MARKING GUIDELINE

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

13 November 2020

This marking guideline consists of 11 pages.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

Note to markers

 This marking guideline conforms to:

- SANS 10 100 (2000) Part 1 Design (The structural use of concrete).
- SANS 0162 (1984) (The structural use of steel).

za
 Alternative answers must be considered.
 The marker must check the candidate’s method of obtaining the answer.
 Subtract 1 (one) mark per answer where references and causes are not stated.

o.
 Use own discretion.

c
s.
er
P ap
et
Tv

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -3-
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

QUESTION 1

Given information:
610 x 305 x 149 kg/m I-parallel flange:
Ixx = 1 247 x 10-6 m4
Area = 19,03 x 10-3 m2
,
= = 304,8 mm

za
Calculate max point load at P

1.1 Calculate bending moment maximum (bending stress = 172 MPa)

o.
where M =

BM 

c
,

BM 703,69 kNm 
s. (3)
er
Self-weight of the beam
Weight of beam: 149 kg/m x 9,81 x 10-3 = 1,462 kN/m 

(1)
Take moments about RL to find ‘P’
ap

BM = (P x 3,5) + (1,462 x 3,5 x 1,75)  1,462 kN/m

703,69 = 3,5 P x 8,95 RL
3,5 m
, ,
P= 
,
P

'P'
P = 198,5 kN 
et

(3)

1.2 Determine the reactions

Take moments about RL
Tv

RR x 5,2 + (198,5 x 3,5) + (1,462 x 3,5 x 1,75)

= (1,462 x 5,2 x 2,6) 
1,462 kN/m
, , , ,
RR =
, , 3,5 m 5,2 m
RR = - 131,53 kN  (negative) RL RR
198,5 kN
Take moments about RR
RL x 5,2 = (198,5 x 8,7) + (1,462 x 8,7 x 4,34) 
, , ,
RL =
, ,

RL = 342,72 kN  (positive) (4)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

1.3 Determine number of M20 bolts
Maximum tensile strength = 145 MPa ( Table 21 SABS 0162-1984)
Maximum tensile force = 342,72 kN
Aeff of M20 bolt = 245 mm2

Force of 1 bolt = tensile stress x Aeff

= 145 MPa x 245 mm2 

za
Force of 1 bolt = 35,53 kN 

Number of bolts required = 

,
= 

o.
,

Number of bolts required = 9,6 bolts (Say 10 bolts)  (not realistic) (5)
[16]

c
QUESTION 2

Calculate the direct shear on each bolt.

Force direct = Force / No of bolts
s.
er
(1)
Fdirect = 32 kN / 2 = 16 kN 

Calculate the distance from the centroid to the furthest bolt.

ap

r = 235 / 2 = 117,5 mm  (1)

The direct load on the bolts due to the imposed load

P

Σcwm = Σacwm
(32 x 375) = (FT x 117,5 x 2)  
et

FT =
,

FT = 51,06 kN 
(3)
Tv

The resultant load on each bolt

FR = 16 + 51,06 = 67,06 kN  
(2)

Calculate the size of the bolts. (Shear stress = 175 Mpa)

FR = Shear stress x Area of bolt

= 

Copyright reserved Please turn over

d=

,
d= 

d = 22,09 mm 
Use 2M24 bolts 
(4)
[11]

za
QUESTION 3

All references taken from SANS 10100-1 (2000)

o.
Fcu = 25 MPa Table 2 (4.1.5.1)
Fy = 450 MPa Table 3 (4.1.5.2)
Span = 4,75 metres Clause 4.3.1.2

c
Density of reinforced concrete 2 425 kg/m3

Determine the effective depth of the slab

Effective depth span / 16 s. Table 10
(4.3.6.2.1)
er
Eff d 4 750 / 16
Eff d 296,88 mm  (1)

Determine the overall depth

ap

Assume R16 main steel and cover of 25 mm.

Overall depth 296,88 16/2 25 cover 
Overall depth 329,88 mm Use overall depth 330 mm  (2)
P

Determine the design dead loads of the slab

Design dead load Volume x density x 9,81 x 10‐3 x 1,2Gn
et

cl 4.2.2.1
0,33 x 1 x 1 x 2 425 kg/m³ x 9,81 x 10‐3 x 1,2 Gn 
Design dead load 9,42 kN/m 
Design dead load 9,42 kN/m2
Tv

Design imposed load 12,0 kN/m x 1 x 1,6Qn 19,2 kN/m (cl 4.2.2.1)

Total design load 9,42 19,2 28,62 kN/m  (4)

Calculate bending moment maximum

²
BMmax
, , ²
BMmax 

BM max 80,72 kNm  (2)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

 Calculate value for ‘K’
K
²

,
K 
, ²

K 0,037 K1 0,156
Only tension reinforcement required.  (3)

Calculate distance of lever arm (Z)

(cl 4.3.3.4.1)
0,5 0,25 0,95d

za
,

,
296,88 0,5 0,25 0,95d 
,

o.
296,88 0,96 0,95 x 296,88
285  282,04 mm
Use Z 282,04 mm Least Z  (3)

c
Calculate tension reinforcement
As =
, s. (cl 4.3.3.4.1)
er
,
As = 
, ,
As = 731,04 mm2 
ap

Use R12 at 150 centres (As = 754 mm2)  (3)

Check for minimum main reinforcement

Table 23

P

(cl 4.11.4)
0,22
et

0,24 0,22 
(2)
The reinforcement is sufficient

Determine secondary reinforcement

Tv

0,24 Cl 4.11.4.3.1 &

Table 23

,
As 

As 792 mm2
Use R12 at 125 centres As 905 mm2 
(2)
[22]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 4

All references taken from SANS 10100-1 (2000)

Fcu = 25 MPa Table 2 (4.1.5.1)

Fy = 450 Mpa Table 3 (4.1.5.2)
Load = 250 kN

Calculate the longitudinal compression reinforcement

N 0,4 fcu Ac 0,67 fy Asc Clause 4.7.4.3

za
250 x 103 0,4 x 25 x 350 x 350 0,67 x 450 x Asc  

250 x 103 1225 000 301,5 Asc

o.
,
Asc 
,

Asc ‐ 3 234,83 kN  minus

c
No compression reinforcement required. 
Use minimum reinforcement table 23
s. (5)
er
Calculate the minimum required reinforcement

Minimum area of main steel: 0,4% AC Table 23

0,4% x 350 x 350 
ap

Minimum area 490 mm  2

Use 4Y16 main bars. 804 mm2  (3)

Diameter and spacing of the binders

P

Binders: ¼ of the smallest main bar Clause 4.11.4.5.1

¼ x 16 4 mm not available 
et

Use: min R8 binders. R6 Discontinued

Spacing of binders
Tv

12 x dia of main bar

12 x 16 192 mm
Use spacing of 175 mm.  (2)
[10]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 5

All references taken from SANS 10100-1 (2000)

Fcu = 25 MPa Table 2 (4.1.5.1)

Fy = 250 MPa Table 3 (4.1.5.2)
Span = 6,350 metres (Cl 4.3.1.2)
Density of reinforced concrete = 2 400 kg/m3

za
Determine steel in tension
As = 4 x
²
As = 4 x 

o.
As = 804 mm² 
(2)

Check minimum area reinforcement

c
100 Table 23

= 0,82 > 0,45 OK 

s.
er
(Cl 4 11.5.4) (1)
Check maximum area of reinforcement
4% of AC
ap

4% x (425 x 230) = 3 910 mm²  okay

(1)

Calculate distance of lever arm (Z)

(Cl 4.3.3.4)
Z d 0,5 0,25
P

,
et

,
Z 375 0,5 0,25 
,

Z 375 0,777
Tv

Z 291,38 mm 
(2)

Determine the maximum moment of resistance in tension

Where (Cl 4.3.3.4)
,
Then: M = As x 0,87 x fy x Z
M = 804 mm2 x 0,87 x 250 N/mm2 x 291,38 mm 
M = 50,96 kNm  (2)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

 Determine the Total load
Where: Bending moment max
,
50,96 

W 50,96 x 4 / 6,35 (2)

W 32,05 kN 

Determine the Dead load

za
Dead load Vol x density x g a x 10‐3 
Dead load 0,425 x 0,23 x 1 x 2 400 kg/m3 x 9,81 x 10‐3
(2)
Dead load 2,301 kN / m 

o.
Determine the max UDL
Total load 1,2 Gn 1,6 Qn  (CL 4.2.2.1)

c
32,05 kN 1,2 2,301 kN/m 1,6 Qn
Qn 32,05 kN minus 2,76 / 1,6 
Max Point Load 18,31 kN  s. (3)
[15]
er
QUESTION 6
ap

6.1 6.1.1 Ferrous metal

6.1.2 Non-ferrous metals

6.1.3 Aluminium
P

6.1.4 Iron ore

et

6.1.5 Non-ferrous metals

(5 × 1) (5)

6.2 The importance of the slump test is to determine and maintain the workability
Tv

of the fresh concrete. (2)

6.3  Soil dug from a garden,

 pit sand,
 wind-blown desert sand,
 beach sand. (Any 2 × 1) (2)

6.4 19 mm. (also accept 13 mm). (1)

[10]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 7

7.1 I-Taper Flange 178 x 102 x 21,5 kg/m

Given info:
Beam A: Iyy 1,385 x 10‐6 m3 Beam B: Ixx 15,13 x 10‐6 m3
, ,
50,8 mm 88,9 mm

Calculate bending moment maximum

za
BEAM A: BEAM B:

M M

o.
, ,
M  M
, ,
M 4,444 kN m  

c
M 27,74 kN m 

Calculate maximum point load s.

er
BEAM A: BEAM B:
BM BM
, ,
4,444  27,74 
ap

, ,
W W
. ,

W point load 2,9 kN/m  W point load 18,12 kN/m 

P

(10)
et
Tv

Copyright reserved Please turn over

7.2 The loads are not the same because the second moment of area differs as
the beams rotated. This also causes the section modulus to change. (2)

7.3

za
c o.
s. (2 × 2)
er
(also consider alternative arrangements) (4)
[16]

TOTAL: 100
P ap
et
Tv

Copyright reserved