Bai so 1

PART ONE: VOCABULARY REVIEW

Choose the word, or phrase that best completes each unfinished sentence below or that has the same meaning
as the meaning of the word or phrase in bold. (2 points)
1 The new building is a hydrid space suitable for both work and play.
A. beautiful
B. Different
C. mixed-use
2 The building’s design is not specialized, So it can easily be adapted to
different purposes.
A. made for a particular use
B. Unusual
C. Finished
3 City officials intentionally created a place where people could sit and
work during their lunch hour in order to create a sense of community.

A. deliberately
B. Then
C. accidentally
4 A good public space should be safe, neutral, and informal.
A. brightly colored
B. open for all people
C. open only for some people
5 The city needs to spend more money downtown because many older
buildings are in decline.
A. getting worse
B. being offered for sale
C. being used
6 A community is stronger when people care about each other and form
bonds.
A. make connections
B. work together
C. play musical instruments
7 Customers in many coffee shops never talk to other people there, so they
feel isolated.
A. Private
B. intelligent
C. alone
8 In good public places, people can mingle, getting to know new people if
they want.
A. sit together
B. mix and chat
 C. make noise
9 If possible, architects should design places so that visitors encounter a
welcoming atmosphere in any public space.
A. meet with
B. hope for
C. appreciate
10 New public places pop up all the time in growing cities.
A. Fail
B. get larger
C. appear suddenly

PART TWO: READING SKILLS

I. Read the text below in which a word is missing in some of the sentences. Select the best answer from
the four answer choices given to complete the text. Then write the letter A, B, C or D in the answer
box provided. (10x2 = 2 points)

What do you do well? What do you enjoy doing? Your answers to these two questions will
help you identify your (1) ……..…. An employer will consider you seriously for a (2)
……..… when you can show them that you know who you are, what you can offer and
which you have studied. Sometimes it is difficult to know what your weaknesses are. (3)
……..… not everyone is equally good at everything. You may need to improve yourself and
so (4) ……..… courses in that field could turn a weakness into strength. You will need to (5)
……..… some time on your self-assessment. Your honesty and the desire for self-
improvement will lead to (6) ……..… in getting the right job. Explore the following seven
areas to start to get to know yourself: your aptitude, your skills, your personality, the level of
responsibility you feel comfortable with, your interests and your needs. (7) ……..… yourself
if you have any special talents and if you need to consider your physical health when
choosing a job. Be as honest and realistic as you can, and ask for other people's (8) ……..…
if necessary. Make a list of these things. It is usually a good idea to talk about your aptitudes
with teachers, family and friends. If you are considering a career that (9) ……..… a special
talent, such as art, acrobatics, mathematics or music, discuss your aptitudes with an expert in
that area and discover how they (10) ……..… the needs of the occupation.

1 Blank 1
A. Strengths
B. qualifications
C. Abilities
 D. Skills
2 Blank 2
A. Spot
B. Location
C. Position
D. Region
3 Blank 3
A. Clearly
B. immediately
C. Suddenly
D. accidentally
4 Blank 4
A. Taking
B. Meeting
C. Making
D. Needing
5 Blank 5
A. Take
B. Spend
C. Use
D. Lose
6 Blank 6
A. Interest
B. Trophy
C. Pride
D. Success
7 Blank 7
A. Ask
B. Wonder
C. Tell
D. Request
8 Blank 8
A. Opinions
B. Expertise
C. advantages
D. professions
9 Blank 9
A. Leads
B. Requires
C. Has
D. Urges
10 Blank 10
A. Get
B. Make
C. Fit
D. See
II. Read the passage and, for each question, choose the one best answer - A, B, C or D - based on what is
stated in or on what can be inferred from the passage and write the letter A, B, C or D in the answer box
provided. ( 10 x 0.2 = 2 points )

Rainforests circle the globe for twenty degrees of latitude on both sides of the equator.
In that relatively narrow band of the planet, more than half of all the species of plants and
animals in the world make their home. Several hundred different varieties of trees may grow in
a single acre, and just one of those trees may be the habitat for more than ten thousand kinds of
spiders, ants, and other insects. More species of amphibians, birds, insects, mammals, and
reptiles live in rainforests than anywhere else on earth.

Unfortunately, half of the world’s rainforests have already been destroyed, and at the current
rate, another 25 percent will be lost by the year 2000. Scientists estimate that as many as fifty
million acres are destroyed annually. In other words, every sixty seconds, one hundred acres of
rainforests is being cleared. By the time you finish reading this passage, two hundred acres will
have been destroyed! When this happens, constant rains erode the former forest floor, the thin
layer of soil no longer supports plant life, and the ecology of the region is altered forever.
Thousands of species of plants and animals are condemned to extinction and, since we aren’t
able to predict the ramifications of this loss to a delicate global ecology, we don’t know what
we may be doing to the future of the human species as well.

1 What is the point of view that the author expresses in this passage?
A. The author believes that the extinction of species is a natural process.
B. The author believes that the rainforest will survive.
C. The author believes that he can predict the future of global ecology.
D. The author believes that preserving the rainforest is important to the
global ecology
2 The underlined word “relatively” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced
by _____________.
A. comparatively
B. temporarily
C. typically
D. extremely
3 According to the passage, more than half of all the species of plants
and animals _________________.
A. live in a forty-degree band of latitude
 B. live in twenty rainforests
C. live in several hundred different varieties of trees
D. live in areas where the rainforest has been cleared
4 What is the meaning of the underlined word “just” in paragraph 1?
A. Fairly
B. Only
C. correctly
D. precisely
5 How many of the world’s rainforests were projected to be destroyed in
2000 ?
A. All of them.
B. One-quarter of them.
C. Three-quarters of them
D. Half of them.
6 What is the current rate of destruction?
A. One acre per minute
B. One hundred acres per minute
C. One acre per second
D. Two hundred acres per hour
7 The underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to _____________.
A. the destruction of the acres
B. the reading of the passage
C. the erosion of the forest floor
D. the constant rains
8 The underlined word “constant” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced
by which of the following?
A. natural
B. useless
C. continual
D. Dirty
9 The underlined word “altered” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
_____________.
A. invaded
B. terminated
C. harmed
D. changed
10 What will NOT happen if the rainforest continues to be cleared?
A. The rainforest will grow, but at a much slower rate.
B. The land will be eroded by the rains.
C. Many species of plants and animals that depend on the rainforests will
become extinct.
D. The future of the human species may be changed.
III. Read this reading and do what you are required. (10 x 0.4 = 4 points)

LOST FOR WORDS

Many minority languages are on the danger list
A In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American
south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly.
Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs,
supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists
doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.
B Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two
generations – that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic
diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four
languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, and evolutionary biologist at the University
of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult
to know.’
C Isolation breeds linguistic diversity; as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken
by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least
3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to
disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a
language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by
children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken
by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in
Fairbanks.
D Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence when
a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of
Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he
says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the
old traditions.’
E The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority
language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national
unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example,
effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs
the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not
government policy but economic globalization. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their
language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he says. ‘They cannot
refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth
saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution,
which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwritten and
unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.
F Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one
without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene
says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the
 world,’ says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces
physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of
someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and
perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be
structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’
G So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a
growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direct predictions from coming true. ‘The
key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant
language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in
New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of
bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori
and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000
new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’
programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer
‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn
a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered
language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the
language to the next generation. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not
the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like
preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says.
H However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of
languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a
written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of
endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.

Questions 1–5
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.

There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came
about largely as a result of geographical 1 ………………………………. . But in today’s world,
factors such as government initiatives and 2 ………..…………… ……………………….…... are
contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that
some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3
…….………………..…… ……………………. . This has been encouraged through programmes of
language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is
used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4 …………………………………… . Some
speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the
survival of their 5 ……………………………….. .
Questions 1-5

1 Blank 1
A. Isolation
B. prediction
C. Variation
 D. preservation
2 Blank 2
A. economic globalization
B. linguistic diversity
C. large degree of bilingualism
D. physiological changes in the brain
3 Blank 3
A. linguistic diversity
B. native language
C. cultural identity
D. traditional skill
4 Blank 4
A. cultural identity
B. traditional skill
C. native language
D. linguistic diversity
5 Blank 5
A. dominant language
B. linguistic diversity
C. government policy
D. mother tongue

Questions 6–10

6 Who says/ believes/ thinks that endangered languages cannot be saved

unless people learn to speak more than one language?
A. Michael Krauss
B. Mark Pagel
C. Doug Whalen
D. Salikoko Mufwene
7 Who says/ believes/ thinks that saving languages from extinction is
not in itself a satisfactory goal?
A. Salikoko Mufwene
B. Michael Krauss
C. Mark Pagel
D. Doug Whalen
8 Who says/ believes/ thinks that the way we think may be determined
by our language?
A. Michael Krauss
B. Salikoko Mufwene
C. Mark Pagel
D. Doug Whalen
9 Who says/ believes/ thinks that young people often reject the
established way of life in their community?
A. Nicholas Ostler
B. Salikoko Mufwene
 C. Mark Pagel
D. Doug Whalen
10 Who says/ believes/ thinks that a change of language may mean a loss
of traditional culture ?
A. Doug Whalen
B. Salikoko Mufwene
C. Mark Pagel
D. Michael Krauss