IGCSE Biology - 0610

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IGCSE Biology - 0610
IGCSE Biology - 0610
 Life ProcessesWh
What makes something alive?
Can be remembered using ‘’MRS GREN’’
● Movement

● Respiration

● Sensitivity

● Growth

● Reproduction

● Excretion

● Nutrition
 Movement

An action by an organism or part of an organism

causing a change of position or place
● If I am tired I need to eat food. The food goes to
every cell of the body. Some process needs to take
place in the cell which will help me carry out our
daily activities
 Respiration

● Break down of glucose and other substances to

release energy
● Respiration occurs in every cell of the body
● Respiration is a metabolic reaction (chemical
reaction that takes place in living organism
 Growth

Permanent increase in dry mass or cell size and

number

Dry mass – the mass of an organism after it has been

killed and all the water removed from it
Excretion
 Nutrition

Ability to take food to gain energy

 Reproduction

● The processes that make more of the same kind of

organism
Common ancestor
 Common ancestor

● A species that lived in the past, and is thought to

have given rise to several different species alive
today
● For example – all mammals share a common
ancestor
 Species

A group of organisms that can reproduce with each

other to produce fertile offspring

Fertile – able to reproduce

Infertile – not able to reproduce

Classification of Living Things

ORDERING THE
LIVING WORLD
 What is classification?

●Classification is the grouping of living

organisms according to similar
structures and functions.
 Early classification systems

●Aristotle grouped animals

according to the way they
moved
The modern classification system :

Developed by Carolus Linnaeus

Consists of 7 levels:
●Kingdom ●Family
●Phylum ●Genus
●Class ●Species
●Order
Helpful way to remember the 7 levels

●King Philip Came Over For

Grape Soda.
●King Philip Came Over For Green
Skittles.
 Binomial Nomenclature

●Developed by Carolus Linnaeus

●Two-name system:
○ First name is the organism’s
genus
○ Second name is the organism’s
species
 What rules are used to write scientific
names?
● The first letter of the genus is ALWAYS
capitalized
● The first letter of the species is NEVER
capitalized
● Scientific names of organisms are
always italicized or underlined
 Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
 Dichotomous key

● A way of identifying an organism, by working

through pairs of statements that lead you to its
name
 Dichotomous Keys

1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2

1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 5
2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail Go to # ..
3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion
 Taxonomic Key

● 1a Fruits occur singly ....................................................... Go to 3

● 1b Fruits occur in clusters of two or more ......................... Go to 2
● 2a Fruits are round ....................................................... Grapes
● 2b Fruits are elongate ................................................... Bananas
● 3a Thick skin that separates easily from flesh .............Oranges
● 3b Thin skin that adheres to flesh .............................. Go to 4
● 4a More than one seed per fruit ............................ Apples
● 4b One seed per fruit ............................................ Go to 5
● 5a Skin covered with velvety hairs .................... Peaches
● 5b Skin smooth, without hairs ........................... Plums

What steps would you use to identify a peach?

 Animal kingdom

● Multicellular
● Cell without cell wall
● Cell without chloroplast
● Feed on organic substances made by other
living organisms
 Fish

● Largest group of vertebrates.

● Many fish are covered with scales that protects them.
● They have fins that help them to steer and balance in
the water.
● They breathe through gills.
● Lateral line for sensitivity
● Eggs have no shells and are laid in water
 Amphibians

● Amphibians hatch from eggs and they can live on

land as an adult.
● Eggs without shells and are laid in water
● Young amphibians breathe through gills like fish.
● Adult amphibians breathe air from lungs.
● Larva has gills
● They undergo metamorphosis
 Reptiles

● They lay their eggs on land

with rubbery shell.
● They have dry scaly skin.
● They can include animals as
large as a crocodile.
● Their body temperature
varies with their
environment.
(Ectothermic)
 Birds

● Birds lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest.

● Birds are vertebrates that have wings and they are
covered with feathers. No other animal has this
feature.
● The bird’s skeleton is very light in weight. This helps
them to fly.
● Birds range in size from as small as your finger or as
large as a human.
● There are about 9,000 types of birds.
 Mammals
● They include a wide range of animals: ape,
lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc.
● Hair or fur on their body
● The hair help in maintaining body
temperature
● Presence of mammary gland
● Have placenta
● Have different kind of teeth
● They have external ear pinna (ear flap)
● Have a diaphragm
● Have sweat glands that produce sweat
 Sub-phylum Invertebrates
● Invertebrates are animals that do not have
backbones.
● 97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of
invertebrates.
● Insects and some other invertebrates have
exoskeletons.
● There are 6 groups of invertebrates
 Arthropods

adapted from
http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classi
 Arthropod Characteristics

● Arthropods are a group of invertebrates with

jointed legs
● Body divided into segments
● Hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod.

adapted from
http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classi
 Arthropods:Myriapods
● Many pair of jointed leg, one on each segment
● One pair of antennae

adapted from http://gideon.k

 Arthropods:Insects

● 3 pair of jointed legs

● Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen
● Two pair of wings (one or both may be vestigial)
● One pair of antennae
● Breathe with the help tubes of trachea
 Arthropods:crustaceans

● More than 3 pair of jointed legs

● 2 pair of antennae
 Arthropods:Arachnids

● 4 pair of jointed legs

● No antennae
● Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
Phylum Arthropod- Jointed legs, segmented
body and exoskeleton
Myriapods Insects Arachnids Crustaceans
● Many pair ● 3 pair of ● 4 pair of ● More than
of jointed jointed jointed 4 pair of
legs legs legs jointed
legs
● One pair of ● One pair of ● No ● Two pair of
antennae antennae antennae antennae
● Centipede ● Body ● Body ● Body
and divided divided divided
millipede into head, into into
thorax and cephalotho cephalotho
abdomen rax and rax and
● Wings may abdomen abdomen
be present ● Spider, ● Prawn,
● Ant, scorpion crab,
Plants
 Kingdom Plantae

● Autotrophs - Undergo photosynthesis

by using light energy from the sun
● Cell contain chloroplast and cell wall
● Cell wall is made of cellulose
● They may have roots, stem and leaves
Liverwort do not have roots or flower. Why
does it belong to plant kingdom?
Flowering plants
Ferns
 Ferns

● Plants with root, stem and leaves

● Have leaves called fronds
● Do not produce flowers
● Reproduce by spores
 Prokaryotes kingdom- bacteria

● Often unicellular
● Have no membrane bound nucleus and other cell
organelles
● Cell wall present but not made of cellulose
● Have no mitochondria
● Ribosomes present
Domain Eukaryota (Eukaryotic cells)
 Kingdom Protista
Animal-Like (Protozoans)

Plant-Like
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Fungus-Like

Water Slime
Mold Mold

Euglena Diatom
Dinoflagella Green Brown
Algae Algae
 Protoctista

● Multicellular or unicellular
● Cells have a nucleus
● Cells may or may not have a cell wall and chloroplast
● Some photosynthesize and others feed on organic
substance made by other organism
1.Kingdom which does not have membrane bound cell
organelle
2. I emerged as a different kingdom as I may be
photosynthetic in nature or may not be. Also some of
the organisms belonging to my kingdom may be really
deadly
3. The scientific name of asian elephant is Elephus
maximus, what does Elephus indicate
4. Apart from Mrs Gren all organisms are made up of
……………………
5. Organism closely related will have a similar
arrangement of base sequence of _________
 Answers

1. Prokaryotes
2. Protista or protoctista
3. Elephus indicates the name of the genus
4. Cells
5. DNA
Kingdom Fungi
 Kingdom fungi

● Usually multicellular
● Have nuclei
● Have cell wall made of chitin
● Do not have chlorophyll
● Feed saprophytically or are parasites
● They feed by digesting waste organic material and
absorbing it into their cells
● They reproduce by spores
Kingdom Animalia
Identify the part indicated with an arrow
 The concept of a virus as an organism
challenges the way we define life:

* Viruses do not breathe.

* Viruses do not metabolize.
* Viruses do not grow.
* However, they do reproduce.

Introduction – Structure – Replication – Virology – Medicine - Review

 Viruses

● Single type of nucleic acid - DNA or RNA

● Protein coat, or capsid, some have envelopes
● Multiply inside of living cells using the host cell
machinery
● Can line up 15000 viruses in 1 millimeter gap
Examples of common viral disorder - covid 19,
influenza, measles, cough and cold
 Examples of some viral diseases:
DISEASE VIRUSES
AIDS HIV

Herpes Simplex
Wart
Virus

Flu Influenza

Measles Morbillivirus .

Cancer Hepatitis B

Introduction – Structure – Replication – Virology – Medicine - Review

 How small is a virus?

Introduction – Structure – Replication – Virology – Medicine - Review

 Viruses range in size from 20 nanometers (nm) – 250
nanometers (nm) 1 nm = 0.00000004 inches

If a cell was the size of your classroom, then an average virus

would be the size of a softball.
proteins
atom

anim
viruses bacteria al
cells
0 10-6 m 10-5 m
m 10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m
Go five more
10-10 m
feet!
 Life ProcessesWh
What makes something alive?
In addition to MRS GREN, living things are made of………..

CELLS
 Other than seven characteristics

All living organisms are made of cells. These cells have

● Cytoplasm
● A cell membrane
● A chemical called DNA
● Ribosomes - for making proteins
● Enzyme for the cell to carry out anaerobic
respiration
DNA - the base for classification
Classification based on DNA structure
Making biological drawing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6-4LLH3gL0
magnification calculation
What makes something alive?