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IBM-types of MC Learning

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12 views

IBM-types of MC Learning

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jagadeeswaris.ai
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Supervised machine learning


Supervised machine learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on a
labeled dataset (i.e., the target or outcome variable is known). For instance, if data scientists were
building a model for tornado forecasting, the input variables might include date, location,
temperature, wind flow patterns and more, and the output would be the actual tornado activity
recorded for those days.
Supervised learning is commonly used for risk assessment, image recognition, predictive
analytics and fraud detection, and comprises several types of algorithms.
 Regression algorithms—predict output values by identifying linear relationships
between real or continuous values (e.g., temperature, salary). Regression algorithms
include linear regression, random forest and gradient boosting, as well as other subtypes.
 Classification algorithms—predict categorical output variables (e.g., “junk” or “not
junk”) by labeling pieces of input data. Classification algorithms include logistic
regression, k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines (SVMs), among others.
 Naïve Bayes classifiers—enable classification tasks for large datasets. They’re also part
of a family of generative learning algorithms that model the input distribution of a given
class or/category. Naïve Bayes algorithms include decision trees, which can actually
accommodate both regression and classification algorithms.
 Neural networks—simulate the way the human brain works, with a huge number of
linked processing nodes that can facilitate processes like natural language translation,
image recognition, speech recognition and image creation.
 Random forest algorithms—predict a value or category by combining the results from a
number of decision trees.

2. Unsupervised machine learning


Unsupervised learning algorithms—like Apriori, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) and
principal component analysis (PCA)—draw inferences from unlabeled datasets, facilitating
exploratory data analysis and enabling pattern recognition and predictive modeling.
The most common unsupervised learning method is cluster analysis, which uses clustering
algorithms to categorize data points according to value similarity (as in customer segmentation
or anomaly detection). Association algorithms allow data scientists to identify associations
between data objects inside large databases, facilitating data visualization and dimensionality
reduction.
 K-means clustering—assigns data points into K groups, where the data points closest to
a given centroid are clustered under the same category and K represents clusters based on
their size and level of granularity. K-means clustering is commonly used for market
segmentation, document clustering, image segmentation and image compression.
 Hierarchical clustering—describes a set of clustering techniques, including
agglomerative clustering—where data points are initially isolated into groups and then
merged iteratively based on similarity until one cluster remains—and divisive clustering
—where a single data cluster is divided based on the differences between data points.
 Probabilistic clustering—helps solve density estimation or “soft” clustering problems
by grouping data points based on the likelihood that they belong to a particular
distribution.
Unsupervised ML models are often behind the “customers who bought this also bought…” types
of recommendation systems.

3. Self-supervised machine learning


Self-supervised learning (SSL) enables models to train themselves on unlabeled data, instead of
requiring massive annotated and/or labeled datasets. SSL algorithms, also called predictive or
pretext learning algorithms, learn one part of the input from another part, automatically
generating labels and transforming unsupervised problems into supervised ones. These
algorithms are especially useful for jobs like computer vision and NLP, where the volume of
labeled training data needed to train models can be exceptionally large (sometimes prohibitively
so).

4. Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning, also called reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), is a
type of dynamic programming that trains algorithms using a system of reward and punishment.
To deploy reinforcement learning, an agent takes actions in a specific environment to reach a
predetermined goal. The agent is rewarded or penalized for its actions based on an established
metric (typically points), encouraging the agent to continue good practices and discard bad ones.
With repetition, the agent learns the best strategies.
Reinforcement learning algorithms are common in video game development and are frequently
used to teach robots how to replicate human tasks.

5. Semi-supervised learning
The fifth type of machine learning technique offers a combination between supervised and
unsupervised learning.
Semi-supervised learning algorithms are trained on a small labeled dataset and a large unlabeled
dataset, with the labeled data guiding the learning process for the larger body of unlabeled data.
A semi-supervised learning model might use unsupervised learning to identify data clusters and
then use supervised learning to label the clusters.
Generative adversarial networks (GANs)—deep learning tool that generates unlabeled data by
training two neural networks—are an example of semi-supervised machine learning.
Regardless of type, ML models can glean data insights from enterprise data, but their
vulnerability to human/data bias make responsible AI practices an organizational imperative.

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