Atomic Structure

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Principle Quantum Angular Quantum Magnetic Spin
number (n) number (ℓ) Quantum Quantum
number (mℓ) number (ms)
n Shell

l Subshell

m Orbital

s Spin
(A) Principal Quantum Number (n)

Given By  Bohr

It represents the name, size and energy of the Shell to which

e– belongs.

The value of n lies between 1 to  i.e n = 1,2,3,4_ _ _ _ _ 

corresponding name of shells are K, L, M, N, O, _ _ _ _ _
Greater the value of n, greater is the distance from the nucleus.

rn = 0.529 × Å

r1 < r2 < r3 < r4 < r5 _ _ _ _ _

Greater the value of n, greater is the energy of shell.

No. of e– in a shell = 2n2

 Quantum Model
(B) Azimuthal quantum number (l) /Angular quantum number
/Secondary quantum number/Subsidiary quantum number

Given by Sommerfeld

It represents the shape of the subshell.

Value of  between 0 to (n – 1)
i.e.  = 0,1,2 – – – – – – – – – (n – 1)
 = 0  s Subshell  Spherical shape
= 1  p Subshell  Dumb Bell shape
= 2  d Subshell  Double Dumb Bell shape
= 3  f Subshell  Complex shape
Principle Quantum Azimuthal Quantum Subshells
Numbers (n) Numbers ()
1 = 0 s
= 0 s
2
= 1 p
= 0 s
3 = 1 p
= 2 d
= 0 s
= 1 p
4
= 2 d
= 3 f
“ Example “
If the value of n is same, then the order of energy of the various
subshell will be
s<p<d<f
2s < 2p
3s < 3p < 3d
4s < 4p < 4d < 4 f
“ Example “
If Value of l is same but value of n is different, then the order of
energy will be.
1s < 2s < 3s < 4s < 5s < 6s
3d < 4d < 5d < 6d
4p < 5p < 6p
Orbital angular momentum(Azimuthal quantum number angular momentum)

ℓ ℓ+1

or, ℓ ℓ+1 ℏ {ℏ is called as 'hash'}

“ Example “
For s subshell = 0

For p subshell = 2 or 2ℏ

The number of subshells in a shell = n

(C) Magnetic Quantum Number / Orientation Quantum Number (m)

Given by Linde

It represents the orientation of electron cloud (orbital)

Nucleus
Orbitals :
 3D space around the
nucleus where the
95% probability of finding
probability electrons is maximum.
of electron
confinement
Value of m : all integral value from –  to + .

for 's'   = 0, m = 0 (One orbital)

for 'p'  = 1, m = –1, 0, +1 (Three orbitals)

px pz py
for 'd'   = 2, m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 (Five orbitals)

dxy dyz d z2 dxz dx2–y2

for 'f'  = 3, m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (Seven orbitals)
 Quantum Model

's'  Directionless

'p' Dumbell Shape

py pz px
'd'  Double dumbell Shape

dz2 d

dxz dyz dxy

The number of orbitals in a subshell = (2 +1)

The number of electron in a particular subshell = 2(2l +1)

for s subshell, maximum number of electrons = 2 e–

for p subshell, maximum number of electrons = 6 e–

for d subshell, maximum number of electrons = 10 e–

for f subshell, maximum number of electrons = 14 e–

 An orbital can be represented by set of 3 quantum number
i.e. n,  and m.
An orbital can be represented as n,,m

“ Example “
1. 4,2,0  n = 4,  = 2, m = 0, 4d

2. 2px  n = 2,  = 1, m = +1 or –1

3. 3dxy  n = 3,  = 2, m = +2 or –2
SUMMARY
1
K shell

0
1s Subshell

0
1s orbital
 2
L shell

0 1
2s Subshell 2p Subshell

0 -1 0 +1
2s orbital 2p orbitals
 n= 1, 2,… 3
shells M shell

l =0,…n-1 0 1 2
Subshells 3s Subshell 3p Subshell 3d Subshell

ml =-l,…0,..,+ l 0 -1 0 +1 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
Orbitals 3s orbital 3p orbitals 3d orbitals
(D) Spin Quantum number (s)

Given by Goudsmit and Uhlenback

It represents the direction of electron spin around its own axis

Spin of electron can be clock wise or anti-clock wise value of s :

𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝒐𝒓 −
𝟐 𝟐
Spin angular momentum of an e– = 𝑠 𝑠+1 . or 𝑠 𝑠+1 ℏ

Each orbital can accommodate 2 electrons with opposite spin or spin

paired.

Correct spin paired e– or

Wrong spin paired e– or

 n= 1, 2,… 3

shells M shell

l =0,…n-1
0 1 2
Subshells
3s Subshell 3p Subshell 3d Subshell

ml =-l,…0,..,+ l

Orbitals 0 -1 0 +1 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
3s orbital 3p orbitals 3d orbitals

ms= + 1/2 or -1/2

Spins
Note

The number of orbitals in a shell = n2

Now as each orbital can accommodate maximum two electrons,

maximum no of electrons in a shell = 2n2
Node
It is point/line/plane/surface where probability of finding electron is
zero.

There are 2 types of nodes :

(A) Radial node/Spherical node/Nodal surface = n –  – 1

(B) Angular node/Non-spherical node/Nodal plane = 

Total node= Radial node + Angular node

= (n –  – 1) + 

=n–1
 Radial node Nodal Total node
Subshell (n – l – 1) plane ( l ) (n – 1)

1s 0 0 0

2s 1 0 1

3s 2 0 2

2p 0 1 1

3p 1 1 2

3d 0 2 2

4d 1 2 3
 Quantum Model
s orbitals

Radial node/Nodal surface = n –  – 1

Angular node/Nodal plane = 
p orbitals
p orbitals
p orbitals
d orbitals

dxy

Nodal planes =2(xz, yz planes)

d orbitals

dxz

Nodal planes =2(xy, yz planes)

d orbitals

dyz

Nodal planes =2(xy, xz planes)

d orbitals

Nodal planes =2(not defined)

d orbitals

dz2

No. of Nodal Planes in dz2 = 0

No. of Nodal Cones in dz2 = 2
“ Example “
Determine the orbitals from the following value of n, l, m:
1. n = 4,  = 0 & m = 0
2. n = 3,  = 1 & m = 0
3. 420

“ Solution “

Ans.
“ Example “
Find out the value of n, l, m, for the following orbitals
1. 4dz2
2. 5s
3. 3pz

“ Solution “

Ans.
“ Example “
Pick out the correct sequence of quantum number in the followings
:-

(A) n = 3,  = 2, m = 3, s = – (B) n = 2,  = 2, m = 1, s = +

(C) n = 3,  = 1, m = –1, s = – (D) n = 2,  = 1, m = 0, s = +1

“ Solution “

Ans. C
“ Example “
Calculate the total number of electron in d Subshell.
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 10 (D) None of these

“ Solution “

Ans. C
“ Example “
Total no. of atomic orbitals in 4th energy level will be
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 4

“ Solution “

Ans. B
“ Example “
Calculate no. of electrons which have following quantum number n =
3, = 2, m = +1, s = – .

“ Solution “

Ans. 1
“ Example “
Calculate the orbital angular momentum for a d-electron.

“ Solution “

𝟔𝒉
Ans.
𝟐𝝅
“ Example “
Calculate the number of electrons present in the M shell that has
magnetic quantum number = –1 .

“ Solution “

Ans. 4
“ Example “
In n = 3,  = 2 orbitals, determine the number of electrons having
the value of spin quantum number = –1 /2.

“ Solution “

Ans. 5e–
“ Example “
Calculate the number of radial, angular & total nodes present in 4s,
5p & 3d orbitals.

“ Solution “

Ans.
Orbital Radial node Angular Total node
(n--1) node() (n-1)
4s 4-0-1=3 0 3
5p 5-1-1=3 1 4
3d 3-2-1=0 2 2