GP RATING FITTING THEORY LESSON

Work Holding Tools

1.2.1 Bench Vice

The bench vice is a device commonly used for holding
the work pieces. When the vice handle is turned in a
clockwise direction the moving jaw forces the work against the
fixed jaw. The greater the pressure applied to the handle, the
tighter is the work held. The body of the vice is made of
castiron. Hardened steel plates with

serrations to ensure better gripping of the work are fixed on the

faces of the two jaws. Jaw caps made of soft material such
as aluminium or galvanised iron (G.I) sheet are used to protect finished surfaces of the work gripped in the vice. Vices are
specified by the maximum width that can be held or the maximum opening between the jaws, varying from 75 mm to 300
mm.

1.2.2 V-block with clamp

The V-block is a rectangular or square block with a Vgroove on one or both
sides, opposite to each other. The angle of the V is usually 90o. V-block with a clamp is
used to hold cylindrical work securely, during marking of measurements or for
measuring operations. Material: C.I or hardened steel. Size: 50 to 150 mm.
Parallel Clamp
It is a simple screw clamp with parallel jaws to hold small jobs for working on them.

1.2.3 C-Clamp
This is used to hold work against an angle plate or V-block or any other surface, when gripping is required. It is also known
as G-clamp. 1.3.9 Divider

This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines, bisecting lines, etc. Size ranges from 100 mm to 300
mm.

1
 Divider
This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines, bisecting lines, etc. Size
ranges from 100 mm to 300 mm

Centre punch
This is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 90° included angle. It is used to mark the
location of the centre where holes are to be drilled. The centre punch mark facilitates easy location of the drill tip and centre
accurately.
Drift punch
A drift punch is a long tapered tool used to align holes in two or more pieces of material that are to be joined together, so that
bolts or rivets can be easily placed in the holes.
Letter punch
It has square body with a tapered end. At this end, a projection, corresponding to the replica of the letter to be marked is made.
The letters used are A to Z, and symbol totaling 27 numbers.
Number punch
It is similar to letter punch in construction but has numbers at its end. The numbers used are from 0 to 8 (six used as nine also).
Punches are made of tool steel, hardened and tempered.
Feeler Gauges

Screw Pitch Gauges Screw

Pitch Gauges Screw Pitch
Gauges

Screw Pitch Gauges

2
Hacksaw

3
4
While these hammers all feature a round head for driving nails, the claw end is every bit as useful for prying, splitting wood,
tearing drywall and other small demolition tasks. The claw is curved on a claw hammer, and straight on framing hammers.

The ball peen hammer was originally designed for peening, or shaping metal materials by hammering. One end of the head
is ball-shaped for this purpose. The other end is flat These hammers are designed to strike surfaces with great force, and
dead blow means

5
,
The heavy head of a hand drilling hammer is used to drive chisels and punches. These hammers typically feature a flat face
with rounded edges and a wedged peen opposite the head the head the head.

A mallet is a block on a handle, which is usually used for driving chisels. The head on a rubber mallet is made of rubber.
These types of hammers deliver softer impact than hammers with metal heads. They are essential if your work needs to be
free of impact

6
Soft-face, split-head hammers with interchangeable heads are for use in projects that require force without marking the
surface. Soft- face, split head hammers come with or without heads.
Chisels

Combination Cutting Plier

7
Twist drill
Number drills 60 to 20

Taps and Tap Wrenches

thread is specified by its shape, size and pitch. Ex:

M20 × 2.5 ( nominal dia 20 mm, pitch 2.5 mm Metric

2 .Select the correct size tap drill, usually indicated on

4 .Secure the tap in the tap wrench.

5 .Insert the first or taper tap in the drilled hole and
start turning clockwise, by applying d ownward

8
Dies and Die-holders

Types of files
Files are classified according to their shape, cutting teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth, Figure shows the various types of
files in use based on their shape.
Type of file Description and Use
1. Hand file Rectangular in section and tapered in thickness but parallel in
width. The faces carry double cut teeth and one of the edges
single cut. The other edge, known as safe edge, does not have
any teeth and hence this file is also known as safe edge file. It is
useful in filing a surface which is at right angles to an already
finished surface.
2. Flat file It is rectangular in section and tapered for 1/3 length in width and
thickness towards the tip. The faces carry double cut teeth and
the edges carry single cut teeth. It is a general purpose file.
3. Square file It is square in section and carry double cut teeth on all the four
faces. It is tapered for 1/3 of its length towards the point. Square
files are used for filing corners and slots. It is also used to cut
keyways.
4. Three square file It is of equilateral triangular in section and tapers towards the tip.
The faces are double cut and the edges sharp. These files are used
to file angular hole, and recesses. Used for sharpening wood
saws.
5. Round file It is tapered for 1/3 length with double cut on large coarse grades.
Used for filing out round, elliptical and curved openings.
6. Half round file The half round file has one flat and one curved side. The flat side is double cut and the curved side is
single cut. It is not a semicircle but only about 1/3 of circle. Second cut and smooth grades are used. This is an extremely
useful double purpose file for flat surfaces and for curved surfaces which are too large for the round file to be used.
7. Swiss or Needle files 150 mm long with double cut teeth. Used for filing corners, grooves, narrow slots, etc.

9
 8

Scrappers

10
Triangular scraper

Marking and Measuring

(a) Direct measurement from a rule, (b) Caliper set to a rule, (c) Caliper set to a plug gauge, (d) Vernier calipers, (e)
Micrometer, (f) Dial indicator

11
 Principle and Working of DRILLING MACHINE
Introduction: The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and useful machine employed in industry for
producing forming and finishing holes in a workpiece. The unit essentially consists of:

1-A spindle which turns the tool (called drill) which can be advanced in the workpiece either automatically or
by hand.

2. A work table which holds the workpiece rigidly in position.

Working principle: The rotating edge of the drill exerts a large force on the workpiece and the hole is
generated. The removal of metal in a drilling operation is by shearing and extrusion.

Types of Drilling Machines: A wide variety of drilling machines are available ranging from the simple
portable to highly complex automatic and numerically controlled machines are as follows:

1. Portable drilling machine: It is a small light weight, compact and self contained unit that can drill holes
upto 12.5 rnrn diameter. The machine is driven by a small electric motor operating at high speed. The
machine is capable of drilling holes in the workpieces in any position.

2. Sensitive drill machine/press: This is a light weight, high speed machine designed for drilling small holes
in light jobs. Generally the machine has the capacity to rotate drills of 1.5 to 15.5 rnrn at high speed of
20,000 rev/min.

12
VERTICAL PILAAR /COLUM TYPE DRILL MACHINE1

Parts* - 1- Motor
2-Pully
3-Feed handle
4- Drill Chuck
5-Colum
6- Table
7-base

Construction: The machine has only a hand feed mechanism for feeding the tool into the workpiece. This
enables the operator to feel how the drill is cutting and accordingly he can control the down feed pressure.
Sensitive drill presses are manufactured in bench or floor models, i.e., the base of machine may be mounted
on a bench or floor.

The main operating parts of a sensitive machine/drill press are Base, Column, Table, and Drill Head.

1. Base: The base is a heavy casting that supports the machine structure; it provides rigid mounting for the
column and stability for the machine. The base is usually provided with holes and slots which help to Bolt the
base to a table or bench and allow the work-holding device or the workpiece to be fastened to the base.

2. Column: The column is a vertical post that Column holds the worktable and the head containing the
driving mechanism. The column may be of round or box section.

3. Table: The table, either rectangular or round. Drill machine/press in shape supports the workpiece and is
carried by the vertical column. The surface of the table is 90-degree to the column and it can be raised,

13
lowered and swiveled around it. The table can be clamp/hold the required the workpiece. Slots are provided
in most tables to allow the jigs, fixtures or large workpieces to be securely fixed directly to the table.

4. Drilling Head: The drilling head, mounted close to the top of the column, houses the driving arrangement
and variable speed pulleys. These units transmit rotary motion at different speeds to the drill spindle. The
hand feed lever is used to control the vertical movement of the spindle sleeve and the cutting tool.

The system is called the sensitive drilling machine/press as the operator is able to sense the progress of drill
with hand-faced.

Drilling:
Drilling is the production of cylindrical holes of definite diameters in workpieces by using a multi-
pointcutting tool called a ‘drill’. It is the first operation doneinternally for any further operation.

HAND DRILL MACHINE

TWIST DRILL

Parts of a Drill
The various parts of a drill can be identified from figure
Point
The cone shaped end which does the cutting is called thepoint. It consists of a dead centre, lips or cutting
edges,and a heel. The point angle of a general purpose (standard) drill is
118°. This is the angle between the cutting edges (lips). The angle varies according to the hardness of the
material to be drilled. Shank This is the driving end of the drill which is fitted on to the machine.

14
 Shanks are of two types.
Taper shank, used for larger diameter drills, and
straightshank, used for smaller diameter drills.
Tang
This is a part of the taper shank drill which fits into the slot
of the drilling machine spindle.
Body
The portion between the point and the shank is called thebody of a drill.The parts of the body re flute,
land/margin, body clearanceand web.
Flutes
Flutes are the spiral grooves which run to the length of the drill. The flutes helpThe diameter f the drill is
measured across the land/marginBody clearance Body clearance is the part of the body which is reduced
indiameter to cut down the friction between the drill and the
hole being drilled
Web
Web is the metal column which separates the flutes. Itgradually increases in thickness towards the shank.

DRILL CHUCK AND DRILL CHUCK KEY

The common drill-holding devices are drill chucks, sleevesand sockets

Drill chucks:
Straight shank drills are held in drill chucks. For fixing and removing drills, the chucks areprovided either
with a pinion and key or a knurled ring.The drill chucks are held on the machine spindle by meansof an arbor
fitted on the drill chuck
Taper sleeves and sockets :
Taper shank drillshave a Morse taper.Sleeves and sockets are made with the same taper so thatthe taper shank
of the drill, when engaged, will give a goodwedging action. Due to this reason Morse tapers are called

(For optimum results in the feed rate whilerilling, it is necessary to ensure the drill cuttingedges are sharp. Use
the correct type of cutting fluid )

GRINDING MACHINEE

15
*

Main Parts of a Pedestal Grinder

1- MASTER STOP SWITCH

2- TONGUE GUARD
3- SAFETY GLASS SHIELD
4- SPARKK GAURD
5- TOOL REST
6- WHEEL GUARD
7- GRINDIND ABRASIV WHEEL
8- BASE

16
Head-stock – this part is permanently secured on the inner ways at the left-hand end of the lathe bed. It comprises
essentially a hollow spindle for driving and altering the spindle speed.

Carriage – the purpose of carriage on the lathe is to support, guide and feed tools against the
workpiece during the process.

CARRIGE

Bed – this part is the base of the lathe machine, the head-stock, tail-stock, and carriage are located at the top of the bed. The
carriage even rests over the bed and slides over it. The bed should be rigid enough in order to prevent deflection and must be
able to resist the operations. Another feature a lathe bed must carry is to be able to resist vibration.

BED

17
Chuck – the chuck securely holds the workpiece as it rises toward the cutting tools. It is of two types known as 3 jaw or
self-centering chuck and 4 jaw or independent chuck.

CHUCK

Tail-stock – the tail-stock is located at the right-hand end of the bed, which helps to support the workpiece on the other end.
It also performs great when carrying out operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.

TAIL STOCK

TOOL POST- AND COUMPOND REST -A lathe tool post is a machine tool that spins a block of material when
abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the block. Other tool posts are commonly available.

18
 TOOL POST- AND COUMPOND REST

LEAD SCREW-A lead screw is a type of mechanical power transmission used in machines for high-
precision actuation. It converts rotational motion into linear motion. Other names for a lead screw (or
leadscrew) are power screw and translation screw. Lead screws are sometimes confused with threaded rods.
Trapezoidal threads include both ACME and trapezoidal metric threads. They are able to handle
loads in both directions; however, they are less efficient than square threads. Trapezoidal threads are also able
to handle high axial loads. These threads, because of their manufacturing ease and load handling, are very
popular.

FEED ROAD-------The feed rod is a power transmission mechanism. It is used for precise carriage movement along the
longitudinal axis of the machine. The lead screw is set for turning threads on a lathe. Not all lathe machines have a feed rod,
in which case, the lead screw is responsible for both functions.
Gear box ----The lathe has a gear box that controls the relative rate of the chuck and the lead screw that allows you to
move the workpiece automatically using the power feed. Changing the gears allows you to change this relative speed.

*Lathe Chuck Types

Three jaws universal chuck (Self centring chuck )

19
A three-jaw chuck is shown in the figure. This is the most commonly used types of chuck in the lathe machine. The three jaws
are generally made of high-quality steel and are arrogated at an angle of 120° to each other.

The chuck is suitable for holding round, or hexagonal, and other similar shaped workpieces. In threejaw chuck, the job is
centered automatically and quickly. But it has a less gripping capacity as only three jaws are used and centering accuracy is
soon lost due to wear.

Four jaws chuck (Independent Chuck)

The figure shows a four jaw chuck diagram. The arrangement of four jaws independent chuck, which has four jaws, is located
at an angle of 90° to each other.
Each jaw made of tough steel has three inner and one outer gripping surface. The outer gripping surface is used for holding
larger sizes of the workpiece by reversing the jaw
Concentric circles inscribed on the face of the chuck facilitate quick centering of the workpiece. This type of chuck is
particularly used in the setting up of heavy and irregular-shaped particles. The diameter of the body specifies the size of the
chuck.

20
 Taps
Use of hand taps: Hand taps are used for internal threading of components
They are made from high speed steel.

Taps
Types of taps in a set :
Hand taps for a particular thread
are available as a set consisting of three pieces
These are:
– First tap or taper tap
– Second tap or intermediate tap
– Plug or bottoming tap
The taper tap is to start the thread. It is possible to form full
threads by the taper tap in through holes which are not
deep.
The bottoming tap (plug) is used to finish the threads of a
blind hole to the correct depth
For identifying the type of taps quickly - the taps are either
numbered 1,2 and 3 or rings are marked on the shank.
TAP DRILL SIZE
M10 X 1.5 MM PITCH
Minior dia= major dia - 2 x depth
Depth of thread = Major dia - pitch
10 - 1.5
= 8.5 Tap drill size

21
 Tap wrenches,

Tap wrenches
Tap wrenches are used to align and drive the hand tapscorrectly into the hole to be threaded.
Tap wrenches are of different types, such as double-endedadjustable wrench, T- handle tap wrench, solid type
tapwrench etc. his is the most commonly used type of tap wrench. It is
available in various sizes- 175, 250,350mm long. These tapwrenches are more suitable for large diameter taps,
andcan be used in open places where there is no obstructionto turn the tap

Dies and die stock

Threading dies
are used to cut external threads on cylindricalworkpieces.
Types of dies
The folowing are the different types of dies.
• Circular split die (Button die)
• Half die
• Adjustable screw plate die
Dies are made of high speed stee
Example = For cutting the thread of M12 with 1.75mm pitch the diameter of the blank is 11.80.
Formula, D = d - p/10
= 12mm - 0.175mm
= 11.825 or 11.8 mm.
22
 d = diameter of bolt
D = the blank diameter
p = pitch of thread

PIPE DIE AND DIEE STOCK

23
 Taps
Use of hand taps: Hand taps are used for internal threading of components
They are made from high speed steel.

Taps
Types of taps in a set :
Hand taps for a particular thread
are available as a set consisting of three pieces
These are:
– First tap or taper tap
– Second tap or intermediate tap
– Plug or bottoming tap
The taper tap is to start the thread. It is possible to form full
threads by the taper tap in through holes which are not
deep.
The bottoming tap (plug) is used to finish the threads of a
blind hole to the correct depth
For identifying the type of taps quickly - the taps are either
numbered 1,2 and 3 or rings are marked on the shank.
TAP DRILL SIZE
M10 X 1.5 MM PITCH
Minior dia= major dia - 2 x depth
Depth of thread = Major dia - pitch
10 - 1.5
= 8.5 Tap drill size

24
 Tap wrenches,

Tap wrenches
Tap wrenches are used to align and drive the hand tapscorrectly into the hole to be threaded.
Tap wrenches are of different types, such as double-endedadjustable wrench, T- handle tap wrench, solid type
tapwrench etc. his is the most commonly used type of tap wrench. It is
available in various sizes- 175, 250,350mm long. These tapwrenches are more suitable for large diameter taps,
andcan be used in open places where there is no obstructionto turn the tap

Dies and die stock

Threading dies
are used to cut external threads on cylindricalworkpieces.
Types of dies
The folowing are the different types of dies.
• Circular split die (Button die)
• Half die
• Adjustable screw plate die
Dies are made of high speed stee
Example = For cutting the thread of M12 with 1.75mm pitch the diameter of the blank is 11.80.
Formula, D = d - p/10
= 12mm - 0.175mm
25
 = 11.825 or 11.8 mm.
d = diameter of bolt
D = the blank diameter
p = pitch of thread

PIPE DIE AND DIEE STOCK

26
MEASURING TOOLS Calipers & Vernier Calipers

Vernier Calipers --

27
 Digital vernier caliper
Vernier Calipers --
These are used for measuring outside as well as inside dimensions accurately. It may also be used as a depth gauge. may
also be used as a depth gauge. In the figure shown, 19 main scale divisions are divided into 20 equal parts in the vernier
scale. Hence,
least count of the vernier = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division = 1 – 19/20 = 0.05 mm. The size is specified
by the maximum measurement it can make ranging from 150 to 300 mm. The accuracy of the instrument depends on the
least count, varying from 0.1 to 0.02. Other types of verniers include dial vernier, digital vernier with more accuracy etc.
the graduations of a common type of vernier caliper with a least count of 0.02 mm. In this, 50 divisions of the vernier
scale occupy 49 divisions (49 mm) on the main scale One main scale division (MSD) = 1mm zzzzzOne Vernier scale
division? (VSD) = 49/50 mm
Least count = 1 MSD - 1 VSD

= 1mm - 49/50

= 50 - 49/50 = 1/50 = 0.02 mm

Parts of a vernier caliper A universal vernier caliper consists of a:

• Beam
• Fixed jaw for external measurements
• Movable jaw for external measurements
• Movable jaw for internal measurements
• Blade for depth measurement
• Main scale
• Vernier scale
• Fine adjustment screw
• Set of locking screws.
READING-• Main scale --- 5. 00 MM
Vernier scale --- 0. 20 MM
Total -- 5.20 MM

28
29
30
31
 Outside Micrometers
Working principle
The micrometer works on the principle of screw and nut.The longitudinal movement of the spindle
during one rotation is equal to the pitch of the screw. The movement of the spindle to the distance of
the pitch or its fractions can be accurately measured on the barrel and thimble.

Parts of an outside micrometer

• (1) Frame. The U frame of micrometer is made of steel, cast steel, malleable cast
iron or light alloy.
• (2) Hardened anvil. ...
• (3) Screwed spindle. ...
• (4) Barrel or Sleeve. ...
• (5) Thimble.
• (6) Ratchet. ...
• (7) Spindle clamp.

➢ Frame – made of drop- forgedsteel & all other parts a re ttached to this.
➢ Barrel / sleeve – fixed to frame &datum line & raduations are markedon this.
➢ Thimble – graduations aremarked on the beveled surface &splindle is attached to it. Spindle –
one end is asuringface & other is threaded & pass esthrough a nut.
➢ Anvil- one of measuring faces itted on micrometer frame.
32
 ➢ Lock nut – used to lock spindle in position.
➢ Ratchet stop – ensures uniform pressure.Screw & nut. ongitudinal movement of spindle in one
rotation is equal to
➢ pitch of screw. This distance or its fraction can be ccurately measured on barrel & thimble. Outside
micrometers are available in range of 25mm i.e., 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 etc.
➢ Pitch of spindle thread is 0.5 mm.In one rotation of thimble spindleadvances 0.5 mm. On barrel 25
mm datum line ismarked. This line is further, graduated to millimetres & half millimeters and
numbered as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 & 25 mm. Circumference of bevel edge of thimble is
graduated into 50 equaldivisions & marked as 0, 5, 10, 15 . . .. . .40, & 45 in CW direction.Therefore,
Movement of one division of himble = 0.5 x 1/50 = 0.01 mm
➢ Note minimum range of
micrometer, for 25-50 micrometer minimum range is 5mm. Read complete millimeters on -barrel
graduations.
Read whether half millimeter is completed after complete millimeters& add it.
Read thimble graduations in line with datum line. Multiply this by 0.01 mm & add it
➢ Read graduations
19.00 mm Main division
0.50 mm Sub division
0.05 mm Thimble division
----------------
Total 19.55 mm
(2)
21.00 mm Main division
0.00 mm Sub division
0.14 mm Thimble division
----------------
Total 21.14 mm

Inside micrometer – metric

The inside micrometer is similar to an ordinary outside micrometer but without the ‘U’ frame. (Fig 1) he measurement is
taken over the contact points. As the thimble opens or closes, the contact points get opened or closed. The inside micrometer
consists of a sleeve, thimble, anvils, a spacing collar and extension rods. It is also equipped with a handle to measure deep
bores. The least count of the instrument is also 0.01 mm

33
The inside micrometer is equipped with a 12mm spacing
collar and 4 extension rods for measuring holes of ranges. 50-75mm, 75-100 mm, 100-125mm and 125-150mm. The sleeve
is marked with the main scale and the thimble with the thimble scale. The barrel has a limited adjustment of 13mm. when
the inside micrometer is closed (when zero of thimble coincides with the zero of the barrel), it is capable of reading the
minimum dimension of 25mm. In addition to this, it is possible to read up to 38mm with the thimble opening to the extreme
right. In order to read further higher ranges, a standard spacing collar of 12mm width is to be added. This facilitates the
micrometer to read a minimum range of 50mm (Fig 2).

34
 Extension rod
Threading G.I pipes using die

35
Ensure that the dies sit in the correct position.
Be sure that the number on the top edge of the die correcsponds with the number of the slot into which it is to be
place.
Fix the pipe in a pipe vice and tighten to prevent it from rotating. (Fig. 3)

36
Apply the lubricant to the pipe after the first thread has been cut.Keep rotating the handles clockwise and check the length of
the pipe thread.

Ensuret that the length of the thread is sufficient to fit half way into the socket or coupling.
If the die stock and the die stick, turn the stock anticlockwise to break the chips.Reverse the ratchet knob, ease the handle and
turn the stock anticlockwise till the stock and dies come out of the pipe.lean the thread with a wire brush. Form thread until
the pipe extends about one or two threads beyond the end of the stock.Remove the stock and dies by operating the quick
release lever and clean off the thread with a wire brush.Check the formation of thread with a standard fitting.
Repeat the operation if the thread is too tight, by adjusting the dies

37
38
39
Depth micrometer

40
 extension rod
A depth micrometer is designed to measure accurately the depth of grooves, bores, counterbores, ecesses and holes. The
graduations are read in the same manner as is done in the case of regular micrometers. Larger ranges of depth can be measured
by inserting an extension rod through the top of the micrometer. The graduations are in the reversed direction to those of an
o/s micrometer.

Screw thread micrometer

A screw thread micrometer is similar to an outside micrometer except that the spindle is pointed to fit between 60° V threads,
and the anvil is shaped to fit over 60° V thread. It is used to measure the pitch diameter of the thread. Screw thread micrometers
are available in many sizes depending on the pitch of the thread to be measured

Types of Lathe Cutting Tools AND Operations

Contents show
A lathe is a machine that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various
operations such as turning, undercutting, knurling, drilling, facing, boring, and cutting, with
lathe cutting tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about
that axis.

For general purpose work, the tool used in is a single point tool, but for special operations, multipoint tools
may use. Watch the below-mentioned video to get understand about lathe machine operation.

In a lathe machine work, different operations require different types of lathe cutting tools, according to the
process of using the lathe cutting tools. which are as follow,

Lathe Cutting Tools:

Following are the types of lathe cutting tools used in lathe machine:
41
1. Turning tool.
2. Chamfering tool.
3. Thread cutting tool.
4. Internal thread cutting tool.
5. Facing tool.
6. Grooving tool.
7. Forming tool.
8. Boring tool.
9. Parting-off tool.
10. Counterboring tool
11. Undercutting tool
12. According to the method of applying feed
1. Right-hand tool
2. Left-hand tool
3. Round Nose

14.
15. Groving
16. knurling
17. Facing
18. Finishing
42
Turning

It is the most common type of operation in all lathe machine operations. Turning is the operation of removing
the excess material from the workpiece to produce a cylindrical surface to the desired length.

1. Straight Turning:

The workpiece is held on the chuck and it is made to rotate about the axis, and the tool is fed parallel to the
lathe axis. The straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the workpiece.

2. Rough Turning:

It is the process of removal of excess material from the workpiece in minimum time by applying high rate
feed and heavy depth of cut. in rough turning the average depth of cut 2mm to 4mm can be given and feed is
from 0.3 to 1.5mm per revolution of the work.

3. Shoulder Turning:

When a workpiece has different diameters and is to be turned, the surface forming steps from one diameter to
the other is called the shoulder, and machining this part of the workpiece is called shoulder turning.

4-Facing:

It is an operation of reducing the length of the workpiece by feeding the perpendicular to the lathe axis. This
operation of reducing a flat surface on the end of the workpiece. For this operation, regular turning tool or
facing tool may use. The cutting edge of the tool should set to the same height as the centre of the workpiece.

• Facing consist of 2 operations

o Roughing: Here the depth of cut is 1.3mm
o Finishing: Here the depth of cut is 0.2-0.1mm.

5-Chamfering operation:
It is the operation of getting a bevelled surface at the edge of a cylindrical workpiece. This operation is done in case of bolt
ends and shaft ends. Chamfering helps to avoid damage to the sharp edges and protect the operation getting hurt during other
operations. Chamfering on bolt helps to screw the nut easily.

6-Knurling operation:

It is an operation of obtaining a diamond shape on the workpiece for the gripping purpose. This is done to
provide a better gripping surface when operated by hands. It is done using a knurling tool. The tool consists
of a set of hardened steel roller, and it is held rigidly on the toolpost.

7-Grooving:
t is the process of reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very narrow surface. It is done by a groove tool. A grooving
tool is similar to the parting-off tool. It is often done at the end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a small margin.

8-Forming:

It is the process of turning a convex, concave, or of any irregular shape. Form-turning may be accomplished
by the following method:

43
 1. Using a forming tool.
2. Combining cross and longitudinal feed.
3. Tracing or copying a template.

2. Operations Done By Holding The Work By A Chuck

Lathe machine operations performed by holding the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate
are:

9-Drilling:

Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a workpiece. It is done by a rotating tool, the
rotating side of the cutter, known as a drilling drill. In this operation, The workpiece is revolving in a chuck
or a faceplate and the drill is held in the tailstock drill holder or drill chuck.

10-Reaming:

Reaming is the operation of finishing and sizing a hole which has been already drilled or bored. The tool is
used is called the reamer, which has multi-plate cutting edges.

11-Boring:

Boring is the operation of enlarging the hole which is already drilled, punched or forged. It cannot produce a
hole. Boring is similar to the external turning operation and can be performed in a lathe. In this operation, the
workpiece is revolved in a chuck or a faceplate and the tools which are fitted to the tool post is fed into the
work.

12-Counterboring:

Counterboring is the operation of enlarging the end of the hole through a certain distance. It is similar to
shoulder work in external turning.

The operation is similar to boring and plain boring tools or a counterbore may be used. The tool is used
called a counterbore. The speed is slightly less than drilling.

13-Tapping:

Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads of small diameter using a multipoint cutting tool called
the tap. In a lathe, the work is mounted on a chuck or on a faceplate and revolved at a very slow speed. A tap
of the required size held on a special fixture is mounted on the tailstock spindle.

14-Undercutting:

Undercutting is similar to a grooving operation when performed inside a hole. It is the process of boring a
groove or a large hole at a fixed distance from the end of a hole.

This is similar to the boring operation, except that a square nose parting is used. Undercutting is done at the
end of an internal thread or a counterbore to provide clearance for the tool or any part.

44
45
46