GENDER AND SOCIETY  TRANSGENDERS

- cases wherein a person's biological sex does not

align with one's gender identity.

a. Transgender Woman - female who is not

Lesson 1: Sex, Gender and Society comfortable identifying as a woman

b. Transgender Man - male who is not comfortable

identifying as a man
 SEX - the biological aspect of sex; maleness or
femaleness
 GENDER - the social interpretation of sex;  SEX
masculinity, femininity, etc. - is the biological dimension of your gender and
 SEXUALITY - the totality of our own experience of sexuality referred to as the biological sex or
our sex and gender physical sex
 SEX CHROMOSOMES - chromosomal markers that - is often assigned at birth (Male with Penis and
distinguish females (XX) from male (XY) species Testicles; Female with Vagina
 INTERSEX - individuals with composite genitals
(possessing some characteristics of both male and
female genitals) HERMAPHRODITISM

GENDER - from the word HERMES - Greek god; and

APHRODITE - Greek goddess referred
- it is how a person identifies himself; sometimes as Intersexuality
- the socially constructed roles, behaviors and - child's genitals appear to be conglomerate of
attributes that society considers appropriate for male and female organs
men and women (ex. Men are expected to be
masculine, while Women are expected to be
feminine) According to the American Psychological Association (APA),
nature and nurture play a complex role in shaping our sexual
HETERONOMATIVITY
orientation. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are part of the
- is the phenomenon of determining the human sexuality and is a large part of the human experience.
normality of behavior based on whether it
conforms or not to the expectations relative to
one's biological sex SEXUAL ORIENTATION

SEX CHROMOSOMES - refers to who a person is attracted to

- pertains to our emotional and sexual attraction to
- contain genetic materials to determine sex a person
- (XY) - male; (XX) - female
"According to the Psychological Association of the Phils.,
HORMONES typically at ages 6 or 8, we experience or develop attraction to
other people. By adolescence, we already know who we are
- Chemicals in our body that are responsible for attracted to and would experiment through dating and
sustaining bodily processes - are also used as relationships."
markers to identify sex
TYPES OF SEXUALITY
a. TESTOSTERONE - tend to be higher in level for male;
Heterosexuals- people who are attracted to the opposite sex
which is associated to sex drive and aggressions.
Homosexuals - people who are attracted to people of the same
b. ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE - tend to be higher in sex
level for female; which are associated to lactation,
menstruation, and other female reproductive functions. Homosexuals - people who are attracted to people of the same
sex (often called as Gay or Lesbian)

Bisexuals or Bi- people who are attracted to people of the both

 GENDER IDENTITY sexes
- our sense of who we are: do we see and
Asexual - someone experiences little to no sexual attraction to
experience ourselves as Man, Woman or Neither others
(typically Males are comfortable identifying as
Man and Females are comfortable identifying as Pansexual - people who are attracted to others no matter the
Woman) person's gender identity
  EGYPT
- Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the
LESSON 2: GENDER AND SEXUALITY Egyptian civilization that Egyptian women enjoyed
ACROSS TIME higher social status than Greek women because
they can inherit property, and engage in trade and
politics. However, Greek influence quickly spread in
Egypt through the conquests of Alexander the
 DEVINE FEMININE Great across Asia and Africa
- a concept which refers to the sacredness of the
woman due to her ability to conceive children

 CHINA
 EGALITARIAN
- Confucianism has stringent written rules that
- Men and Women have equitable power roles
dictate how women should conduct themselves.
- The written documents titled "Three obedience's
 PATERNITY
and four virtues" and "Precepts of women" states
- fatherhood/role of the father in conception during
that women should obey their father, when
Agricultural era
married she is to obey her husband, and when
widowed she is to obey her son.

For the longest time thereafter, societies have privileged men Gender biases in ancient patriarchal societies were very
over other genders, mainly because of the preferential given to strict, heavily enforced, and often violent
them in the PRODUCTIVE SPHERE (world of public work).
Women who have been revered due to their ability to conceive
have been viewed as solely capable of REPRODUCTIVE SUBTLE FORMS OF OPPRESSION
AFFAIRS (world of the home and related tasks such as
suckling the young, child rearing, and home management)  SEXISM
- prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based
on sex
 PATRIARCHY  GENDER PAY GAP
- from GREEK word PATRIARKHES which means - men earn more than women
"the rule of the father" UNDERREPRESENTATION in politics, military,
- Social system where men primarily hold power in executive positions, etc.
the political and the private spheres  RAPE ON WOMEN
- and the stigma making women ashamed to report
the crime
 VERY CONSERVATIVE EXPECTATIONS on women on
PATRILINEAL SOCIETY often follows a patriarchal society, this
how they behave
means only men can inherit property and the family name.
 UNREALISTIC DEPICTIONS of women in fiction, often
Women were left with no inheritance and are expected to
very sexualized
marry a man who can support her economically. In fact,
 Women do more HOUSEWORK and CHILDCARE
women were not allowed to go to schools, or even vote,
 Men were trained to be LEADERS while women were
because they are viewed as a weaker sex and should not
trained to do HOUSE CHORES
concern themselves in learning science or politics. Women had
to fight for the right to vote, to go to school, to go to work, and
even participate in politics.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
History suggests an EGALITARIAN SYSTEM rather than a
patriarchal system. Men and women contribute to the society, Women's liberation movement, women's movement, or
and they enjoy the same social status feminism is a continuing series of social movements that
aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these
oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices
against women.
Lesson 2: GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME HISTORICAL
VIEWS ON GENDER During the 19th and early 20th century, first-wave
feminism spread across the Western countries as women
demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections
 GREEK and to be able to legally own property.
- Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers
In France, Simone de Beauvoir wrote book titled "The
viewed WOMEN as the inferior sex and are
Second Sex" in 1949. It outlined how the patriarchal
properties of men whose only job was to obey
society disadvantaged women by slowly raising her into
their husbands, bear children and take care of the
submission and hindering their productivity and happiness
household. They were forbidden to learn
by relegating them to housecleaning.
philosophy, politics and science.
 LE MOUVEMENT de LIBERATION des FEMME

Was formed in Europe and they sought the right to

education, right to work, and right to vote in the 1940s.
Later, they also won women's right to decide on their on
their own bodies and their sexualities. This liberation
movement views the intersectionality of economic status
or class to patriarchy.

Inspired by Beauvoir's book, second-wave feminism in

1960's through 1080's, women drew attention to various
social and cultural inequalities such as domestic violence
especially marital rape, reproductive rights, wage
inequality, and etc. The 1990's gave birth to the 3rd wave
and 2012 started the fourth wave