t / 2  sgn  2t  , x  0.5   5rect 1 / 4  sgn 1  5

(c) x  t   9 rect  t /10  sgn  3  t  2  , x 1  9 rect 1 /10  sgn  3  9

8. For each pair of functions in Figure E-8 provide the values of the constants A,
t 0 and w in the functional transformation g 2  t   Ag1  t  t 0  / w .  
g2(t)

(a) (a)
g1(t)

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t
(b) (b)
g1(t)

g2(t)

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
g1(t)

-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t
(c) (c)
g2(t)

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
t t
Figure E-8

Solutions 2-6
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Answers: (a) A  2,t 0  1, w  1 , (b) A  2,t 0  0, w  1 / 2
, (c) A  1 / 2,t 0  1,w  2

9. For each pair of functions in Figure E-9 provide the values of the constants A,

Solutions 2-7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 t 0 and a in the functional transformation g 2  t   Ag1 w  t  t 0  .  
A = 2, t0 = 2, w = -2
8 8
g1(t) 4 4

g2(t)
0 0
(a)
-4 -4

-8 -5 0 5 10 -8 0 5 10
-10 -5 -10
t t
Amplitude comparison yields A  2 . Time scale comparison yields w  2 .

 
g 2  2   2 g1 2  2  t0   2 g1  0   4  2t 0  0  t 0  2
A = 3, t0 = 2, w = 2

8 8

4 4
g1(t)

g2(t)

0 0
(b)
-4 -4

-8 -5 0 5 10 -8 0 5 10
-10 -5 -10
t t
Amplitude comparison yields A  3. Time scale comparison yields w  2 .
 
g 2  2   3g1 2  2  t 0   3g1  0   4  2t 0  0  t 0  2

A = -3, t0= -6, w = 1/3

8 8

4 4
g1(t)

g2(t)

0 0
(c)
-4 -4

-8 -5 0 5 10 -8 0 5 10
-10 -5 -10
t t
Amplitude comparison yields A  3 . Time scale comparison yields w  1 / 3 .

 
g 2  0   3g1 1 / 3  0  t 0   3g1  2   t 0 / 3  2  t0  6
OR
Amplitude comparison yields A  3 . Time scale comparison yields w  1 / 3 .
Solutions 2-8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  
g 2  3  3g1  1 / 3  3  t 0   3g1  0   t 0 / 3  1  0  t 0  3

Solutions 2-9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 A = -2, t 0 = -2, w = 1/3
8 8

4 4

g (t)

g (t)
0 0
(d)
1

2
-4 -4

-8 -5 0 5 10 -8 0 5 10
-10 -5 -10
t t
Amplitude comparison yields A  2 . Time scale comparison yields w  1 / 3 .

 
g 2  4   2 g1 1 / 3  4  t0   3g1  2   t 0 / 3  4 / 3  2  t0  2
A = 3, t 0 = -2, w = 1/2
8 8

4 4
g (t)

g (t)
0 0
1

2
(e)
-4 -4

-8 -5 0 5 10 -8 0 5 10
-10 -5 -10
t t
Amplitude comparison yields A  3. Time scale comparison yields w  1 / 2 .

 
g 2  0   3g1 1 / 2   0  t 0   3g1 1  t 0 / 2  1  t 0  2
Figure E-9
10. In Figure E-10 is plotted a function g1  t  which is zero for all time outside the
range plotted. Let some other functions be defined by
 t 3 
g 2  t   3g1  2  t  , g 3  t   2g1  t / 4  , g 4  t   g1  
 2 

Find these values.

(a) g 2 1  3 (b) g 3  1  3.5

1
3 3
(c) g 4  t  g 3  t  t2    1   (d)  g  t  dt
4
2 2
3

The function g 4  t  is linear between the integration limits and the area under it is
a triangle. The base width is 2 and the height is -2. Therefore the area is -2.
Solutions 2-
10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 1

 g  t  dt  2
4
3

Solutions 2-8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g 1(t)
4
3
2
1

-4 -3
-2 -1
-1 1 2 3 4 t
-2
-3
-4

Figure E-10

11. A function G  f  is defined by

G  f   e j 2  f rect  f / 2  .

Graph the magnitude and phase of G  f  10   G  f  10  over the range,

20  f  20 .

First imagine what G  f  looks like. It consists of a rectangle centered at f  0 of

width, 2, multiplied by a complex exponential. Therefore for frequencies greater
than one in magnitude it is zero. Its magnitude is simply the magnitude of the
rectangle function because the magnitude of the complex exponential is one for
any f.

e j 2  f  cos  2 f   j sin  2 f   cos  2 f   j sin  2 f 

e j 2 f  cos2  2 f   sin 2  2 f   1

The phase (angle) of G  f  is simply the phase of the complex exponential

between f  1 and f  1 and undefined outside that range because the phase of
the rectangle function is zero between f  1 and f  1and undefined outside that
range and the phase of a product is the sum of the phases. The phase of the
complex exponential is

 sin 2f    sin 2f  

 e j 2 f    cos  2 f   j sin  2 f   tan 1    tan 1
cos  2 f  cos  2 f 

 e j 2 f   tan 1  tan  2 f  

Solutions 2-7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 The inverse tangent function is multiple-valued. Therefore there are multiple
correct answers for this phase. The simplest of them is found by choosing

 e j 2  f  2 f

Solutions 2-8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 which is simply the coefficient of j in the original complex exponential expression.
A more general solution would be  e j 2  f  2 f  2n , n an integer . The
solution of the original problem is simply this solution except shifted up and down
by 10 in f and added.

 f 10   f 10 
G  f  10   G  f  10   e j 2  f 10  rect  e j 2  f 10  rect
2 2

12.     
Let x t  3rect t  1 / 6 and x t  ramp t  u t  u t  4  .    
1 2  

(a) Graph them in the time range 10  t  10 . Put scale numbers on
the vertical axis so that actual numerical values could be read from
the graph.
x (t) x (t)
1 2

6 6

-10 10 -10 10
-6 -6

(b)     
Graph x t  x 1 2t  x 2 t / 2 in the time range 10  t  10 . Put
Solutions 2-9
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 scale numbers on the vertical axis so that actual numerical values
could be read from the graph.

Solutions 2-
10
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
            
x 2t  3rect 2t  1 / 6 and x t / 2  ramp t / 2  u t / 2  u t / 2  4  
1 2
 

        
x 2t  3rect t  1 / 2 / 3 and x t / 2  1 / 2 ramp t  u t  u t  8     
1 2  

x (2t)-x (t/2)
1 2

-10 10
-8

13. Write an expression consisting of a summation of unit step functions to represent a

signal which consists of rectangular pulses of width 6 ms and height 3 which occur
at a uniform rate of 100 pulses per second with the leading edge of the first pulse
occurring at time t  0 .


x  t   3 u  t  0.01n   u  t  0.01n  0.006 

n0

14. Find the strengths of the following impulses.

(a) 3  4t 
1
3  4t   3    t   Strength is  3 / 4
4

(b)   
5 3 t  1

   5
 
5 3 t  1   t  1  Strength is
5

3 3

15. Find the strengths and spacing between the impulses in the periodic impulse
 
911 5t .
Solutions 2-9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 

 
9 5t  9  5t  11k   
9
5   t  11k / 5


11  
k  k 

The strengths are all -9/5 and the spacing between them is 11/5.

Solutions 2-10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Derivatives and Integrals of Functions

16. 
Graph the derivative of x  t   1  e t u  t  . 
This function is constant zero for all time before time, t  0 , therefore its
derivative during that time is zero. This function is a constant minus a decaying
exponential after time, t  0 , and its derivative in that time is therefore a
positive decaying exponential.
e t , t  0
x  t  


0 , t0

Strictly speaking, its derivative is not defined at exactly t  0 . Since the value of a
physical signal at a single point has no impact on any physical system (as long as it
is finite) we can choose any finite value at time, t  0 , without changing the effect
of this signal on any physical system. If we choose 1/2, then we can write the
derivative as
x  t   e t u  t  .

x(t)
1
t
-1 4
-1
dx/dt
1
t
-1 4
-1

Alternate Solution using the chain rule of differentiation and the fact that the
impulse occurs at time t  0 .

d
 x  t   1  e    t   e u  t   e u  t 
t t t

dt 


0 for t 0

17. Find the numerical value of each integral.

11 4

(a)
 u  4  t  dt   dt  6
Solutions 2-11
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2 2
8

(b)
   t  3  2  4t  dt
1

Solutions 2-12
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 8 8 8

   t  3  2  4t   dt     t  3 dt  2    4t  dt
1 1 1
8 8

   t  3  2  4t   dt  0  2  1 / 4    t  dt  1 / 2
1 1
5/2

(c)    3t  dt
2
1/2
5/2 5/2  5/2 
1

   3t  dt      3t  2n  dt  3    t  2n / 3 dt
2

1/2 1/2 n 1/2 n

5/2
1

   3t  dt  31  1  1  1
2
1/2


(d)
   t  4  ramp  2t  dt  ramp  2  4   ramp  8  8


10 10
10
(e)
 ramp  2t  4  dt    2t  4  dt  t  4t  100  40  4  8  64
2 2

3 2
82

(f)
 3sin  200t   t  7  dt  0 (Impulse does not occur between 11 and 82.)
11

(g)  sin  t / 20  dt = 0 Odd function integrated over

5
symmetrical limits.

10 10 

 
39t  t  1 dt  39 t 2   t  1 4k  dt
2
(h)

 4  
2 2 k 

Solutions 2-13
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 10
 10

      
39t  t  1 dt  39 t 2  t  1   t  5   t  9  dt 
2

 4   
2 2
10

 39t   t  1 dt  39 1 
2
4
2
 52  92  4173
2



(i)
e
18t
 
u t  10t  2 dt . 


Solutions 2-14
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  

e
18t
     
u t  10t  2 dt   e18t u t  10 t  1 / 5 dt 
 

Using the scaling property of the impulse,

 

e
18t
 
u t  10t  2 dt   1
e
18t
  
u t  t  1 / 5 dt


10 

Using the sampling property of the impulse,



e
18t
 
u t  10t  2 dt   1
e18/5  0.002732

10
9 9

(j)
 9  t  4 / 5 dt  45   t  4  dt  45
2 2

3 3

 5  3 t  4  dt    t  4  dt  0
(k)
5

6
3 6


(l)
 ramp  3t   t  4  dt  ramp  3  4   12


17

(m)    t  cos  2 t / 3 dt
3
1
The impulses in the periodic impulse occur at ...-9,-6,-3,0,3,6,9,12,15,18,...
At each of these points the cosine value is the same, one, because its
period is 3 seconds also. So the integral value is simple the sum of the
strengths of the impulse that occur in the time range, 1 to 17 seconds

17

   t  cos  2 t / 3 dt  5
3
1

18. Graph the integral from negative infinity to time t of the functions in Figure E-18
which are zero for all time
t
t 0.
This is the integral
Solutions 2-12
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g   d  which, in
geometric
al terms,
is the
accumulat
ed


area under the function g  t  from time  to time t. For the case of the two
back-to-back rectangular pulses, there is no accumulated area until after time t  0
and then in the time interval 0  t  1 the area accumulates linearly with time up to

Solutions 2-13
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 a maximum area of one at time t  1 . In the second time interval 1  t  2 the area
is linearly declining at half the rate at which it increased in the first time interval
0  t  1 down to a value of 1/2 where it stays because there is no accumulation of
area for t  2.

In the second case of the triangular-shaped function, the area does not accumulate
linearly, but rather non-linearly because the integral of a linear function is a
second-degree polynomial. The rate of accumulation of area is increasing up to time
t  1 and then decreasing (but still positive) until time t  2 at which time it stops
completely. The final value of the accumulated area must be the total area of the
triangle, which, in this case, is one.
g(t) g(t)

1 1
1 2 3
t t
1 1 2 3
2

Figure E-18
g(t) dt g(t) dt

1 1
1
2 t
t
1 2 3 1 2 3

19.  
If 4 u t  5 
d
dt
   
x t , what is the function x t ? x t  4 ramp t  5   
Generalized Derivative

t 2 
20. The generalized derivative of 18 rect  consists of two impulses.
3
Find their numerical locations and strengths.

Impulse #1: Location is t = 0.5 and strength is 18.

Impulse #2: Location is t = 3.5 and strength is -18.
Even and Odd Functions

Solutions 2-14
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
21. Classify the following functions as even, odd or neither .
(a) cos  2 t  tri  t  1 Neither

Solutions 2-15
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Cosine is even but the shifted triangle is neither even nor odd which
means it has a non-zero even part and a non-zero odd part. So the product
also has a non-zero even part and a non-zero odd part.

(b) sin  2 t  rect  t / 5  Odd

Sine is odd and rectangle is even. Therefore the product is odd.

22. An even function g  t  is described over the time range 0  t  10 by

2t , 0t 3

g  t   15  3t , 3  t  7 .

2 , 7  t  10

(a) What is the value of g  t  at time t  5 ?

Since g  t  is even, g  t   g  t   g  5   g  5   15  3  5  0 .
(b) What is the value of the first derivative of g(t) at time t  6 ?
Since g  t  is even,
d d d  d 
g t    g  t   g t   g t     3  3.

dt dt dt  dt 
t6 t6

23. Find the even and odd parts of these functions.

(a) g  t   2t 2  3t  6

2t 2 3t 6 2 t  3t 6 4t 2 12

2

g e  t    2t 2  6
 2
2
6t
2t 2 3t 6 2 t  3t 6
2

g o  t     3t
2 2

(b) g  t   20 cos  40 t   / 4 

Solutions 2-14
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 20 cos 40t / 4 20 cos 40t / 4 

g e  t  
2

Using cos  z1  z2   cos  z1  cos  z2   sin  z1  sin  z2  ,

Solutions 2-15
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  20 cos  40 t  cos   / 4   sin  40 t  sin    / 4  
 

 20  cos 40t cos / 4 sin 40t sin / 4

g e  t  
 
2

 20 cos  40 t  cos   / 4   sin  40 t  sin   / 4  

 

 20  cos 40t cos  / 4 sin 40t sin  / 4


g e  t  
 
2

 
g e  t   20 cos   / 4  cos  40 t   20 / 2 cos  40 t 

20 cos 40t / 4 20 cos 40t / 4 


g o  t  
2

Using cos  z1  z2   cos  z1  cos  z2   sin  z1  sin  z2  ,

 20 cos  40 t  cos   / 4   sin  40 t  sin   / 4  
 

 20  cos 40t cos  / 4 sin 40t sin / 4

g o  t  
  
2

 20 cos  40 t  cos   / 4   sin  40 t  sin   / 4  

 

 20  cos 40t cos  / 4 sin 40t sin  / 4


g o  t  
 
2

Solutions 2-16
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  
g o  t   20 sin   / 4  sin  40 t   20 / 2 sin  40 t 

2t 2 3t 6
(c) g t  
1 t
2t  3t  6
2
2t 2  3t  6


ge t   1 t 1 t
2

 2t 2
  
 3t  6 1  t   2t 2  3t  6 1  t 
1 t 1  t 
g e  t  
2

Solutions 2-17
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 4t 2  12  6t 2 6  5t 2
g e  t  


2 1 t2  1 t2

2t 2  3t  6 2t 2  3t  6


go  t   1 t 1 t
2

 2t 2
 
 3t  6 1  t   2t 2  3t  6 1  t  
1  t 1  t 
g o  t  
2
6t  4t  12t 2t 2  9
3

g o  t    t
2 1 t2  1 t2

(d) 
g  t   t 2  t 2 1  4t 2  

g  t   t 2  t 2 1  4t 2  
odd    
even even

Therefore g  t  is odd, g e  t   0 and g o  t   t 2  t  2

1  4t 
2

(e) g  t   t  2  t 1  4t 

t 2 t 1 4t t 2 t 1 4t 

g e  t   7t 2
g e  t  
2

t 2 t 1 4t  t 2 t 1 4t 
2

Solutions 2-18
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g o  t   
g o  t   t 2  4t 
2

20 4t 2 7t
(f) g t  
1 t
20  4t 2  7t 20  4t 2  7t 40  8t 2
1t  1 t 1 t 20  4t 2
ge  t   
2 
2
1 t

Solutions 2-19
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 20  4t 2  7t 20  4t  7t
2
14t

1t 1t 1 t 7t
go  t    
2 2 1 t

24. Graph the even and odd parts of the functions in Figure E-24.

To graph the even part of graphically-defined functions like these, first graph g  t .
Then add it (graphically, point by point) to g  t  and (graphically) divide the sum
by two. Then, to graph the odd part, subtract g  t  from g  t 
(graphically) and divide the difference by two.

(a) (b)
g(t) g(t)

1 1

t t
1 1 2

-1

Figure E-24
g e(t) g e(t)

1 1

t t
1 1 2

-1
g (t) g o(t)
o

1 1

t t
1 1 2

-1
,
(a) (b)

25. Graph the indicated product or quotient g  t  of the functions in Figure E-25.

Solutions 2-20
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (a) (b)
1 1
-1 -1
t t
1 1
-1 -1

1
g(t) g(t)
1
Multiplication Multiplication
-1
t t
-1 1
1
-1

g(t) g(t)

1 1
-1
t t
1 -1 1
-1 -1

(c) (d)

1 1
t t
-1 1
g(t) g(t)

1
Multiplication Multiplication
1 1
t t
1

g(t) g(t)

-1 1
t
-1
1
-1 1
t

(e) (f)
1 1
 
-1 1 t 1 t
-1 -1
g(t)
g(t)

1 1
Multiplication Multiplication
t 1
t
-1 1
-1


Solutions 2-21
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g(t) g(t)
1
1
 1
-1 1
t t
-1
-
1

Solutions 2-22
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (g) (h)

1 1
t -1 -1 1
t
-1

g(t) g(t)

1
1 Division Division
t t
1

g(t) g(t)
1
t
-1 -1 1
t

Figure E-25

26. Use the properties of integrals of even and odd functions to evaluate these integrals
in the quickest way.

1 1 1 1

(a)
  2  t  dt   2 dt   t dt  2  2 dt  4
1 1 even 1 odd 0

 4 cos 10 t   8 sin  5 t  dt   4 cos 10 t  dt   8 sin  5 t  dt

1/20 1/20 1/20

(b)
 
1/20 even 1/20 odd

1/20 1/20 
1/20

4 cos 10 t   8 sin  5 t  dt  8

8
 cos 10 t  dt 
1/20 0 10

1/20

(c)  4 t cos 10 t  dt  0

1/20
odd


ev
en 

 cos 10t  cos 10t  
1/10 odd 1/10 1/10
1/10

Solutions 2-23 0
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (d)
 t sin 10 t  dt  2  t sin 10 t  dt  2 t   dt 


 10 0
10
1/10 odd 0

od
d

even

1/10  1 sin 10t 

1/10  1

 t sin 10 t  dt  2   2


1/10 odd

  100 10   50

od
d   0 
even

1 1 1
1
 
t t
(e) e dt  2 e dt  2 e t dt  2 e t   2 1 e1  1.264

    0
1 even 0 0

Solutions 2-24
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 1

 t edt  0
t
(f)


1 o dd even
odd

Periodic Signals

27. Find the fundamental period and fundamental frequency of each of these functions.
(a) g  t   10 cos  50 t  f0  25 Hz , T0  1 / 25 s
(b) g  t   10 cos  50 t   / 4  f0  25 Hz , T0  1 / 25 s

(c) g  t   cos  50 t   sin 15 t 

The fundamental period of the sum of two periodic signals is the least
common multiple (LCM) of their two individual fundamental periods. The
fundamental frequency of the sum of two periodic signals is the greatest
common divisor (GCD) of their two individual fundamental frequencies.

f0  GCD  25,15 / 2   2.5 Hz , T0  1 / 2.5  0.4 s

(d) g  t   cos  2 t   sin  3 t   cos  5 t  3 / 4 

1
f0  GCD 1, 3 / 2, 5 / 2   1 / 2 Hz , T0  2s
1/ 2

(e) g  t   3sin  20t   8 cos  4t 

 10 2  2
f0  GCD ,   Hz , T 0   / 2 s
  

(f) g  t   10 sin  20t   7 cos 10 t 

 10 
f  GCD 
, 5  0 Hz , T   ,  g t is not periodic
0
 0

(g) g  t   3cos  2000  t   8 sin  2500  t 

Solutions 2-25
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  
f0  GCD 1000,1250  250 Hz , T0  4 ms

Solutions 2-26
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g1  t  is periodic with fundamental period T01  15  s
(h) g 2  t  is periodic with fundamental period T02  40  s

 
1 1
T  LCM 15 s,40  s  120  s , f   8333 Hz

0 0
120 s 3

28. Find a function of continuous time t for which the two successive transformations
t  t and t  t  1 leave the function unchanged.
  
cos 2 nt , 1/ n t , n an integer. Any even periodic function with a period of
one.

29. One period of a periodic signal x  t  with period T0 is graphed in Figure E-29.
Assuming x  t  has a period T0 , what is the value of x  t  at time, t  220ms ?
x(t)
4
3
2
1

-1 t
-2 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
-3
-4

T0

Figure E-29

Since the function is periodic with period 15 ms,

x  220ms   x  220ms  n  15ms  where n is any integer. If we choose n  14 we
get

x  220ms   x  220ms  14  15ms   x  220ms  210ms   x 10ms   2 .

Signal Energy and Power of Signals

30. Find the signal energy of each of these signals.
 1/2
2

(a) x  t   2 rect  t  Ex  2 rect  t  dt  4  dt  4

 1/2

Solutions 2-27
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (b) x  t   A  u  t   u  t  10  

Solutions 2-28
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 10


 A  u  t   u  t  10  dt  A  dt  10A
2 2
Ex  2

0


(c) x  t   u  t   u 10  t 

 0 
2

Ex  u  t   u 10  t  dt   dt   dt  
  10

(d) x  t   rect  t  cos  2 t 

 1/2 1/2
2
2 1

Ex  rect  t  cos  2 t  dt   cos  2 t  dt  1  cos  4 t  dt

 1/2 2 1/2

(e) x  t   rect  t  cos  4 t 

 1/2 1/2
1
Ex   rect  t  cos  4 t 
2
dt   cos
2
 4 t  dt  1  cos  8 t  dt
 1/2 2 1/2

 
1  1
1/2 1/2


Ex 
2
  dt  cos  8 t  dt  
2
 1/2 1/2


0

(f) x  t   rect  t  sin  2 t 

Ex  

rect  t  sin  2 t 
 2

Solutions 2-29
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2
1/2 1/2

dt   sin 2
 1
 t 1/2
 dt cos  4 t
1/2


1  dt
2

Solutions 2-30
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  t  1 , t  1 
(g) x t     

 0 , otherwise 
1 1 1

 
E  t  1 dt  2  t  1 dt  2  t 2  2t  1 dt  
2
2

x  0 0
1

1 
3  2

t  1
2  1 1 
E 2 t t
2

x    3  3
3 0

31. A signal is described by x  t   A rect  t   B rect  t  0.5  . What is its signal

energy?


 A rect  t   B rect  t  0.5 

2
Ex  dt


Since these are purely real functions,


2
Ex    A rect  t   B rect  t  0.5  dt



Ex   A
2
rect 2  t   B 2 rect 2  t  0.5   2AB rect  t  rect  t  0.5  dt 

1/2 1 1/2
2 2 2 2

Ex  A  B  AB
 dt  B  dt  2AB  dt  A
1/2 0 0

32. Find the average signal power of the periodic signal x  t  in Figure E-32.

Solutions 2-31
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 x(t)

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3

Figure E-32
t 0 T0 2 1 1 3 1

1 1 1 4 4 t  8
P  x t   x t   2t t
2 2
dt  dt  dt  dt  
2 2

 
T0 t0
3 1 3 1 3 1 3  3  1 9

Solutions 2-32
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
33. Find the average signal power of each of these signals.
1  2 
T /2 T /2
A A2
xt   A Px  lim    dt  lim T  A
2
(a) A dt lim
2

T  T T  T T  T
T /2 T /2

 u  t 
T /2 T /2
1 1 1T 1
x t   u t 
2
(b) Px  lim dt  lim
 dt  lim 
T  T T  T T  T 2 2
T /2 0

(c) x  t   A cos  2 f0t   

T0 /2 T0 /2
1 A2
P 
 A cos  2 f t    dt   cos  2 f t    dt
2 2
0 0
x
T T
0 T0 /2 0 T0 /2

0

sin 4f t 2 
T0 /2
A 
2 T0 /2 2
A

Px   1 cos  4 f t  2  dt  t 
0

2T 0 
2T
0 T0 /2
0  4  f0  T /2

 
A 2 sin 4f T / 2 2 sin 4 f T / 2 2  A2
0 0 0 0
Px  T0   
2T 4 f 2
4 f

0   
00
 0 

The average signal power of a periodic power signal is unaffected if it is

shifted in time. Therefore we could have found the average signal power
Solutions 2-33
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5
 of A cos  2 f0t  instead, which is somewhat easier algebraically.

(d) 
x t is periodic with fundamental period four and one fundamental period

is described by x t  t 1 t    , 1 t 5 .
5
1
 1
  1
2 2
P x t dt  t t  1 dt 
t 4

 2t 3  t 2 dt

x T 
T 4 4 
0
0 1 1

5
5 4 3

1 t t t  1  3125 625 125 1 1 1

P         

   88.5333
x
4 5 2 3  4  5 2 3 5 2 3 
1

(e) 
x t is periodic with fundamental period six. This signal is described
over one fundamental period by

Solutions 2-34
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  t 2   t 4 
x  t   rect  4 rect , 0  t  6.

3 2

The signal can be described in the time period 0  t  6 by

0 , 0  t  1 / 2
1 , 1 / 2  t  3


7
x  t   3 , 3  t 
 2
4 , 7 / 2  t  5

0 , 5  t  6
1 2 1 2 5 2 1 2 3 2  2.5 4.5 24

Px  0  1    3    4    0  1  5.167

6 2 2  6
2 2

Exercises Without Answers in Text

Signal Functions

34. Let the unit impulse function be represented by the limit,

  x   lim 1 / a  rect  x/ a  , a  0 .
a0

The function 1 / a  rect  x / a  has an area of one regardless of the value of a.

(a) What is the area of the function   4 x   lim 1 / a  rect  4 x / a  ?
a0
This is a rectangle with the same height as 1 / a  rect  x/ a  but 1/4 times the base

width. Therefore its area is 1/4 times as great or 1/4.

(b) What is the area of the function   6x   lim 1 / a  rect  6x / a  ?
a0
This is a rectangle with the same height as 1 / a  rect  x/ a  but 1/6 times

Solutions 2-35
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 the base width. (The fact that the factor is “-6” instead of “6” just means
that the rectangle is reversed in time which does not change its shape or area.)
Therefore its area is 1/6 times as great or 1/6.

(c) What is the area of the function   bx   lim 1 / a  rect  bx / a  for b

a0
positive and for b negative ?

It is simply 1 / b .

Solutions 2-36
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
35. Using a change of variable and the definition of the unit impulse, prove that

  a  t  t 0   1 / a    t  t 0  .


  x  0 , x  0 ,    x  dx  1


 a  t  t 0    0 , where a  t  t 0   0 or t  t0


Strength    a  t  t   dt
0

Let

a  t  t 0    and  adt  d 
Then, for a > 0,

 

d 1 1 1
Strength          d  

a a  a a
and for a < 0,

  

d 1 1 1 1
Strength           d        d   

a a 
a  a a
Therefore for a > 0 and a < 0,

1
and  a  t  t   
1
Strength   t  t  .

a  0  a 0

36. Using the results of Exercise 35,



(a) Show that  1  ax   1 / a     x  n / a 

n



From the definition of the periodic impulse  1  ax      ax  n  .


Then, using the property from Exercise 35
Solutions 2-37
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  
1
 1  ax     a  x  n / a     x  n / a  .

a 

(b) Show that the average value of  1  ax  is one, independent of the value of a

The period is 1 / a . Therefore

t 1/a 1/2a 1/2a
1 0
 1  ax     ax  dx  a   1  ax  dx  a    ax  dx
1 / a  1
t0 1/2 a 1/2a

Solutions 2-38
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Letting   ax
1/2

 1  ax        d   1
1/2

(c) Show that even though   at   1 / a    t  ,  1  ax   1 / a   1  x 

 

 1  ax      ax  n  1 / a     x  n   1 / a   x 
1
n n

 1  ax   1 / a   1  x  QED

Scaling and Shifting

37. A signal is zero for all time before t  2 , rises linearly from 0 to 3 between
t  2 and t  4 and is zero for all time after that. This signal can be expressed in
 t t 01   t t 02 
the form x  t   A rect tri . Find the numerical values of the
w1 w2
constants.

 t 1  t 4 
x  t   3rect tri
6 6

38. Let x  t   3e t / 4 u  t  1 and let y  t   4 x  5t  .

(a) What is the smallest value of t for which y  t  is not zero?

y  t   4 x  5t   12e 5t /4 u  5t  1

Smallest t for which y  t   0 occurs where 5t  1  0 or t  1 / 5.

(b) What is the maximum value of y  t  over all time?

max  y  t   9.3456

(c) What is the minimum value of y  t  over all time?

Solutions 2-39
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 min  y  t   0

Solutions 2-40
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (d) What is the value of y 1 ?

y  t   12e 5t / 4 u  5t  1  y 1  12e 5 / 4 u  4   12e 5 / 4  3.4381

(e) What is the largest value of t for which y  t   2 ?

y  t   2  12e5t /4  e 5t /4  1 / 6  5t / 4  ln 1 / 6   1.7918

t  4 1.7918  / 5  1.4334

39. Graph these singularity and related functions.

(a) g t   2 u 4  t  (b) g  t   u  2t 

(c) g  t   5 sgn  t  4  (d) g  t   1  sgn  4  t 

(e) g  t   5 ramp  t  1 (f) g  t   3ramp  2t 
(g) g  t   2  t  3 (h) g  t   6  3t  9 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g(t) g(t) g  t  g(t)

5
2 1 t 2
t
t t
4 4
g(t)
g(t)
g(t) g(t)
2
10 2
1 t

-6 t
-3 -3 t
t
-1 1

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) g  t   4  2  t  1  (j) g  t   2 1  t  1 / 2 

(k) g  t   8 1  4t  (l) g  t   6 2  t  1

(m) g  t   2 rect  t / 3

(n) g  t   4 rect   t  1 / 2 
Solutions 2-41
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (o) g  t   3rect  t  2  (p) g  t   0.1rect   t  3 / 4 
g(t)
g(t) g(t) g(t)
1 2
t ... ... t

... ...
-2 t 1
1 -6
4

g(t) g(t)
2 g(t) g(t)
4
3 5 0.1
2 2
t t
-3 3 t -3
-2 1 3 5
2 2

40. Graph these functions.

(a) g  t   u  t   u  t  1 (b) g  t   rect  t  1 / 2 

(c) g  t   4 ramp  t  u  t  2  (d) g  t   sgn  t  sin  2 t 

(e) g  t   5e  t /4 u  t  (f) g  t   rect  t  cos  2 t 

(g) g  t   6 rect  t  cos  3 t  (h) g  t   u  t  1 / 2  ramp 1 / 2  t 

Solutions 2-42
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (a) (b) (c) (d)
g t  
g t g t   
g t
1 1
t 1
-8
t t t
1 1 -16 -1 1


g t

g t  
g t 
g t 1
6
5
1 / 2 1/ 2
t t t
1 / 2 1/ 2 1 / 2 1/ 2
t -1
4

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) g  t   rect  t  1 / 2   rect  t  1 / 2 

 t

(j) g  t         1  2         1  d 
  
(k) g  t   2 ramp  t  rect   t  1 / 2 
(l) g  t   3rect  t / 4   6 rect  t / 2 

(i) (j) (k) (l)


g t  
g t

g t  g t  
2 3
1 1
1 1 t t t
t -1 1

-1 -1 2 -2 2

-1 -1 -3

41. A continuous-time signal x  t  is defined by the graph below. Let

Solutions 2-43
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 y  t   4 x  t  3 and let z  t   8 x  t / 4  Find the numerical values.

(a) y  3  4 x  3  3  4 x  6   4  6  24

(b) z  4   8 x  4 / 4   8 x  1  8   3  24

 z  t    d  8 x  t / 4    8 d  x  t / 4  
d
(c)
dt t 10 dt t 10 dt t10

Solutions 2-44
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 8
d
 x  t  
d
 z  t   
dt t 10 /4

8 3
 6
dt t10 4 4
x(t)
10

t
-10 10

-10

42. Find the numerical values of

(a) ramp  3 2    rect  2 /10   ramp  6  rect  1 / 5   6  1  6



(b)  3  t  4  cos  t /10  dt  3cos  4 /10   0.9271



d
(c)  2 sgn  t / 5 ramp  t  8  
dt 
t13
d
 2 sgn  t / 5 ramp  t  8   2 sgn  t / 5  u  t  8   2 ramp  t  8   2 t 
dt
d
 2 sgn  t / 5  ramp  t  8    2 sgn 13 / 5  u  5   2 ramp  5   2  13  2

dt    

 
t13

1 1 5 0

43. Let a function be defined by g  t   tri  t  . Below are four other functions based on
this function. All of them are zero for large negative values of t.
 2  t 
g1  t   5 g g  t   7 g  3t   4 g  t  4 

Solutions 2-45
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2
6

 t  4  1

g3  t   g t  2   4 g g  t   5 g  t  g  t 
3 4
 2

(a) Which of these transformed functions is the first to become non-zero

(becomes non-zero at the earliest time)? g3 t 

Solutions 2-46
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (b) Which of these transformed functions is the last to go back to zero and
stay there? g1  t 

(c) Which of these transformed functions has a maximum value that is greater
than all the other maximum values of all the other transformed functions?
(“Greater than” in the strict mathematical sense of “more positive than”.
For example, 2  5 .) g 2  t 

(d) Which of these transformed functions has a minimum value that is less
than all the other minimum values of all the other transformed functions?
g1  t 

44. (a) Write a functional description of the time-domain energy signal in Figure
E-44 as the product of two functions of t.

Energy Signal
1
|X( f )|

a
0.5

f
x(t)

b
Phase of X( f )

-0.5

-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
f
t
Figure E-44

x  t   rect  t  sin  2 t 

(b) Write a functional description of the frequency-domain signal

as the sum of two functions of f.

X  f   sinc  f    j / 2    f  1    f  1 

X  f    j / 2  sinc  f  1   j / 2  sinc  f  1

(c) Find the numerical values of a and b.

Solutions 2-47
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 a is at the first positive-frequency null of sinc  f  1 which occurs
at f  2 . Therefore a = 2.

Solutions 2-48
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 The phase values are all either  / 2 or  / 2 because of the
 j / 2  factor. Therefore b   / 2 .

45. A function g  t  has the following description. It is zero for t  5 . It has a slope
of –2 in the range 5  t  2 . It has the shape of a sine wave of unit amplitude
and with a frequency of 1 / 4 Hz plus a constant in the range 2  t  2 . For t  2
it decays exponentially toward zero with a time constant of 2 seconds. It is
continuous everywhere.

(a) Write an exact mathematical description of this function.

0 , t  5
10  2t ,  5  t  2

g  t   

sin   t / 2  ,  2  t  2
 6e t /2 , t  2


(b) Graph g  t  in the range 10  t  10 .

g(t)
t
-10 10

-8

(c) Graph g  2t  in the range 10  t  10 .

g(2t)
t
-10 10

-8

(d) Graph 2 g  3  t  in the range 10  t  10 .

Solutions 2-49
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2g(3- t)
t
-10 10

-16

Solutions 2-50
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (e) Graph 2 g   t  1 / 2  in the range 10  t  10 .

-2g(( t+1)/2)
16

t
-10 10

46. A signal occurring in a television set is illustrated in Figure E46. Write a

mathematical description of it.
Signal in Television
x(t)
5

-10 60 t (s)

-10
Figure E46 Signal occurring in a television set

 t 2.5 10 6 
x  t  10 rect
5  10 6

47. The signal illustrated in Figure E47 is part of a binary-phase-shift-keyed (BPSK)

binary data transmission. Write a mathematical description of it.
BPSK Signal
x(t)

t (ms)
4

-1

Figure E47 BPSK signal

  t 0.5 10   t 1.5 10  

 
sin 8000 t rect
 
 sin 8000  t rect
Solutions 2-51
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  3
10 3 3


 
x  t    10 3

3
3 
 t 2.5 10   t 3.5 10 
  sin  8000  t  rect  sin  8000 t  rect 
3 3
10 10

Solutions 2-52
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
48. The signal illustrated in Figure E48 is the response of an RC lowpass filter to a
sudden change in excitation. Write a mathematical description of it.

On a decaying exponential, a tangent line at any point intersects the final value
one time constant later. Theconstant value before the decaying exponential is -4 V
and the slope of the tangent line at 4 ns is -2.67V/4 ns or -2/3 V/ns.
RC Filter Signal
x(t) 4

20
-1.3333

-4

-6

Figure E48 Transient response of an RC filter

 
x  t   4  2 1  e  t 4 /3 u  t  4  (times in ns)

49. Describe the signal in Figure E49 as a ramp function minus a summation of step
functions.

x(t)
15
...
t
4

Figure E49


x  t   3.75 ramp  t   15  u  t  4n 
n1

50. Mathematically describe the signal in Figure E-50 .

Semicircle
9
... ...
9

Figure E-50

The semicircle centered at t  0 is the top half of a circle defined by

Solutions 2-53
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 x 2  t   t 2  81
Therefore

Solutions 2-54
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 x  t   81  t 2 ,  9  t  9 .

This one period of this periodic function. The other periods are just shifted
versions.
 
 t 18 n 
x t   81   t  18n 
2
rect

 18
n

(The rectangle function avoids the problem of imaginary values for the square
roots of negative numbers.)

51. Let two signals be defined by

1 , cos  2 t   0
x1  t    and x 2  t   sin  2 t /10  ,
0 , cos  2 t   0


Graph these products over the time range, 5  t  5 .

(a) x1  2t  x 2  t  (b) x1  t / 5  x 2  20t 

(c) x1  t / 5  x 2  20  t  1  (d) x1   t  2  / 5  x 2  20t 

x (t)x (-t) x (t)x (t)

1 2 1 2
1
1

t 5 t
-5 -5 5
-1 -1
x (t)x (t) x (t)x (t)
1 2
1 2

1 1

t -5 5
t
-5 5

-1 -1

Solutions 2-55
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
52. Given the graphical definitions of functions in Figure E-52, graph the indicated
transformations.

(a)

Solutions 2-56
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 g  t   g  2t 
g(t) g  t   3g  t 
2
1
1
t
-2 2 3 4 5 6
-2

g  t   0 , t  6 or t  2
(b)
x(t)

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
t t 4
-3

g  t   2 g   t  1 / 2 
g  t  is periodic with fundamental period, 4
Figure E-52
(a)
The transformation g  t   g  2t  simply compresses the time scale by a factor of
2. The transformation g  t   3g  t  time inverts the signal, amplitude inverts
the signal and then multiplies the amplitude by 3.
g(2t)
2
1
t
-2 2 4 6
-2

-3g(-t)
6
3
-4 -2
t
2 4 6
-6

(b)
2g(t + 4)

2
1

-2 1
t
2 3 4 5 6 7
-2

-2g( t -1 )
2

Solutions 2-57
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 4
2

-2 1 t
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4

Solutions 2-58
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
53. For each pair of functions graphed in Figure E-53 determine what transformation
has been done and write a correct functional expression for the transformed function.
(a)
g(t)
2 2

-2
t t
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4

(b)
g(t)
2

t t
-2 1 -2 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 5 6 -1

Figure E-53

In (b), assuming g  t  is periodic with fundamental period 2 find two different

transformations which yield the same result

(a)
It should be visually obvious that the transformed signal has been time inverted
and time shifted. By identifying a few corresponding points on both curves we
see that after the time inversion the shift is to the right by 2. This corresponds to
two successive transformations t  t followed by t  t  2 . The overall effect
of the two successive transformations is then t    t  2   2  t . Therefore the
transformation is
g  t   g  2  t 

(b) g  t    1 / 2  g  t  1 or g  t    1 / 2  g  t  1

54. Graph the magnitude and phase of each function versus f.

jf
(a) G f  
1  jf /10

Solutions 2-59
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
   f 1000   f 1000    j f /500
(b) G  f   rect  rect e
 100 100 

1
(c) G f  
250  f 2  j3 f

(b) (c)
|G( f )|
1

f
-20 20

Phase of G( f )


f
-20 20

-

Generalized Derivative

Solutions 2-60
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
55. Graph the generalized derivative of g  t   3sin   t / 2  rect  t  .

Except at the discontinuities at t  1 / 2 , the derivative is either zero, for t  1 / 2 ,

or it is the derivative of 3sin   t / 2  ,  3 / 2  cos  t / 2  , for t  1 / 2 . At the

Solutions 2-41
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 discontinuities the generalized derivative is an impulse whose strength is the
difference between the limit approached from above and the limit approached from
below. In both cases that strength is 3 / 2 .

d (g(t))
dt
3
2

t
3
2
Alternate solution:
g  t   3sin   t / 2  u  t  1 / 2   u  t  1 / 2 

3sin  t / 2    t  1 / 2     t  1 / 2  

d
  
g  t  

dt   3 / 2  cos  t / 2  u  t  1 / 2   u  t  1 / 2 

 3sin   / 4    t  1 / 2   3sin  / 4    t  1 / 2 
d
g t  
 
dt    3 / 2  cos  t / 2  rect  t  
3 2 / 2   t  1 / 2     t  1 / 2  
d
 
g  t  
dt  
  3 / 2  cos  t / 2  rect  t  

4 , t  3
56. Find the generalized derivative of the function described by x t   . 
7t , t  3

  0 , t  3
x t  17 t  3     17 t  3  7 u t  3    
7 , t3
 

Derivatives and Integrals of Functions

Solutions 2-40
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
57. What is the numerical value of each of the following integrals?


(a)    t  cos  48 t  dt  cos  0   1 ,





(b)    t  5  cos  t  dt  cos  5   1



Solutions 2-41
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 20

(c)    t  8 rect t /16  dt  rect  8 /16   1 / 2

0

22

(d)
 8e   t  2  dt  8e  23,848
4t 8

8

82

(e)
 3sin  200t   t  7  dt  0
11

 39t   t  1 dt  39 1 
10

(f) 2
4
2
 52  92  4173
2

58. Graph the time derivatives of these functions.

 cos  2 t  , t  0
(a) g  t   sin  2 t  s gn  t  g  t   2 
cos  2 t  , t0


sin  2 t  , cos  2 t   0
(b) g  t   cos  2 t  g  t   2
  sin  2 t  , cos  2 t   0

(a) (b)
x(t) x(t)

1 1
t t
-4 4 -1 1
-1 -1

dx/dt dx/dt
6
6
t -1
t
1
-4 4 -6
-6

Even and Odd Functions

59. Graph the even and odd parts of these signals.
(a) x  t   rect  t  1
Solutions 2-42
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 rect t 1rect t 1

rect t 1rect t 1

x e  t   , x o  t  
2 2

Solutions 2-43
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Exercise 4.1.4 (a) - Even and Odd Parts of rect(t-1)
1

xe(t)
0

-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
xo(t)

-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t

(b) x  t   2 sin  4 t   / 4  rect  t 

x e  t   2 sin  / 4  cos  4 t  rect  t  , x o  t   2 cos   / 4  sin  4 t  rect  t 

Exercise 4.1.4 (d) - Even and Odd Parts of 2sin(4*pi*t-pi/4)*rect(t)

2
xe(t)

-2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

2
xo(t)

-2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
t

60. Is there a function that is both even and odd simultaneously? Discuss.

The only function that can be both odd and even simultaneously is the trivial
signal, x  t   0 . Applying the definitions of even and odd functions,
Solutions 2-42
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 00 00
x e  t   2  0  x  t  and x o  t   2  0  x  t 

proving that the signal is equal to both its even and odd parts and is therefore both
even and odd.

61. Find and graph the even and odd parts of the function x  t  in Figure E-61

x(t)
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
t
-1

x e(t) xo(t)

2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
t -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
t
-1 -1

Figure E-61

Periodic Functions

62. For each of the following signals decide whether it is periodic and, if it is, find the
fundamental period.

(a) g  t   28 sin  400 t  Periodic. Fundamental frequency = 200 Hz, Period = 5 ms.
(b) g  t   14  40 cos  60 t  Periodic. Fundamental frequency = 30 Hz
Period = 33.33...ms.
(c) g  t   5t  2 cos  5000 t  Not periodic.
(d) g  t   28 sin  400 t   12 cos  500 t  Periodic. Two sinusoidal components with
periods of 5 ms and 4 ms. Least common multiple is 20 ms. Period of the overall
signal is 20 ms.
(e) g  t   10 sin  5t   4 cos  7t  Periodic. The Periods of the two sinusoids are 2 / 5 s
and 2 / 7 s. Least common multiple is 2 . Period of the overall signal is 2 s.

Solutions 2-43
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (f) g  t   4 sin  3t   3sin  3t  Not periodic because least common multiple is infinite.

63. Is a constant a periodic signal? Explain why it is or is not periodic and, if it is

periodic what is its fundamental period?

Solutions 2-44
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 A constant is periodic because it repeats for all time. The fundamental period of a periodic
signal is defined as the minimum positive time in which it repeats. A constant repeats in any
time, no matter how small. Therefore since there is no minimum positive time in which it
repeats it does not have a fundamental period.

Signal Energy and Power of Signals

64. Find the signal energy of each of these signals.

 1/2

2 rect  t  , E   2 rect  t   dt  4
2
(a) dt  4
 1/2
 1/16
2 1

(b) rect  8t  , E   rect  8t  dt 

 dt  8
 1/16
 2
 2

  
(c) 3rect
t
, E  t   dt  9 dt  36
3rect
4

 4  
   2

(d) 2 sin  200 t 

  
2 1 1


E  2sin  200 t  dt  4  sin 2  200 t  dt  4
  2 

sin  400 t  dt
 

 
2 

 cos 400t  
E2 t 
  
400
 

(e)   t  (Hint: First find the signal energy of a signal which approaches an
impulse some limit, then take the limit.)

  t   lim 1 / a  rect  t / a 
a0
 2
t
a/2
 t   dt  lim
 1 a
E   lim rect dt  lim 
1 rect

 


a
Solutions 2-45
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 a 
0 a
a0 a2  a a0 a2
 a/2

(f) x t  
d
 rect  t 
dt

d
 rect  t     t  1 / 2     t  1 / 2 
dt


   t  1 / 2     t  1 / 2 
2
Ex  dt  


Solutions 2-46
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 t

(g) x t    rect    d   ramp  t  1 / 2   ramp  t  1 / 2 


1/2 

Ex    t  1 / 2  dt   dt  
2

 1/2
 1
/2
finite infinite

(h) x  t   e 1 j 8 t u  t 

  
2  1 j 8 t 2  1 j 8 t  1 j 8 t

Ex  x  t  dt   e u  t  dt   e e dt
  0




 e2t  1
Ex   e 2t
dt   
2  2
0  0
 t 1
(i) 
x t  2 rect t / 4  3rect  
4
  2
2  t  1
Ex   x  t  dt   2 rect  t / 4  3rect dt
 
4

The function can be expressed as

2 ,  2  t  1


x t  1 ,  1  t  2
3 , 2  t  3

1 2 3

x   
E  4 dt  dt  9 dt  4  3  9  16
Alternate Solution:
Solutions 2-47
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2 1 2

Since the function is real, the square of its magnitude equals its square.
 2

 t  1 
Ex    2 rect  t / 4   3rect
 dt

  4 
 

2
 t  1 

    t  1 
Ex   2rect  t / 4  
2
dt  12rect  t / 4  rect 
 dt   3rect
 dt

   4    4 

 

Solutions 2-48
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 
  

 t 1  t 1
 
E  4 rect t / 4 dt  12 rect t / 4 rect   dt  9 rect dt
x   4  4
  

2 2

3

x   
E  4 dt  12 dt  9 dt  16  36  36  16
2 1 1

 t 1   t 4 
(j) x  t   3rect tri
6 6
t 2
From a sketch it is easily observed that x  t   ,  2  t  4.
2


 t 2 
4 2 4
2

Ex   x  t  dt   2 
dt  1 / 4   t  4t  4 dt 
 2 2

4 2
t3 
   64  8  8  18
 8
Ex  1 / 4   2t  4t   1 / 4   3  32  16 
2

3  
3 

  2

(k) x  t   5e4 t u  t 
  
2
8t
 e8t 

Ex   x  t  dt  25  e dt  25 
8 
  25 / 8 or 3.125

 0  0

(l) A signal x  t  has the following description:

1. It is zero for all time t  4 .

Solutions 2-49
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2. It is a straight line from the point t  4, x  0 to the point
t  4, x  4 .
3. It is a straight line from the point t  4, x  4 to the point
t  3, x  0 .
4. It is zero for all time t  3 .

The only non-zero values of x  t  lie on a straight line between t  4 and

t  3 . The signal energy of this signal is therefore the same as this signal
shifted to the left so that it starts its non-zero values at t  7 and goes to
zero at t  0 . Such a signal would be described in its non-zero range by

x  t     4 / 7  t , -7  t  0

Solutions 2-50
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Its signal energy is
0 0

Ex    4 / 7  t
2

dt  16 / 49   t 3 / 3 dt  1 / 316 / 49   343  37.333

7 7

65. An even continuous-time energy signal x  t  is described in positive time by

3u  t   5 u  t  4   11u  t  7  , 0  t  10
x t   .

 0 , t  10

Another continuous-time energy signal y  t  is described by y  t   3x  2t  2  .

(a) Find the signal energy E x of x  t  .

(b) Find the signal energy E y of y  t  .

  

 y  t   3x  2t  2  dt  9  x 2  2t  2  dt
2 2
Ey  dt 
  

Let   2t  2  d   2dt .

66. Find the average signal power of each of these signals:

(a) x  t   2 sin  200 t  This is a periodic function. Therefore

T /2 T /2
1 4
1 1 
2

Px 
 2 sin  200 t  dt    cos  400  t  dt
T T 
T /2 T /2 2 2 

2   sin 400t  
T /2 

Solutions 2-51
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 2 T sin 200T  sin
 T 20
0T
 


2
Px  t 400  T /2     400 
T  T 2 400 2

For any sinusoid, the average signal power is half the square of the amplitude.

Solutions 2-52
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 (b) x  t    1  t  This is a periodic signal whose period, T, is 1. Between
T / 2 and T / 2 , there is one impulse whose energy is infinite.
Therefore the average power is the energy in one period, divided by the
period, or infinite.

(c) x  t   e j100  t This is a periodic function. Therefore

 e
T0 /2

 e
1/100
1 1
P  x t  dt 
2 j100 t 2 j100 t  j100 t
dt  50 e dt
x
T T 0

0
0 T0 T /2 1/100
1/100

Px  50  dt  1
1/100

(d) A periodic continuous-time signal with fundamental period 12 described

over one fundamental period by

 t 3 
x  t   3rect  4 rect  t / 2  1 ,  6  t  6
4

One Fundamental Period

5
x[t]

-5
-10 -5 0 5 10
t

2 6
 t 3 
 2

Px  1 / T0  x  t  dt  1 /12  3rect  4 rect  t / 2  1 dt

T0  4
6

 1 1 1
 36  32  48

Solutions 2-53
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Px  1 /12   9  dt  16  dt  24  dt    5 / 3  1.667

 5 3 3  12

x  t   3sgn  2  t  4  x  t   9  Px  9
2
(e)

67. A signal x is periodic with fundamental period T0  6 . This signal is described

over the time period 0  t  6 by

Solutions 2-54
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 rect   t  2  / 3  4 rect   t  4  / 2  .

What is the signal power of this signal?

The signal x can be described in the time period 0  t  6 by

0 , 0  t  1 / 2
1 , 1 / 2  t  3

x  t   3 , 3  t  7 / 2
4 , 7 / 2  t  5

0 , 5t 6

The signal power is the signal energy in one fundamental period divided by the
fundamental period.

  2.5 4.5 24

1 1 5 1 3 
P 02   12    3    4    02  1   5.167
2 2

6 2 2 2 
2 6

Solutions 2-55
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