BOJRAB

Waldron
Toombs

Current Techniques

In Small Animal Surgery

Current Techniques
In Small Animal Surgery
5th Edition

M. Joseph Bojrab
5th Edition Don Ray Waldron
James P. Toombs
Teton NewMedia
Current Techniques
In Small Animal Surgery
5th Edition
 Current Techniques
In Small Animal Surgery
5th Edition
Editor:
M. Joseph Bojrab, DVM, MS, PhD
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Private Consulting Practitioner
Las Vegas, Nevada

Associate Editors:
Don Waldron, DVM, DACVS
Chief Veterinary Medical Officer
Western Veterinary Conference
Las Vegas, Nevada

James P. Toombs, DVM, DACVS

Professor of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Iowa State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Ames, Iowa
Teton NewMedia
Teton NewMedia
90 East Simpson, Suite 110
Jackson, WY 83001
© 2014 by Tenton NewMedia
Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
Version Date: 20141020

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-1656-7 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them
and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical,
scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of
the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medi-
cal science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the
drug companies’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. This book does not indicate
whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to
make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace
the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides
licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment
has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
and the Teton NewMedia Web site at
www.tetonnewmedia.com
Preface
This book has been a long time coming and has taken many hours of sweat and tears to finish. It has been anticipated for several
years and has been delayed because of the extensive amount of new and refurbished art work which was required. The book is
designed to be a concise, comprehensive and highly graphic presentation of small animal surgery for the practicing veterinarian. It
represents the viewpoints and surgical approaches of distinguished leaders in the various surgical fields and is therefore a valuable
reference and review of the procedures that the veterinary practitioner is often called upon to perform. I have had innumerable
veterinarians call me and say that they use this book daily and could not do the surgery they do without it. I instructed the authors
to make each procedure accurate and current. Detailed but clear artwork accompanies each procedure and continues to be an
important feature of this book for both students and practitioners. In this day and age the general small animal practitioner is asked
to do more and more complicated procedures since many clients cannot afford a specialist. This book makes it possible for them to
safely and accurately perform a broader range of procedures, and I have had many veterinarians tell me that they consider this the
“bible” and that they could not practice without it. This new edition has been highly anticipated and is finally completed. I must thank
each and every author for their hard work, dedication and patience throughout the revision process. My special thanks go to Drs.
Waldron and Toombs, consulting soft tissue and orthopedic editors. Their untiring dedication made this book finally become a reality.

M. Joseph Bojrab DVM, MS, PhD.

Dedication
I am dedicating this book to my brother Dr. Donald Charles Bojrab, an outstanding veterinarian in St. Louis MO. Don’s not only an
excellent small animal practitioner, he is a wonderful human being. He is intelligent, compassionate, unselfish and loving. When our
98 year old mother developed Osteoporosis and was in severe pain for over a year, he flew to Fort Wayne, IN every other week to
care for her. At the end he spent 3 months there caring for her before she died, leaving his St. Louis practice on auto pilot. I love him
and my sister Darlene dearly.

M. Joseph Bojrab DVM, MS, PhD.

 Trevor N. Bebchuck, DVM, DACVS
Contributors Great Plains Veterinary Surgery
Winnipeg, Canada
Jonathan Abbott, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Associate Professor Neal L. Beeber, DVM, DABVP
VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Little Falls Animal Hospital
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Little Falls, NJ
Blacksburg, VA
Jamie R. Bellah, DVM. DACVS
Stacey A. Andrew, DVM, DACVO Professor and Head
Georgia Veterinary Specialists Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Sandy Springs, GA Auburn University
Auburn, AL
Mark A. Anderson, DVM, MS, DACVS
Veterinary Specialty Services R. Avery Bennett, DVM, MS, DACVS
Manchester, MO Lauderdale Veterinary Specialists
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Steven P. Arnoczky, DVM, DACVS
Wade O. Brinker Endowed Professor of Surgery John Berg, DVM, MS, DACVS
Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Professor and Chair, Department of Clinical Sciences
Laboratory of Comparative Orthopedic Research Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
East Lansing, MI North Grafton, MA

Dennis N. Aron, DVM, DACVS Stephanie H. Berry, DVM, MS, DACVA

Fidos Coach Assistant Professor
Escondido, CA Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Lillian R. Aronson, VMD, DACVS Prince Edward Island CA
Associate Professor of Surgery
University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine James F. Biggart, III, DVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Clinical Studies Research Associate, Department of Orthopedics
Philadelphia, PA University of California at San Francisco
President, Veterinary Surgery, Inc.
James E. Bailey, DVM, MS, DACVA University Veterinary Hospital, Berkeley
Clinical Assistant Professor& Chief, Small and Large Animal Berkeley, CA
Anesthesiology and Pain Management
University of Florida Stephen J. Birchard, DVM, MS, DACVS
College of Veterinary Medicine Circle City Veterinary Hospital
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences McCordsville, IN
Gainesville, FL
Dale E. Bjorling, DVM, MS, DACVS
Roy F. Barnes, DVM, DACVS Professor of Surgery
Virginia Veterinary Surgical Associates University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine
Richmond, VA Department of Surgical Science
Madison, WI
Kenneth E. Bartels, DVM, MS
McCasland Professor of Laser Surgery Charles E. Blass, DVM, DACVS (Deceased)
Cohn Chair for Animal Care
02F Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mark W. Bohling, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Staff Surgeon
Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Regional Institute for Veterinary Emergencies and Referrals
Oklahoma State University Chattanooga, TN
Stillwater, OK
M. Joseph Bojrab, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVS
Brian S. Beale, DVM, DACVS Private Consulting Practice
Gulf Coast Veterinary Surgery Las Vegas, NV
Houston, TX
viii Contributors

Harry W. Booth, Jr., DVM, MS, DACVS James L. Cook, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and William C. Allen Endowed
Auburn University Scholar for Orthopedic Research
College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri
Hoerlein Hall Columbia, MO
Auburn, AL
Stephen W. Crane, DVM, DACVS
Terry D. Braden, DVM, DACVS Colorado Springs, CO
Michigan State University
Veterinary Teaching Hospital James A. Creed, DVM, MS, DACVS
East Lansing, MI Professor Emeritus
University of MO-Columbia
Daniel Brehm, VMD, DACVS Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Department of Surgery Columbia, MO
South Paws Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Center
Fairfax, VA Dennis T. Crowe, Jr., DVM, DACVS
Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Consulting
Ronald M. Bright, DVM, MS, DACVS Bogart, GA
Staff Surgeon, VCA-Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado
Loveland, CO William T. N. Culp, VMD, DACVS
Assistant Professor
Richard V. Broadstone, DVM, PhD, DACVA University of California - Davis
Hospital Director School of Veterinary Medicine
Iams Pet Imaging Center Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences
Raleigh, NC Davis, CA

Kenneth A. Bruecker, DVM, MS, DACVS William R. Daly, DVM, DACVS

Medical Director/Chief of Surgery Veterinary Surgical Group LLP
Veterinary Medical and Surgical Group Houston, TX
Ventura, CA
Charisse D. Davidson, DVM, MS, DACVS
Earl F. Calfee, III (Trey), DVM, MS, DACVS Staff Surgeon, VCA Metroplex Small Animal Hospital
Nashville Veterinary Specialists, Nashville Irving, TX
Nashville, TN
Jacqueline R. Davidson, DVM, MS, DACVS
Paul E. Cechner,DVM, DACVS Clinical Professor
Los Alamitos, CA Texas A & M University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Georghe M. Constantinescu, DVM, PhD, Dr.h.c. Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences
American Association of Veterinary Anatomists College Station, TX
World Association of Veterinary Anatomists
European Association of Veterinary Anatomists Ellen B. Davidson-Domnick, DVM, DACVS
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Neel Veterinary Hospital
(FASEB) Oklahoma City, OK
International Committee of Veterinary Gross Anatomical
Charles E. DeCamp, DVM, DACVS
Nomenclature
Professor and Chairperson
National Computer Graphics Association
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Professor of Veterinary Anatomy
Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Missouri-Columbia
Veterinary Medical Center
College of Veterinary Medicine
East Lansing, MI
Columbia, MO
Paul W. Dean, DVM, DACVS
Michael G. Conzemius, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Veterinary Surgical Referral Center
Professor of Surgery
Tulsa, OK
University of Minnesota
College of Veterinary Medicine
Jon F. Dee, DVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Partner and Surgeon
Saint Paul, MN
Hollywood Animal Hospital
Hollywood, FL
 Contributors ix

Daniel A. Degner, DVM, DACVS Mark H. Engen, DVM, DACVS

Michigan Veterinary Specialists Chief of Staff
Auburn Hills, MI Puget Sound Animal Hospital for Surgery
Kirkland, WA
Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, DABVP-Avian
Eastside Avian & Exotic Animal Medical Center, PLLC Maria A. Fahie, DVM, MS, DACVS
Kirkland, WA Professor, Small Animal Surgery
AND Western University of Health Sciences
Medical Director, Washington Ferret Rescue Shelter College of Veterinary Medicine
Bothell, WA Pomona, CA

William S. Dernell, DVM, MS, DACVS James P. Farese, DVM, Diplomate ACVS
Washington State University Associate Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine
Pullman, WA Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Gainesville, FL
Jennifer Devey, DVM, DAVECC
Bozeman, MT Jennifer Fick, DVM, DACVS
Front Range Mobile Surgical Specialists
Chad M. Devitt, DVM, MS, DACVS Englewood, CO
Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado
Engelwood, CO Dean Filipowicz, DVM, DACVS
Bay Area Veterinary Specialists
Mauricio Dujowich, DVM, DACVS San Leandro, CA
Solana Beach, CA
James M. Fingeroth, DVM, DACVS
Dianne Dunning, DVM, MS, DACVS Orchard Park Veterinary Medical Center
Assistant Dean, College Relations Orchard Park, NY
Clinical Associate Professor
North Carolina State University Roger B. Fingland, DVM, MS, DACVS
College of Veterinary Medicine Professor of Surgery
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Director of Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
Raleigh, NC University of Kansas, College of Veterinary Medicine
Manhattan, KS
Laura D. Dvorak, DVM, MS, DACVS
Carolina Veterinary Specialists Randall B. Fitch, DVM, DACVS
Mathews, NC VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado
Loveland, CO
Nicole Ehrhart, VMD, MS, DACVS
Associate Professor, Colorado State University J. David Fowler, DVM, MVSc. DACVS
Animal Cancer Center Guardian Veterinary Centre
Fort Collins, CO Edmonton, CANADA

Erick L. Egger, DVM, DACVS Derek B. Fox, DVM, PhD, DACVS

Professor of Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery Assistant Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Associate Director, Comparative Orthopedic Laboratory
Fort Collins, CO University of Missouri-Columbia
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
A.D. Elkins, DVM, DACVS Columbia, MO
Veterinary Surgical Center of Indiana
Indianapolis, IN Lynetta J. Freeman,DVM, MS, DACVS
Associate Professor of Small Animal Surgery & Biomedical
Gary W. Ellison, DVM, MS, DACVS Engineering
Professor of Small Animal Surgery Purdue University
University of Florida VCS Lynn Hall
College of Veterinary Medicine W. Lafayette, IN
Gainesville, FL
x Contributors

Dean R. Gahring, DVM, DACVS H. Phil Hobson, BS, DVM, MS, DACVS
Chief of Surgery Professor of Small Animal Surgery
San Carlos Veterinary Hospital Texas A & M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and
San Diego, CA Biomedical Sciences
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Dougald R. Gilmore, BVSc, DACVS College Station, TX
International Veterinary Seminars
Santa Cruz, CA David Holt, BVSc, DACVS
Professor of Surgery
Stephen D. Gilson, DVM, DACVS University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
Sonora Veterinary Surgery and Oncology Philadelphia, PA
Phoenix, AZ
Giselle Hosgood, B.V.Sc, M.S, Ph.D., DACVS
Dominique J. Griffon, DMV, MS, PhD, DACVS Murdoch University
Western University of Health Sciences School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Western Australia AUSTRALIA
Pompona, CA
Lisa M. Howe, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Joseph G. Hauptman, DVM, MS, DACVS Professor and Co-Chief, Surgical Sciences Section
Professor of Small Animal Surgery Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A & M University
Small Animal Clinical Sciences College Station, TX
G-336 Veterinary Medical Center
East Lansing, MI Donald A. Hulse, DVM, DACVS
Texas A & M University
Robert B. Hancock, DVM, MS, DACVS College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
South Paws Veterinary Surgical Specialists College Station, TX
Mandeville, LA
Geraldine B. Hunt,B.V.Sc
Joseph Harari, MS, DVM, DACVS Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Veterinary Surgical Specialists University of California-Davis
Spokane, WA Davis, CA

Elizabeth M. Hardie, DVM, PhD, ACVS Brian T. Huss, DVM, MS, DACVS
Professor of Surgery Chief of Staff, Vetcision, LLC
Department of Clinical Sciences Co-Chief of Staff Veterinary Emergency & Specialty Center of
North Carolina State University New England, LLC
Raleigh, NC Waltham, MA

H. Jay Harvey, DVM, DACVS Dennis A. Jackson, DVM, MS, DACVS (deceased)
Associate Professor of Surgery, and Head, Companion Animal Staff Surgeon, Granville Island Veterinary Hospital
Hospital Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA
Cornell University, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine
Ithaca, NY Ann L. Johnson, DVM, MS, DACVS
Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Cheryl S. Hedlund, DVM, MS, DACVS University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine
Professor of Surgery Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine
Iowa State University Urbana, IL
Ames, Iowa
Kenneth A. Johnson, MVSc, PhD, FACVSc, DACVS and ECVS
Ian P. Herring, DVM, MS, DACVO Professor of Orthopedics
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology The University of Sydney
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine University Teaching Hospital
Blacksburg, VA Sydney, AUSTRALIA
 Contributors xi

Sharon C. Kerwin, DVM, MS, DACVS Douglas N. Lange, DVM, DACVS

Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Dallas Veterinary Surgery Center
Texas A & M University Dallas, TX
College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Susan M. LaRue, DVM, PhD, DACVS
College Station, TX Animal Cancer Center
Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
Michael D. King, BVSc, DACVS-SA Fort Collins, CO
Canada West Veterinary Specialists
Vancouver BC Michael S. Leib, DVM, MS, DACVIM
Canada Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
C.R. Roberts Professor of Small Animal Medicine
John A. Kirsch, DVM, DACVS Blacksburg, VA
Coastal Veterinary Surgical Specialists, Inc
Sarasota, FL Timothy M. Lenehan, DVM, DACVS
TLVS, Incl.
Karen L. Kline, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Neurology) Escondido, CA
VCA Veterinary Specialty Center of Seattle
Lynwood, WA Otto L. Lanz, DVM, DACVS
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
David W. Knapp, DVM, DACVS Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Clinical Instructor of Small Animal Surgery Blacksburg, VA
Staff Surgeon, Angell Memorial Animal Hospital
Boston, MA Arnold S. Lesser, VMD, DACVS
Owner/Surgeon, New York Veterinary Specialty Center
Daniel A. Koch, Dr.med.vet, ECVS Farmingdale, NY
Koch & Bass referral clinic for small animal surgery
Dissenhofen, SWITZERLAND Daniel D. Lewis, DVM, DACVS
Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Karl H. Kraus, DVM, MS, DACVS Jerry and Lola Collins Eminent Scholar in Canine Sports
Professor of Orthopedic and Neurosurgery, Section Head, Small Medicine and Comparative Orthopedics
Animal Surgery University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences Gainesville, FL
Ames, Iowa
F. A. Mann, DVM, MS, DACVS, DACVECC
D. J. Krahwinkel, Jr., DVM, MS, DACVS Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine and
Professor of Surgery Surgery
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences University of Missouri-Columbia, College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine Columbia, MO
Knoxville, TN
Sandra Manfra Marretta, DVM, DACVS, DAVDC
Ursula Krotscheck, DVM, DACVS Professor, Small Animal Surgery and Dentistry
Lecturer, Department of Clinical Sciences University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Urbana, IL
Ithaca, NY
Mary A. McLoughlin, DVM, MS, DACVS
Andrew E, Kyles, BVMS, PhD, MRCVS Associate Professor
New York, NY The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Thomas R. Lahue, DVM, DACVS Columbus, OH
Pacific Veterinary Specialists
Capitola, CA Douglas M. MacCoy, DVM, DACVS
Veterinary Surgical Associates,Inc.
India F. Lane, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Parkland, FL
Medicine)
The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine William G. Marshall, BVMS, MRCVS, DECVS
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Kentdale Veterinary Orthopaedics
Knoxville, TN Crooklands, Milnthorpe, Cumbria, ENGLAND
xii Contributors

Robert A. Martin, DVM, DACVS Michael M. Pavletic, DVM, DACVS

Southern Regional Veterinary Specialists Director of Surgical Services
Dothan, AL Angell Animal Medical Center
Boston, MA
Steve J. Mehler, DVM
Chief of Surgery Ghery D. Pettit, DVM, DACVS (Deceased)
Hope Veterinary Specialists
Malvern, PA J.Phillip Pickett, DVM, DACVO
Professor of Ophthalmology
Jonathon M. Miller DVM, MS, DACVS Section Chief, Ophthalmology
Oradell Animal Hospital Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Paramus, NJ Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Blacksburg, VA
Akiko Mitsui, DVM, DACVS-SA
California Veterinary Specialists Donald L. Piermattei, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Carlsbad, CA Professor Emeritus
Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Eric Monnet, DVM, PhD, FAHA, ACVS, ECVS Department of Clinical Sciences
Professor, Small Animal Surgery Surgical Consultant, VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern
Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado
Department of Clinical Sciences Loveland, CO
Fort Collins, CO
Alessandro Piras, DVM, MRCVS, ISVS
Ron Montgomery, DVM, MS, DACVS Head Surgeon, Oakland Small Animal Veterinary Clinic
Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences Northern Ireland
Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Hoerlein Hall Eric R. Pope, DVM, MS, DACVS
Auburn University, AL Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Ross University Veterinary School
Holly S. Mullen, DVM, DACVS Basseterre, St. Kitts
Chief of Surgery, VCA Emergency Animal Hospital and West Indies
Referral Center
The Emergency Animal Hospital and Referral Center of San Diego Dr. W. Dieter Prieur
San Diego, CA Altenwegs Muhle D-56858
Liesenich, Germany
Malcolm G. Ness, BVetMed, Cert. SAO, DECVS, FRCVS
Senior Surgeon, Croft Veterinary Hospital Curtis W. Probst , DVM, DACVS
Blyth, Northumberland, United Kingdom Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Michigan State University
Marvin L. Olmstead, DVM, MS, DACVS G-206 Veterinary Medical Center
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Veterinary Orthopedic Surgeon
East Lansing, MI
Oregon Veterinary Referral Associates
Springfield, OR
Joseph M. Prostredny, DVM, MS, DACVS
Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists
Dennis Olsen, DVM, MS, DACVS
Annapolis, MD
Program Director, Veterinary Technology
Community College of Southern Nevada
Robert M. Radasch, DVM, MS, DACVS
Las Vegas, NV
Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center
Dallas, TX
Ross H. Palmer, DVM, MS, DACVS
Associate Professor, Orthopedics
Clarence A. Rawlings, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Colorado State University
University of Georgia
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Fort Collins, CO
Athens, GA
Robert B. Parker, DVM, DACVS (Deceased)
Lillian Brady Rizzo, DVM, DACVS
Veterinary Surgical Center of Arizona
Phoenix, AZ
 Contributors xiii

Mary Ann Radlinsky, DVM, MS, DACVS Amelia M. Simpson, DVM, DACVS
Associate Professor Veterinary Surgical Center of Portland
University of Georgia Portland, OR
College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Barclay Slocum, DVM (Deceased)
Athens, GA Slocum Veterinary Clinic
Private Practice
Eberhard Rosin, DVM, PhD, DACVS (Deceased) Eugene, OR

John S. Rosmeisl, Jr., DVM, MS. DACIM (Internal Medicine Theresa Devine Slocum
and Neurology) Animal Foundation, Inc.
Associate Professor, Neurology and Neurosurgery Eugene, OR
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Daniel D. Smeak, DVM, DACVS
Blacksburg, VA Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Colorado State University
S. Kathleen Salisbury, DVM, MS, DACVS College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Professor, Small Animal Surgery Department of Clinical Sciences
Purdue University Fort Collins, CO
School of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Julie D. Smith, DVM, CCRT, MBA, DACVS
West Lafayette, IN Sage Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care
Campbell, CA
Jill E. Sackman, DVM, PhD, DACVS
Healthcare Consultant, Formerly Director, Preclinical Research Mark M. Smith, DACVS, DAVDC
and Development Center for Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery
Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., a Johnson & Johnson Company Gaithersburg, MD
Saint Louis, MO
Elizabeth Arnold Stone, DVM, MS, DACVS
Susan L. Schaefer, MS, DVM, DACVS Dean, Ontario Veterinary College
Clinical Assistant Professor of Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery Office of the Dean
University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Guelph
Madison, WI Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, CANADA
Jamie J. Schorling, DVM, DACVO
The Eye Clinic for Animals Rod Straw, BVSc, MS, DACVS
San Diego, CA Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre
Corner Old Northern Road and Keong Road
Kurt S. Schultz, DVM, MS, DACVS Albany Creek, AUSTRALIA
Peak Veterinary Referrals
Steven F. Swaim, DVM, MS
Williston, VT
Professor, Small Animal Surgery
Department of Small Animal Surgery & Medicine
Peter D. Schwarz, DVM, DACVS
Director, Scott-Ritchey Research Center
Veterinary Surgical Specialists of New Mexico
Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine
Albuquerque, NM
Auburn, AL
Howard B. Seim, III, DVM, DACVS
Kent Talcott, DVM, Diplomate ACVS
Professor of Small Animal Surgery
PetCare Veterinary Hospital
Colorado State University
Santa Rosa, CA
College of Veterinary Medicine
Fort Collins, CO
Guy B. Tarvin, DVM, Diplomate ACVS
Staff Surgeon Veterinary Surgical Specialists
Colin W. Sereda, DVM, MS, DACVS-SA
San Diego, CA
Guardian Veterinary Center
Edmonton, CANADA
Robert Taylor, DVM, MS , DACVS
Director, Bel- Rea Institute of Animal Technology
Kenneth R. Sinibaldi, DVM, DACVS Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Denver
Animal Surgical Clinic of Seattle Staff Surgeon, Alameda East Veterinary Hospital
Seattle, WA Denver, CO
xiv Contributors

Karen M. Tobias, DVM, MS, DACVS Daniel J. Yturraspe, DVM, PhD (Deceased)
Professor, Small Animal Surgery
University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine Nancy Zimmerman-Pope, DVM, MS, DACVS
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Gentle Hands Veterinary Specialists LLC
C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital Arena, WI
Knoxville, TN

James P. Toombs, DVM, MS, DACVS

Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Ames, IA

James L. Tomlinson, DVM, MVSci, DACVS

Professor of Veterinary Orthopedic Surgery
University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Columbia, MO

Eric J. Trotter, DVM, MS, DACVS

Chief of Surgery (Orthopedics and Neurosurgery)
Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Ithaca, NY

Thomas E. Van Gundy, DVM, MS

Staff Surgeon, Animal Surgical Practice of Portland
Portland, OR

Don R. Waldron, DVM, DACVS

Chief Veterinary Medical Officer
Western Veterinary Conference
Las Vegas, NV

John M. Weh, DVM, DACVS

Staff Surgeon
Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Center of Santa Fe
Santa Fe, NM

Charles Chick W. C. Weisse, VMD, DACVS

The Animal Medical Center
New York, NY

Richard A. S. White, Bvetmed, PhD, DSAS, DVR, FRCVS

Dick White Referrals
The Six Mile Bottom Veterinary Specialists Centre
Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom
Newmarket, ENGLAND

Randy L. Willer, DVM, MS, MBA, DACVS

Front Range Mobile Surgical Specialists
Englewood, CO

Stephen J. Withrow, DVM, DACVS, DACVIM (Oncology)

Stuart Professor in Oncology
Animal Cancer Center, Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO
Contents Section B. Nervous System and Organs
of Special Sense
10: Nervous System
Part I: Soft Tissue Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Section A. Surgical Principles Daniel M. Brehm
1: Selection and Use of Currently Available Suture Materials Peripheral Nerve Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
John H. Rossmeisl, Jr.
and Needles
Suture Materials and Needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Daniel D. Smeak 11: Muscle Biopsy
Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
John H. Rossmeisl, Jr.
2: Bandaging and Drainage Techniques
Bandaging Open Wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Mark W. Bohling and Steven F. Swaim 12: Eye
Wound Drainage Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Surgery of the Eyelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Mark W. Bohling and Steven F. Swaim Phillip Pickett
Surgery of the Conjunctiva and Cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Jamie J. Schorling
3: Electrosurgery and Laser Surgery
Imbrication Technique for Replacement of Prolapsed
Electrosurgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Robert B. Parker 3rd Eyelid Gland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Stacey Andrew
Electrosurgery–Radiosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.D. Elkins Enucleation and Orbital Exenteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Ian P. Herring
Lasers in Veterinary Medicine–An Introduction
to Surgical Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Kenneth E. Bartels
13: Ear
Pinna
4: Oncologic Surgery Suture Technique for Repair of Aural Hematoma . . . . . . . 169
Paul E. Cechner
The Role of the Surgeon in Veterinary Oncology . . . . . . . . . . 44
Earl Calfee
Sutureless Technique for Repair of Aural Hematoma . . . . 171
M. Joseph Bojrab and Georghe M. Constantinescu
5: Tumor Biopsy Principles and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 External Ear Canal
Nicole Ehrhart, Steven J. Withrow, and Susan M. Larue Treatment of Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
M. Joseph Bojrab and Georghe M. Constantinescu
6: Supplemental Oxygen Delivery and Feeding Tube Techniques Modified Ablation Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Nasal, Nasopharyngeal, Nasoesophageal, Nasotracheal, M. Joseph Bojrab and Georghe M. Constantinescu
Nasogastric, and Nasoenteric Tubes: Insertion and Use . . . 54 Total Ear Canal Ablation and
Dennis T. Crowe, Jr. and Jennifer Devey
Subtotal Bulla Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Daniel D. Smeak
Esophagostomy Tube Placement and Use for
Ventral Bulla Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Feeding and Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
David E. Holt
Dennis T. Crowe, Jr. and Jennifer Devey
Use of Jejunostomy and Enterostomy Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chad Devitt and Howard B. Seim, III Section C. Digestive System
14: Oral Cavity
7: Minimally Invasive Surgery Exodontic Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Endosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Mark M. Smith
James E. Bailey and Lynnetta J. Freeman Repair of Cleft Palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Thoracoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Eric R. Pope and Georghe M. Constantinescu
Eric Monnet Repair of Oronasal Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Small Animal Arthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Eric R. Pope and Georghe M. Constantinescu
Kurt S. Schultz Maxillectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
William Culp, William S. Dernell, and Stephen J. Withrow
8: Microvascular Surgical Instrumentation Mandibulectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 William Culp, William S. Dernell, and Stephen J. Withrow
Otto L. Lanz and Daniel A. Degner Tongue, Lip, and Cheek Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Laura D.Dvorak and Earl F. Calfee III
9: Pain Management in the Surgical Patient
Pain Management in the Small Animal Patient . . . . . . . . . . 112 15: Pharynx
Stephanie H. Berry and Richard V. Broadstone Cricopharyngeal Dysphagia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Eberhard Rosin (Deceased)
Oropharyngeal/Otic Polyps in Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Jacqueline R. Davidson
xvi Contents

16: Salivary Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Pancreatic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Michael D. King and Don R. Waldron Elizabeth M. Hardie
Surgery of Pancreatic Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
17: Esophagus James M. Fingeroth
Management of Esophageal Foreign Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Michael S. Leib 22: Diaphragm
Hiatal Hernia Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Ronald M. Bright Jamie R. Bellah
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
18: Exploratory Celiotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Jamie R. Bellah
Harry W. Booth, Jr.
23: Peritoneum and Abdominal Wall
19: Stomach Closure of Abdominal Incisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Principles of Gastric and Pyloric Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Eberhard Rosin (Deceased)
Maria A. Fahie Closed Peritoneal Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Gastrotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Giselle Hosgood
Maria A. Fahie Omentum as a Surgical Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Partial Gastrectomy (Full Thickness) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Giselle Hosgood
Maria A. Fahie
Partial-Thickness Resection via Gastrotomy Incision . . . . 258
Maria A. Fahie Section D. Respiratory System
Y – U Antral Flap Pyloroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 24: Nasal Cavity
Maria A. Fahie Resection of the Nasal Planum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Billroth 1 (Gastroduodenostomy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Rodney C. Straw
Maria A. Fahie Rhinotomy Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Cheryl S. Hedlund
Jacqueline R. Davidson
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus: Surgical Treatment . . . . . . . . 267 25: Larynx
Amelia M. Simpson Brachycephalic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Incisional Gastropexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Cheryl S. Hedlund
Douglas M. MacCoy Treatment of Laryngeal Paralysis with Unilateral
Circumcostal Gastropexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Cricoarytenoid Laryngoplasty (A Form of Arytenoid
Gary W. Ellison Laterlization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Laparoscopic Assisted Gastropexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Thomas R. LaHue
Don R. Waldron
26: Trachea
20: Intestines Treatment of Tracheal Collapse:
Enterotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Ring Prosthesis Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Gary W. Ellison H. Phil Hobson
Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Intra-Luminal Tracheal Stenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Gary W. Ellison Charles Chick W. C. Weisse
Subtotal Colectomy in the Cat and Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Ron M. Bright Roger B. Fingland
Surgery of the Colon and Rectum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Permanent Tracheostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Brian T. Huss Cheryl S. Hedlund
Management of Rectal Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Mark H. Engen 27: Lung and Thoracic Cavity
Anal Sac Disease and Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Thoracic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Roy F. Barnes and Sandra Manfra Marretta Dianne Dunning
Nonsurgical Management of Perianal Fistulas . . . . . . . . . 309 Pulmonary Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Dean Fillipowicz Dianne Dunning
Excisional Techniques for Perianal Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Thoracic Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Gary W. Ellison Dennis T. Crowe and Jennifer Devey

21: Liver, Biliary System, Pancreas 28: Thoracic Wall

Hepatobiliary Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Thoracic Wall Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Robert A. Martin and Michael D. King Dennis E. Olsen
Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats . . . . . 331 Management of Flail Chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Karen M. Tobias Dennis E. Olsen
Cellophane Banding of Portosystemic Shunts . . . . . . . . . . 337
Geraldine B. Hunt
 Contents xvii

Section E. Urogenital System Episioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Dale E. Bjorling
29: Kidney and Ureter
Episiotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Nephrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Roy F. Barnes and Sandra Manfra Maretta
Eberhard Rosin (Deceased)
Nephrotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 35: Testicles
Nancy Zimmerman-Pope and Michael D. King
Prepubertal Castration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Nephroliths and Ureteroliths in Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Lisa M. Howe
S. Kathleen Salisbury
Orchiectomy of Descended and Retained
Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Testicles in the Dog and Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
India F. Lane
Stephen W. Crane
Laser Lithotripsy for Treatment of Canine Urolithiasis . . . 459
Ellen B. Davidson-Dominick
36: Penis and Prepuce
Renal Transplantation in Companion Animals . . . . . . . . . . 465
Lillian R. Aronson Surgical Procedures of the Penis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
H. Phil Hobson
Management of Ureteral Ectopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Mary A. McLoughlin
Section F. Endocrine System
30: Urinary Bladder 37: Endocrine System
Cystotomy and Partial Cystectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Adrenalectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Elizabeth Arnold Stone and Andrew E. Kyles Stephen D. Gilson, Lillian Brady Rizzo and Akito Mitsui
Cystostomy Tube Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Thyroidectomy in the Dog and Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Julie D. Smith Stephen J. Birchard
Colposuspension for Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
David E. Holt and Elizabeth Arnold Stone
Section G. Hernias
31: Urethra 38: Hernias
Surgical Management of Urethral Calculi in the Dog . . . . 489 Incisional Hernias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Don R. Waldron Daniel D. Smeak
Scrotal Urethrostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Inguinal Hernia Repair in the Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Daniel D. Smeak Paul W. Dean, M. Joseph Bojrab and Georghe M. Constantinescu
Perineal Urethrostomy in the Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Surgical Techniques for Treatment of Perineal Hernia . . . 569
M. Joseph Bojrab and Georghe M. Constatinescu F. A. Mann, Georghe M. Constantinescu and Mark A. Anderson
Prepubic Urethrostomy in the Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Prepubic Hernia Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Richard A. S. White Daniel D. Smeak
Management of Urethral Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Jamie R. Bellah
Urethral Prolapse in Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Section H. Integument
John A. Kirsch and J. G. Hauptman 39: Feline Onychectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Jonathon M. Miller and Don R. Waldron
32: Prostate
Surgery of the Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 40: Mammary Glands
Clarence A. Rawlings Mastectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Use of Omentum in Prostatic Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 H. J. Harvey and Jonathon M. Miller
Richard A. S. White
41: Skin Grafting and Reconstruction Techniques
33: Uterus Skin Grafting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Prepubertal Ovariohysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Michael M. Pavletic
Lisa M. Howe Mesh Skin Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Ovariohysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Eric R. Pope
Roger B. Fingland and Don R.Waldron Reconstructive Microsurgical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Harmonic Scalpel Assisted J. David Fowler
Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Paw and Distal Limb Salvage and
Robert Hancock Reconstructive Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Cesarean Section: Traditional Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Mark W. Bohling and Stephen F. Swaim
Curtis W. Probst and Trevor N. Bebchuck
Cesarean Section by Ovariohysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Holly S. Mullen Section I. Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
42: Heart and Great Vessels
34: Vagina and Vulva Conventional Ligation of Patent Ductus
Surgical Treatment of Vaginal and Vulvar Masses . . . . . . 529 Arteriosus in Dogs and Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Ghery D. Pettit Eric Monnet
xviii Contents

Surgical Management of Pulmonic Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . 643 48: Thoracolumbar and Sacral Spine
Jill E. Sackman and D. J. Krahwinkel,Jr. Intervertebral Disc Fenestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Interventional Catheterization for James A. Creed and Daniel J. Yturraspe
Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Prophylactic Thoracolumbar Disc Fenestration . . . . . . . . . 746
Jonathan Abbott M. Joseph Bojrab and Gheorghe M. Constantinescu
Surgical Correction of Persistent Right Aortic Arch . . . . . 661 Hemilaminectomy of the Cranial Thoracic Region . . . . . . . 748
Gary W. Ellison James F. Biggart, III
Surgical Treatment of Pericardial Disease Hemilaminectomy of the Caudal Thoracic and
and Cardiac Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 Lumbar Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
John Berg Karl H. Kraus and John M. Weh
Modified Dorsal Laminectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
43: Lymphatics and Lymph Nodes Eric J. Trotter
Management of Chylothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Surgical Treatment of Cauda Equina Syndrome . . . . . . . . . 760
MaryAnn Radlinsky Guy B. Tarvin and Timothy M. Lenehan
Transdiaphragmatic Approach to Thoracic Surgical Treatment of Fractures, Luxations and
Duct Ligation in Cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Subluxations of the Thoracolumbar and Sacral Spine . . . 762
Robert A. Martin Karen L. Kline and Kenneth A. Bruecker
Lymph Node Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
MaryAnn Radlinsky
Section L. Fracture Fixation Techniques and
44: Spleen
Surgery of the Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Bone Grafting
Dale E. Bjorling 49: Fixation with Pins and Wires
Application of Cerclage and Hemi-cerclage Wires . . . . . . 769
Sharon C. Kerwin
Section J. Exotic Species Intramedullary Pins and Kirschner Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
45: Surgical Techniques in Small Exotic Animals Sharon C. Kerwin
Surgery of Pet Ferrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Tension Band Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Neal L. Beeber Karl H. Kraus
Anal Sac Resection in the Ferret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
James E. Creed 50: Interlocking Nailing of Canine and Feline Fractures
Soft Tissue Surgery in Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Interlocking Nailing of Canine and Feline Fractures . . . . . 782
Steve J. Mehler and R. Avery Bennett Kenneth A. Johnson
Abdominal Surgery of Pet Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney 51: Fixation with Screws and Bone Plates
Screw Fixation: Cortical, Cancellous,
Part II: Bones and Joints Lag, and Gliding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Brian Beale
Section K. Axial Skeleton Application of Bone Plates in Compression,
46: Skull and Mandible Neutralization, or Buttress Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Surgical Repair of Fractures Involving Daniel A. Koch
the Mandible and Maxilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 The SOP Locking Plate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Mauricio Dujowich Karl H. Kraus and Malcolm G. Ness
Acrylic Pin Splint External Skeletal Fixators for
Mandibular Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 52: Plate-Rod Fixation
Dennis N. Aron Application of Plate-Rod Constructs for
Fixation of Complex Shaft Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
47: Cervical Spine Donald A. Hulse
Cervical Disc Fenestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
M. Joseph Bojrab and Gheorghe M. Constantinescu 53: External Skeletal Fixation
Ventral Slot for Decompression of the Basic Principles of External Skeletal Fixation . . . . . . . . . . 800
Herniated Cervical Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 James P. Toombs
Karen L. Kline and Kenneth A. Bruecker Application of the Acrylic and Pin External Fixator
Surgical Treatment of Caudal Cervical (APEF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Spondylomyelopathy in Large Breed Dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 James P. Toombs and Erik L. Egger
Karen L. Kline and Kenneth A. Bruecker Application of the Securos External Fixator . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Surgical Treatment of Atlantoaxial Instability . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Karl H. Kraus
K. S. Schultz Application of the IMEX-SK External Fixator . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Cervical Spine . . . 740 James P. Toombs
Karen L. Kline and Kenneth A. Bruecker Circular External Skeletal Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Daniel D. Lewis and James P. Farese
 Contents xix

Application of Hybrid Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 Surgical Treatment of Injuries to the Antebrachial

Robert M. Radasch Carpal Joint and Carpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Alesandro Piras and Jon F. Dee
54: Bone Grafts and Implants Partial Carpal Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Harvesting and Application of Thomas Van Gundy
Cancellous Bone Autografts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Pancarpal Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
James P. Toombs Arnold S. Lesser
Corticocanceallous Bone Graft Harvested from Repair of Fractures Involving Metabones
the Wing of the Ilium with an Acetabular Reamer . . . . . . . 862 and Phalanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Colin W. Sereda and Daniel D. Lewis Alesandro Piras and Jon F. Dee
Harvesting, Storage, and Application
of Cortical Allografts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 59: Amputation of the Forelimb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
Kenneth R. Sinibaldi William R. Daly
Distraction Osteogenesis as an Alternative to
Bone Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866
Nicole Ehrhart
Section N. Appendicular Skeleton –
Pelvic Limb
Section M. Appendicular Skeleton – 60: Sacroiliac Joint, Pelvis, and Hip Joint
Repair of Sacroiliac Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Thoracic Limb Charles E. DeCamp
55: Scapula and Shoulder Joint Trans-ilial/Trans-sacral Pinning of Sacral Fractures . . . . . 980
Repair of Scapular Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Randall B. Fitch
Randy Willer and Jennifer Fick Repair of Ilial Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
Surgical Treatment of Shoulder Luxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Charisse D. Davidson, Timothy M. Lenehan, and Guy B. Tarvin
Kent Talcott Surgical Repair of Acetabular Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Caudal Approach to the Shoulder Joint for Marvin L. Olmstead
Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 Treatment of Coxofemoral Luxations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Dean R. Gahring James L. Tomlinson
Surgical Treatment of Biceps Brachii Tendon Injury . . . . . 887 Hip Dysplasia
James L. Cook Algorithms for Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Excision Arthroplasty of the Shoulder Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum
Donald L. Piermattei and Charles E. Blass Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Shoulder Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum
Arnold S. Lesser Radiographic Characteristics of Hip Dysplasia . . . . . . . . 1014
Theresa Devine Slocum and Barclay Slocum
56: Humerus and Elbow Joint Definitions of Hip Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
Repair of Fractures of the Humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum
Dennis A. Jackson
Treatment of Hip Dysplasia
Treatment of Elbow Luxations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Robert A. Taylor Femoral Neck Lengthening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum
Surgical Treatment of Ununited Anconeal Process of
Pelvic Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
the Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Barclay Slocum and Theresa Devine Slocum
Ursula Krotscheck
Three Plane Intertrochanteric Osteotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
Surgical Treatment of Fragmented Coronoid Process . . . 917
Ursula Krotscheck Terry D. Braden and W. Dieter Prieur
Total Elbow Replacement in the Dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 DARthroplasty: Another Treatment
Michael G. Conzemius for Hip Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Elbow Arthrodesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Dean R. Gahring and Theresa Devine Slocum
Arnold S. Lesser Total Hip Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Marvin L. Olmstead
57: Radius and Ulna Excision Arthroplasty of the
Repair of Fractures of the Radius and Ulna . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Femoral Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
Curtis W. Probst Joseph M. Prostredny
Correction of Radial and Ulnar Growth Deformities
Resulting from Premature Physeal Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 61: Femur and Stifle Joint
Dominique J. Griffon and Ann L. Johnson Internal Fixation of Femoral Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
Dougald R. Gilmore
58: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges Repair of Patellar Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Classification and Treatment of Injuries to the Derek B. Fox
Accessory Carpal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 Surgical Repair of Patellar Luxations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Kenneth A. Johnson Guy B. Tarvin and Steven P. Arnoczky
xx Contents

Fabellar Suture Stabilization Technique for Treatment of

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Susan L. Schaefer
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy for Treatment of Cranial
Cruciate Ligament Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Ross H. Palmer
“Over-the-Top” Patellar Tendon Graft for Treatment of
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
Guy B. Tarvin and Steven P. Arnoczky
Treatment of Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture
by Lateral and Medial Imbrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Joseph Harari
Treatment of Collateral Ligament Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
Erick L. Egger
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Canine Stifle . . . . . . . . 1090
Ron Montgomery

62: Tibia and Tarsus

Repair of Tibial Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
Ann L. Johnson
Surgical Treatment of Malleolar Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Brian Beale
Prosthetic Ligament Repair for Severe
Tarsocrural Joint Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Dennis N. Aron
Repair of Fractures of the Tarsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104
William G. Marshall and Jon F. Dee
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Hock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
Brian Beale
Tibiotarsal Arthrodesis and
other Tarsal Arthrodesis Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
Arnold S. Lesser

Section O. Orthopedic Bandaging and

Splinting Techniques
63: Commonly Used Bandages and Slings
Application of a Robert Jones Bandage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
David W. Knapp
Ehmer Sling (Figure-of-Eight Sling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
Paul W. Dean
90°-90° Flexion Splint for Femoral Fractures . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Dennis N. Aron

64: Commonly Used Splinting and Casting Techniques

Splinting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
Douglas N. Lange and Kenneth E. Bartels
Principles and Application of Synthetic and
Plaster Casts in Small Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Douglas N. Lange and Kenneth E. Bartels

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Part I
Soft Tissue
2 Soft Tissue

Suture Classification and Definitions

Section A
Suture materials are classified as absorbable or nonabsorbable,
natural or synthetic, monofilament or multifilament, according to
their structure and composition (Table 1-1).

Surgical Principles Absorbable suture materials undergo degradation and rapid

loss of tensile strength within 60 days, whereas nonabsorbable
suture materials retain significant strength past 60 days. This
definition can be misleading with respect to silk, cotton, linen,
and multifilament nylon sutures because these materials are
Chapter 1 considered nonabsorbable, yet they lose a portion of their
tensile strength within 4 to 6 weeks after implantation. Natural
materials (chromic gut, silk) are absorbed by enzymatic degra-
Selection and use of currently dation and phagocytosis, while the newer synthetic sutures
are more predictably absorbed through nonenzymatic hydro-
available Suture Materials and lysis. In addition, synthetic sutures generally cause less tissue
reaction than natural ones. Monofilament sutures are made of a
Needles single strand so they resist harboring of bacteria. Multifilament
or braided sutures are woven or twisted from many smaller
Suture Materials and Needles strands. In general, multifilament suture materials are easier
to handle than monofilaments. Multifilament sutures (particu-
Daniel D. Smeak larly uncoated ones) often create more friction (chatter) as they
are passed through tissues when compared to the smoother
Introduction monofilaments. Excess friction can cause suture-tissue sawing
and cutout, especially when suturing friable tissues with a
Surgeons rely on suture materials to provide critical support
continuous pattern. Multifilament sutures can be capillary, or
of healing tissues during wound repair. A wide variety of
act as a wick. This quality is undesirable since fluid and bacteria
suture material types have been developed, each with their
can travel along the suture and contaminate adjacent areas. The
own advantages and limitations. The general performance of
chemical composition and coating influence the capillary nature
suture materials is based on their distinct physical properties,
of a suture. For example, coated caprolactam transports nearly
handling characteristics, and biological properties. An ideal
twice as much fluid as uncoated polyester of the same suture
suture should have acceptable handling characteristics, knot
size. Waxed silk is not capillary, in contrast to the highly capillary
security, and tensile strength. Besides predictable performance,
nature of uncoated virgin silk. Capillary suture materials are
sutures should remain strong enough to prevent disruption of the
not recommended when sutures could penetrate or become
wound until healing is complete and, ideally, the suture should
exposed to contaminated or infected areas.
undergo complete resorption over time. The suture should be
sterile, nonallergenic, noncarcinogenic, stable in a contami-
nated environment, and it should elicit minimal reaction when Suture Selection and Use
buried in tissue. In most cases, there are many suture material When choosing a suture material, certain general principles
choices that would be acceptable for wound repair because based on the strength of the tissue being closed, the rate of
many have similar general characteristics but are developed gain in wound strength after closure, and various biological
by separate manufacturers. However, there is no ideal suture and mechanical suture characteristics should be considered.
for every procedure, largely because each wound is different After considering these factors, the surgeon may have several
and must be considered individually. An otherwise identical choices of appropriate suture material that would be acceptable
wound created in a similar body region may require different for use in the wound. Selection can then be made on the basis
suture considerations due to such factors as degree of bacterial of familiarity with the material, its ease in handling, and other
contamination, whether there is a local or systemic factor which subjective preferences, such as color, or needle selection.
would delay healing, and even how active the patient may be
after surgery. The most critical factors related to the choice
of suture include how long the suture is needed to support the Strength of Tissue
wound, and the mechanical and healing properties of the tissue A suture should be at least as strong as the tissue through
undergoing repair. The surgeon must understand the nature of which it passes. A tissue’s ability to hold sutures without tearing
the suture material, the biological forces in the healing wound, depends on its collagen content and on the orientation of
and the interaction of suture and tissues when selecting suture collagen fibrils. This explains why ligaments, tendons, fascia, and
material. This chapter reviews the characteristics of commonly skin are strongest, muscle is relatively weak, and fat is weakest.
used and newer suture materials, and needles in small animal Muscle has little suture-holding capability across its fibers and
surgery. Various wound related factors are discussed, which even less in the direction of the fibers. Visceral tissue, in general,
provide the rationale for choosing appropriate suture materials ranks between fat and muscle in strength. Bladder and colon are
and needles. the weakest hollow organs of the body, and stomach and small
 Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles 3

intestine are among the strongest. Tissue strength varies within example, catgut in the presence of infection or gastric secretions,
the same organ and with the age and size of the animal. or when placed in a catabolic patient can be degraded within
days, rendering the wound closure susceptible to dehiscence.
The choice of suture size is based on the tensile strength of the When healing is expected to be delayed, prolonged absorbable
tissue as well as of the suture material. Catgut and synthetic sutures or nonabsorbable sutures are better choices.
suture materials are sized according to either United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) or metric gauge (Table 1-2). A larger numeric
USP value means a larger-diameter suture. Stated numerically,
Healing Considerations
the more zeros (0s) in the number, the smaller the strand. (e.g., Surgeons must consider how the suture alters the biologic
2 polypropylene is larger than 0, and 2-0 is larger than 4-0). The processes in a healing wound environment. Regardless of
metric gauge is the actual suture diameter expressed in milli- its composition, suture material is a foreign body to tissues in
meters multiplied by 10. Stainless steel suture can be sized by which it is implanted, and to a greater or lesser degree will elicit
USP, metric gauge, or Brown and Sharpe wire gauge. Ranges a foreign body reaction. The amount of reaction depends on the
of suture size recommendations for various tissues and surgical nature of the suture implanted (e.g., surgical gut versus inert,
applications are provided in Table 1-3. These guidelines are stainless steel), the amount of surface area and coating of the
general and are based on currently available literature and my suture, the type and location of tissue closed (intestinal viscera
experience. Larger sizes are used in heavier animals, in critical and skin react strongly to silk, whereas fascia reacts minimally
suture lines such as the abdominal fascia, or in tissues closed to silk), the length of implantation (polyglycolic acid, or Dexon II®,
under excessive tension. The surgeon should strive to use the is moderately reactive early but within months is relatively inert),
smallest suture size possible for wound closure since this will and the technique of suture placement (excessive suture tight-
result in less tissue trauma, allow smaller knots to be tied, and ening causes tissue strangulation). Excessive suture-induced
encourage the surgeon to handle the sutures and tissue more tissue reaction increases the likelihood of suture-tissue cutout
carefully. Oversized sutures can actually weaken the wound by softening surrounding tissues, increases the risk of infection,
through excessive tissue reaction and tissue strangulation. To and delays the onset of fibroplasia. Sutures causing excessive
maintain maximum suture strength once the suture is removed tissue reaction are contraindicated in areas in which exuberant
from the packet, certain suture handling rules are suggested scar formation can cause a functional problem (e.g., for vascular
(Table 1-4). repair or ureteral anastomosis) or a cosmetic problem (e.g., in
skin). The surgeon should strive to inflict the least amount of
trauma necessary for the operation, to reduce contamination,
Loss of Suture Strength and Gain and to use sutures that cause the least tissue reaction to avoid
of Wound Strength excessive inflammation and delayed wound healing. Relatively
To use absorbable sutures safely, the loss of suture strength speaking, it is not the suture material but the surgeon that causes
should be proportional to the anticipated gain in wound inflammation within a wound, since most reaction is induced
strength. The relative rates of suture strength loss and simul- during tissue manipulation and the act of suturing.
taneous wound strength gain are important to consider. Fascia,
tendons, and ligaments heal slowly (50% strength gain in 40-50 All suture materials are capable of increasing wound suscep-
days) and are under constant tensile force. For these tissues, tibility to infection. The suture’s filamentous nature, capillarity,
nonabsorbable sutures or the prolonged-degrading, synthetic chemical structure, bioinertness, and ability to adhere to bacteria
absorbable sutures are indicated. Maxon® and PDS II® sutures all play a role in suture related infection. In a classic experiment,
can be used whenever an absorbable suture is needed, but these a single silk suture reduced the total contaminating dose of
should be considered especially in wounds that are expected to Staphylococcus required to induce wound infection 10,000 fold.
require suture support for more than 3 weeks (such as abdominal On the other hand, the byproducts of nylon and polyglycolic
wall fascia). Because visceral wounds heal relatively fast, often acid suture degradation in tissues may have beneficial bacte-
achieving most of their strength in 21 days, rapid to intermediate- ricidal effects. A newer synthetic absorbable suture with an
degrading absorbable sutures (Table 1-1) are good choices. antibacterial coating has been developed specifically for use in
Rapidly-degrading synthetic sutures (Caprosyn®, Monocryl®, contaminated wounds (see discussion under newly developed
Vicryl Rapide®) are indicated in rapidly healing tissues such as sutures). In general, sutures that induce the least foreign body
the mucosal lining of the mouth or urogenital tract where suture reaction in tissues, such as monofilament synthetic absorbable
removal is not possible or undesirable. The more intermediate- and nonabsorbable sutures, produce the lowest incidence of
degrading sutures such as (Vicryl®, Dexon®, and Biosyn®) are infection in contaminated wounds. If possible, suture should not
often chosen to close wounds that are expected to heal within be implanted in highly contaminated wounds or wounds with a
3 weeks, such as the subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Monofil- high risk of infection.
ament nonabsorbable sutures are suggested for skin closure
because they induce little foreign body response and skin Multifilament nonabsorbable suture materials induce chronic
sutures should remain strong since they are subject to chewing sinus formation more often than absorbable or monofilament
and wear. These sutures also provide long-term stability in sutures. Multifilament nonabsorbable sutures harbor bacteria
procedures involving fascia, tendons, and vascular prostheses. within the suture interstices, creating an effective barrier to
Systemic and local factors affecting wound healing must also phagocytosis. These sutures should never be used in contami-
be considered before an appropriate suture is selected. For nated wounds. Wound infection also increases the rate of loss of
4 Soft Tissue

Table 1-1. Common Sutures and their Salient Characteristics

Classification Suture Trade Origin Filament Absorption Completion of
Name Type Absorption
Absorbable Rapid

Surgical gut suture collagen derived multi (variable) (variable)

Chromic gut suture from beef and sheep 33% loss - 7 days 60 - 90 days
67% loss - 28 days
Vicryl Rapide copolymer of multi 50% loss- 5 days 42 days
(polyglactin 910) lactide and glycolide 100% loss -14 days

Caprosyn glycolide, caprolactone, mono 50% loss - 7 days 56 days

(polyglytone 6211) trimethylene carbonate, 100% loss - 21 days
lactide

Monocryl copolymer glycolide mono 40-50% loss - 7 days 91- 119 days
(poliglecaprone 25) and epsilon-capro- 100% loss - 21 days
lactone

Absorbable
Intermediate

Coated Vicryl and copolymer of lactide multi 25% loss -14 days 56 - 70 days
Vicryl PlusAntibac- and glycolide 50% loss - 21 days
terial (polyglactin
910, triclosan
coating-Plus)
Dexon S Dexon II homopolymer of multi 35% loss -14 days 60 - 90 days
(coated and uncoated glycolic acid II - 65% loss - 21 days
polyglycolic acid) polycaprolate coating
Polysorb (lactomer) glycolide/lactide multi 20% loss -14 days 56-70 days
copolymer 70% loss - 21 days

Biosyn (glycomer 631) glycolide dioxanone mono 25% loss -14 days 90-110 days
trimethylene carbonate 60% loss - 21 days
Absorbable
Prolonged

PDS II polydioxanene polymer mono 30% loss -14 days 180 - 210 days
(polydioxanone) 50% loss - 28 days
Maxon glycolic acid, polytrim- mono 25% loss - 14 days 180 days
(polyglyconate) ethylene carbonate 50% loss - 28 days
 Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles 5

Foreign Body Relative Knot Relative Tensile Handling Ease Comments

Response Security Strength
Rapidly absorbing sutures should not be used
where extended approximation of tissue
under stress is required.
moderate fair poor fair Unpredictable absorption particularly in
highly vascular or inflamed tissue, or in
presence of gastric secretions.

mild fair to good fair good Provides about 70% of initial strength
of coated Vicryl. Less reactive than gut;
indicated for superficial closure of mucous
membranes.
mild good good good Designed to be an attractive alternative to
chromic gut. Similar suture characteristics
and applications as Monocryl. Excellent
choice for bladder closure.
mild good good to excellent good Minimal tissue drag; handling qualities
are very good for monofilaments. Ideal for
mucosal suturing and subcutaneous tissue
closure.
General soft tissue approximation; use in
visceral tissue where healing is mostly
complete in 21 days. Intermediate absorbing
suture should not be used where extended
approximation of tissue under stress is
required.
mild fair to good good good Plus-Triclosan coating added to provide
antibacterial effect. This suture is not to be
used close to the eye.

mild fair to good good to excellent good Smooth coating allows easier knot formation
without flaking.

mild fair to good good good Improvements in braid construction and

coating provide better flow through tissue
and more knot security.
mild good good to excellent good Nice handling monofilament absorbable, very
strong suture.
These sutures are indicated when suture
strength is needed well beyond 3 weeks; ideal
for fascial closure.
mild fair to good excellent good Excellent general use absorbable material.

mild fair to good excellent good Similar to PDS II; tends to have more memory
and less knot security in larger sizes.
6 Soft Tissue

Table 1-1. Common Sutures and their Salient Characteristics (continued)

Classification Suture Trade Origin Filament Absorption Completion of
Name Type Absorption
Nonabsorbable
Monofilament

DermaIon Monosof extruded polyamide mono — Slow chemical

filament degradation over
years
Novafil Vascufil copolymer butylene mono — —
(polybutester) polytetramethylene

Prolene Surgipro II polymerized polyolefin mono — —

Fluorofil hydrocarbons

Pronova polyvinylidine polymer mono — —

Surgical steel suture chromium nickel molyb- mono — —

(steel) denum alloy

Nonabsorbable
Multifilament

Surgilon polyamide filaments multi slow chemical —

degradation over
years

Vetafil Braunamide coated polyamide multi — —

Supramid filaments

Ticron Surgidac polyester fibers (+/- multi — —

Ethibond excel coating)

Sofsilk Permabond silkworm cocoon fibers multi 30% loss - 14 days greater than
50% loss - 365 days 720 days
 Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles 7

Foreign Body Relative Knot Relative Tensile Handling Ease Comments

Response Security Strength
Use when long term suture strength is
needed. These sutures are more stable in
contaminated environments than the multi-
filament nonabsorbables; less reactive in
tissue.
minimal fair to poor good fair to good Careful knot tying technique with appropriate
number of throws during use is suggested.

minimal fair to good good very good Soft pliable monofilament suture; excellent for
plastic surgery.

minimal good good fair Greater knot security than many monofila-
ments; least thrombogenic. Fluorofil glows
under blacklight for easy location.
minimal good to very excellent good Good alternative to polypropylene. Better
good strength and handling; less fraying.
minimal to none excellent excellent poor Knot ends can cause severe irritation. Tends
to fragment and cut into tissue; must secure
knots.
Do not use multifilament nonabsorbable
suture in contaminated environments.
Use when long term suture strength is
needed. Overall better handling than the
monofilaments.
minimal fair good good Should not be used when permanent
retention of suture strength is required.

minimal to good good to excellent good Inexpensive suture material often supplied in
moderate (if reels. For external use only.
coating breaks)
moderate fair to poor excellent good to excellent Uncoated sutures have excessive tissue drag.
Careful knot tying technique and additional
throws may be needed with coated sutures.
moderate fair to poor fair excellent Best handling multifilament suture.
8 Soft Tissue

Table 1-2. Metric Measures, and U.S.P. Suture Table 1-3. General Suture Size and Usage
Diameter Equivalents Recommendations in Small Animal Surgery
Suture Material Sizes Tissue Suture Size Suture Material:
Actual Size USP Size Brown and Sharpe (USP) Classes
(mm) Catgut Synthetic Wire Gauge Skin 3-0 to 4-0 Monofilament
nonabsorbable
0.02 10-0
Subcutaneous tissue 2-0 to 4-0 Absorbable
0.03 9-0
Fascia 1 to 3-0 Synthetic
0.04 8-0
(prolonged
0.05 8-0 7-0 41 degrading)
0.07 7-0 6-0 38-40 absorbable, or
synthetic nonab-
0.1 6-0 5-0 35
sorbable
0.15 5-0 4-0 32-34
Muscle 0 to 3-0 Skeletal: synthetic
0.2 4-0 3-0 30 (prolonged
0.3 3-0 2-0 28 degrading)
absorbable
0.35 2-0 0 26
Cardiac: synthetic
0.4 0 1 25 nonabsorbable
0.5 I 2 24 Parenchymal organ 2-0 to 4-0 Intermediate
0.6 2 3; 4 22 degrading
0.7 3 5 20 absorbable
0.8 4 6 19 Hollow viscus organ 3-0 to 5-0 Monofilament
absorbable
0.9 7 18
Tendon, ligament 0 to 3-0 Monofilament
To obtain metric gauge, multiply actual size (mm) by 10; for example,
USP 0 catgut 0.4 mm in diameter is metric size 4. nonabsorbable
Nerve 5-0 to 7-0 Monofilament
strength of suture material. If wound contamination is suspected, nonabsorbable
synthetic absorbable sutures should be chosen because these Cornea 8-0 to 10-0 Synthetic
sutures are more stable and have predictable absorption rates absorbable.
in contaminated tissue, when compared to chromic catgut. nonmetallic
If long-term wound support is required of the suture material, nonabsorbable
synthetic monofilament nonabsorbables or synthetic (prolonged-
degrading) absorbable sutures such as PDS II® or Maxon® are Vascular ligation 0 to 4-0 Small vessels-
indicated. absorbable; larger
vessels- prolonged
The presence of any suture material within the lumen of the absorbable or
biliary or urinary tract can act as a nidus and induce calculus nonabsorbable
formation or chronic infection. Thus, more rapidly absorbable Vascular repair 5-0 to 7-0 Monofilament
sutures are recommended in these areas, since they will not nonabsorbable
persist indefinitely in tissue. Silk and nonabsorbable polyester
material, because of their documented calculogenic effects, for joint imbrication. Similarly, inelastic suture material such as
should never be placed in contact with urine or bile. General stainless steel should not be used in tissues that stretch or are
guidelines to avoid suture-related complications in surgery are under constant motion because premature suture-tissue cutout
listed in Table 1-5. or suture breakage could occur.

Mechanical Properties of Suture and Tissue Newly Developed Sutures

The mechanical properties or functions of the suture should Newer synthetic sutures have been developed to improve suture
be similar to those of the tissue being closed. For example, strength profiles without negatively affecting suture handling or
polybutester (Novafil®), is a suture material that is very pliable knot security. The newer synthetic monofilament absorbable
and elongates and is most suitable for skin closure because it sutures are more pliable and better handling. Multifilament
remains flexible and stretches with movement. More inelastic sutures may convert a contaminated wound into an infected
suture materials, such as those composed of polyester or nylon one, so antibacterial coatings have been developed to inhibit
fibers, are more applicable for anchoring prosthetic materials or bacterial growth in and around multifilament suture.
 Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles 9

Table 1-4. Suture Handling and Storage Rules Table 1-5. General Rules to Avoid Most
1. Protect all sutures from heat and moisture. Suture-Related Complications
2. Never autoclave absorbable sutures. 1. Avoid multifilament nonabsorbable suture material use in
3. Refrain from soaking absorbable sutures, particularly in contaminated or infected wounds. Multifilament suture
hot water. harbors bacteria and may cause persistent sinus formation,
4. Use strands directly from the packet; avoid excessive or local infection.
handling of suture strands before use. 2. Avoid nonabsorbable suture exposure within the lumen of
5. Avoid suture kinking, or crushing suture with instruments. hollow organs, such as the urinary bladder or gall bladder, in
which calculus formation at a suture nidus is possible.
6. Suture strands with “memory” may be straightened with
a gentle tug. 3. Avoid burying nonabsorbable suture that has been taken
from a used open cassette. Consider all suture from an open
7. Periodically check suture strands for evidence of fraying or
cassette contaminated.
defects, particularly when using a continuous suture pattern.
4. If continued suture strength is important, avoid chromic gut in
inflamed or infected tissue, and in wounds with delayed
Polyvinylidine Pronova® (Ethicon) healing (catabolic conditions, radiation wounds, etc). Gut in
This unique synthetic nonabsorbable monofilament suture is made contact with proteolytic enzymes such as in the stomach
of two polyvinylidine polymers, with a special extrusion process. lumen or pancreas loses most of its strength within days
This produces an optimal balance between suture strength and of implantation.
handling characteristics throughout the range of suture sizes. 5. Avoid rapidly absorbable suture material use in critical areas
Pronova® suture sizes, 10-0 through 4-0, are composed of an 80/20 such as tendons or ligaments that are known to heal slowly
polymer blend, that emphasizes tensile strength without compro- and are under continual tensile force, or in wounds with
mising handing in smaller sizes. Pronova® suture sizes, 2-0 through delayed healing.
#2, are composed of a 50/50 polymer blend that improves handling
6. Use suture materials that cause less inflammation in wounds
in these larger sizes, without compromising tensile strength. This
that are predisposed to stricture (such as tracheostomies or
suture will remain secure in critical surgical procedures where
urethrostomies) or excessive scar formation (such as skin)
life-long strength is desired, particularly in delicate applica-
tions where fine sutures are used. Tensile and knot strengths of 7. Avoid capillary/multifilament suture material penetration
Pronova® suture meet or exceed those of polypropylene suture in through known contaminated areas such as the bowel
all sizes. The suture has excellent resistance to breakage, fraying, lumen or skin. Bacteria are “wicked” or may be transported
and instrument damage, and has reduced package memory. It to adjacent sterile tissues to form microabscesses around
is an excellent alternate choice when polypropylene suture is sutures.
indicated. The suture is best for general soft tissue approximation
and ligation including cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and neurologic reaction in tissues. Like other synthetic absorbable sutures,
applications. [Ethicon, Product Information; http://jnjgateway. eventual absorption is predictable by means of hydrolysis.
com/home] Biosyn® sutures are available in sizes #1 through 6-0. The suture
maintains 75% strength at two weeks and approximately 40% at
three weeks after implantation. Similar to Dexon® and Vicryl®,
Polyglactin 910 and Triclosan Coated Vicryl Plus this suture should not be used where extended approximation of
Antibacterial® (Ethicon) tissue is required.
This synthetic multifilament absorbable suture has an antiseptic
coating (Triclosan) that creates a zone of inhibition around the Polyglytone 6211 Caprosyn® (Syneture)
suture site that decreases bacterial colonization of the suture
This absorbable monofilament suture is prepared from a synthetic
or tissue. The suture performs and handles similarly to Coated
polyester composed of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene
Vicryl® suture. Vicryl Plus® is available in suture sizes, 5-0
carbonate, and lactide. It has very good handling and knot tying
through 0. It elicits a similar tissue reaction as other synthetic
characteristics due to its excellent pliability, and has low tissue
absorbable sutures, and considerably less inflammation than
reactivity. Caprosyn®, similar to Monocryl®, is useful for general
chromic gut sutures, but it should not be used close to the
subcutaneous tissue closure, urogenital surgery particularly in
eye (Triclosan may be irritating to the eye). The manufacturer
the urinary bladder, and where the benefits and rapid absorption
suggests using the suture in procedures that have a higher
may play a role in postoperative success.
risk of infection. Few clinical studies have been conducted to
substantiate the beneficial effects of this suture.
Suture Knots
Glycomer 631 Biosyn (Syneture)
® A knot consists of a minimum of 2 throws (sometimes termed
simple knots). As a knot is created, the material is deformed, and
This absorbable monofilament suture is prepared from a
depending on the properties of the material, this deformation may
synthetic polyester composed of glycolide, dioxanone, and
weaken the suture by as much as 50% of its original strength.
trimethylene carbonate. The advanced extrusion process
Therefore, the knot is the weakest part of a suture. The technical
gives the suture excellent initial strength and knot security and
performance of the knot is critical to the security of the wound
minimal memory. This suture elicits minimal acute inflammatory
10 Soft Tissue

closure as well as the strength of the stitch. A square knot is with high coefficients of friction and minimal tension. When
least likely to untie or loosen so it is the knot of choice for most using monofilament sutures (such as nylon or polydioxanone),
suture lines. Depending on how the throws are placed, three or coated multifilament sutures, four or more throws should be
different knots can be formed (square knot, granny knot, or a half applied. In a continuous suture line, the final knot (consisting of a
hitch shown in Figure 1-1). The latter two knots tend to slip and loop and single strand) should have a minimum of 5 throws to be
are generally avoided. Square knots are produced by reversing secure. General knot tying rules are included in Table 1-6.
direction on each successive throw while maintaining equal
tension on both strands as they are held parallel to the plane Table 1-6. Knot Tying Principles
of the tissue. Failure to reverse direction of successive throws 1. The primary objective in knot tying is to ensure knot security.
will result in granny knots. If one strand is pulled under more The square knot is almost exclusively used since it is the
tension away from the plane of the knot than the other strand, simplest, most secure knot.
with successive throws, a half hitch (or slip knot) is formed.
2. Use appropriate sized suture to keep the knot as small as
Sometimes surgeons using monofilament sutures intentionally
possible. Knots in smaller sized material generally are more
apply half hitch knots (especially if the wound is under tension)
secure.
and this allows precise control of intrinsic suture tension. All
half hitch knots must be completed with several square knots to 3. Avoid friction as the knot throws are tightened. Attempt to
prevent loosening. A surgeon’s knot is similar to the square knot tighten throws by pulling in opposite directions, in a
except one strand is fed through the loop twice on the first throw. horizontal plane, with similar rate and tension.
The additional pass of suture in the loop produces increased 4. Do not crush or kink suture with surgical instruments while
friction. This knot is especially useful when attempting to knot a knot tying. Grasp suture only on the end that will be
stitch when tissues are under tension. Multifilament absorbable discarded.
sutures such as polyglycolic acid or polyglactin 910 may require 5. Avoid excessive intrinsic suture tension to reduce tissue
surgeon’s knots when used to close abdominal fascia. This knot cutting and strangulation.
is avoided when using gut since the increased friction tends to 6. Avoid cutting knot ends too short particularly when using
fray the material and excessively weakens it. Caution should be suture with known knot security problems. If ends are left
exercised with using surgeon’s knots during vessel ligation, since too long, however, irritation from the suture ends may create
the bulk of the first throw may not allow complete occlusion of unwanted tissue inflammation.
the vessel, and the knot is less reliable than the standard square 7. With instrument ties, hold the needle holder parallel to the
knot. Surgeon’s knots have increased bulk and are asymmetric, wound. Move the needle holder back and forth perpendicular
so this knot is used only when necessary. to it.
8. Use a surgeon’s knot only when suture tension is such that
use of a standard square knot would result in poor tissue
apposition. Surgeon’s knots take longer to tie and place
more suture in the wound than does the square knot. It may
not permit proper tension on blood vessel ligations (resulting
in partial occlusion) because of the bulk of suture material
involved in the first throw.

Suture Needles
Surgical needles are manufactured in a variety of sizes, shapes,
and types. Needles are selected to ensure that the tissues being
sutured are altered as little as possible by the needle. The needle
chosen should allow tissue passage without excessive force and
without disruption of tissue architecture. The hole created by
the needle should be just large enough to allow passage of the
Figure 1-1. Surgical Knots. suture material. The needle should be rigid enough to prevent
bending, yet flexible enough to bend before breaking.
Additional factors that influence knot security are the material
coefficient, the length of the suture ends (ears), as well as the Regardless of their intended use, all surgical needles have three
structural configuration of the knot, mentioned previously. Knots basic components: the eye (or suture attachment), the body
that swell (chromic catgut) or knots formed from stiff suture (ones (or shaft), and the point. There are two types of needle eyes
with memory), require longer knot ears in general. Multifilament commonly used in practice, the economical closed eye (suture
sutures possess a higher coefficient of friction, and have better is fed through the eye) and swaged (eyeless). Needles perma-
knot-holding properties than the monofilaments in general; nently connected to suture (swaged needles) produce signifi-
however, coating the strands to reduce friction or chatter in cantly less tissue trauma and are easier to handle compared to
tissue also reduces knot security. Three single reversed throws eyed needles; sutures supplied with needles, expectedly, are
are generally sufficient to secure knots in suture materials more expensive.
 Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles 11

The bodies or shafts of needles vary in shape and size. The body round needles have no edges to cut through tissue. The point
should be as close as possible to the diameter of the suture pierces and spreads tissue without cutting. They are used for
material. The cross-sectional configuration of the body may suturing easily penetrated soft tissues such as muscle, viscera,
be round, side-flattened rectangular, triangular, or trapezoidal. or subcutaneous tissue. Blunt pointed taper needles have a
Some needle bodies are ribbed to prevent rotation and provide rounded point so they are most useful for suturing friable paren-
better stability of the needle in the jaws of needle holders. chymal organs such as the liver or kidney. General principles of
Easily accessible tissues such as the skin may be sutured by needle use are list in Table 1-7.
hand with straight needles but most surgeons prefer curved
needles because they are easier to use with instruments. Curved
needles are supplied in 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, and 5/8 circle configura-
tions (Figure 1-2). Choice of length, width, and curvature of the
needle is dependent on the size and depth of the area to be
sutured. Quarter circle needles have limited use, primarily for
eye surgery. Three-eighths circle needles are most commonly
used in veterinary surgery and are suitable for most superficial
wounds. Half circle needles are preferred for deeper wounds
and in body cavities. Five-eighths circle needles are applicable
for suturing wounds in confined areas such as the oral, nasal,
and pelvic cavities.

Figure 1-2. Suture Needle Configurations.

The needlepoint extends from the extreme tip of the needle to

the maximum cross-section of the body. Three general types of
needlepoints include: cutting, tapercut, and taper (or round point)
(Figure 1-3). Cutting needles provide edges that will cut through
dense connective tissue. They are most suitable for skin, tendon,
and fascial closure. Like the conventional cutting needle, the
reverse cutting needle has a triangular shaped cross-sectional
area; however, rather than possessing a sharp edge on the inner
curvature that is weaker and tends to cut tissue as the needle
is passed, it has a flat inner curvature with an edge along the
outer curvature of the needle point and shaft. Spatula point (side Figure 1-3. Types of Needle Points.
cutting) needles are flat on the top and bottom. They are used
primarily in special ophthalmic operations. A tapercut needle
combines a cutting point with a round shaft. The cutting point
readily penetrates tough tissue but the shaft will not cut through
or enlarge the needle hole when inserted. This needle is indicated
when ease of penetration is important (vascular grafts, intestine)
or when a delicate tissue is sutured to a more dense one (such
as urethra to skin closure for a urethrostomy). Taper point or
12 Soft Tissue

Table 1-7. Principles of Suture Needle Use Pineros-Fernandez A, Drake DB, Rodeheaver PA, et al.: CAPROSYN*,
another major advance in synthetic monofilament absorbable suture. J
1. Swaged needles are less traumatic and always preferred.
Long Term Eff Med Implants 14:359, 2004.
2. Curved needles facilitate suturing of deep tissues, and Rosin E, Robinson GM: Knot security of suture materials. Vet Surg
straighter needles are useful in superficial tissues, particu- 18:269, 1989.
larly the skin. Schubert DC, Unger JB, Mukherjee D, et al.: Mechanical performance
3. For general use, needle holders are used to grasp the needle of knots using braided and monofilament absorbable sutures. Am J
1/3 to 1/2 the way down from the suture attachment to the Obstet Gynecol 187:1438; discussion 1441, 2002.
point. Grasp the needle closer to the point if tissue is Smeak DO, Wendelberg KL: Choosing suture materials for use in
especially difficult to penetrate. contaminated or infected wounds. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
4. Hold needles in the narrow tips of the jaws of the needle 11:467, 1989.
holders. Stashak TS, Yturraspe OJ: Considerations for selection of suture
5. Use taper needles wherever possible; they should not be materials. Vet Surg 7:48, 1978.
used if it becomes difficult to pass through tissues. Taylor, TL: Suture material: a comprehensive review of the literature. J
Am Podiatr Assoc 65:649, 1975.
6. With increasing tissue density, taper-cut or reverse cutting
Van Winkle W, Hastings JC: Considerations in the choice of suture
needles are required to penetrate tissue without excessive
material for various tissues. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135:113, 1972.
trauma.
7. Needles should be the smallest size to penetrate the tissue
but long enough to penetrate both sides of the incision.
8. Do not grasp the needlepoint with the needle holders or
gloved fingers.

Suggested Readings
Beardsley SL, Smeak DO, et al.: Histologic evaluation of tissue reactivity
and absorption in response to a new synthetic fluorescent-pigmented
polypropylene suture material in rats. Am J Vet Res 56:1246, 1995.
Bellenger CR: Sutures. Part 1. The purpose of sutures and available
suture materials. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:507, 1982.
Bellenger CR: Sutures. Part 2. The use of sutures and alternative
methods of closure. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:587, 1982.
Bezwada RS, Jamiolkowski DD, Lee IY, et al.: Monocryl a new ultra-
pliable absorbable monofilament suture. Biomaterials 16:1141, 1995.
Boothe HW: Suture materials and tissue adhesives. In: Slatter DH, ed.
Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985, p
334.
Bourne RB: In vivo comparison of four absorbable sutures: Vicryl, Dexon
Plus, Maxon and PDS. Can J Surg 31:43, 1988.
Canarelli JP, Ricard J, Collet LM, et al.: Use of fast absorption material
for skin closure in young children. Int Surg 73: 151, 1988.
Chu CC: Mechanical properties of suture materials: an important
characterization. Ann Surg 193:365, 1981.
Crane SW: Characteristics and selection of currently available suture
materials. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current Techniques in Small Animal
Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1983, p 3.
Edlich RF, Panek PH, Rodeheaver GT, et al.: Physical and chemical
configuration of sutures in the development of surgical infection. Ann
Surg 177:679, 1973.
Ford HR, Jones P, Gaines B, et al.: Intraoperative handling and wound
healing: controlled clinical trial comparing coated VICRYL plus antibac-
terial suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan) with coated
VICRYL suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture). Surg Infect (Larchmt)
6:313, 2005.
Katz AR, Mukherjee DP, Kaganov AI, et al.: A new synthetic monofil-
ament absorbable suture material from polytrimethylene carbonate.
Surg Gynecol Obstet 161:213, 1985.
Peacock EE: Wound Repair. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984.
Ray JA. Doddi N, Regula O, et al.: Polydioxanone (PDS), a novel monofil-
ament synthetic absorbable suture. Surg Gynecol Obstet 153:497, 1981.
Selection and use of currently available Suture Materials and Needles
Beardsley SL, Smeak DO, et al.: Histologic evaluation of tissue reactivity and absorption in response to a new synthetic fluorescent-pigmented
polypropylene suture material in rats. Am J Vet Res 56:1246, 1995.
Bellenger CR: Sutures. Part 1. The purpose of sutures and available suture materials. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:507, 1982.
Bellenger CR: Sutures. Part 2. The use of sutures and alternative methods of closure. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:587, 1982.
Bezwada RS, Jamiolkowski DD, Lee IY, et al.: Monocryl a new ultrapliable absorbable monofilament suture. Biomaterials 16:1141, 1995. Boothe HW:
Suture materials and tissue adhesives. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985, p 334.
Bourne RB: In vivo comparison of four absorbable sutures: Vicryl, Dexon Plus, Maxon and PDS. Can J Surg 31:43, 1988.
Canarelli JP, Ricard J, Collet LM, et al.: Use of fast absorption material for skin closure in young children. Int Surg 73: 151, 1988.
Chu CC: Mechanical properties of suture materials: an important characterization. Ann Surg 193:365, 1981.
Crane SW: Characteristics and selection of currently available suture materials. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 2nd
ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1983, p 3.
Edlich RF, Panek PH, Rodeheaver GT, et al.: Physical and chemical configuration of sutures in the development of surgical infection. Ann Surg
177:679, 1973.
Ford HR, Jones P, Gaines B, et al.: Intraoperative handling and wound healing: controlled clinical trial comparing coated VICRYL plus antibacterial
suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan) with coated VICRYL suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture). Surg Infect (Larchmt) 6:313, 2005.
Katz AR, Mukherjee DP, Kaganov AI, et al.: A new synthetic monofilament absorbable suture material from polytrimethylene carbonate. Surg
Gynecol Obstet 161:213, 1985.
Peacock EE: Wound Repair. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984. Ray JA. Doddi N, Regula O, et al.: Polydioxanone (PDS), a novel
monofilament synthetic absorbable suture. Surg Gynecol Obstet 153:497, 1981.

Bandaging and Drainage Techniques

Anderson DM. Management of open wounds. In Williams J, Moores A, eds. BSAVA Manual of canine and feline wound management and
reconstruction. 2nd ed. Quedgeley, Glouster, England: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2009: 37.
Anderson DM, White RAS. Ischemic bandage injuries: A case series and review of the literature. Vet Surg 2000;29:488.
Bojrab MJ. Wound management. Mod Vet Pract 1982;63:867.
Bojrab MJ. A handbook on veterinary wound management. Ashland, OH: KenVet Prof Vet Co, 1994.
Campbell BG. Dressings, bandages, and splints for wound management in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am 2006; 36: 759.
Hedlund CS. Surgery of the integumentary system. In: Fossum TW, ed. Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007: 159.
Lee AH, Swaim SF, McGuire JA. The effects of nonadherent bandage materials on the healing of open wounds in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1987;190:416.
Lee AH, Swaim SF, Yang ST. The effects of petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, nitrofurazone and a hydroactive dressing on open wound healing. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 1986;22:443.
Lee WR, Tobias KM, Bemis DA, et. al. Invitro efficacy of a polyhexam-ethylene biguanide impregnated gauze dressing against bacterial found in
veterinary patients. Vet Surg 2004;33:404.
Mentz P, Cazzangia A, Serralta V, et. al. The effect of an antimicrobial gauze dressing impregnated with 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide as a
barrier to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound invasion. Mansfield, MA: Kendall, Wound Care Research and Development, 2001.
Miller CW. Bandages and drains. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2003: 244.
Morgan PW, Binnington AG, Miller CW, et al. The effect of occlusive and semiocclusive dressings on the healing of full thickness skin wounds on the
forelimbs of dogs. Vet Surg 1995;23:494.
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010.
Ramsey DT, Pope ER, Wagner Mann C, et al. Effects of three occlusive dressing materials on healing of full thickness skin wounds in dogs. Am J
Vet Res 1995;56:7.
Swaim SF. The effects of dressings and bandages on wound healing. Semin Vet Med Surg Sm Anim 1989;4:274.
Swaim SF. Bandages and topical agents. Vet Clin North Am 1990;20:47.
Swaim SF. Bandaging techniques. In: Bistner SI, Ford RB, eds. Handbook of veterinary procedures and emergency treatment. 7th ed. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 2000.
Swaim SF, Bohling MW. Bandaging and splinting canine elbow wounds. NAVC Clinician's Brief, 3(11):73-76, 2005
Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Small animal wound management. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
Swaim SF, Marghitu DB, Rumph PF, et. al. Effects of bandage configuration on paw pad pressure in dogs: A preliminary study. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc, 2003;39:209-216.
Swaim SF, Renberg WC, Shike KM. Small animal bandaging, casting, and splinting techniques. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, (in press).

Wound Drainage Techniques

Fox JW, Golden GT. The use of drains in subcutaneous surgical procedures. Am J Surg 1976;132:673.
Hak DJ: Retained broken wound drains: A preventable complication. J Orthop Trauma 2000;14:212.
Hampel NL. Surgical drains. In: Harari J, ed. Surgical complications and wound healing in the small animal practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
1993.
Hampel NL, Johnson RG. Principles of surgical drains and drainage. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:21.
Ladlow J. Surgical drains in wound management and reconstructive surgery. In: Williams J and Moores A, eds. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline
Wound Management and Reconstruction, 2nd ed. Quedgeley, Gloucester, UK, BSAVA, 2009.
Lee AH, Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Surgical drainage. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1986;8:94.
Moss JP. Historical and current perspectives on surgical drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;152:517
Pope ER, Swaim SF. Wound drainage from under full thickness skin grafts in dogs. Part 1. Quantitative evaluation of four techniques. Vet Surg
1986;15:65.
Roush JK. Use and misuse of drains in surgical practice. Probl Vet Med 1990;2:482.
Swaim SF. Surgery of traumatized skin: management and reconstruction in the dog and cat. Philadelphia: VVB Saunders, 1980:157 160.
Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Small animal wound management. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

Electrosurgery and Laser Surgery

Battig CG. Electrosurgical burn injuries and their prevention. JAMA 1968;204:91.
Fucci V, Elkins AD. Electrosurgery: principles and guidelines in veterinary medicine. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 1991;13:407.
Giddard DW, Jones WR, Wescott JW. Electrosurgical units: particular attention to tube, spark gap and solid state generated currents-their differences
and similarities. J Urol 1972;107: 1051.
Glover JL, Bendick PJ, Link WJ. The use of thermal knives in surgery: electrosurgery, lasers, plasma scalpel. Curr Probl Surg 1978; 15:7.
Greene JA, Knecht CD. Electrosurgery: a review. Vet Surg 1980;9:27. Greene JA, Knecht CD. Healing of sharp incisions and electroincisions in
dogs: a comparative study. Vet Surg 1980;9:42.
Ormrod AN. Electrosurgery: its usefulness and limitations for the small animal surgeon. Vet Rec 1963;75:1095.
Swerdlow DB, et al. Electrosurgery: principles and use. Dis Colon Rectum 1974;17:482.
Wald AS, Mazzia VDB, Spencer FC. Accidental burns associated with electrocautery. JAMA 1971;217:916.

Electrosurgery-Radiosurgery
1. Parker RB: Electrosurgery and Laser Surgery in Bojrab MJ, ed; Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, P. 41.
2. Fucci V, Elkins AD: Electrosurgery: Principles and Guidelines in Veterinary Medicine. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 1991; 13; 407.
3. Miller WM: Using High-Frequency Radiowave Technology in Veterinary Surgery. Vet Med Sept 2004; 796-802.
4. Olivar AC et al: Transmission Electron Microscopy: Evaluation of Damage in Human Oviducts Caused by Different Surgical Instrumetns, Ann Clin
Lab Sci. 1999 29 (4): 281-285.

Lasers in Veterinary Medicine-An Introduction to Surgical Lasers

1. Swaim, CP, Mills, TN. A history of lasers. In: Krasner N, ed. Lasers in gastroenterology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1991: 3.
2. Katzir, A: Medical Lasers. In: Lasers and Optical Fiber in Medicine, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1993:15.
3. Anderson, RR. Laser-tissue interactions in dermatology. In: Arndt, RA, ed. Lasers in cutaneous and aesthetic surgery. Philadelphia:
LippincottRaven, 1997: 25.
4. Bartels, K.E., Lasers in Veterinary Medicine - Where Have We Been, Where Are We Going, In Vet Clin Sm An Pract, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,
PA, 2002; 32 (3): 495, 2002.
5. Lucroy, MD, Bartels, KE. Surgical lasers. In: Slatter, D, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003: 227.
6. Lucroy, MD, Magne, ML, et al. Low intensity laser light-induced closure of a chronic wound in a dog. Vet Surg, 1999; 28:292.
7. Peavy, GM, Lasers and laser-tissue interaction, In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002,
32(3): 517.
8. Welch, AJ, van Gamert, MJC: Introduction to medical applications. In Welch, AJ, van Gamert, MJC (eds): Optical-thermal Response of Laser-
irradiated Tissue, Plenum Press, New York, 1995: 609.
9. Lubatschowski, H, Heistrkamp, A, Will, F., et al. Medical applications for ultrafast lasers. RIKEN Review No. 50: Focused on laser precision
microfabrication, January, 2003, 113.
10. Jacques, SL: Laser-tissue interactions. Photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical. In Schwesinger, WH, Hunter, JG, (eds) Surg Clin
NA: Lasers in general surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992; 72:531.
11. Lopez, AP, Phillips, TJ. Wound healing. Wound healing. In: Fitzpatrick, RE, Goldman, MP (eds.) Cosmetic Laser Surgery. St. Louis: Mosby,
2000: 31.
12. Taylor, DL, Schafer, SA, Nordquist, et al: Comparison of a high power diode laser with the Nd: YAG laser using in situ wound strength analysis of
healing cutaneous incisions. Lasers Surg Med, 1991; 21:248.
13. Treat, MR, Oz, MC, Bass, LS. New technologies and future applications of surgical lasers. The right tool for the right job. In: Schwesinger, WH,
Hunter, JG, eds. Surg Clin NA: Lasers in general surgery. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992, 72: 705 - 747.
14. Hecht, J: Carbon dioxide lasers. In The Laser Guidebook, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992: 159.
15. Judy, MM, Matthews, JL, Aronoff, BL, Hults, DF. Soft tissue studies with 805 nm diode laser radiation: Thermal effects with contact tips and
comparison with effects of 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser radiation. Lasers Surg Med, 1993, 13: 528.
16. Katzir, A: Single optical fibers. In Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1993:107.
17. Tullners, EP: Transendoscopic contact neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser correction of epiglottic entrapment in standing horses. JAVMA,
1990; (144): 1971.
18. Gilmour, MA. Lasers in ophthalmology. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 649.
19. Lucroy, MD, Photodynamic therapy for companion animals with cancer, In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 693.
20. May, K.A., Pleasant, R.S., Howard, R.D., Moll, H.D., Duesterdieck, K.F., MacAllister, C.G. and Bartels, K.E., Failure of Holmium: yttrium-
aluminum Garnet Laser Lithotripsy in Two Horses with Calculi in the Urinary Bladder, JAVMA, 2001, 219:957.
21. Collier, M, Haugland, LM, Bellamy, J, et al: Effects of holmium: YAG laser on equine articular cartilage and subchondral bone adjacent to
traumatic lesions: a histopathological assessment, J Arthroscopic and Related Surg1997, 9: 536.
23. Teichman, JM, Vassar, GJ, Glickman, RD, Holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet lithotripsy efficiency varies with stone composition. Urology 1998;
52: 392.
24. Bartels, K.E., Higbee, R.G., Bahr, R.J., Galloway, D.S., Healey, T.S., Arnold, C.S., Outcome of and Complications Associated with Prophylactic
Percutaneous Laser Disk Ablation in Dogs with Thoracolumbar Disk Disease: 277 cases (1992-2001), JAVMA, 2003; 222: 1733.
25. Dickey, DT, Bartels, KE, Henry, et al: Use of the holmium yttrium aluminum garnet laser for percutaneous thoracolumbar intervertebral disk
ablation in the dog paper, JAVMA, 1996; 208: 1263.
26. Sliney, DH. Laser Safety. Lasers Surg Med, 1995; 16: 215.
27. Fry, TR: Laser safety, In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 535.
28. Jako, GJ: Laser surgery of the vocal cords; an experimental study with the carbon dioxide laser on dogs, Laryngoscope, 1972; 82: 2204.
29. Sullins, KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia,
2002, 32(3): 639.
30. Tate, LP, Sweeney, CL, Bowman, KF, et al: Transendosocpic Nd: YAG laser surgery for treatment of epiglottal entrapment and dorsal
displacement of the soft palate in the horse. Vet Surg, 1990; 19: 356.
31. Holt, TL, Mann, FA, Soft tissue application of lasers. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia,
2002, 32(3): 569.
32. Young, WP. Feline onychectomy and elective procedures. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders,
Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 601.
33. Shelley, BA. Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 621.
34. Bellows, J. Laser use in veterinary dentistry. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3):
673.
35. Rupley, AE, Parrott-Nenezian, T. The use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice. In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine
surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 535.
36. Hardie, EM, Stone, EA, Spaulding, KA, Cullen, JM. Subtotal canine prostatectomy with the neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Vet Surg,
1990; 19: 348.
37. Feder, BM, Fry, TR, Kostolich, M, Bartels, KE, Bahr, R, Mandsager, R, et al. Nd: YAG laser cytoreduction of an invasive intracranial meningioma
in a dog. Prog Vet Neuro, 1993; 4:3.
38. Ellison, GW, Bellah, JR, Stubbs, WP, Van Gilder, J. Treatment of perianal fistulas with Nd: YAG laser. Results in twenty cases. Vet Surg, 1995;
24:140.
39. Nasisse, MP, Davidson, MG, English, RV, Jamieson, V, Harling, DE, Tate, LP. Treatment of glaucoma by use of transcleral neodymium: yttrium
aluminum garnet laser cylcocoagulation in dogs. JAVMA, 1990; 197:350.
40. Rizzo, L.B., Ritchey, J.W., Higbee, R.G., Bartels, K.E., Lucroy, M.D., Histologic Comparison of Skin Biopsy Specimens Collected by Use of
Carbon Dioxide or 810-nm Diode Lasers from Dogs, JAVMA, 2004; 225:1562.
41. Davidson, E.B., Davis, M.S., Campbell, G.A., Williamson, K.K., Payton, Healey, T.S., and Bartels, K.E.: Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Laser and
Conventional Incisional Techniques for Resection of Soft Palates in Brachycephalic Dogs. JAVMA, 2001; 219:776.
42. Ellison, GW, Bellah, JR, Stubbs, WP, et al: Treatment of perianal fistulas with Nd:YAG laser. Results in twenty cases. Vet Surg, 1995; 24:140.
43. Feder, BM, Fry, TR, Kostolich, et al: Nd:YAG laser cytoreduction of an invasive intracranial meningioma in a dog. Prog Vet Neuro, 1993, 4: 3.
44. Hardie, EM, Carlson, CS, Richardson, DC: Effect of Nd: YAG laser energy on articular cartilage healing in the dog. Lasers Surg Med, 1989; 9:
595.
45. Lange, DN, Rochat, MC, Bartels, KE, et al: Comparison of carbon dioxide laser modalities for removal of polymethylmethacrylate cement. Vet
Comp Ortho Traum, 1997, 10: 25.
46. Shelley, BA, Bartels, KE, Ely, RW, et al: Use of the neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the
nasal planum in a cat. JAVMA, 1992; 201:756.
47. Spindel, ML, Moslem, A, Bhatia, KS, Jassemnejad, B, Bartels, KE, Powell, RC, et al. Comparison of holmium and flashlamp pumped dye lasers
for use in lithotripsy of biliary calculi. Lasers Surg Med, 1992; 12: 482.
48. Davidson, E.B., Ritchey, J.W., Higbee, R.D., Lucroy, M.D., and Bartels, K.E., Laser Lithotripsy for Treatment of Canine Uroliths, Vet. Surg., 2004;
33:56.
49. Wynn, V.M., Davidson, E.B., Higbee, R.G., Ritchey, J.W., Ridgway, T.D., Bartels, K.E., Lucroy, M.D., In Vitro Effects of Pulsed Holmium Laser
Energy on Canine Uroliths and Porcine Cadaveric Urethra, Lasers Surg. Med., 2003; 33:243.
50. Sapienza, JS, Miller, TR, Gum, GG, Gelatt, KN. Contact transcleral cyclophotocoagulation using a neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser in
normal dogs. Prog Vet Comparative Opthalmol, 1993; 2: 147.
51. Klein, MK, Roberts, WG. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy. Compendium - Sm An, 1993; 15: 809.
52. Roth, JE, Nixon, AJ, Gantz, VA: Pulsed carbon dioxide laser for cartilage vaporization and subchondral bone perforation in horse, Part I:
Technique and clinical results. Vet Surg, 1991, 203(3): 190.
53. Nixon, AJ, Krook LP, Roth JE, et al: Pulsed carbon dioxide laser for cartilage vaporization and subchondral bone perforation in horses. Part II:
Morphologic and histochemical reactions. Vet Surg, 1991, 203 (3): 200.
54. Peavy, GM, Reinisch, L, Payne, JT. Comparison of cortical bone ablations by using infrared laser wavelengths 2.9 to 9.2 micron, Lasers Surg
Med 1999; 25(5): 421.
55. Haugland, LM, Collier, MA, Panciera, RJ, Bellamy, J. The effect of CO2 laser neurectomy on neuroma formation and axonal regeneration. Vet
Surg, 1992, 21(5): 351.
56. Montgomery, TC, McNaughton, SD. Investigating the CO2 laser for plantar digital neurectomy in horses, Lasers Surg Med. 1995; 5(5):515.
57. Shultz, R, Cabello F, Harvey G. Bacterial side effects of neodymium YAG lasers. Lasers Surg Med, 1986; 6:162.
58. Hooks, WT: Use of CO2 laser sterilization. Oral Surg, 1980; 49:263.
59. Mison, MB, Bohart, GH, Walshaw, R, et al. Use of carbon dioxide laser for onychectomy in cats JAVMA 2002; 221(5): 651.
60. Palesty, JA, Zahir, KS, Dudrick, SJ, Ferri, S, Tripodi, G. Nd: YAG laser surgery for the excision of pilonidal cysts: a comparison with traditional
techniques. Lasers Surg Med. 2000, 26(4):380.
61. Mison, MB, Steicek, B, Lavagino, M, et al. Comparison of the effects of the CO surgical lasers and conventional surgical techniques on the
healing and wound tensile strength of skin flaps in the dog, Vet Surg 2003; 32(2): 153.
62. Irwin, JR: The economics of surgical laser technology in veterinary practice, In: Bartels, KE. ed. Vet Clin NA: Laser in medicine surgery. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 32(3): 559.
63. Aukri, R, Lubort, R, Taitel baum: Estimation of optimal wave lengths for laser-induced wound healing, Laser Surg Med. 2010, 42(8): 760.
Oncologic Surgery
1. Wisner ER, Pollar RE: Trends in Veterinary Cancer Imaging. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2:2:49, 2004.
2. Davis GJ, Kapatkin AS, Craig LE, et al: Comparison of Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of
Appendicular Osteosarcoma in Dogs. JAVMA. 220:8:1171, 2002.
3. Ehrhart NE: Longitudinal Bone Transport for the Treatment of Primary Bone Tumors in Dogs: Technique Description and Outcome in 9 Dogs. Vet
Sur. 34: 1: 24, 2005.
4. Rovesti GL, Bascucci M, Schmidt, et al: Limb Sparing using a Double Bone-Transport Technique for Treatment of Distal Tibial Osteosarcoma in a
Dog. Vet Surg. 31:70, 2002.
5. Buracco P, Morello E, Martano M, et al: Pasteurized Tumoral Autograft as a Novel Procedure for Limb Sparing in the Dog: A Clinical Report. Vet
Surg. 31:525, 2002.
6. Kuntz CA, Asselin TL, Dernell WS, et al: Limb Salvage Surgery for Osteosarcoma of the Proximal Humerus: Outcome in 17 Dogs. Vet Surg.
27:417, 1998.
7. Seguin B, Walsh PJ, Mason DR, et al: Use of an Ipsilateral Vascularized Ulnar Transposition Autograft for Limb-Sparing Surgery of the Distal
Radius in Dogs: An Anatomic and Clinical Study. Vet Surg. 32:69, 2003.
8. Kirpensteifn J, Steinheimer D, Park RD, et al: Comparison of Cemented and Non-cemented Allografts in Dogs with Osteosarcoma. Veterinary
Comp Orthop Traumatol. 11:178, 1998.
9. Straw RC, Withrow SJ, Powers BE, et al: Partial or Total Hemipel-vectomy in the Management of Sarcomas in 9 Dogs and 2 Cats. Vet Surg.
21:3:183, 1992.
10. Withrow SJ: Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Philadelphia: Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract (Cancer of the Oral Cavity). 70, 2001.
11. Garzotto CK, Berg J, Hoffman WE, et al: Prognostic Significance of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma.
J of Vet Int Med. 2000, 14, 587-592.
12. Ehrhart N, Dernell WS, Hoffmann WE, et al: Prognostic Importance of Alkaline Phosphatase in Serum from Dogs with Appendicular
Osteosarcoma: 75 cases (1990-1996). JAVMA. 213:1002, 1998.
13. Zekas LJ, Crawford JT, O'Brien RT: Computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspirate and tissue-core biopsy of intrathoracic lesions in thirty
dogs and cats. Vet Radio Ultrasound. 46:3:200, 2005.
14. Prather AB, Berry CR, Thrall DE: Use of Radiography in Combination with Computed Tomography for the Assessment of Noncardiac Thoracic
Disease in the Dog and Cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 46;2:114, 2005.
15. De Rycke LM, Gielen IM, Simoens PJ, van Bree H: Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax in clinically normal dogs.
Am J Vet Res. 66:3:512, 2005.
16. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Platt SR, et al. Thiamine deficiency in a dog: clinical, clinicopathologic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Vet
Intern Med. 17:5:719, 2003.
17. Taga A, Taura Y, Nakaichi M, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of syringomyelia in five dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 41:8:362, 2000.
18. M. K. Jankowski, P. F. Stey2, S. E. Lana, et al: Nuclear scanning with 99mTc-HDP for the initial evaluation of osseous metastasis in canine
osteosarcoma. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 1:3:152, 2003.
19. Liebman NF, Kuntz CA, Steyn PF, et al: Accuracy of Radiography, Nuclear Scintigraphy, and Histopathology for Determining the Proximal Extent
of Distal Radius Osteosarcoma in Dogs. Vet Surg, 30: 240, 2001.
20. Krynyckyi BR, Kim SC, Kim CK: Preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy and Triangulated Patient Body Marking are Important Parts of the Sentinel
Node Process in Breast Cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 24:3:1:56, 2005.
21. Payoux P, Dekeister C, Lopez R, et al: Effectiveness of Lymphoscintigraphy Sentinel Node Detection for Cervical Staging of Patients with
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 63:8:1091, 2005.
22. Ha ra N, Okuizumi M, Koike H, et al: Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) is a Useful Modality for the Precise
Detection and Staging of Early Prostate Cancer. Prostate. 62:2:140, 2005.
23. Kuntz CA, Dernell WS, Powers BE, et al: Prognostic Factors for Surgical Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs: 75 Cases (1986-1996)
JAVMA. 211:9:1147, 1997.
24. Molander-McCrary H, Henry CJ, Potter, et al: Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors in Cats: 32 Cases (1991-1994). JAAHA. 34:281, 1998.
25. Weisse CW, Shofer FS, Sorenmo K: Recurrence Rates and Sites for Grade 2 Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Following Complete Surgical
Excision. JAAHA. 38:71, 2002.
26. Seguin B, Leibman NF, Bregazzi VS, et al: Clinical Outcome of Dogs with Grade-II Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery Alone: 55 Cases
(19961999). JAVMA. 218:7:1120, 2001.
27. Simpson AM, Ludwig LL, Newman SJ, et al: Evaluation of Surgical Margins Required for Complete Excision of Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors in
Dogs. JAVMA. 224:236, 2004.
28. Lemarie RJ, Lemarie SJ, Hedlund CS: Mast Cell Tumors: Clinical Management. Compendium For Continuing Education. 17:9, 1085, 1995.
29. Klein MK, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al. Treatment of Thyroid Carinoma in Dogs by Surgical Resection Alone: 20 Cases (1981-1989). JAVMA.
207:7: 1007, 1995.
30. Thomson MJ, Withrow SJ, Dernell WS, et al: Intramuscular Lipomas of the Thigh Region in Dogs: 11 Cases. JAAHA. 35:165, 1999.
31. London CA, Dubilzeig RR, Vail DM, et al: Evaluation of dogs and Cats with Tumors of the Ear Canal: 145 Cases (1978-1992). JAVMA.
208:9:1413, 1996.
32. Liptak JM, Dernell WS, Withrow SJ: Liver Tumors in Cats and Dogs. Compendium for Continuing Education. 50, 2004.
33. Gores BR, Berg J, Carpenter JL, et al: Surgical Treatment of Thymoma in Cats:12 Cases (1987-1992). JAVMA. 204:11:1782, 1994.
34. Remedios AM, Fowler JD: Axial Pattern Flaps in the Cutaneous Reconstruction of Lower Limb Wounds. Compendium for Continuing Education.
17:11:1356, 1995.
35. Hunt GB, Tisdall PL, Liptak JM, et al: Skin-Fold Advancement Flaps for Closing Large Proximal Limb and Trunk Defects in Dogs and Cats. Vet
Surg. 30: 440-448, 2001.
36. Cornell K, Salisburn K, Jakovljevic S, et al: Reverse Saphenous Conduit Flap in Cats: An Anatomic Study. Vet Surg. 24:202, 1995.
37. Fowler JD, Degner DA, Walshaw R, et al: Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer: Results in 57 Consecutive Cases. Vet Surg. 27:406, 1998.
38. Spodnick GJ, Berg J, Rand WM, et al: Prognosis for Dogs with Appendicular Osteosarcoma Treated by Amputation Alone: 162 Cases (1981988).
JAVMA. 200:7:995, 1992.
39. Watson CL, Lucroy MD: Primary Appendicular Bone Tumors in Dogs. Compendium for Continuing Education. 128, 2002.
40. Chun R, Kurzman ID, Couto CG, et al: Cisplatin and Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Pilot
Study. J Vet Intern Med. 14:495, 2000.
41. Bailey D, Erb H, Williams L, et al: Carboplatin and Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Appendicular Osteosarcoma in
the Dog. J Vet Int Med. 17:199, 2003.
42. Berg J, Weinstein MJ, Springfield DS, et al: Results of Surgery and Doxorubicin Chemotherapy in dogs with Osteosarcoma. JAVMA.
206:10:1555, 1995.
43. McEntee MC, Page RL: Feline Vaccine Associated Sarcomas. J Vet Int Med. 15:176, 2001.
44. Hershey AE, Sorenmo KU, Hendrick MJ, et al: Prognosis for Presumed Feline Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma after Excision: 61 Cases (1986 -
1996). JAVMA. 216:1:58, 2000.
45. Cohen M, Wright JC, Brawner WR, et al: Use of Surgery and Electron Beam Irradiation, with and without Chemotherapy, for Treatment of
Vaccine-Associated Sarcomas in Cats: 78 Cases (1996-2000). JAVMA. 219:11:1582, 2001.
46. Bregazzi VS, LaRue SM, McNiel E, et al: Treatment with a Combination of Doxorubicin, Surgery and Radiation Versus Radiation Along for Cats
with Vaccine-Associated Sarcomas: 25 Cases (1995-2000). JAVMA. 218:4:547, 2001.
47. Ross JT, Scavelli TD, Matthiesen DT, et al: Adenocarcinoma of the Apocrine Glands of the Anal Sac in Dogs: A Review of 32 Cases. JAAHA.
27:349, 1991.
48. Williams LE, Gliatto JM, Dodge RK, et al: Carcinoma of the Apocrine Glands of the Anal Sac in Dogs: 113 Cases (1985-1995). JAVMA. 223:825,
2003.
49. Bennett PT, DeNicola DB, Bonney P, et al. Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinomas: Clinical Presentation and Response to Therapy. J of Vet Int Med.
16:100, 2002.
50. Withrow SJ: Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Philadelphia: Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract (Cancer of the Oral Cavity). 305, 2001.

Tumor Biopsy Principles and Techniques

1. Withrow SJ, MacEwen EC. Small animal clinical oncology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996.
2. Whitebait JG, Griffey SM, Olander HJ, et al. The accuracy of intraoperative diagnoses based on examination of frozen sections: a prospective
comparison with paraffin embedded sections. Vet Surg 1993;22:255 259.
3. Jamshidi K, Swain WR. Bone marrow biopsy with unaltered architecture: a new biopsy device. J Lab Clin Med 1971;77:335.
4. Wykes PM, Withrow SJ, Powers BE, et al. Closed biopsy for diagnoses of long bone tumors: accuracy and results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1985;21:489.
5. Withrow SJ, Susaneck SJ, Macy DW, et al. Aspiration and punch biopsy techniques for nasal tumors. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:55 1.

Supplemental Oxygen Delivery and Feeding Tube Techniques

Crowe DT. Clinical use of an indwelling nasogastric tube for enteral nutrition and fluid therapy in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1986;22:675 678.
Crowe DT. Use of a nasogastric tube for gastric and esophageal de compression in the dog and cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 188:1178 1182.
Crowe DT. Enteral nutrition for critically ill or injured patients. Part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1986;8:603.
Crowe DT. Enteral nutrition for critically ill or injured patients. Part II. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1986;8:826.
Fitzpatrick RI, Crowe DT. Nasal oxygen administration in dogs and cats: experimental and clinical investigations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1986;22:293 297.

Esophagostomy Tube Placement and Use for Feeding and Decompression

1. Crowe DT. Use of a nasogastric tube for gastric and esophageal decompression in the dog and cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:1178-1182.
2. Crowe DT. Feeding the sick patient. In: Proceedings of the Eastern States Veterinary Conference. Orlando, FL. 1988;3:95-96.
3. Crowe DT, Downs MO. Pharyngostomy complications in dogs and cats and recommended technical modifications: experimental and clinical
investigations. J Ain Anim Hosp Assoc 1986; 22:493-496.
4. Crowe DT. Nutritional support for the hospitalized patient: an introduction to tube feeding. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1990; 12:17111721.
5. Moss G. Maintenance of gastrointestinal function after bowel surgery and immediate enteral full nutrition. ll. Clinical experience, with objective
demonstration of intestinal absorption and motility. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1981;5:215-220.

Use of Jejunostomy and Enterostomy Tubes

1. Carnevale JM, et al. Nutritional assessment: guidelines to selecting patients for nutritional support. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1991;13:255-
261.
2. Orton EC. Needle catheter jejunostomy. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:257.
3. Moore EE, Moore FA. Immediate enteral nutrition following multisys-temic trauma: a decade perspective. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;10:633 648.
4. Marulenda S, Kirby DF. Nutrition support in pancreatitis. NutrClin Pract 1995;10:45-53.
5. Freeman LM, et al. Nutritional support in pancreatitis: a retrospective study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 1995;5:32-41.
6. Bodoky G, et al. Effect of enteral nutrition on exocrine pancreatic function. Am J Surg 1991;161:144-148.
7. Simpson WG, Marsino L, Gates L. Enteral nutritional support in acute alcoholic pancreatitis. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:662-665.
8. Guan D, Ohta H, Green GM. Rat pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal infusion of elemental vs. polymeric defined formula diet. JPEN J
Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994;18:335-339.
9. Justin RB, Hohenhaus AE. Hypophosphotemia associated with enteral alimentation in cats. J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:228-233.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

1. Culp WT, Mayhew PD, Brown DC. The effect of laparoscopic versus open ovariectomy on postsurgical activity in small dogs. Vet Surg 2009;
38:811-817.
2. Nadeau O, Kampmeier O. Endoscopy of the abdomen: abdom-inoscopy: a preliminary study, including a summary of the literature and a
description of the technique. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1925; 41:259-271.
3. Bailey JE, Pablo LS. Anesthetic and physiologic considerations for veterinary endosurgery. In Freeman LJ (ed). Veterinary Endosurgery. St. Louis:
Mosby, 1999.
4. Stoloff DR. Laparoscoic suturing and knot tying techniques. In Freeman LJ (ed). Veterinary Endosurgery. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.
5. Freeman L, Rawlings CA, Stoloff DR. Endoscopic knot tying and suturing. In Tams TR and Rawlings CA (eds), Small Animal Endoscopy, 3rd
edition. St. Louis: Elsevier-Mosby, 2011.
6. Freeman LJ. Laparoscopic liver biopsy. Clinician's Brief, May 2010.
7. Hancock RB, Lanz OI, Waldron DR, et al. Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic-scalpel-assisted laparoscopy
compared with median celiotomy and ligation in dogs. Vet Surg 2005; 34:273-282.
8. Rawlings CA, Foutz TL, Mahaffey MB, Howerth EW, Bement S, Canalis C. A rapid and strong laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Am J Vet
Res 2001; 62:871-875.
9. Mayhew PD, Brown DC. Prospective evaluation of two intracorporeally sutured prophylactic laparoscopic gastropexy techniques compared with
laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Vet Surg 2009; 38:738-746.
10. Dujowich M, Reimer SB. Evaluation of an endoscopically assisted gastropexy technique in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:537-541.
11. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Barsanti JA, Canalis C. Use of laparo-scopic-assisted cystoscopy for removal of urinary calculi in dogs. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 2003; 222:759-761.
12. Devitt CM, Cox RE, Hailey JJ. Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-
assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Sep 15;227(6):921-7.

Thoracoscopy
1. Borenstein N, Behr L, Chetboul V, et al. Minimally invasive patent ductus ateriosus occlusion in 5 dogs. Vet Surg 2004; 33:309-313.
2. MacPhail CM, Monnet E, Twedt DC. Thoracoscopic correction of persistent right aortic arch in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001;37:577-581.
3. Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Biller DS, et al. Thoracoscopic visualization and ligation of the thoracic duct in dogs. Vet Surge 2002;31:138-146.
4. Dupré GP, Corlouer JP, Bouvy B. Thoracoscopic pericardiectomy performed without pulmonary exclusion in 9 dogs. Vet Surge 2001;30:21-27.
5. Kovak JR, Ludwig LL, Bergman PJ, et al. Use of thoacoscopy to determine the etiology of pleural effusion in dogs and cats: 18 cases (1998-2001).
J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:990-994.
6. McCarthy T. Diagnostic thoracoscopy. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 1999;14:213-219.
7. Remedios AM, Ferguson J. Minimally invasive surgery: Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy in small animals. Compend Cont Ed Pract Vet
1996;18:1191-1199.
8. Freeman LJ. Veterinary Endosurgery. 1st ed. St. Louis: Mosby 1999.
9. McCarthy TC. Veterinary endoscopy. 2005:606.
10. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al. Cardiopulmonary effect of thoracoscopy in anesthetized normal dogs. Vet Anest Analg 2004;31:121-
128.
11. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al. Effect of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with and open thoracic cavity. Am
J Vet Res 2003;64:443-448.
12. Potter L, Hendrickson DA. Therapeutic video assisted thoracic surgery. 1998;169-191.
13. Cantwell Sl, Duke T, Walsh PJ, et al. One-lung versus two-lung ventilation in the closed-chest anesthetized dog: A comparison of
cardiopulmonary parameters. Vet Surg 2000;29:365-373.
14. Daly CM, Swalec-Tobias K, Tobias AH, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of intrathoracic insufflation in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002;38:515-
520.
15. McCarthy TC, Monnet E. Diagnostic and Operative Thoracoscopy in: McCarthy TC, ed. Veterinary Endoscopy. St. Louis: Elsvier Saunders,
2005;229-278.
16. Dupre GP, Corlouer JP, Bouvy B. Thoracoscopic pericar-diectomy performed without pulmonary exclusion in 9 dogs. Vet Surg 2001;30:21-27.
17. Jackson J, Richter KP, Launer DP. Thoracoscopic partial pericardi-ectomy in 13 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13:529-533.
18. Walsh PJ, Remedios AM, Ferguson JF, et al. Thoracoscopic versus open partial pericardiectomy in dogs: comparison of postoperative pain and
morbidity. Vet Surg 1999;28:472-479.
19. Jackson J, Richter KP, Launer DP. Thoracoscopic partial pericardiectomy in 13 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13:529-533.
20. Brissot HN, Dupre GP, Bouvy BM, et al. Thoracoscopic treatment of bullous emphysema in 3 dogs. Vet Surg 2003;32:524-529.
21. Enwiller TM, Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, et al. Popliteal and mesenteric lymph node injection with methylene blue for coloration of the thoracic
duct in dogs. Vet Surg 2003;32:359-364.
22. Isakow K, Fowler D, Walsh P. Video-assisted thoracoscopic division of the ligamentum arteriosum in two dogs with persistent right aortic arch. J
Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1333-1336.
Microvascular Surgical Instrumentation and Application
1. Daniel RK, Terzis, J.K.: Reconstructive microsurgery Boston: Little, Brown, 1977.
2. Zhong-wei C, Dong-yue, Y., De-sheng, C.: Microsurgery. New York, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publisher, 1982.
3. Acland RD: Practice manual for microvascular surgery (ed 2). St. Louis, CV Mosby, 1989.
4. Urbaniak JR, Soucacos PN, Adelaar RS, et al: Experimental evaluation of microsurgical techniques in small artery anastomoses. Orthop Clin North
Am 8:249-263, 1977.
5. Degner DA, Walshaw R: Medial saphenous fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flap transfer in eight dogs. Vet Surg 26:20-25, 1997.
6. Degner DA, Walshaw R, Lanz O, et al: The medial saphenous fasciocutaneous free flap in dogs. Vet Surg 25:105-113, 1996.
7. Fowler JD, Degner DA, Walshaw R, et al: Microvascular free tissue transfer: results in 57 consecutive cases. Vet Surg 27:406-412, 1998.
8. Bla ir WF, Pedersen DR, Joos K, et al: Interrupted and continuous microarteriorrhaphy techniques: a hemodynamic comparison. J Orthop Res
2:419-424, 1984.
9. Chen YX, Chen LE, Seaber AV, et al: Comparison of continuous and interrupted suture techniques in microvascular anastomosis. J Hand Surg
[Am] 26:530-539, 2001.
10. Cordeiro PG, Santamaria E: Experience with the continuous suture microvascular anastomosis in 200 consecutive free flaps. Ann Plast Surg
40:1-6, 1998.
11. Lopez-Monjardin H, de la Pena-Salcedo JA: Techniques for management of size discrepancies in microvascular anastomosis. Microsurgery
20:162-166, 2000.
12. Adams WP, Jr., Ansari MS, Hay MT, et al: Patency of different arterial and venous end-to-side microanastomosis techniques in a rat model. Plast
Reconstr Surg 105:156-161, 2000.
13. Ahn CY, Shaw WW, Berns S, et al: Clinical experience with the 3M microvascular coupling anastomotic device in 100 free-tissue transfers. Plast
Reconstr Surg 93:1481-1484, 1994.
14. Zdolsek J, Ledin H, Lidman D: Are mechanical microvascular anastomoses easier to learn than suture anastomoses? Microsurgery 25:596598,
2005.
15. Falconer DP, Lewis TW, Lamprecht EG, et al: Evaluation of the Unilink microvascular anastomotic device in the dog. J Reconstr Microsurg 6:215-
222, 1990.
16. Pavletic MM: Skin flaps in reconstructive surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20:81-103, 1990.
17. Degner DA, Walshaw, R., Kerstetter K.K.: Vascular anomaly of the prescapular branch of the superficial cervical artery and vein of an
omocervical free skin flap in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:102106, 1995.
18. Fowler JD, Miller CW, Bowen V, et al: Transfer of free vascular cutaneous flaps by microvascular anastomosis. Results in six dogs. Vet Surg
16:446-450, 1987.
19. Miller CC, Fowler JD, Bowen CV, et al: Experimental and clinical free cutaneous transfers in the dog. Microsurgery 12:113-117, 1991.
20. Miller CW: Free skin flap transfer by microvascular anastomosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20:189-199, 1990.
21. Miller CW, Bowen V, Chang P: Microvascular distant transfer of a cervical axial-pattern skin flap in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:203204,
1987.
22. Pavletic MM: Anatomy and circulation of the canine skin. Microsurgery 12:103-112, 1991.
23. Philibert D, Fowler JD: The trapezius osteomusculocutaneous flap in dogs. Vet Surg 22:444-450, 1993.
24. Philibert D, Fowler JD, Clapson JB: Free microvascular transplantation of the trapezius musculocutaneous flap in dogs. Vet Surg 21:435440,
1992.
25. Calfee EF, 3rd, Lanz OI, Degner DA, et al: Microvascular free tissue transfer of the rectus abdominis muscle in dogs. Vet Surg 31:32-43, 2002.
26. Lanz OI: Free tissue transfer of the rectus abdominis myoperitoneal flap for oral reconstruction in a dog. J Vet Dent 18:187-192, 2001.

Pain Management in the Surgical Patient

1. Muir WW: In Gaynor JS and Muir WW,ed.: Handbook of veterinary pain management. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2002, p 46.
2. Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ and Grim KA: Physiology of pain, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 4: 703 2000.
3. Grubb BD: Peripheral and central mechanisms of pain, Br J Anaesth 1: 8, 1998.
4. Wright A: Recent concepts in the neurophysiology of pain, Man Ther 4: 196, 1999.
5. Hellyer PW: In Gaynor JS and Muir WW,ed.: Handbook of veterinary pain management. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc, 2002, p 82.
6. Conzemius MG, Hill CM, Sammarco JL, et al.: Correlation between subjective and objective measures used to determine severity of postoperative
pain in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 11: 1619, 1997.
7. Hudson JT, Slater MR, Taylor L, et al.: Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and
lameness in dogs, Am J Vet Res 12: 1634, 2004.
8. Holton LL, Scott EM, Nolan AM, et al.: Comparison of three methods used for assessment of pain in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 1: 61, 1998.
9. Firth AM and Haldane SL: Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 5: 651, 1999.
10. Morton CM, Reid J, Scott EM, et al.: Application of a scaling model to establish and validate an interval level pain scale for assessment of acute
pain in dogs, Am J Vet Res 12: 2154, 2005.
11. Dobromylskyj P, Flecknell PA, Lascelles BD, et al.: In Flecknell P and Waterman-Pearson A,ed.: Pain management in animals. London: W. B.
Saunders, 2000, p 53.
12. Vaisanen MA, Tuomikoski SK and Vainio OM: Behavioral alterations and severity of pain in cats recovering at home following elective
ovariohysterectomy or castration, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2: 236, 2007.
13. Troncy E, Junot S, Keroack S, et al.: Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats
undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 5: 666, 2002.
14. Katz J: Pre-emptive analgesia: Evidence, current status and future directions, Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl 8, 1995.
15. Katz J: Pre-emptive analgesia: Importance of timing, Can J Anaesth 2: 105, 2001.
16. Livingston A: Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract4: 773, 2000.
17. Vanegas H and Schaible HG: Prostaglandins and cyclooxygenases (correction of cycloxygenases) in the spinal cord, Prog Neurobiol4: 327,
2001.
18. Nolan AM: In Flecknell P and Waterman-Pearson A,ed.: Pain management in animals. London: W. B. Saunders, 2000, p 21.
19. Cayen MN, Kraml M, Ferdinandi ES, et al.: The metabolic disposition of etodolac in rats, dogs, and man, Drug Metab Rev2: 339, 1981.
20. Luna SP, Basilio AC, Steagall PV, et al.: Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine,
ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs, Am J Vet Res 3: 258, 2007.
21. Elwood C, Boswood A, Simpson K, et al.: Renal failure after flunixin meglumine administration, Vet Rec 26: 582, 1992.
22. MacPhail CM, Lappin MR, Meyer DJ, et al.: Hepatocellular toxicosis associated with administration of carprofen in 21 dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc
12: 1895, 1998.
23. Gray AC, Coupar IM and White PJ: Comparison of opioid receptor distributions in the rat central nervous system, Life Sci7: 674, 2006.
24. Gray AC, Coupar IM and White PJ: Comparison of opioid receptor distributions in the rat ileum, Life Sci 14: 1610, 2006.
25. Simonds WF: The molecular basis of opioid receptor function, Endocr Rev 2: 200, 1988.
26. Atcheson R and Lambert DG: Update on opioid receptors, Br J Anaesth 2: 132, 1994.
27. Garrett ER and Chandran VR: Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates. X: Analyses and pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs,
Biopharm Drug Dispos 4: 311, 1990.
28. Garner HR, Burke TF, Lawhorn CD, et al.: Butorphanol-mediated antinociception in mice: Partial agonist effects and mu receptor involvement, J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 3: 1253, 1997.
29. Florez J, McCarthy LE and Borison HL: A comparative study in the cat of the respiratory effects of morphine injected intravenously and into the
cerebrospinal fluid, J Pharmacol Exp Ther2: 448, 1968.
30. Urthaler F, Isobe JH and James TN: Direct and vagally mediated chronotropic effects of morphine studied by selective perfusion of the sinus
node of awake dogs, Chest 2: 222, 1975.
31. Guedes AG, Rude EP and Rider MA: Evaluation of histamine release during constant rate infusion of morphine in dogs, Vet Anaesth Analg 1: 28,
2006.
32. Ennis M, Schneider C, Nehring E, et a/.: Histamine release induced by opioid analgesics: A comparative study using porcine mast cells, Agents
Actions 1-2: 20, 1991.
33. Kromer W: Endogenous and exogenous opioids in the control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion, Pharmacol Rev 2: 121, 1988.
34. Gupta YK, Bhandari P, Chugh A, etal.: Role of endogenous opioids and histamine in morphine induced emesis, Indian J Exp Biol 1: 52, 1989.
35. Yokohata K, Kimura H, Ogawa Y, et a/.: Biliary motility. Changes in detailed characteristics correlated to duodenal migrating motor complex and
effects of morphine and motilin in dogs, Dig Dis Sci6: 1294, 1994.
36. Gross JB, Comfort MW, Mathieson DR, et a/.: Elevated values for serum amylase and lipase following the administration of opiates: A preliminary
report, Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 5: 81, 1951.
37. French ED, Vasquez SA and George R: Behavioral changes produced in the cat by acute and chronic morphine injection and naloxone
precipitated withdrawal, Eur J Pharmacol 4: 387, 1979.
38. Butterworth JFt and Strichartz GR: Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: A review, Anesthesiology 4: 711, 1990.
39. Liu PL, Feldman HS, Giasi R, et a/.: Comparative cns toxicity of lidocaine, etidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine in awake dogs following rapid
intravenous administration, Anesth Analg 4: 375, 1983.
40. Moller RA and Covino BG: Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine, Anesth Analg 2: 107, 1988.
41. Lynch C, 3rd: Depression of myocardial contractility in vitro by bupivacaine, etidocaine, and lidocaine, Anesth Analg 6: 551, 1986.
42. Liu P, Feldman HS, Covino BM, et a/.: Acute cardiovascular toxicity of intravenous amide local anesthetics in anesthetized ventilated dogs,
Anesth Analg 4: 317, 1982.
43. Davis JA, Greenfield RE and Brewer TG: Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical application of the anesthetic in several
laboratory animal species, Am J Vet Res 8: 1322, 1993.
44. Vasseur PB, Paul HA, Dybdal N, et a/.: Effects of local anesthetics on healing of abdominal wounds in rabbits, Am J Vet Res 11: 2385, 1984.
45. Kona-Boun JJ, Cuvelliez S and Troncy E: Evaluation of epidural administration of morphine or morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative
analgesia after premedication with an opioid analgesic and orthopedic surgery in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 7: 1103, 2006.
46. Valverde A, Doherty TJ, Hernandez J, et a/.: Effect of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs, Vet Anaesth Analg
4: 264, 2004.
47. Aantaa R, Marjamaki A and Scheinin M: Molecular pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes, Ann Med4: 439, 1995.
48. Lemke KA: Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals, Can Vet J 6: 475, 2004.
49. Pypendop BH and Verstegen JP: Hemodynamic effects of medeto-midine in the dog: A dose titration study, Vet Surg 6: 612, 1998.
50. Klide AM, Calderwood HW and Soma LR: Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine in dogs, Am J Vet Res 7: 931, 1975.
51. Vaha-Vahe T: Clinical evaluation of medetomidine, a novel sedative and analgesic drug for dogs and cats, Acta Vet Scand3: 267, 1989.
52. Nakamura K, Hara S and Tomizawa N: The effects of medetomidine and xylazine on gastrointestinal motility and gastrin release in the dog, J Vet
Pharmacol Ther 4: 290, 1997.
53. Burton S, Lemke KA, Ihle SL, et al.: Effects of medetomidine on serum osmolality; urine volume, osmolality and ph; free water clearance; and
fractional clearance of sodium, chloride, potassium, and glucose in dogs, Am J Vet Res 6: 756, 1998.
54. Burton SA, Lemke KA, Ihle SL, et al.: Effects of medetomidine on serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations in clinically normal dogs, Am
J Vet Res 12: 1440, 1997.
55. Cullen LK: Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: A review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose, Br Vet J 5: 519, 1996.
56. Felsby S, Nielsen J, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al.: Nmda receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: A comparison of ketamine and magnesium
chloride, Pain 2: 283, 1996.
57. Hamilton SM, Johnston SA and Broadstone RV: Evaluation of analgesia provided by the administration of epidural ketamine in dogs with a
chemically induced synovitis, Vet Anaesth Analg 1: 30, 2005.
58. Wagner AE, Walton JA, Hellyer PW, et al.: Use of low doses of ketamine administered by constant rate infusion as an adjunct for postoperative
analgesia in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 1: 72, 2002.
59. Snijdelaar DG, Koren G and Katz J: Effects of perioperative oral amantadine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients after
radical prostatectomy: Results of a preliminary study, Anesthesiology 1: 134, 2004.
60. Gilron I: Gabapentin and pregabalin for chronic neuropathic and early postsurgical pain: Current evidence and future directions, Curr Opin
Anaesthesiol 5: 456, 2007.
61. Stoelting RK: 30 In Stoelting RK,ed.: Pharmacology and physiology in anesthetic practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, p
506.
62. Davis JL, Posner LP and Elce Y: Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 5: 755, 2007.
63. Eggers KA and Power I: Tramadol, Br J Anaesth 3: 247, 1995.
64. Ide S, Minami M, Ishihara K, et al.: Mu opioid receptor-dependent and independent components in effects of tramadol, Neuropharma-cology 3:
651, 2006.
65. Mastrocinque S and Fantoni DT: A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine
ovariohysterectomy, Vet Anaesth Analg 4: 220, 2003.
66. KuKanich B and Papich MG: Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite o-desmethyltramadol in dogs, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 4: 239, 2004.
67. Sparkes AH, Heiene R, Lascelles BD, et al.: ISFM and AAFP consensus guidelines: long-term use of NSAIDS in cats, J Feline Med Surg 12: 521,
2010.
68. Johnston SA and Fox SM: Mechanisms of action of anti-inflammatory medications used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, J Am Vet Med Assoc
10: 1486, 1997.
69. Hanson SM, Bostwick DR, Twedt DC, et al.: Clinical evaluation of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol for prevention of gastrointestinal tract
bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery, Am J Vet Res 11: 1320, 1997.
70. Bryson HM and Wilde MI: Amitriptyline. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in chronic pain states, Drugs Aging 6: 459,
1996.
71. Tura B and Tura SM: The analgesic effect of tricyclic antidepressants, Brain Res 1-2: 19, 1990.
72. Siderias J, Guadio F and Singer AJ: Comparison of topical anesthetics and lubricants prior to urethral catheterization in males: A randomized
controlled trial, AcadEmerg Med6: 703, 2004.
73. Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Roush JK, et a/.: Use of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing
total ear canal ablation, J Am Vet Med Assoc 3: 414, 2005.
74. Conzemius MG, Brockman DJ, King LG, et a/.: Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: A clinical trial comparing intravenous
buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine, Vet Surg 4: 291, 1994.
75. Tattersall JA and Welsh E: Factors influencing the short-term outcome following thoracic surgery in 98 dogs, J SmallAnim Pract 12: 715, 2006.
76. Wilson DV, Barnes KS and Hauptman JG: Pharmacokinetics of combined intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine in the dog following
ovariohysterectomy, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2: 105, 2004.
77. Wetmore LA and Glowaski MM: Epidural analgesia in veterinary critical care, Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 3: 177, 2000.
78. Roelants F, Veyckemans F, Van Obbergh L, et a/.: Loss of resistance to saline with a bubble of air to identify the epidural space in infants and
children: A prospective study, Anesth Analg 1: 59, 2000.
79. Ruppen W, Derry S, McQuay HJ, et a/.: Infection rates associated with epidural indwelling catheters for seven days or longer: Systematic review
and meta-analysis, BMC Palliat Care 3, 2007.
80. Weil AB, Ko J and Inoue T: The use of lidocaine patches, Compend Contin Educ PractVet 4: 208, 2007.
81. Hofmeister EH and Egger CM: Transdermal fentanyl patches in small animals, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 6: 468, 2004.
82. Shomaker TS, Zhang J and Ashburn MA: Assessing the impact of heat on the systemic delivery of fentanyl through the transdermal fentanyl
delivery system, Pain Med3: 225, 2000.
83. Egger CM, Duke T, Archer J, et a/.: Comparison of plasma fentanyl concentrations by using three transdermal fentanyl patch sizes in dogs, Vet
Surg 2: 159, 1998.
84. Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Verkempinck C, et a/.: Lidocaine patch: Double-blind controlled study of a new treatment method for postherpetic
neuralgia, Pain 1: 39, 1996.
85. Gammaitoni AR, Alvarez NA and Galer BS: Safety and tolerability of the lidocaine patch 5%, a targeted peripheral analgesic: A review of the
literature, J Clin Pharmacol2: 111, 2003.
86. Gammaitoni AR, Galer BS, Onawola R, et a/.: Lidocaine patch 5% and its positive impact on pain qualities in osteoarthritis: Results of a pilot 2-
week, open-label study using the neuropathic pain scale, Curr Med Res Opin S13, 2004.
87. Weiland L, Croubels S, Baert K, et al.: Pharmacokinetics of a lidocaine patch 5% in dogs, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 1: 34, 2006.
88. Ko J, Weil A, Maxwell L, et al.: Plasma concentrations of lidocaine in dogs following lidocaine patch application, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 5: 280,
2007.
89. Gammaitoni AR, Alvarez NA and Galer BS: Pharmacokinetics and safety of continuously applied lidocaine patches 5%, Am J Health Syst Pharm
22: 2215, 2002.
90. Hellyer PW and Gaynor JS: How I treat acute postsurgical pain in dogs and cats, Compend Contin Educ PractVet 140 1998.
91. Beckman B and Legendre L: Regional nerve blocks for oral surgery in companion animals, Compend Contin Educ PractVet 6: 439 2002.
92. Buback JL, Boothe HW, Carroll GL, et al.: Comparison of three methods for relief of pain after ear canal ablation in dogs, Vet Surg 5: 380, 1996.
93. Lemke KA and Dawson SD: Local and regional anesthesia, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 4: 839, 2000.
94. Gaynor JS and Mama KR: In Gaynor JS and Muir WW,ed.: Handbook of veterinary pain management. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002, p 261.
95. Muir WW, 3rd, Wiese AJ and March PA: Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on
minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane, Am J Vet Res 9: 1155, 2003.
96. Steagall PV, Teixeira Neto FJ, Minto BW, et al.: Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl during surgery in dogs, J Am
Vet Med Assoc 4: 522, 2006.

Nervous System
1. Hayes HM, Priester WA, Pendergrass TW: Occurrence of nervous-tissue tumors in cattle, horses, cats and dogs. Int J Cancer 15:39, 1975.
2. Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS et al.: A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 31:349, 1995.
3. MacEwen EG, Powers BE, Macy D, et al.: Soft tissue sarcomas In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds.: Small animal clinical oncology. Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders Company, 2001, p. 283.
4. Miles JD, Dyce J, Mattoon, JS: Computed tomography for the diagnosis of a lumbosacral nerve sheath tumour and management by
hemipelvectomy. J Small Anim Pract 42:248, 2001.
5. Abraham LA, Mitten RW, Beck C et al.: Diagnosis of sciatic nerve tumour in two dogs by electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging. Aust
Vet J 81:42, 2003.
6. Essman SC, Hoover JP, Bahr RJ et al.: An intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:255, 2002.
7. Bagley RS, Wheeler SJ, Klopp L et al.: Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumors in 10 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:19, 1998.
8. Ruppert C, Hartmann K, Fischer A et al.: Cervical neoplasia originating from the vagus nerve in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 41:119, 2000.
9. Braund KG: Neoplasia of the Nervous System In Braund KG, ed.: Clinical Neurology in Small Animals - Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Ithaca: IVIS, 2003.
10. Chijiwa I, Ulchida K, Tateyama S.: Immunohistochemistry evaluation of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other soft tissue sarcomas.
Vet Pathol41:307, 2004.
11. Sawamoto O, Yamate J, Kuwamura M et al.: A canine peripheral nerve sheath tumor including peripheral nerve fibers. J Vet Med Sci 61:1335,
1999.
12. Patnaik AK, Zachos TA, Sams AE et al.: Malignant nerve-sheath tumor with divergent and glandular differentiation in a dog: a case report. Vet
Pathol39:406, 2002.
13. Garcia P, Sanchez B, Sanchez MA et al.: Epithielioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a dog. J Comp Pathol 131:87, 2004.
14. Platt SR, Graham J, Chrisman CL et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve
sheath tumor in a dog. Vet Radiology & Ultrasound40:367, 1999.
15. Rudich SR, Feeney DA, Anderson KL et al.: Computed tomography of masses of the brachial plexus and contributing nerve roots in dogs. Vet
Radiology & Ultrasound 45:46, 2004.
16. Carmichael S, Griffiths IR.: Tumours involving the brachial plexus in seven dogs. Veterinary Record 108:435, 1981.
17. McCarthy RJ, Feeney DA, Lipowitz AJ: Preoperative diagnosis of tumors of the brachial plexus by use of computed tomography in three dogs. J
Am Vet Med Assoc 202:291, 1993.
18. LeCouteur RA: Tumors of the nervous system In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds.: Small animal clinical oncology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Company, 2001, p. 500.
19. Farnback CG: Peripheral nerve testing and electromyography In Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, eds.: Textbook of small animal orthopaedics.
Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1985, p 1115.
20. Sharp, NJ: Craniolateral approach to the canine brachial plexus. Vet Surg 17:18, 1988.
21. Smith MM, Waldron DR: Approach to the lumbosacral nerve trunk In Smith MM, Waldron DR eds.: Atlas of approaches for general surgery of the
dog and cat. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1993, p 350.
22. McKnight JA, Mauldin GN, McEntee MC, et al.: Radiation treatment for incompletely resected soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
217:205, 2000 .

Peripheral Nerve Biopsy

1. Braund KG: Nerve and muscle biopsy techniques. Prog Vet Neurol 2: 35, 1980.
2. Braund KG, Walker TL, Vandevelde M: Fascicluar nerve biopsy in the dog. AmJ Vet Res 40: 1025, 1979.
3. Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA. Muscle and nerve biopsy. Vet Clin North America Sm Anim Pract 32: 63, 2002.
4. Braund KG. Diagnostic techniques-nerve and muscle biopsy evaluation. In: Braund KG, ed. Clinical syndromes in veterinary neurology. 2nd ed. St.
Louis: Mosby, 1994, p 376.

Muscle Biopsy
1. Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA. Muscle and nerve biopsy. Vet Clin North America Sm Anim Pract 32: 63, 2002.
2. Braund KG. Diagnostic techniques- nerve and muscle biopsy evaluation. In: Braund KG, ed. Clinical syndromes in veterinary neurology. 2nd ed.
St. Louis: Mosby, 1994, p 376.
3. Reynolds AJ, Fuhrer L, Valentine BA, Kallflez FA. New approach to percutaneous muscle biopsy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56(8): 982, 1995.
4. Magistris MR, Kohler A, Pizzolato G, et al. Needle muscle biopsy in the investigation of neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 21: 194, 1998.

Surgery of the Conjunctiva and Cornea

Gelatt KN, Gelatt JP: Surgery of the cornea and sclera In Gelatt KN, ed.: Small Animal Ophthalmic Surgery. Woburn: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001,
p 180.
Gilger BC, Whitley RD: Surgery of the cornea and sclera In Gelatt KN, ed.: Veterinary Ophthalmology (ed 3). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, 1999, p 675.
Herring IP: Corneal surgery: instrumentation, patient considerations, and surgical principles. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 18:152, 2003. Hollingsworth
SR: Corneal surgical techniques. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 18:161, 2003.
Slatter D: Cornea and sclera In Slatter D, ed.: Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology (ed 3). Philadelphia: Saunders, 2001, p 293.

Enucleation and Orbital Exenteration

Ramsey D.T., Fox D.B.: Surgery of the orbit. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 27:1215, 1997.
Slatter D., Basher T.: Orbit. In Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3rd Ed. Edited by D.H. Slatter. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003.

Ear Pinna
Angarano DW. Diseases of the pinna: Vet Clin North Am 1988; 18:1. Dubielzig RR, Wilson JW, Seireg AA. Pathogenesis of canine aural hematomas.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984,185:873.
Harvey CE. Ear canal disease in the dog: medical and surgical
management. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980:177:136.
Henderson RA, Home RD. The pinna. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small
animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
McKeever PJ. Otitis externa. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1996:18:759.
McCarthy RJ. Surgery of head and neck. In: Lipowitz AL, Caywood DD, Newton CD, et al, eds. Complications in small animal surgery. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

External Ear
Bojrab MJ, Dallman MJ. Lateral ear canal resection. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1983.
Coffey DJ. Observations on the surgical treatment of otitis externa in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1970; 11:265.
Fraser G. Factors predisposing to canine internal otitis. Vet Rec 1961;73:55.
Fraser G, Withers AR, Spruell JSA. Otitis externa in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1961;2:32.
Fraser G. et al. Canine ear disease. J Small Anim Pract 1970;10:725. Grono LR. Studies of the microclimate of the external auditory canal in the dog.
Parts I, II, and III. Res Vet Sci 1970;! 1:307. Grono LR. Otitis externa. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current veterinary therapy. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
1980.
Ott RL. Ears. In: Archibald J, ed. Canine surgery. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary Publications, 1974.
Singleton WB. Aural resection in the dog. In: Jones BV, ed. Advances in small animal practices. Vol. 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1960. Zepp CP.
Surgical correction of diseases of the ear in the dog and cat. Vet Rec 1949;61:643.
Gregory CR, Vasseur PB. Clinical results of lateral ear resection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182: 1087, 1983.

Total Ear Canal Ablation and Subtotal Bulla Osteotomy

1. Smeak DD, Kerpsack S: Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy for management of end-stage otitis externa. Seminars in Veterinary
Medicine 8:30-41, 1993.
2. Smeak DD: Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. In Bojrab MJ (ed): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Williams and
Wilkens, Baltimore, 1998, pp 102-9.
3. Cole LK, Kwocka KW, Kowalski JJ, Hillier A: Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear
canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media. J Am Vet Med Assoc 15:212:534-8, 1998.
4. Smeak DD, Crocker CB, Birchard SJ: Treatment of recurrent otitis media after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: nine
cases (1986-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:937-942, 1996.
5. Mason, LK, Harvey CE, Orsher, RJ: Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy for end-stage otitis in dogs-results in thirty
dogs. Vet Surg 17:263-268, 1988.
6. Ba con NJ, Gilbert, RL, Bostock DE, et al.: Total ear ablation in the cat: indications, morbidity, and long-term survival. J Small Anim Pract 44:430-4,
2003.
7. McNabb AH, Flanders, JA: Cosmetic results of a ventrally based advancement flap for closure of total ear canal ablation in 6 cats: 2002-2003. Vet
Srug 33:435-9, 2004.
8. Krahwinkel DJ, Pardo AD, Sims MH, Bubb WJ: Effects of total ablation of the external acoustic meatus and bulla osteotomy on auditory function in
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:949-52, 1993.
9. McAnulty JF, Hattel A, Harvey CE: Wound healing and brain stem audtory evoked potentials after experimental total ear canal ablation with lateral
tympanic bulla osteotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 24:1-8, 1995.
10. Geary CJ: Radiographic aspects of otitis media. Auburn Vet 21: 71-3, 1965.
11. Remedios AM, Fowler JD, Pharr JW: A comparison of radiographic versus surgical diagnosis of otitis media. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:183-8,
1991.
12. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Schwarz T: Review of diagnostic imaging of ear diseases in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44: 137-46. 2003.
13. Smeak DD, Inpanbutr: Lateral approach to subtotal bulla osteotomy in dogs: pertinent anatomy and procedural details. Compend Contin Educ
Pract Vet 27:377-385, 2005.
14. Lesinskas, E, Lesinskas R, Vainutiene V: Middle ear cholesteatoma: present-day concepts of etiology and pathogenesis. Medicina (Kaunas) 38:
1066-71, 2002.
15. Davidson EB, Brodie Ha, Breznoch EM: Removal of a Cholesteatoma in a Dog, Using a Caudal Auricular Approach. J Am Vet Med Assoc
211:1549-1553, 1997.
16. Devitt CM, Seim HB, Willer R, McPherro M, Neel, M: Passive drainage versus primary closure after total ear canal ablation-lateral bulla
osteotomy in dogs: 59 dogs(1985-1995) Vet Surg 26:210-216, 1997.
17. Smeak DD, Dehoff WD: Total ear canal ablation-clinical results in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 16:161-170.
18. Mason LK, Harvey CE, Orsher RJ: Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy for end-stage otitis in dogs-results from thirty
dogs. Vet Surg 17: 263-268, 1988.
19. Matthieson DT, Scavelli T: Total ear canal ablation and laeral bulla osteotomy in 38 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:257-267, 1990.
20. Beckman, SL, Henry WB, Cechner P: Toal ear canal ablation combining osteotmy and curettage in dogs with chronic otitits externa and media. J
Am Vet Med Assoc 196:84-90, 1990.
21. Sharp NJH: Chronic otitis externa and otitis media treated by total ear ablation and ventral bulla osteotomy in thirteen dogs. Vet Surg 19:162-166.
1990.
22. Holt D, Brockman, DJ, Sylvestre AM, Sadanaga KK: Lateral exploration of fistuals developing after total ear ablation: 10 cases (19891993). J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 32:527-30. 1996.
Ventral Bulla Osteotomy
Fraser, G., Gregor, W.W., Mackenzie, C.P., et al. Canine ear disease.J Small anima Pract 1970; 10:725-754.
Getty, R. The ear. In: Evans H.E., Christensen, G.C., ed.: Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979, pp 1062-1069. Harvey,
C.E.: Diseases of the middle ear. In Slatter, D.H., ed.: Textbook of Samll Animal Surgery, ed. 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985, pp 1919-1923.
Kapatkin, A.S., Mathiesen, D.T., Noone, K.E. et al. Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in 31 cats with nasophyngeal polyps. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 1990; 26:387-392.
Little, C.J.L., Lange J.G. The surgical anatomy of the feline bulla tympanic. J Small Anim Pract 1986; 27:371-378.
Little, C.J.L; Lane, J.G.; Pearson, G.R. Inflammatory middle ear disease of the dog: The clinical and pathological features of cholestetoma, a
complication of otitis media. Veterinary Record. 199. 128:14, 319-322. Lucroy, M.D., Vernau, K.M., Samii, V.F. et al. Middle ear tumours with
brainstem extension treated by ventral bulla osteotomy and craniectomy in two cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2004; 2:234-242.
Smeak, D.D., Crocker, C.B., Birchard, S.J. Treatment of recurrent otitis media that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy
in dogs: Nine cases (1986-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996. 209:5, 937-942.

Oral Cavity
1. Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB. Oral surgery. In Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB (eds): Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia,
LippincottRaven, 1997, p 233.
2. Harvey CE, Emily PP. Oral surgery. In: Small Animal Dentistry. Philadelphia, Mosby, 1993, pp 316-317.
3. Eisenmenger E, Zetner K. Tooth fracture and alveolar fracture. In: Eisenmenger E, Zetner K, eds. Veterinary Dentistry. Philadelphia, Lea &
Febiger, 1985, p 105.
4. Holmstrom SE, Frost P, Gammon RL. Exodontics. In: Holmstrom SE, Frost P, Gammon RL, eds. Veterinary Dental Techniques. Philadelphia, WB
Saunders, 1992, p 185.
5. Tholen MA. Oral surgery. In: Tholen MA, ed. Concepts in Veterinary Dentistry. Edwardsville, KS, Veterinary Medicine Publishing, 1983, pp 90-96.
6. Smith MM. Lingual approach for surgical extraction of the mandibular canine tooth in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32: 359-364, 1996.

Repair of Cleft Palate

Griffiths LG, Sullivan M: Bilateral overlapping mucosal single-pedicle flaps for correction of soft palate defects. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.2001;37:183-
6.
Harvey CE: Palate defects in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1987; 9:405-4l8.
Radlinsky MG: Congenital ornonasal fistula (cleft palate). In: Fossum TW (ed). Small animal surgery 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Elsevier, 2013.
Howard DR, et al: Mucoperiosteal flap technique for cleft palate repair in dogs. J Am vet Med Assoc 1974; 165:352.
Reiter AM, Holt DE: Palate. In Tobias KM, Johnston SA eds. Veterinary Surgery Small Animal, St. Louis: Elsevier-Saunders,2012.
Salisbury SK. Surgery of the palate. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1990.

Repair of Oronasal Fistulas

Bryant KJ, Moore K, McAnulty, JF: Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for reconstruction of recurrent fistulae of the palate. Vet Surg. 2003 Mar-
Apr;32(2):113-9.
Ellison GW, Mulligan TW, Fagan DA. et al: A double reposition flap technique for repair of recurrent oronasal fistulas in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1986;22:803.
Gunn C. Lips, oral cavity and salivary glands. In: Gourley IR, Vasseur PB. eds. General small animal surgery. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1985.
Harvey CE. Palate defects in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract vet 1987;9:405-418.
Hedlund CS, Fossum TW. Acquired oronasal fistulae. In: Fossum TW (ed): Small animal surgery 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby-Elsevier, 2007.
Nelson AW: Nasal passages, sinus, and palate. In: Slatter DH ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003.
Salisbury SK. Surgery of the palate. In: Bojrab MJ. ed. current techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990.
Salisbury SK, Richardson DC. Partial maxillectomy for oronasal fistula repair in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc l986;22:185.
Smith MM, Rockhill AD: Prosthodontic appliance for repair of an oronasal fistula in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996; 208:1410-2.

Maxillectomy
1. Fox LE, Geoghegan SL, Davis LH, et al. Owner satisfaction with partial mandibulectomy or maxillectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 27 dogs. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997;33:25-31.
2. Withrow SJ, Nelson AW, Manley PA, et al. Premaxillectomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:49 55.
3. Salisbury SK, Richardson DC. Partial maxillectomy for oronasal fistula repair in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986;22:185 192.
4. Salisbury SK, Richardson DC, Lantz GC. Partial maxillectomy and premaxillectomy in the treatment of oral neoplasia in the dog and cat. Vet Surg
l986;15:16 26.
5. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Frye FL, et al. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. I. Methodology and descrip-
tion of cases. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40:295-305.
6. Theilen GH, Madewell BR. Tumors of the digestive tract. In: Theilen GH, Madewell BR, eds. Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1987:499 534.
7. Head KW. Tumors of the alimentary tract. In: Molten JE, ed. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990:347 428.
8.Norris AM, Withrow SJ, Dubielzig RR. Oropharyngeal neoplasms. In: Harvey CE, ed. Veterinary Dentistry. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985:123
139.
9. Cotter SM. Oral pharyngeal neoplasms in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981;17:917 920.
10. Dernell WS, Rullinger GH. Surgical management of ameloblastic fibroma in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 1994;35:35 38.
11. Carpenter LG, Withrow SJ, Powers BE, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in ten dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993;29:17 24.
12. Rassnick KM, Ruslander DM, Cotter SM, et al. Use of carboplatin for treatment of dogs with malignant melanoma: 27 cases (1989-2000). J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1444-1448.
13. Kirpensteijn J, Withrow SJ, Straw RC. Combined resection of the nasal planum and premaxilla in three dogs. Vet Surg 1994;23:341 346.
14. Lascelles BDX, Henderson RA, Seguin B, et al. Bilateral rostral maxillectomy and nasal planectomy for large rostral maxillofacial neoplasms in six
dogs and one cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004;40:137-146.
15. O'Brien MG, Withrow SJ, Straw RC, et al. Total and partial orbit-ectomy for the treatment of periorbital tumors in 24 dogs and 6 cats: A
retrospective study. Vet Surg 1996;25:471-479.
16. Smith MM. Surgical approach for lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1995;31:514-517.
17. Herring ES, Smith MM, Robertson JL. Lymph node staging of oral and maxillofacial neoplasms in 31 dogs and cats. J Vet Dent 2002;19:122-126.
18. Kafka UC, Carstens A, Steenkamp G, et al. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for oral masses in dogs.
J S Afr Vet Assoc 2004;75:163-168.
19. Owen L, ed. TNM classification of tumors in domestic animals. Geneva: World Health organization, 1980.
20. Beck JA, Strizek AA. Full-thickness resection of the hard palate for treatment of osteosarcoma in a dog. Aust Vet J. 1999;77:163-5
21. Smith MM. Island palatal mucoperiosteal flap for repair of oronasal fistual in a dog. J Vet Dent 2001;18:127-129.
22. Bryant KJ, Moore K, McAnulty JF. Angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for reconstruction of recurrent fistulae of the palate. Vet Surg
2003;32:113-119.
23. Sager M, Nefen S. Use of buccal mucosal flaps for the correction of congenital soft palate defects in three dogs. Vet Surg 1998;27:358-363.
24. Griffiths LG, Sullivan M. Bilateral overlapping mucosal single-pedicle flaps for correction of soft palate defects. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2001;37:183-186.
25. Dundas JM, Fowler JD, Shmon CL, et al. Modification of the superficial cervical axial pattern skin flap for oral reconstruction. Vet Surg
2005;34:206-213.
26. Prescott JF, Baggot JD. Principles of antimicrobial drug selection and use. In: Prescott JF and Baggot JD, eds. Antimicrobial Ther-apy in
Veterinary Medicine. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publi-cations, 1988:55 70.
27. DeNardo GA, Brown NO, Trenka-Benthin S, et al. Comparison of seven different suture materials in the feline oral cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1996;32:164-172.
28. Dernell WS, Harari J. Surgical devices and wound healing. In: Harari J, ed. Surgical Complications and Wound Healing in Small Animal Practice.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993:249 376.
29. Salisbury SK, Thacker HL, Pantzer EE, et al. Partial maxillectomy: comparison of suture materials and closure techniques. Vet Surg 1985;14:265
276.
30. Beckman B, Legendre L. Regional nerve blocks for oral surgery in companion animals. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 2002;24:439-442.
31. Gross ME, Pope ER, O'Brien D, et al. Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation
in halothane-anesthetized dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;11:1403-1405.
32. Lascelles BDX, Thomson MJ, Dernell WS, et al. Combined dorsolateral and intraoral approach for the resection of tumors of the maxilla in dogs.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003;39:294-305.
33. Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, Elkins AD, et al. Temporary bilateral carotid artery occlusion during surgical exploration of the nasal cavity of the dog.
Vet Surg 1983;12:83 85.
34. Clendenin MA, Conrad MC. Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog. Am J Vet Res
1979;40:1244 1248.
35. Gillian LA. Extra and intracranial blood supply to brains in the dog and cat. Am J Anat 1976;146:237-253.
36. Mouatt JG, Straw RS. Use of mandibular symphysiotomy to allow extensive caudal maxillectomy in a dog. Aust Vet J 2002;80:272-276.
37. Schwarz PD, Withrow SJ, Curtis CR, et al. Partial maxillary resection as a treatment for oral cancer in 61 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1991;27:617 624.
38. Clarke BS, L'Eplattenier HF. Zygomatic salivary mucocele as a postoperative complication following caudal hemimaxillectomy in a dog. J Small
Anim Pract 2010;51:495-498.
39. Matthiesen DT, Manfra Marretta S. Results and complications associated with partial mandibulectomy and maxillectomy techniques. Probl Vet
Med 1990;2:248-275.
40. Wallace J, Matthiesen DT, Patnaik AK. Hemimaxillectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in 69 dogs. Vet Surg 1992; 21:337 341.
41. White RAS, Gorman NT, Watkins SB, et al. The surgical man-agement of bone involved oral tumours in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1985;26:693
708.
42. White RAS. Mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in the dog: re-sults of 75 cases. Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American College of
Veterinary Surgeons, San Antonio, 1987.

Mandibulectomy
1. Fox LE, Geoghegan SL, Davis LH, et al. Owner satisfaction with partial mandibulectomy or maxillectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 27 dogs. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997;33:25-31.
2. Withrow SJ, Holmberg DL. Mandibulectomy in the treatment of oral cancer. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983;19:273 286.
3. Bradley RL, MacEwen EG, Loar AS. Mandibular resection for removal of oral tumors in 30 dogs and 6 cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984;184:460
463.
4. O'Brien MG, Withrow SJ, Straw RC, et al. Total and partial orbit-ectomy for the treatment of periorbital tumors in 24 dogs and 6 cats: a
retrospective study. Vet Surg 1996;25:471-479.
5. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Frye FL, et al. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. I. Methodology and descrip-
tion of cases. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40:295-305.
6. Theilen GH, Madewell BR. Tumors of the digestive tract. In: Theilen GH, Madewell BR, eds. Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1987:499 534.
7. Head KW. Tumors of the alimentary tract. In: Molten JE, ed. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990:347 428.
8. Norris AM, Withrow SJ, Dubielzig RR. Oropharyngeal neoplasms. In: Harvey CE, ed. Veterinary Dentistry. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985:123
139.
9. Cotter SM. Oral pharyngeal neoplasms in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981;17:9l7 920.
10. Dernell WS, Rullinger GH. Surgical management of ameloblastic fibroma in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 1994;35:35 38.
11. Carpenter LG, Withrow SJ, Powers BE, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in ten dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993;29:17 24.
12. Hutson CA, Willauer CC, Walder EJ, et al. Treatment of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in cats by use of mandibulectomy and
radiotherapy: seven cases (1987-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:777-781.
13. Owen L, ed. TNM classification of tumors in domestic animals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
14. Tuohy JL, Milgram J, Worley DR, et al. A review of sentinel lymph node evaluation and the need for its incorporation into veterinary oncology. Vet
Comp Oncol 2009;7:81-91.
15. Kafka UC, Carstens A, Steenkamp G, et al. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for oral masses in dogs.
J S Afr Vet Assoc 2004;75:163-168.
16. Dundas JM, Fowler JD, Shmon CL, et al. Modification of the superficial cervical axial pattern skin flap for oral reconstruction. Vet Surg
2005;34:206-213.
17. Prescott JF, Baggot JD. Principles of antimicrobial drug selection and use. In: Prescott JF, Baggot JD, eds. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary
Medicine. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1988:55 70.
18. DeNardo GA, Brown NO, Trenka-Benthin S, et al. Comparison of seven different suture materials in the feline oral cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1996;32:164-172.
19. Dernell WS, Harari J. Surgical devices and wound healing. In: Harari J, ed. Surgical Complications and Wound Healing in Small Animal Practice.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993:349 376.
20. Salisbury SK, Thacker HL, Pantzer EE, et al. Partial maxillectomy: comparison of suture materials and closure techniques. Vet Surg 1985;14:265
276.
21. Beckman B, Legendre L. Regional nerve blocks for oral surgery in companion animals. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 2002;24:439-442.
22. Gross ME, Pope ER, O'Brien D, et al. Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation
in halothane-anesthetized dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;11:1403-1405.
23. Felizzola CR, Stopiglia JS, de Arújo VC, et al. Evaluation of a modified hemimandibulectomy for treatment of oral neoplasms in dogs. J Vent Dent
2002;19:127-135.
24. Bracher KE, Trout NJ. Use of a free cortical ulnar autograft following en bloc resection of a mandibular tumor. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2000;36:76-79.
25. Rubio-Bueno P, Sanroman F, Garcia P, et al. Experimental mandibular regeneration by distraction osteogenesis with submerged devices:
preliminary results of a canine model. J Craniofac Surg 2002;13:224-230.
26. Peled M, Machtei EE, Rachmiel A. Osseous reconstruction using a membrane barrier following marginal mandibulectomy: an animal pilot study. J
Periodontol 2002;73:1451-1456.
27. Arzi B, Verstraete FJM. Mandibular rim excision in seven dogs. Vet Surg 2010;39:226-231.
28. Schwarz PD, Withrow SJ, Curtis CR, et al. Mandibular resection as a treatment for oral cancer in 81 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991;27:60l
610.
29. Northrup NC, Selting KA, Rassnick KM, et al. Outcomes of cats with oral tumors treated with mandibulectomy: 42 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2006;42:350-360.
30. Matthiesen DT, Manfra Marretta S. Results and complications associated with partial mandibulectomy and maxillectomy techniques. Probl Vet
Med 1990;2:248-275.
31. Salisbury SK, Lantz GC. Long term results of partial mandibulectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1988;24:285 294.
32. Kosovsky JK, Matthiesen DT, Manfra Marretta S, et al. Results of partial mandibulectomy for the treatment of oral tumors in 142 dogs. Vet Surg
1991;20:397 401.
33. White RAS, Gorman NT. Wide local excision of acanthomatous epulides in the dog. Vet Surg 1989;18:12 14.
34. White RAS. Mandibulectomy and maxillectomy in the dog: results of 75 cases. Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American College of
Veterinary Surgeons, San Antonio, 1987.
35. Vernon FF, Helphrey M. Rostral mandibulectomy: 3 case reports in dogs. Vet Surg 1983;12:26 29.
36. Penwick RC, Nunamaker DM. Rostral mandibulectomy: a treatment for oral neoplasia in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987;23:19 25.
37. White RAS, Gorman NT, Watkins SB, et al. The surgical management of bone involved oral tumours in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1985;26:693
708.
38. Bjorling DE, Chambers IN, Mahaffey EA. Surgical treatment of epulides in dogs: 25 cases (1974 1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987;190:1315
1318.
39. Straw RC, Powers BE, Klausner J, et al. Canine mandibular osteosarcoma: 51 cases (1980-1992). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996;32:257-262.

Tongue, Lip, and Cheek Surgery

1. Dorn CR, Priester WA: Epidemiologic analysis of oral and pharyngeal cancer in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169(11): 1202,
1976.
2. Dvorak LD, Beaver DP, Ellison GW, et al.: Major glossectomy in dogs: a case series and proposed classification system. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
40(4):331, 2004.
3. Dunning D: Tongue, lips, cheeks, pharynx, and salivary glands. In: Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
2003, 553-561.
4. Harvey CE: Small Animal Denistry. St Louis: Mosby Yearbook, 1993, 301-303.
5. Neverlien PO, Sorumshagen L, Eriksen T, et al.: Glycopyrrolate treatment of drooling in an adult male patient with cerebral palsy. Clin Exp
Pharmacol Physiol27(4): 320, 2000.
6. Olsen AK, Sjorgren P: Oral glycopyrrolate alleviates drooling in a patient with tongue cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(4): 300, 1999.
7. Luskin IR: Reconstruction of Oral Defects using Mucogingival Pedical Flaps. Clin Tech Small An Prac 15(4):251, 2000.
8. Pavletic MM: Reconstructive surgery of the lips and cheek. Vet Clin North Am 20: 201, 1990.
9. Grandage J. Functional anatomy of the digestive system. In: Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003,
499.
10. Pavletic MM: Plastic surgery of the head. Proc Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987, pp.392397.
11. Smeak DD: Lower labial pedicle rotation flap for reconstruction of large upper lip defects. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28: 565, 1992.
12. McCoy DE: Surgical treatment of the tight lip syndrome in the Shar-Pei dog. J Vet Dent 14: 95, 1997.
13. Smeak DD: Anti-drool cheiloplasty: Clinical results in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25: 181, 1989.
14. Hunt GB: Use of Lip-to-Lid Flap for Replacement of the Lower Eyelid in Five Cats. Vet Surg 35: 284, 2006.
15. Pavletic MM, Nafe LA, Confer AW: Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip for lower eyelid restoration in the dog. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 180: 921, 1982.

Pharynx
Hurwitz A L, Duranceau A. Upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction:
pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Digest Dis 1978;23:275.
Lund WS. The functions of the cricopharyngeal sphincter during swallowing. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1965;59:497.
Pearson H. The differential diagnosis of persistent vomiting in the young dog. J Small Anim Pract 1970; 11:403.
Rosin E, Hanlon GF. Canine cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972:160:1496.
Seaman WB. Functional disorders of the pharyngoesophageal junction. Radiol Clin North Am 1969,11:113.
Sokolovsky V. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967:150:281.
Suter PF, Watrous BJ. Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: a cine-fluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring
swallowing disorders. I. Oral stage and pharyngeal stage dysphagias. Vet Radiol 1980:21:24.
Warnock JJ, Marks SL, Pollard R, et al: Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dyspahgia in dogs: 14 cases (1989-2001), J Amer Anim Hosp
Assoc 223 (10): 1462-1468,2003.

Otopharyngeal/Otic Polyps in Cats

1. Bradley RL, Noone KE, Saunders GK, et al. Nasopharyngeal and middle ear polypoid masses in five cats. Veterinary Surgery 1985;14:141-144.
2. Kapatkin AS, Matthiesen DT, Noone KE, et al. Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in 31 cats with nasopharyngeal polyps. Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association 1990;26:387-392.
3. Lane JG, Orr CM, Lucke VM, et al. Nasopharyngeal polyps arising in the middle ear of the cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1981;22:511-522.
4. Klose TC, MacPhail CM, Schultheiss PC, et al. Prevalence of select infectious agents in inflammatory aural and nasopharyngeal polyps from
client-owned cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2010;12:769-774.
5. Brownlie SE, Bedford PGC. Nasopharyngeal polyp in a kitten. Veterinary Record 1985;117:668-669.
6. Stanton ME, Wheaton LG, Render JA, et al. Pharyngeal polyps in two feline siblings. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1985;186:1311-1313.
7. Parker NR, Binnington AG. Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats: Three case reports and a review of the literature. Journal of the American Animal
Hospital Association 1985;21:473-478.
8. Trevor PB, Martin RA. Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991). Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 1993;202:123-128.
9. Fingland RB, Gratzek A, Vorhies MW, et al. Nasopharyngeal polyp in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1993;29:311-
314.
10. Pratschke KM. Inflammatory polyps of the middle ear in 5 dogs. Veterinary Surgery 2003;32:292-296.
11. London CA, Dubilzeig RR, Vail DM, et al. Evaluation of dogs and cats with tumors of the ear canal: 145 cases (1978-1992). Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 1996;208:1413-1418.
12. Harvey CE, Goldschmidt MH. Inflammatory polypoid growths in the ear canal of cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1978;19:669-677.
13. Anders BB, Hoelzler MG, Scavelli TD, et al. Analysis of auditory and neurologic effects associated with ventral bulla osteotomy for removal of
inflammatory polyps or nasopharyngeal masses in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2008;233:580-585.
14. Remedios AM, Fowler JD, Pharr JW. A comparison of radoigraphic versus surgical diagnosis of otitis media. Journal of the American Animal
Hospital Association 1991;27:183-188.
15. Ader PL, Boothe HW. Ventral bulla osteotomy in the cat. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1979;15:757-762.
16. Little CJL, Lane JG. The surgical anatomy of the feline bulla tympanica. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1986;27:371-378.
17. Esterline ML, Radlinsky MG, Schermerhorn T. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2005;7:121-124.
18. Faulkner JE, Budsberg SC. Results of ventral bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle ear polyps in cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital
Association 1990;26:496-499.
19. Anderson DM, Robinson RK, White RAS. Management of inflammatory polyps in 37cats. Veterinary Record 2000;147:684-687.

Salivary Glands
1. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: The Head and Ventral Neck of the Carnivores, in Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy (ed 2). Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders, 1996, pp 367-391.
2. Evans HE, deLahunta A: The Head, in Miller's Guide to the Dissection of the Dog (ed 4). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders, 1996, pp
250-309.
3. Spangler WL, Culbertson MR: Salivary gland disease in dogs and cats: 245 cases (1985-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:465-469, 1991.
4. Stonehewer J, Mackin AJ, Tasker S, et al: Idiopathic phenobarbital-responsive hypersialosis in the dog: an unusual form of limbic epilepsy? J
Small Anim Pract 41:416-421, 2000.
5. Boydell P, Pike R, Crossley D, et al: Sialadenosis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216:872-874, 2000.
6. Withrow SJ. Cancer of the salivary glands. In Small Animal Clinical Oncology. SJ Withrow (ed).4th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2007, 476-477.
7. Morrison WB. Cancers of the head and neck. In Cancer in Dogs Cats, Medical and Surgical Management, Morrison WB ed., Philadelphia, Williams
and Wilkins, 1998, 513-514.
8. Hammer A, Getzy D, Ogilvie G, et al: Salivary gland neoplasia in the dog and cat: survival times and prognostic factors. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
37:478-482, 2001.
9. Karbe E, Schiefer B: Primary salivary gland tumors in carnivores. Can Vet J 8:212215, 1967.
10. Carberry CA, Flanders JA, Harvey HJ, et al: Salivary gland tumors in dogs and cats: a literature and case review. Journal of the American Animal
Hospital Association 24:561-567, 1988.
11. Feinman JM: Pharyngeal mucocele and respiratory distress in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1179-1180, 1990.
12. Martin CL, Kaswan RL, Doran CC: Cystic lesions of the periorbital region. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian
9:10221025, 1028-1029, 1987.
13. Smith MM: Surgery of the canine salivary system. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 7:457-462, 464-465,
1985.
14. Harvey HJ: Pharyngeal mucoceles in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:1282-1283, 1981.
15. Hoffer RE: Symposium on surgical techniques in small animal practice. Surgical treatment of salivary mucocele. Vet Clin North Am 5:333-341,
1975
16. Waldron DR, Smith MM: Salivary mucoceles. Probl Vet Med 3:270-276, 1991.

Esophagus
1. Leib M. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Leib M, Monroe W, eds. Practical Small Animal Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: W B Saunders; 1997:633-
652.
2. Jones BD. Management of Esophageal Foreign Bodies. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Company; 1992:577-580.
3. Parker NR, Walter PA, Gay J. Diagnosis and Surgical management of esophageal perforation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989;25:587-594.
4. Moore A. Removal of oesophageal foreign bodies in dogs: use of the fluoroscopic method and outcome. J Sm Anim Pract 2001;42:227-230.
5. Pearson H. Symposium on Conditions of the Canine Oesophagus - I Foreign Bodies in the Oesophagus. J Sm Anim Pract 1966;7:107-116.
6. Michels GM, Jones BD, Huss BT, et al. Endoscopic and surgical retrieval of fishhooks from the stomach and esophagus in dogs and cats: 75
cases (1977-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;207:1194-1197.
7. Leib MS, Sartor LL, Esophageal foreign body obstruction caused by a dental chew treat in 31 dogs (2000-2006). J Am Vet Assoc 2008; 232:1021-
1025.
8. Ryan WW, Greene RW. The Conservative Management of Esophageal Foreign Bodies and Their Complications: A Review of 66 Cases in Dogs
and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975;11:243-249.
9. Spielman BL, Shaker EH, Garvey MS. Esophageal foreign body in dogs: a retrospective study of 23 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992;28:570-
574.
10. Zimmer JF. Canine Esophageal Foreign Bodies: Endoscopic, Surgical, and Medical Management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:669-677.
11. Houlton EF, Herrtage ME, Taylor PM, et al. Thoracic oesophageal foreign bodies in the dog: a review of ninety cases. J Sm Anim Pract
1985;26:521-536.
12. Moon M, Myer W. Gastrointestinal contrast radiology in small animals. Sem Vet Med Surg 1986;1:121-143.
13. Leib MS. Endoscopic Examination of the Dog and Cat. In: Jensen SL, Gregersen H, Moody FG, Shokouh-Amiri MH, eds. Essentials of
Experimental Surgery: Gastroenterology. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1994.
14. Tams TR. Esophagoscopy. In: Tams TR, ed. Small Animal Endoscopy. St. Louis: C V Mosby; 1990:47-88.
15. Guilford WG. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Vet Clin North Am: Sm Anim Pract 1990;20:1209-1227.
16. Guilford W, Jones BD. Gastrointestinal endoscopy of the dog and cat. Vet Med Rep 1990;2:140-150.

Hiatal Hernia Repair

1. Kelly KA. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven Press, 1981, 281.
2. Lorinson D, Bright RM. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical treatment of hiatal hernias in dogs and cats: 27 cases (1978-1996). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 213: 381, 1998.
3. Ellison GW, Lewis DD, Phillips L et al: Esophageal hiatal hernia in small animals: literature review and a modified surgical technique. J Amer Anim
Hosp Assoc 23:391, 1987.
4. Stickle R, Sparschu G, Love N et al. Radiographic evaluation of esophageal function in Chinese Shar Pei pups. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 201:81,
1992.
5. Sivacolundhu RK, Read RA, Marchevsky AM. Hiatal hernia contro-versies-a review of pathophysiology and treatment options. Aust Vet J 80:48,
2002.
6. Hardie EM, Ramirez III O, Clary EM et al. Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: Stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia. J Vet Intern Med 12:
279, 1998.
7. Prymak C, Saunders HM, Washabau RJ. Hiatal hernia repair by restoration and stabilization of normal anatomy: an evaluation in four dogs and
one cat. Vet Surg 18:386, 1989.
8. Henderson RD. Gastroesophageal function in hiatus hernia. Can J of Surg 15:63, 1972.
9. Pratschke KM, Hughes JML, Skelly C, et al. Hiatal herniation as a complication of chronic diaphragmatic herniation. J Small Anim Pract 39:33,
1998
10. Sontag SJ, O'Connell S, Khandewal S et al. Most asthmatics have gastrointestinal reflux with or without bronchodilator therapy. Gastro-enter
99:613, 1990.
11. Hedlund CS. Hiatal hernia. In Fossum TW, ed.: Small Animal Surgery 2nd ed. Philadelphia. Mosby, Inc, 2002: p 326.
12. Johnson SE, Sherding RG: Diseases of the esophagus and disorders of swallowing. In Birchard SJ & Sherding RG eds. Saunders Manual of
Small Animal Practice 2nd ed. Philadelphia. W B Saunders 2000 p 727.
13. Knowles KE, O'Brien DP, Amann FJ. Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in a litter of Chinese shar peis: clinical, electrodiag-nostic, and
pathologic findings. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 26:313, 1990
14. Prymak C: Esophageal hiatal hernia repair In Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 4th ed. Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins,
1998, p 197.
15. Gaskell CJ, Gibbs C, Pearson H: Sliding hiatal hernia with reflux esophagitis in two dogs. J Small Anim Pract 15:503, 1974.
16. Waldron DR, Moon M, Leib MS, et al. Esophageal hiatal hernia in two cats. J Small Anim Pract 31:259, 1990.
17. Earlam RJ, Ellis FH. Repair of experimental hiatal hernia in dogs. Arch Surg 95:585, 1967.
18. Donahue PE, Bombeck CT. The modified Nissen fundoplication reflux presentation without gas bloat. Chir Gasroenterol 11:15, 1977.
19. Stanghellini V, Malagelada JR. Gastric manometric abnormalities in patients with dyspeptic symptoms after fundoplication. Gut 27:790, 1985.

Exploratory Celiotomy
1. Crane SW: Exploratory celiotomy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 13:477, 1983.
2. Brasmer TH: D is for digestive; E is for excretory. Major Probl Vet Med 2:137, 1984.
3. Crowe DT, Jr, Crane SW: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and lavage in the evaluation of abdominal injuries in dogs and cats: Clinical and
experimental investigations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:700, 1976.
4. Kolata RJ: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and lavage: Experimental and clinical evaluations in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:697, 1976.
5. Toombs JP, Clarke KM: Basic operative techniques, In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.,
2003, p 199.
6. Vaughn JH: The exploratory laparotomy, In Anderson NV, ed.: Veterinary Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1980, p 108.
7. Pearson H: Exploratory laparotomy. Vet Annual 24:250, 1984.
8. White NA II: Surgical exploration of the equine intestinal tract for acute abdominal disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:955, 1988.
9. Boothe HW: Exploratory laparotomy in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1057, 1990.
10. Boothe HW, Slater MR, Hobson HP, et al.: Exploratory celiotomy in 200 nontraumatized dogs and cats. Vet Surg 21:452, 1992.
11. Martin RA, Lanz OI, Tobias KM: Liver and biliary system, In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders
Co., 2003, p 708.
12. Bjorling DE: Partial hepatectomy and hepatic biopsy, In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery 4th ed. Philadelphia:
Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p 287.
13. Osborne CA, Hardy RM, Stevens JB, Perman V: Liver biopsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 4:333, 1974.
14. Anderson NV: Biopsy of the gastrointestinal system. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 4:317, 1974.
15. Hall EJ: Clinical laboratory evaluation of small intestinal function. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:441, 1999.
16. Rawlings CA, Howerth EW, Bement S, Canalis C: Laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum
with serosal patching in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63:1313, 2002.
17. Shales CJ, Warren J, Anderson DM, et al.: Complications following full-thickness small intestinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study. J Small
Anim Pract 46:317, 2005.
18. Burrows CF: Chronic diarrhea in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 13:521, 1983.
19. Brown DC: Small intestines, In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 2003, p 644.
20. Keats MM, Weeren R, Greenlee P, et al.: Investigation of Keyes skin biopsy instrument for intestinal biopsy versus a standard biopsy technique. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:405, 2004.
21. Matz BM, Boothe HW, Wright JC, Boothe DM. Effect of enteric biopsy closure orientation on enteric circumference and volume of saline needed
for leak testing. Can Vet J 2014;55(1): 1255.
22. Saile K, Boothe HW: Saline volume necessary to achieve predetermined intraluminal pressures during leak testing of small intestinal biopsy sites
in the dog. Vet Surg 39:900, 2010.
23. Crowe DT, Jr: The serosal patch: Clinical use in 12 animals. Vet Surg 13:29, 1984.
24. Burkhard MJ, Meyer DL: Invasive cytology of internal organs: Cytology of the thorax and abdomen. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26:1203,
1996.
25. Langenbach A, McManus PM, Hendrick MJ, et al.: Sensitivity and specificity of methods of assessing the regional lymph nodes for evidence of
metastasis in dogs and cats with solid tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1424, 2001.
26. Fossum TW: Lymph node biopsy, In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery 4th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1998,
p 703.
27. Perman V, Stevens JB, Alsaker R, Osborne CA: Lymph node biopsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 4:281, 1974.
28. Osborne CA, Stevens JB, Perman V: Kidney biopsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 4:351, 1974.
29. Schein M, Saadia R, Decker G: Intraoperative peritoneal lavage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 166:187, 1988.
30. Nawrocki MA, McLaughlin R, Hendrix PK: The effects of heated and room-temperature abdominal lavage solutions on core body temperature in
dogs undergoing celiotomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:61, 2005.
31. Hau T, Simmons RL: Heparin in the treatment of experimental peritonitis. Ann Surg 187:294, 1978.
32. Maleckas A, Daubaras V, Vaitkus V, et al.: Increased postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation after the treatment of experimental peritonitis
with chlorhexidine. Langenbecks Arch Surg 389:256, 2004.
33. Rosin E, Richardson S: Effect of fascial closure technique on strength of healing abdominal incisions in the dog: A biomechanical study. Vet Surg
16:269, 1987.
34. Rosin E: Closure of abdominal incisions, In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins,
1998, p 327.
35. Karipineni RC, Wilk PJ, Danese CA: The role of the peritoneum in the healing of abdominal incisions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 142:729, 1976.
36. Stone IK, von Fraunhofer JA, Masterson BJ: The biomechanical effects of tight suture closure upon fascia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 163:448, 1986.
37. Johnston DE: Reflections on suturing. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:56, 1989.
38. Crowe DT, Jr: Closure of abdominal incisions using a continuous polypropylene suture: Clinical experience in 550 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 7:74,
1978.
Stomach
Bright RM, Jenkins C, DeNovo RC. Pyloric obstruction in a dog related to gastrotomy incision closed with polypropylene. J Small Anim Pract 1994; 35
(12): 629-632.
Clark GN. Gastric surgery with surgical stapling instruments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:279-304.
Clark GN, Pavletic MM. Partial gastrectomy with an automatic stapling instrument for treatment of gastric necrosis secondary to gastric dilatation-
volvulus. Vet Surg 1991: Jan-Feb; 20(1):61-8.
Coolman BR, Ehrhart N, Marretta SM. Use of skin staples for rapid closure of gastrointestinal incisions in the treatment of canine linear foreign
bodies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2000 Nov-Dec;36(6):542-7.
Radlinsky MG. Digestive System. In: Fossum, TW ed. Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2013, pp 461-497.
Khurana RK, Petras JM. Sensory innervation of the canine esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Am J Anat 1991,192: 293-306.
Nawrocki MA, McLaughlin R, Hendrix PK. The effects of heated and room temperature abdominal lavage solution on core body temperature in dogs
undergoing celiotomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 41, 1, 61-67, 2005.
Qin HL, Su ZD, Hu LG, et al. Effect of early intrajejunal nutrition on pancreatic pathological features and gut barrier function in dogs with acute
pancreatitis. Clinical Nutrition, 21, 6, 2002 469-473.
Cornell K. Stomach. In: Tobias K, Johnston S eds. Veterinary Surgery Small Animal. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2012, pp 1484-1512.
Ross WE, Pardo AD. Evaluation of an omental pedicle extension technique in the dog. Vet Surg, 22, 1, 37-43, 1993.
Seim III HB, Bartges JW. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. In, Handbook of Small Animal Gastroenterology (2nd ed), 2003, 416-462.
Smith MM, Waldron DR. Approach to the Stomach and Approach to the Pylorus. In: Atlas of Approaches for General Surgery of the Dog and Cat.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993, 184-189.
Tsukamoto M, Enjoji A, Ura K, Kanematsu T. Preserved extrinsic neural connection between gall bladder and residual stomach is essential to
prevent dysmotility of gall bladder after distal gastrectomy. Neurogas-troenterol Mot 2000, 12: 23-31.
Ehrhart NP, Kaminskaya K, Miller JA, Zaruby JF. In vivo assessment of absorbable knotless barbed suture for single layer gastrotomy and
enterotomy closure. Vet Surg 42 (2013) 210-216.
Ellison GW. Complications of gastrointestinal surgery in companion animals. Vet Clin Small Anim 41 (2011) 915-934.
Smith AL, Wilson AP, Hardie RJ, Krick EL, Schmiedt CW. Perioperative complications after full-thickness gastrointestinal surgery in cats with
alimentary lymphoma. Vet Surg 40 (2011) 849-852.

Gastrotomy
Gianella P, Pfa mm after NS, Burgener IA. Oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal: complications and follow-up of 102 dogs.
Journal of Small Animal Practice 2009, 50: 649-654.

Partial Gastrectomy (Full-Thickness)

Tobias KM. Surgical stapling devices in veterinary medicine: A review. Vet Surg 36 (2007) 341-349.

Partial-Thickness Resection via Gastrotomy Incision

Kerpsack SJ, Birchard SJ. Removal of leiomyomas and other noninvasive masses from the cardiac region of the stomach. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.
1994: Sept/Oct, 30; 500-504.
Swann HM, Holt DE. Canine gastric adenocarcinoma and leiomyosarcoma: a retrospective study of 21 cases (1986-1999) and literature review. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 2002 Mar-Apr;38(2):157-64.

Y-U Antral Flap Pyloroplasty

Allen FJ, Guilford WG, Robertson IG, Jones BR. Gastric emptying of solid radiopaque markers in healthy dogs. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound
1996: 37;5:336-344.
Arnbjerg J. Gastric emptying time in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992: Jan-Feb(28):77-81.
Bright RM, Toal R, Denovo RC, McCracken M, McLauren JB. Effects of the Y-U pyloroplasty on gastric emptying and duodenogastric reflux in the
dog. Vet 16 (1987) 392-397.
Burns J, Fox SM. The use of a barium meal to evaluate total gastric emptying time in the Dog. Vet Radiol 1986:27(6):169-72.
Matthiesen DT, Walter MC. Surgical Treatment of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in 45 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986:Mar/ Apr:22:241-
247.
Miyabayashi T, Morgan JP. Gastric emptying in the normal dog. A contrast radiographic Technique. Vet Radio 1984;25(4):187-91.
Rivers BJ, Walter PA, Johnston GR, Feeney DA, Hardy RM. Canine gastric neoplasia: Utility of ultrasonography in diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1997;33:144-55.
Stanton ME, Bright RM, Toal R, DeNovo RC, McCracken M, McLauren JB. Effects of the Y-U pyloroplasty on gastric emptying and duodenogastric
reflux in the dog. Vet Surg 1987;16(5):392-7.
Matthiesen DT, Walter MC. Surgical treatment of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in 45 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp 1986; Mar-Apr (22): 241-247.
Papageorges M, Breton L, Bonneau NH. Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in normal dogs I. Introduction and description of surgical procedures.
Veterinary Surgery 1987: 16;5:327-331.
Papageorges M, Breton L, Bonneau NH. Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in normal dogs II. Clinical observations and gastric emptying.
Veterinary Surgery 1987: 16;5:332-340.
Papageorges M, Breton L, Bonneau NH. Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in normal dogs III. Postmortem evaluation. Veterinary Surgery 1987:
16;5:341-345.
Sanchez-Margallo FM, Soria-Galvez F, Ezquerra-Calvo LJ, Uson-Gargallo J. Comparison of ultrasonographic characteristics of the gastroduodenal
junction during pyloroplasty performed laparoscopically or via conventional abdominal surgery in dogs. AJVR 64 (2003) 1099-1104.
Wyse CA, McLellan J, Dickie AM, et al. A review of methods for assessment of the rate of gastric emptying in the dog and cat: 1898-2002. J Vet
Intern Med 2003:17:609-621.

Billroth I (Gastroduodenostomy)
Buhner S, Ehrlein HJ, Thomas G, Schumpelick V. Effects of nutrients on gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying after Billroth-I gastrectomy in
dogs. Dig Dis Sci 1988 Jul; 33(7):784-94.
Buhner S, Ehrlein HJ, Thomas G, Schumpelick V. Canine motility and gastric emptying after subtotal gastrectomy. Am J Surg.1988 Sep;156(3 Pt
1):194-200.
Eisele J, Kovak McClaren J, Runge J J, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for morbidity and mortality after pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy. Vet
Surg 2010, 39: 261-267.
Hunt G. Bilroth 1 or Bilroth 2: To Do or Not To Do? Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, 2005 p201-4.
Sumner AE, Chin MM, Abraham JL, Berry GT, Gracely EJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP. Elevated Methylmalonic Acid and Total Homocysteine Levels Show
High Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency after Gastric Surgery. Ann Intern Med.1996;124:469-76.
Swan HM, Holt DE. Canine gastric adenocarcinoma and leiomyo-sarcoma: A retrospective study of 21 cases (1986-1999) and literature review. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38:157-164.
Tobias KM. Surgical stapling devices in veterinary medicine: A review. Vet Surg 36 (2007) 341-349.
Walter MC, Matthiesen DT, Stone EA. Pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy in the dog: Technique and clinical results in 28 cases. JAVMA Nov 1,
1985:187(9):909-14.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus
1. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al. Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association 2000;216:40-45.
2. Caywood DD, Teague HD, Jackson DA, et al. Gastric gas analysis in the canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome. Journal of the American
Animal Hospital Association 1977;13:459-462.
3. Brourman JD, Schertel ER, Allen DA, et al. Factors associated with perioperative mortality in dogs with surgically managed gastric dilatation-
volvulus: 137 cases (1988-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1996;208:1855-1858.
4. Schober KE, Cornand C, Kirbach B, et al. Serum cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2002;221:381-388.
5. Adamik KN, Burgener IA, Kovacevic A, et al. Myoglobin as a prognostic indicator for outcome in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. Journal of
Veterinary Emergency and Clinical Care 2009; 19:247-253.
6. Winkler KP, Greenfield CL, Schaeffer DJ. Bacteremia and bacterial translocation in the naturally occuring canine gastric dilatation-volvulus patient.
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2003;39:361-368.
7. Millis DL, Hauptman JG, Fulton RB. Abnormal hemostatic profiles and gastric necrosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus. Veterinary Surgery
1993;22:93-97.
8. de Papp E, Drobatz KJ, Hughes D. Plasma lactate concentration as a predictor of gastric necrosis and survival among dogs with gastric dilatation-
volvulus: 102 cases (1995-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1999;215:49-52.
9. Zacher LA, Berg J, Shaw SP, et al. Association between outcome and changes in plasma lactate concentration during presurgical treatment in
dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 64 cases (2002-2008). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 2010; 236:892-897.
10. Hathcock JT. Radiographic view of choice for the diagnosis of gastric volvulus: The right lateral recumbent view. Journal of the American Animal
Hospital Association 1984;20:967-969.
11. Fischetti AJ, Saunders HM, Drobatz KJ. Pneumatosis in canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound
2004;45:205-209.
12. Allen DA, Schertel ER, Muir WW, et al. Hypertonic saline/dextran resuscitation of dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus
shock. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1991;52:92-96.
13. Brockman DJ, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Canine gastric dilatation/ volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992).
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1995;207:460-464.
14. Guilford WG, Komtebedde J, Haskins SC, et al. Influence of allopurinol on the pathophysiology of experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus. The
Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 1995;5:51-60.
15. Lantz GC, Bottoms GD, Carlton WW, et al. The effect of 360 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach.
Veterinary Surgery 1984;13:189-196.
16. Brockman DJ, Holt DE, Washabau RJ. Pathogenesis of acute canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome: Is there a unifying hypothesis?
Compendium on Continuing Education 2000;22:1108-1114.
17. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al. Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2000;217:1492-1499.
18. Raghava n M, Glickman N, McCabe G, et al. Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs of high-risk breeds. Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association 2004;40:192-203.
19. Raghavan M, Glickman NW, Glickman LT. The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. Journal of
the American Animal Hospital Association 2006; 42:28-36.
20. Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT. Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Preventive Veterinary
Medicine 2003;60:319-329.
21. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Bement S, et al. Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2002;221:1576-1581.
22. Glickman LT, Lantz GC, Schellenberg DB, et al. A prospective study of survival and recurrance following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus
syndrome in 136 dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1998;34:253-259.
23. Mackenzie G, Barnhart M, Kennedy S, et al. A retrospective study of factors influencing survival following surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus
syndrome in 306 dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2010; 46:97-102.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV): Surgical Treatment

1. Lanz GC, Bottoms GD, Carlton WW, et al. The effect of 360 gastric volvulus on the blood supply of the nondistended normal dog stomach. Vet
Surg 1984; 13:189-196.
2. Brockman DJ, Holt DE, Washabau RJ. Pathogenesis of acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome: Is there a unifying hypothesis? Compend Cont
Educ Pract Vet 2000;22:1108-1114.
3. Matthiesen DT: Partial gastrectomy as treatment of gastric volvulus: Results in 30 dogs. Vet Surg 14: 185-193, 1985.
4. Wheaton LG, Thacker HL, Caldwall S: Intravenous fluroescein as an indicator of gastric viability in gastric dilation-volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
22:197-204, 1986.
5. Berardi C, Twardock AR, Wheaton LG, et al. Nuclear imaging of the stomach of healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:1081-8
6. Berardi C, Wheaton L, Twardock AR, et al. Nuclear imaging to evaluate gastric mucosal viability following surgical correction of gastric
dilatation/volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993;29:239-46.
7. Berardi C, Wheaton L, Twardock AR, et al. Use of nuclear imaging technique to detect gastric wall ischemia. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:1089-96.
8. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al. Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. J Amer
Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1492-1499.
9. Wingfield WE, Betts CW, Greene RW. Operative techniques and recurrence rates associated with gastric volvulus in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract
1975;16:427-32.
10. Parks JL, Green RW: Tube gastrostomy for the treatment of gastric volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:168-172, 1976.
11. MacCoy DM, Sykes GP, Hoffer RE, et al: A gastropexy technique for permanent fixation of the pyloric antrum. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
18:763768, 1982.
12. Fallah AM, Lumb WV, Nelson AW, et al: Circumcostal gastropexy in the dog: A preliminary study. Vet Surg 11;9-12, 1982.
13. Whitney WO, Scavelli TD, Mattheisen DT, et al: Belt-loop gastropexy: Technique and surgical results in 20 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:75-
83m 1989.
14. Myer-Lindenberg A, Harder A, Fehr M, et al: Treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus and a rapid method for prevention of relapse in dogs: 134
cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1303-1307, 1993.
15. Christie TR, Smith CW: Gastrocolopexy for prevention of recurrent gastric volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:173-176, 1976.
16. Pritchard D: Prevention of acute gastric dilation by gastrojejunostomy. Canine Pract 4:51-55, 1977.
17. Muir WW, Lipowitz AJ: Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog. Am J Vet Res 172:683, 1978.
18. Muir WW, Bonagura JD: Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in dogs with gastric distension-volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1366, 1984.
19. Bonczynski JJ, Ludwig LL, Barton LJ, et al: Comparison of peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood pH, bicarbonate, glucose, and lactate
concentration as a diagnostic tool for septic peritonitis in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 32:161-166,2003.
20. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Bement S, et al: Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilation. J
Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1576-1581.

Incisional Gastropexy
1. MacCoy DM, Sykes GP, Hoffer RE, et al. A gastropexy technique for permanent fixation of the pyloric antrum. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1982;18:763-768.
2. Woolfson JM, Kostolich M. Circumcostal gastropexy: clinical use of the technique in 34 dogs with gastric dilation-volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1986;22:825-830.
3. Matthiesen DT. Partial gastrectomy as treatment of gastric volvulus; results in 30 dogs. Vet Surg 1985;14:185-193.
4. Parks JL, Greene RW. Tube gastrostomy for the treatment of gastric volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1976;12:168-172.
5. Christie TR, Smith CW. Gastrocolopexy for prevention of recurrent gastric volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1976;12:173-176.
6. Lindgren WG, Mullen HS, Marino DJ, et al. Long-term follow-up and clinical results of incisional gastropexy for repair of gastric dilation-volvulus
syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Fifth American College of Veterinary Surgeons Veterinary Symposium. American College of Veterinary Surgeons.
Chicago, IL. 1995:11.

Circumcostal Gastropexy
1. Fallah AM, Lumb WV, Nelson AW, et al. Circumcostal gastropexy in the dog: a preliminary study. Vet Surg 1982;11:19-22.
2. Fox SM, Ellison GW, Miller GJ. Observations on the mechanical failure
of three gastropexy techniques. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:739-734.
3. Leib MS, Blass CE. Gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs: an update. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1984;6:961-967.
4. Leib MS, Konde LJ, Wingfield WE, et al. Circumcostal gastropexy for preventing recurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog: an evaluation
of 30 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187:245-248.
5. Woolfson JM, Kostolich M. Circumcostal gastropexy: clinical use of the tech nique in 34 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 1986;22:825-830.
Laparoscopic Assisted Gastropexy
1. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Perez CM, et al. Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:
1465-1471.
2. Hardie RJ, Flanders JA, Schmidt P, et al. Biomechanical and histological evaluation of a laparoscopic stapled gastropexy technique in dogs. Vet
Surg 1996;25: 127-133.
3. Rawlings CA, Foutz TL, Mahaffey MB, et al. A rapid and strong laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 871-875.
4. Rawlings CA. Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38: 15-19.

Intestines Enterotomy
Anderson S, Lippincott CL, Gill PJ: Single enterotomy removal of gastrointestinal linear foreign bodies. J Am Anim Hospt Assoc 28:487, 1992.
Bebchuck TN: Feline gastrointestinal foreign bodies. Vet Clin N Am Sm Anim Pract32(4):861, 2002.
Capak D, Simpraga M, Maticic D, et al: Incidence of foreign-body-induced ileus in dogs. Berlinerun Munchenertierarztliche Wochenschrift 114(7-
8):290, 2001.
Coolman BR, Ehrhart N, Marretta SM. Use of skin staples for rapid closure of gastrointestinal incisions in the treatment of canine linear foreign
bodies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:542, 2000.
Ellison GW. Wound healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Vet Med Surg 4:287, 1989.
Enquist IF, Bauman FG, Rehdcr E: Changes in body fluid spaces in dogs with intestinal obstruction. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127:17, 1968.
Fossum TW, Hedlund CS: Gastric and intestinal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33(5):1117, 2003.
Kirpensteijn J, Maarschalkerweerd RJ, van der Gaag I, et al: Comparison of three closure methods and two absorbable suture materials for closure
of jejunal enterotomy incisions in healthy dogs. Vet Q 23(2):67, 2001.
Mishra NK, Appert HE, Howard JM: The effects of distention and obstruction on the accumulation of fluid in the lumen of small bowel of dogs. Ann
Surg 180:791, 1974.

Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis

Agrodnia M, Hauptman J, Walshaw R. Use of atropine to reduce mucosal eversion during intestinal resection and anastomosis in the dog. Vet Surg
32(4):365, 2003.
Bone DL, Duckett KE, Patton CS, et al: Evaluation of anastomosis of small intestine in dogs: crushing versus noncrushing suturing techniques. Am J
Vet Res 44:2043, 1983.
Chatworthy HW, Saleby R, Lovingood C: Extensive small bowel resection in young dogs: its effect on growth and development. Surg 32:341, 1952.
Coolman BR, Ehrhart N, Pijanowski G, et al: Comparison of skin staples with sutures for anastomosis of the small intestine of dogs. Vet Surg 29:392,
2000.
Crowe DT: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis techniques: clinical evaluation in 129 dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:223, 1984.
Ellison GW: End to end intestinal anastomosis in the dog: a comparison of techniques. Comp Cont Educ Sm Anim Pract 3:486, 1981.
Ellison GW, Jokinen MC, Park RD: End to end intestinal anastomosis in the dog: a comparative fluorescein dye, angiographic and histopathologic
evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:729, 1982.
Erikoglu M, Kaynak A, Beyatli EA, et al: Intraoperative determination of intestinal viability: a comparison with transserosal pulse oximetry and
histopathological examination. J Surg Res 128(1):66, 2005.
Krahwinkel DJ, Richardson DC: Intestines. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1983.
McLackin AD: Omental protection of intestinal anastomosis. Am J Surg 125:134, 1973.
Ralphs SC, Jessen CR, Lipowitz AJ. Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991-2000). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 223(1):73, 2003.
Weisman DL, Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, et al: Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure in dogs
and cats: 83 cases (1991-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(10):1507, 1999.
Wheaton LB, Strandberg JD, Hamilton SR, et al: A comparison of three techniques for intraoperative prediction of small intestinal injury. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 19:897, 1983.

Subtotal Colectomy in the Cat and Dog

Bertoy RW: Megacolon In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1993, p 262.
Bright RM: Subtotal colectomy for treatment of acquired megacolon in the dog and cat. J AM Vet Med Assoc 12: 1412, 1986.
DeNovo RC, Bright RM: Chronic feline constipation/obstipation. In Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, eds. Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1992, p 619.
Hoskins JD. Management of feline impaction. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12: 1579, 1990.
Kudish M, Pavleteic MM: Subtotal colectomy with surgical stapling instruments via a transcecal approach or treatment of acquired megacolon in cats.
Vet Surg 22: 457, 1993.
Matthiesen DT, Scavelli TD, Whitney WO. Subtotal colectomy for the treatment of obstipation secondary to pelvic fracture malunion in cats. Vet Surg
20: 113, 1991.
Ryan, S. Comparison of a biogragmentable anastomosis ring and sutured anastomosis for subtotal colectomy in cats with megacolon. Proceedings
of the 4th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgery. June 2005.
Pozzi A, Smeak DM. Subtotal colectomy in the dog. Personal communication, 2005.

Surgery of the Colon and Rectum

1. Taylor, W.T., Weber, R.J.: Functional Mammalian Anatomy (with special reference to the cat). Toronto, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1951.
2. Evans, H.E., Christensen, G.C.: Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1979.
3. Schaller, O., Constantinescue, G.M.: Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. 1992.
4. Goldsmid, S.E., Bellenger, C.R., Hopwood, P.R., et al: Colorectal blood supply in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 54:1948-1953, 1993.
5. Lewis, D.D., Beale, B.S., Pechman, R.D., et al: Rectal perforations associated with pelvic fractures and sacroiliac fracture-separations in four dogs.
J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 28:175-181, 1992.
6. Valerius, K.D., et al: Adenomatous polyps and carcinoma in situ of the canine colon and rectum: 34 cases (1982-1994). J. Am. Anim. Hosp.
Assoc., 33:156, 1997.
7. Greene, C.E.: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1990.
8. Dow, S.W.: Management of anaerobic infections. Vet. Clin. N. Am. S.A. Pract., 18:1167-1182, 1988.
9. Boothe, D.M.: Anaerobic infections in small animals. Prob. Vet. Med., 2:330-347, 1990.
10. Richter, K.P., Cleveland, M.vB.: Comparison of an orally administered gastrointestinal lavage solution with traditional enema administration as
preparation for colonoscopy in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 195:17271731, 1989.
11. Burrows, C.F.: Evaluation of a colonic lavage solution to prepare the colon of the dog for colonoscopy. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 195:17191721,
1989.
12. Peck, J.J., Fuchs, P.C., Gustafson, M.E.: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective colon surgery: Experience of 1,035 operations in a community
hospital. Am. J. Surg., 147:633-637, 1984.
13. Penwick, R.C.: Perioperative antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 24:133-145, 1988.
14. Burnakis, T.G.: Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis: Principles and guidelines. Pharmacotherapy., 4:248-271, 1984.
15. Condon, R.E., Bartlett, J.G., Greenlee, H., et al.: Efficacy of oral and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal operations. Arch. Surg.,
118:496-502, 1983.
16. Washington, II J.A., Dearing, W.H., Judd, E.S., et al.: Effect of preoperative antibiotic regimen on development of infection after intestinal surgery:
Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Ann. Surg., 180:567-572, 1974.
17. Baum, M.L., Anish, D.S., Chalmers, T.C., et al.: A survey of clinical trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in colon surgery: Evidence against further use of
no-treatment controls. N. Eng. J. Med., 305:795-799, 1981.
18. Onderdonk, A.B., Bartlett, J.G., Louie, T., et al.: Microbial synergy in experimental intraabdominal abscess. Infect. Immun., 13:22-26, 1976.
19. De La Hunt, M.N., Karran, S.J., Chir, M.: Sulbactam/ampicillin compared with cefoxitin for chemoprophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. Dis.
Colon Rectum, 29:157-159, 1986.
20. Bright, R.M.: Treatment of feline colonic obstruction (megacolon). In: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 3rd Ed.. Edited by M.J. Bojrab.
Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 263-265, 1990.
21. Rosin, E., Dow, S., Daly, W.R., et al.: Surgical wound infection and use of antibiotics. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 2nd Ed.. Edited by D.
Slatter. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co.84-95, 1993.
22. Huss, B.T., Payne, J.T., Wagner-Mann, C.C., et al.: Pharmacokinetic disposition of cefoxitin in serum and tissue during colorectal surgery in cats.
In preparation, 1996.
23. Plumb, D.C.: Veterinary Drug Handbook, 3rd Ed.. White Bear Lake, PharmaVet Pub 117-118, 1995.
24. Walshaw, R.: Removal of rectoanal neoplasms. In: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 3rd Ed. Edited by M.J. Bojrab. Philadelphia, Lea
& Febiger, 274-290, 1990.
25. Allen, S.W., Crowell, W.A.: Ventral Approach to the pelvic canal in the female dog. Vet. Surg., 20:118-121, 1991.
26. Everett, W.G.: A comparison of one layer and two layer techniques for colorectal anastomosis. Br. J. Surg., 62:135-140, 1975.
27. Ballantyne, G.H.: The experimental basis of intestinal suturing: Effect of surgical technique, inflammation, and infection on enteric wound healing.
Dis. Colon Rectum, 27:61-71, 1984.
28. Ellison, G.W.: End-to-end anastomosis in the dog: A comparison of techniques. Compend. Contin. Ed. Pract. Vet., 3:486-494, 1981.
29. Poth, E.J., Gold, D.: Intestinal anastomosis: A unique technic. Am. J. Surg., 116:643-647, 1968.
30. DeHoff, W.D., Nelson, W., Lumb, W.V.: Simple interrupted approximating technique for intestinal anastomosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 9:483-
489, 1973.
31. Lord, M.G., Broughton, A.C., Williams, H.T.G.: A morphologic study on the effect of suturing the submucosa of the large intestine. Surg. Gynecol.
Obstet., 146:211-216, 1978.
32. Stoloff, D., Snider, III T.G., Crawford, M.P., et al.: End-to-end colonic anastomosis: A comparison of techniques in normal dogs. Vet. Surg., 13:76-
82, 1984.
33. Coolman, B.R., Erhart, N., Pijanowsk, G., et al: Comparison of skin staples with sutures for anastomosis of the small intestine in dogs. Vet. Surg.,
29:293-302, 2000.
34. Ravo, B.: Colorectal anastomotic healing and intracolonic bypass procedure. Surg. Clin. N. Am. S. A., 68:12671294, 1988.
35. Ellison, G.W.: Wound healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Sem. Vet. Med. Surg. S.A., 4:287-293, 1989.
36. Ballantyne, G.H.: Intestinal suturing: Review of the experimental foundations for traditional doctrines. Dis. Colon Rectum, 26:836-843, 1983.
37. Cronin, K., Jackson, D.S., Dunphy, J.E.: Changing bursting strength and collagen content of the healing colon. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 126:747-
753, 1968.
38. Irvin, T.T., Hunt, T.K.: Reappraisal of the healing process of anastomosis of the colon. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 138:741-746, 1974.
39. Wylie, K.B., Hosgood, G.: Mortality and morbidity of small and large intestinal surgery in dogs and cats: 74 cases (1980-1992). J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., 30:469-474, 1994.
40. Ralphs, S.C., Jessen, C.R., Lipowitz, A.J.: Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991Ö¾ 2000).
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 223:73-77, 2003.
41. Swalec-Tobias, K.M.: Rectal perforation, rectocutaneous fistula formation, and enterocutaneous fistula formation after pelvic trauma in a dog. J.
Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 205:1292-1296, 1994.
42. Chandler, J.C., Kudnig, S.T., Monnet, E.: Use of laparoscopic-assisted jejunostomy for fecal diversion in the management of a rectocutaneous
fistula in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 226:746-751, 2005.
43. Guilford, W.G.: Fecal incontinence in dogs and cats. Compend. Contin. Ed. Pract. Vet., 12:313-326, 1990.
44. Holt, D., Johnston, D.E., Orsher, R., et al.: Clinical use of a dorsal surgical approachto the rectum. Compend. Contin. Ed. Pract. Vet., 13:1519-
1528, 1991.
45. Hamilton, J.E.: Reappraisal of open intestinal anastomoses, Ann. Surg., 165:917, 1967.
46. Yamane, T., Takahashi, T., Okuzumi, J., et al.: Anastomotic stricture with the EEA stapler after colorectal operation in the dog. Surg. Gynecol.
Obstet., 174:41-45, 1992.
47. Milovancev, M., Weisman, D.L., Palmisano, M.P.: Foreign body attachment to polypropylene suture material extruded into the sm all intestinal
lumen after enteric closure in three dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 225:17131715, 2004.

Management of Rectal Prolapse

Aronson L. Rectum and anus. In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of small animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.
Popovitch CA, Holt D, Bright R. Colopexy as a teatment for rectal prolapse in dogs and cats; a retrospective study of 14 cases. Vet Surg
1994:23:115.

Anal Sac Disease and Removal

Aronson L. Rectum and anus. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2002: 682-708. Lipowitz A.
Perineal Surgery. In: Lipowitz AJ, Caywood DD, Newton CD, et al, eds. Complications in small animal surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkens, 1996:
527-540.
Van Sluijis FJ. Anal sacculectomy. In: van Sluijis FJ, ed. Atlas of small animal surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 114-115. Hill LN,
Smeak D. Open versus closed bilateral anal sacculectomy for treatment of non-neoplastic anal sac disease in dogs: 95 cases (1969-1994). JAVMA
2002; 221: 662-665.
Van Duijkeren E. Disease conditions of canine anal sacs. JSAP 1995; 36: 12-16.

Nonsurgical Management of Perianal Fistulae

1. Milner, H.R., The role of surgery in the management of canine anal furunculosis. A review of the literature and a retrospective evaluation of
treatment by surgical resection in 51 dogs. N Z Vet J, 2006. 54(1): p. 1-9.
2. House, A.K., et al., Evaluation of the Effect of Two Dose Rates of Cyclosporine on the SeverityofPerianalFistulae Lesions and Associated Clinical
Signs in Dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 2006. 35(6): p. 543-549.
3. Hardie, R.J., et al., Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 2005. 46(1): p. 3-9.
4. O'Neill, T., G.A. Edwards, and S. Holloway, Efficacy of combined cyclosporine A and ketoconazole treatment of anal furunculosis. J Small Anim
Pract, 2004. 45(5): p. 238-43.
5. Doust, R., L.G. Griffiths, and M. Sullivan, Evaluation of once daily treatment with cyclosporine for anal furunculosis in dogs. Veterinary Record,
2003. 152(8): p. 225-+.
6. Patricelli, A.J., R.J. Hardie, and J.E. McAnulty, Cyclosporine and ketoconazole for the treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc,
2002. 220(7): p. 1009-16.
7. Mouatt, J.G., Cyclosporin and ketoconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog. Aust Vet J, 2002. 80(4): p. 207-11.
8. Ellison, G.W., Treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc, 1995. 206(11): p. 1680-2.
9. Killingsworth, C.R., et al., Bacterial population and histologic changes in dogs with perianal fistula. Am J Vet Res, 1988. 49(10): p. 1736-41.
10. Patterson, A.P. and K.L. Campbell, Managing anal furunculosis in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,
2005. 27(5): p. 339-+.
11. Mathews, K.A., et al., Cyclosporine Treatment of Perianal Fistulas in Dogs. Can Vet J, 1997. 38: p. 39-41.
12. Day, M.J. and W.B. M., Pathology of Surgically Resected Tissue from 305 Cases of Anal Furunculosis in the dog. J Small Anim Pract, 1992. 33:
p. 583-589.
13. Matushek, K.J. and E. Rosin, Perianal Fistulas in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 1991. 13(4): p.
621-627.
14. Griffiths, L.G., M. Sullivan, and W.W. Borland, Cyclosporin as the sole treatment for anal furunculosis: preliminary results. J Small Anim Pract,
1999. 40(12): p. 569-72.
15. Mathews, K.A. and H.R. Sukhiani, Randomized controlled trial of cyclosporine for treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc,
1997. 211(10): p. 1249-53.
16. Harkin, K.R., R. Walshaw, and T.P. Mullaney, Association of perianal fistula and colitis in the German shepherd dog: response to high-dose
prednisone and dietary therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 1996. 32(6): p. 515-20.
17. Killingsworth, C.R., et al., Thyroid and immunologic status of dogs with perianal fistula. Am J Vet Res, 1988. 49(10): p. 1742-6.
18. Vasseur, P.B., Results of surgical excision of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1984. 185(1): p. 60-2.
19. Tisdall, P.L., et al., Management of perianal fistulae in five dogs using azathioprine and metronidazole prior to surgery. Aust Vet J, 1999. 77(6): p.
374-8.
20. Jamieson, P.M., et al., Association between anal furunculosis and colitis in the dog: preliminary observations. J Small Anim Pract, 2002. 43(3): p.
109-14.
21. Ellison, G.W., et al., Treatment of perianal fistulas with ND:YAG laser-results in twenty cases. Vet Surg, 1995. 24(2): p. 140-7.
22. Guaguere, E., J. Steffan, and T. Olivry, Cyclosporin A: a new drug in the field of canine dermatology. Vet Dermatol, 2004. 15(2): p. 61-74.
23. House, A.K., S.P. Gregory, and B. Catchpole, Expression of Cytokine mRBA in Canine Anal Furunculosis Lesions. Veterinary Record, 2003.
153(354-358).
24. Day, M.J., Immunopathology of Anal Furunculosis in the Dog. J Small Anim Pract, 1993. 34: p. 381-389.
25. Ettinger, S.J. and E.C. Feldman, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 5th ed. Diseases of the Large Intestine, ed. A.E. Jergens and M.D.
Willard. Vol. 2. 2000, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
26. Plumb, D.C., Veterinary Drug Handbook. 4 ed. Azathioprine, ed. D.C. Plumb. 2002, Ames: Iowa State University Press. 86-88.
27. Plumb, D.C., Veterinary Drug Handbook. 4 ed. Metronidazole, ed. D.C. Plumb. 2002, Ames: Iowa State University Press. 549-552.
28. Daigle, J.C., More economical use of cyclosporine through combination drug therapy. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 2002.
38(3): p. 205-208.
29. Hardie, R.J., et al., Cyclosporine Treatment of Perianal Fistulae in 26 Dogs. Vet Surg, 2000. 29(5): p. 481.
30. Blackwood, L., et al., Multicentric lymphoma in a dog after cyclosporine therapy. J Small Anim Pract, 2004. 45(5): p. 259-62.
31. Myre, S.A., T.J. Schoeder, and V.R. Grund, Critical Ketoconazole Dosage Range for Ciclosporin Clearance Inhibition in the Dog. Pharmacology,
1991. 43: p. 233-241.
32. Dahlinger, J., C. Gregory, and J. Bea, Effect of ketoconazole on cyclosporine dose in healthy dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 1998. 27(1): p. 64-68.
33. Plumb, D.C., Veterinary Drug Handbook. 4 ed, ed. D.C. Plumb. 2002, Ames: Iowa State University Press. 465-470.
34. Misseghers, B.S., A.G. Binnington, and K.A. Mathews, Clinical observations of the treatment of canine perianal fistulas with topical tacrolimus in
10 dogs. Can Vet J, 2000. 41(8): p. 623-7.

Excisional Techniques for Perianal Fistulas

Day MJ, Weaver BMQ: Pathology of surgically resected tissue from 305 cases of anal furunculosis in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 33:583, 1992. Ellison
GW: Treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1680, 1995.
Ellison GW, Bellah JR, Stubbs WP: Treatment of perianal fistulas with ND/YAG laser-results of 20 cases. Vet Surg 24:140, 1995.
Harkin KR, Walshaw RW, Mullaney TP: Association of perianal fistula and colitis in the German Shepherd dog: Response to high dose prednisone
and dietary therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:515, 1996.
Mathews KA, Sukiana HR: Randomized controlled trial of cyclosporine for treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1249,
1997.
Misseghers BS, Binnington AG, Matthews KA: Clinical observations in the treatment of perianal fistulas with topical tacrolimus in 10 dogs. Can Vet J
41:623, 2000.
Mouatt JG: Cyclosporin and ketaconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog. Aust Vet J 80:207, 2002.
Shelley BA: Use of the carbon dioxide laser for perianal and rectal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:621, 2002.
Tisdale PL, Hunt GB, Beck JA, et al: Management of perianal fistulae in five dogs using azathioprine and metronidazole prior to surgery. Aust Vet J
77:374, 1999.
Vasseur PB: Results of surgical excision of perianal fistulas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:60, 1984.

Liver, Biliary System, Pancreas

1. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: In Dyce KM, ed.: Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996, p
2. Evans HE, deLahunta A: Millers’Guide to the Dissection of the Dog.
B
4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996.
3. Weiss DJ, Blauvelt M, Aird B: Cytologic evaluation of inflammation in canine liver aspirates. Vet Clin Pathol 30:193, 2001.
4. Roth L: Comparison of liver cytology and biopsy diagnoses in dogs and cats: 56 cases. Vet Clin Pathol 30:35, 2001.
5. Wang KY, et al: Accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the liver and cytologic findings in dogs and cats: 97 cases (1990-2000). J
Am Vet Med Assoc 224:75, 2004.
6. Bjorling DE: Partial hepatectomy and hepatic biopsy. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Williams &
Wilkins, 1998, p 287
7. Martin RA, Lanz OI, Tobias KM: Liver and biliary system. In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003, p
708.
8. Bigge LA, Brown DJ, Penninck DG: Correlation between coagulation profile findings and bleeding complications after ultrasound-guided biopsies:
434 cases (1993-1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:228, 2001.
9. Cole TL, et al: Diagnostic comparison of needle and wedge biopsy specimens of the liver in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1483, 2002.
10. Farrar ET, Washabau RJ, Saunders HM: Hepatic abscesses in dogs: 14 cases (1982-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:243, 1996.
11. Schwartz SG, et al: Liver lobe torsion in dogs: 13 cases (1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:242, 2006.
12. Bjorling DE, Prasse KW, Holmes RA: Partial hepatectomy in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:257, 1985.
13. Lewis DD, et al: Hepatic lobectomy in the dog. A comparison of stapling and ligation techniques. Vet Surg 19:221, 1990.
14. Lewis DD, Ellison GW, Bellah JR: Partial hepatectomy using stapling instruments. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:597, 1987.
15. Evans HE, Christensen GC: Millers Anatomy of the Dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979, 499.
16. Breznock EM: Surgical procedures of the hepatobiliary system. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, eds.: Current Techniques in Small Animal
Surgery, 4th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997, p 298
17. Lawrence D: Percutaneous biliary drainage (cholecystostomy). In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B (eds): Current Techniques in Small Animal
Surgery, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997, p 398
18. Church EM, Matthiesen DT: Surgical treatment of 23 dogs with necrotizing cholecystitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:305, 1988.
19. Martin RA: Biliary obstruction/stones. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992, p 306
20. Martin RA, MacCoy DM, Harvey HJ: Surgical management of extrahepatic biliary tract disease: A report of eleven cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
22:301, 1986.
21. Mayhew PD, Richardson RW, Mehler SJ, et al: Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tract in
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1209, 2006.
22. Matthiesen DT, Rosin E: Common bile duct obstruction secondary to chronic fibrosing pancreatitis: Treatment by use of cholecystoduode-
nostomy in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1443, 1986.
23. H erman BA, Brawer RS, Murtaugh RJ, et al: Therapeutic percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in three dogs with extrahepatic
biliary obstruction and pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227: 1782, 2005.

Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats

1. Berent A, Tobias KM: Hepatic Vascular Anomalies. In Tobias KM, Johnston S: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. St. Louis IL, Elsevier, 2011,
pp1624-1658.
2. Hunt GB, Bellenger CR, Borg R, et al. Congenital interruption of the portal vein and caudal vena cava in dogs: six case reports and a review of the
literature. Vet Surg 1998;3:203-215.
3. Tobias KM, Rohrbach BW. Proportional Diagnosis of Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs Accessed by Veterinary Teaching Hospitals: 1980-
2002. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1636-1639.
4. Tobias KM. Determination of heredity of single congenital portosystemic shunts in Yorkshire terriers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003;39:385-389.
5. van Straten G, Leegwater PAJ, de Vries M, et al. Inherited congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in Cairn terriers. J Vet Intern Med
2005;19:321-324.
6. Ubbink GJ, van de Broek J, Meyer HP, et al. Prediction of inherited portosystemic shunts in Irish Wolfhounds on the basis of pedigree analysis. Am
J Vet Res 1998;59:1553-1556.
7. Lipscomb VJ, Jones HJ, Brockman DJ: Complications and long-term outcomes of the ligation of congenital portosystemic shunts in 49 cats. Vet
Rec 2007;160:465-470.
8. Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Mehl M, et al. Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for the management of single extrahepatic portosys-temic shunts in
cats: 23 cases (1996-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1341-1347.
9. Holt D. Critical care management of the portosystemic shunt patient. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1994;16:879...892.
10. Maddison JE. Hepatic encephalopathy. Current concepts of the pathogenesis. J Vet Int Med 1992 ;6:341-353.
11. Allen L, Stobie D, Mauldlin, et al. Clinicopathologic features of dogs with hepatic microvascular dysplasia with and without portosystemic shunts;
42 cases (1991-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:218-220.
12. Niles JD, Williams JM, Cripps PJ. Hemostatic profiles in 39 dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. 2001;30:97-104.
13. Phillips L, Tappe J, Lyman R, et al. Hepatic microvascular dysplasia in dogs. Progr Vet Neurol 1996;3:88-96.
14. Scrivani PV, Yeager AE, Dykes NL, et al. Influence of patient positioning on sensitivity of mesenteric portography for detecting an anomalous
portosystemic blood vessel in dogs: 34 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1251-1253.
15. Watson PJ, ME Herrtage. Medical management of congenital portosystemic shunts in 27 dogs-a retrospective study. J Small Anim Pract
1998;39:62-68.
16. Greenhalgh SN, Dunning MD, McKinley TJ, et al: Comparison of survival after surgical or medical treatment in dogs with a congenital
portosystemic shunt. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:1215, 2010.
17. Tobias KMS, Seguin B, Johnston G. Surgical approaches to single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
1998;20:593-601.
18. Tobias KMS, Rawlings CA. Surgical techniques for extravascular occlusion of intrahepatic shunts. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1996;18:745-
755.
19. Mathew K, Grofton N. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt occlusion in the dog: gross observation during surgical correction. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 1988;24:387-394.
20. Swalec KM, Smeak DD. Partial versus complete attenuation of single portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 1990;19:406-411.
21. Schulz KS, Martin RA, Henderson RA. Transplenic portal catheter-ization. Surgical technique and use in two dogs with portosystemic shunts. Vet
Surg 1993;22:363-369.
22. Wolscrijn CF, Mahapokai W, Rothuizen J, et al. Gauged attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts: Results in 160 dogs and 15 cats. Vet
Quart 2000;22:94-98.
23. Kummeling A, van Sluijs FJ, Rothuizen J. Prognostic implications of the degree of shunt narrowing and of the portal vein diameter in dogs with
congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 2004;33:17-24.
24. Sereda CW, Adin CA. Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a
review. Vet Surg 2005;34:83-91.
25. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Hardie EM, et al. Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for treatment for single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs:
168 cases (1995-2001).
26. Hunt GB, Kummeling A, Tisdall PLC, et al. Outcomes of cellophane banding for congenital portosystemic shunts in 106 dogs and 5 cats. Vet Surg
2004;33:25-31.
27. Frankel D, Seim H, MacPhail C, et al. Evaluation of cellophane banding with and without intraoperative attenuation for treatment of congenital
extraheptaic portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Am Vet med Assoc 2006;228:1355-1360.
28. Adin CA, Sereda CW, Thompson MS, et al. Outcome associated with use of a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder for treatment of dogs
with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:1749-1755.
29. Weisse C, Berent AC, Todd K, et al. Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001-
2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;244:78-94.
30. Fryer KJ, Levine JM, Peycke LE, et al: Incidence of postoperative seizures with and without levetiracetam pretreatment in dogs undergoing
portosystemic shutn attenuation. J Vet Intern Med.
31. Tisdall PLC, Hunt GB, Youmans KR, et al. Neurological dysfunction in dogs following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.
J Small Anim Pract 2000;41:539-546.
32. Heldmann E, Holt DE, Brockman DJ, et al. Use of propofol to manage seizure activity after surgical treatment of portosystemic shunts. J Small
Anim Pract 1999;40:590-594.
33. Harvey J, Erb HN. Complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs. Vet Surg 1998;27:413-416.
34. Hottinger HA, Walshaw R. Long-term results of complete and partial ligation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg 1995;24:331-
336.
35. Murphy ST, Ellison GW, Long M, et al. A comparison of the ameroid constrictor versus ligation in the surgical management of single extrahepatic
portosystemic shunts. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001;37:390-396.
Cellophane Banding of Portosystemic Shunts
1. Harari J, Lincoln J, Alexander J, et al. Lateral thoracotomy and cellophane banding of a congenital portoazygous shunt in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract
31: 571, 1990.
2. Connery NA, McAllister H, Skelly C, Pawson P, Bellenger CR: Cellophane banding of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in two Irish
wolfhounds. Journal of Sm Anim Pract 43: 345-349, 2002.
3. Youmans KR, Hunt GB: Cellophane banding for the gradual attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in eleven dogs. Aust Vet J 76:
1998.
4. Youmans KR, Hunt GB: Experimental evaluation of four methods of progressive venous attenuation in dogs. Vet Surg 28: 531, 1999.
5. Hunt GB, Kummeling A, Tisdall PLC, et al.: Outcomes of cellophane banding for congenital portosystemic shunts in 106 dogs and 5 cats. Vet Surg
33: 25, 2004.
6. Frankel D, Seim H, Macphail C, et al: Evaluation of cellophane banding with and without intraoperative attenuation for treatment of congenital
extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228: 1355, 2006.
7. Landon BP, Abraham LA, Charles JA: Use of transcolonic portal scintigraphy to evaluate efficacy of cellophane banding of congenital extrahepatic
shunts in 16 dogs. Aust Vet J 86: 169, 2008.
8. Cabassu J, Seim HB III, MacPhail C, et al: Outcomes of cats undergoing surgical attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
through cellophane banding: 9 cases (2000-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 238: 89, 2011.
9. Nelson NC, Neslon LL: Anatomy of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs as determined by computed tomography angiography. Vet Rad
Ultrasound, 52, 498, 2011.
10. Vogt J, Krahwinkel DJ, Bright RM, et al.: Gradual occlusion of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats using the ameroid constrictor.
Vet Surg 25: 495, 1996.
11. Havig M TK: Outcome of ameroid constrictor occlusion of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in cats: 12 cases (1993-2000). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 220: 337, 2002.
12. Kyles AE HE, Mehl M, Gregory CR: Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for the management of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in
cats: 23 cases (1996-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220: 1341, 2002.
13. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Hardie EM, ety al: Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for treatment of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs:
168 cases (1995-2001). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 226, 2020-2030, 2002.
14. Falls EL, Milovancev M, Hunt GB et al: Long term outcome after surgical ameroid ring constrictor placement for treatment of single extrahepatic
portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg 42: 951, 2013.
15. Leveille R JS, Birchard SJ: Transvenous coil embolization of portosystemic shunt in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44: 32, 2003.
16. Sereda CW, Adin CA, Ginn PE, Farese JP: Evaluation of a percutane-ously controlled hydraulic occluder in a rat model of gradual venous
occlusion. Vet Surg 34: 35, 2005.
17. Stone PW MR: A method for experimental production of gradual occlusion of the portal vein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 72: 255, 1949.
18. Harley GH BL: Cellophane in surgery. Am J Surg 68: 229, 1945.
19. Smith RR, Hunt GB, Garcia-Nolen TC, et al: Spectroscopic and mechanical evaluation of thin film commonly used for banding congenital
portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg 42 (4), 478-87, 2013.
20. McAlinden AB, Buckley CT, Kirby BM. Biomechanical evaluation of different numbers, sizes, and placement configurations of ligaclips required to
secure cellophane bands. Vet Surg 39: 59, 2010.

Pancreatic Surgery
1. Cornell KF, J. Surgery of the exocrine pancreas In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, third edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B.
Saunders, 2003;p 752.
2. Kyles A. Endocrine Pancreas In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook ofSmall Animal Surgery, third edition. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 2003; p1724.
3. Miller ME CG, Evans HE. Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1964. p. 706.
4. Poddar S. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the biliary tract of the ferret. Acta Anat Base//,97:121, 1977.
5. Caywood D. Surgery of the Pancreas In: Bojrab M, ed. Current Techniques in Sma// Anima/ Surgery 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1983; p 232.
6. Newman S, Steiner J, Woosley K, et al. Localization of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 18:488, 2004.
7. Harmoinen J, Saari S, Rinkinen M, et al. Evaluation of pancreatic forceps biopsy by laparoscopy in healthy beagles. Vet Ther,3:31, 2002.
8. Weiss CA, Williams BH, Scott MV. Insulinoma in the ferret: clinical findings and treatment comparison of 66 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc;34:471,
1998.
9. Moore AS, Nelson RW, Henry CJ, et al. Streptozocin for treatment of pancreatic islet cell tumors in dogs: 17 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med
Assoc;221:811, 2002.
10. Robben JH, van den Brom WE, Mol JA, et al. Effect of octreotide on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and
cortisol in healthy dogs and dogs with insulinoma. Res Vet Sci2005, in press.
11. Robben JH, Pollak YW, Kirpensteijn J, et al. Comparison of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and single-photon emission computed
tomography for the detection and localization of canine insulinoma. J Vet Intern Med;19:15, 2005.
12. Tasker S, Griffon DJ, Nuttall TJ, et al. Resolution of paraneoplastic alopecia following surgical removal of a pancreatic carcinoma in a cat. J Sma//
Anim Pracf,40:16, 1999.
13. Nathens AB, Curtis JR, Beale RJ, et al. Management of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med;32:2524, 2004.
14. Qin HL, Su ZD, Gao Q, et al. Early intrajejunal nutrition: bacterial translocation and gut barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in dogs.
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,1:150, 2002.
15. Mayhew PD RR, Mehler SJ, Holt DE, Weisse. Choledochal tube stenting for decompression of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in dogs.
Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Veterinary Symposium 2004:14.
16. Jerram RM, Warman CG, Davies ES, et al. Successful treatment of a pancreatic pseudocyst by omentalisation in a dog. N Z Vet J 2004,52:197,
2004.
Surgery of Pancreatic Neoplasia
1. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, Sack WO: The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals. Berlin, Verlag Paul Parey, 1973, p119-122.
2. DeHoff W, Archibald J: Pancreas. In: Archibald J (ed) Canine Surgery, 2nd. Santa Barbara, American Veterinary Publications, 1974, p827-842.
3. Nielsen SW, Bishop EJ: The duct system of the canine pancreas. Am J Vet Res 15:266, 1954.
4. Westermarck E, Rimmaila-Parnanen E: Mesenteric torsion in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: 21 cases (1978-1987). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 195:1404-1406, 1989.
5. Whittemore JC, Campbell VL: Canine and feline pancreatitis. Compend Contin Ed Pract Vet 27:766-776, 2005.
6. Salisbury SK, Lantz GC, Nelson RW, et al: Pancreatic abscess in dogs: Six cases (1978-1986) J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1104-1108, 1988.
7. Bailiff NL, Norris CR, Seguin B, et al: Pancreatolitihiasis and pancreatic pseudobladder associated with pancreatitis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 40:69-74, 2004.
8. Coleman M, Robson M: Pancreatic masses following pancreatitis: Pancreatic psedocysts, necrosis, and abscesses. Compend Contin Ed Vet Med
27:147-154, 2005.
9. Bray JP, White RAS, Williams JM: Partial resection and omental-ization: A new technique for management of prostatic retention cysts in dogs. Vet
Surg 26:202-209, 1997.
10. Campbell BG: Omentalization of a non-resectable uterine stump abscess in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1799-1803, 2004.
11. Johnson MD, Mann FA: Treatment for pancreatic abscesses via omentalization with abdominal closure versus open peritoneal drainage in dogs:
15 cases (1994-2004) J Am Vet Med Assoc 228: 397-402, 2006.
12. Hosgood G: The omentum - the forgotten organ. Physiology and potential surgical applications in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
12:45-50, 1990.
13. Matthiesen DT, Rosen E: Common bile duct obstruction secondary to chronic fibrosing pancreatitis J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1443, 1986.
14. Neer TM: A review of disorders of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract in the dog and cat. J Vet Int Med 6:186-192, 1992.
15. Pascal-Tenorio A, Olivry T, Gross TL, et al: Case report: paraneoplastic alopecia associated with internal malignancies in the cat. Vet Derm 8:47-
52, 1997.
16. Brooks DG, Campbell KL, Dennis JS, et al: Pancreatic paraneoplastic alopecia in three cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:557-563, 1994.
17. Seaman RL: Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia in the cat: A case series. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:238-245, 2004.
18. Fingeroth JM: Endocrine Pancreatic Disease In: Bojrab MJ (ed). Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Lea and
Febiger, 1993, p589-607.
19. Caywood DD, Klausner JS, O'Leary TP, et al: Pancreatic insulin-secreting neoplasms: Clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic features in 73 dogs. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:577-584, 1987.
20. Leifer CE, Peterson ME, Matus RE: Insulin-secreting tumor: diagnosis and medical and surgical management ion 55 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
188:60-64, 1986.
21. Steiner JM, Bruyette DS: Canine insulinoma. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:13-16, 1996.
22. Trifonidou MA, Kirpensteijn J, Robben JH: A retrospective evaluation of 51 dogs with insulinoma. Vet Quarterly 20:S114-115, 1998.
23. Tobin RL, Nelson RW, Lucroy MD, et al: Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia: 39 cases (19901997). J
Am Vet Med Assoc 215:226-230, 1999.
24. Allen SW, Cornelius LM, Mahaffey EA: A comparison of two methods of partial pancreatectomy in the dog. Vet Surg 18:274-278, 1989.
25. Markowitz J, Archibald J, Downie HG: Experimental surgery. Baltimore, Willams and Wikeins, 1964, p236-252.
26. Fischer JR, Smith SA, Harkin KR: Glucagon constant-rate infusion: A novel strategy for the management of hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic crisis
in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:27-32, 2000.
27. Melhaff-Schunk, C: Surgery of the pancreas. In: Bojrab MJ (ed) Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lea and
Febiger, 1990, p304-308.
28. Fingeroth JM, Smeak DD, Jacobs RM: Intravenous methylene blue infusion for intraoperative identification of parathyroid gland and pancreatic
islet-cell tumors in dogs. Part I: Experimental determination of dose-related staining efficacy and toxicity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24: 165-173, 1988.
29. Fingeroth JM, Smeak DD: Intravenous methylene blue infusion for intraoperative identification of pancreatic islet-cell tumors in dogs. Part II:
Clinical trials and results in four dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:175182, 1988.
30. Smeak DD, Fingeroth JM, Bilbrey SA: Intravenous methylene blue as a specific stain for primary and metastatic insulinoma in a dog. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 24:478-480, 1988.
31. Moore AS, Nelson RW, Henry CJ, et al: Streptozotocin for treatment of pancreatic islet cell tumors in dogs: 17 cases (1989-1999) J Am Vet Med
Assoc 221:811-818, 2002.
32. Gross TL, O'Brien TD, Davies AP, et al: Glucagon-producing pancreatic endocrine tumors in two dogs with superficial necrolytic dermatitis. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 197:1619-1622, 1990.
33. Langer NB, Jergens AE, Miles KG: Canine glucagonoma. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 25:56-63, 2003.
34. Feldman EC, Nelson RW: The Endocrine Pancreas. In: Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction, 2nd ed.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996. pp. 450-452.

Diaphragm
1. Dronen SC. Disorders of the chest wall and diaphragm. Bmerg Med Clin North Am 1983;1:449.
2. Ticer JW, Brown SG. Thoracic trauma. In: Ettinger SJ, ed. Veter. mary internal medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1975.
3. Marchand P. A study of the forces productive of gastro oesopha. geal regurgitation and hemiation through the diaphragmatic hiatus. Thorax
1957;12:189.
4. Bellenger CR, et al. Bile pleuritis in a dog. J Small Anint Pract 1975;l6:575.
5. Johnson KA. Diaphragmatic, pericardial, and hiatal hernia. In Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Phila. deiphia: WB
Saunders, 1985:485.
6. Altura BM, Lefer AM, Schumer W. Handbook of shock and trauma. New York: Raven Press, 1983.
7. Spackman CJA, et al. Thoracic wall and pulmonary trauma in dogs sustaining fractures as a result of motor vehicle accidents. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1984;185:975.
8. Boudrieau RJ, Muir WE. Pathophysiology of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1987;9:379 385.
9. Bjorlirig DE. Management of thoracic trauma. In: Birchard S. Sherding S. eds. Saunders manual of small animal practice Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1994:593 599.
10. Stokhof AA. Diagnosis and treatment of acquired diaphragmatic hernia by thoracotomy in 49 dogs and 72 cats. Vet Q 1986; 8:177.
11. Wilson GP, Muir WW. Diaphragmatic hernia, In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1983.
12. Wilson GP, Hayes HM. Diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a 25 year overview. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1986;1:318 326.
13. Wilson GP, Newton CD, Burt JK. A review of 116 diaphragmatic hernias in dogs and cats. JAm Vet Med Assoc 1971;159:11421145.
14. Boudrieau RJ. Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. In: Bojrab MJ ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea Er
Febiger, 1990:309 314.
15. Sullivan M, Lee R. Radiological features of 80 cases of diaphrafmatic rupture. J Small Anim Pract 1989;30:561.
16. Stowater JL, Lamb CR. Ultrasonography of noncardiac thoracic diseases in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;1955 p. 14.
17. Myer W. Diagnostic imaging of the respiratory system. Birchard S, Sherding S. eds. Saunders manual of small anufla practice. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1994:534 535.
18. Punch Pt, Slatter DR. Diaphragmatic hernias. In: Slatter DII ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB SaUfl ders, 1985.
19. Evans SM, Biery DN. Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphrmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a literature review and 17 additional case histories.
Vet Radiol 1980;21:108.
20. Stickle RL. Positive contrast celiography (peritoneograPhY) for the diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats. J Vet Med Assoc
1984;185:295.
21. Kolata RJ, Kraut NH, Johnston DE. Patterns of trauma in urban dogs and cats: a study of 1000 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc S01974;164:499
502.
22. Shapiro BA, Harrison RA, Walton JR. Clinical application of blood gases. 3rd ed. Chicago: New York Medical Publishers, 1982.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

1. Boudrieau SJ, Muir WW. Pathophysiology of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1987;9:379.
2. Wilson GP, Hayes JIM. Diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a 25-year overview. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1986;1:318-326.
3. Wilson GP, Newton CD, Burt JK. A review of 116 diaphragmatic hernias in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971:159:11421145.
4. Noden DM, De Lahunta A. The embryology of domestic animals: developmental mechanisms and malformations. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins,
1985.
5. Pass MA. Small intestines. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.
6. Feldman DB, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonatal dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968:153:942.
7. Keep JM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. Aust VetJ 1950:26:193.
8. Mann FA, Aronson E. Surgical correction of a true congenital pleuro-peritoneal diaphragmatic hernia in a cat. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc
1991:27:501-507.
9. Frye FL, Taylor Don. Pericardial and diaphragmatic defects in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968:152:1507.
10. Hay WH, et al. Clinical, echocardiographic, and radiographic findings of peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in two dogs and a cat. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 1989:195:1245.
11. Punch P1, Slatter DH. Diaphragmatic hernias. In Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.
12. Bellah JR, Spencer CP, Brown DJ, Whitton DL. Congenital cranio-ventral abdominal wall, caudal sternal, diaphragmatic, pericardial, and
intracardiac defects in Cocker Spaniel littermates. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989: 194:1741-1746.
13. Bellah JR, Whitton DL, Ellison GW, Phillips L. Surgical correction of concomitant cranial ventral abdominal wall, caudal sternal, diaphragmatic,
and pericardial defects in young dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989: 195:1722-1726.
14. Evans SM, Beiry DN. Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in the dog and cat: a literature review and 17 additional case histories.
Vet Radiol 1980:21:108.
15. Eyster GJ, et al. Congenital pericardial diaphragmiatic hernia and multiple cardiac defects in a litter of collies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977:170:516.
16. Valentine BA, et al. Canine congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Vet Intern Med 1988:2:109.
17. Hunt GB, Johnson KA. Diaphragmatic, Pericardial, and Hiatal Hernia. In Slatter D (Ed.), 3rd Edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2003: 471-487.
18. Kaplan LC, et al. Ectopia Cordis and cleft sternum: evidence for mechanical teratogenesis following rupture of the choion or yolk sac. Am J Med
Genet 1985:21:187.
19. Noden DM, De Lahunta A. The embryology of domestic animals: developmental mechanisms and malformations. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins,
1985.
20. Reimer BS, Kyles AE, Filipowicz DE, Gregory, CR. Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial
diaphragmatic hernia: 66 cases (1987-2002). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 2003:224: 728-732.
21. Thomas WP. Pericardial Disorders. In: Ettinger SJ, ed. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saudners, 1989.
22. Bellah JR. Diaphragmatic Hernias. Compendium's Standard of Care in Emergency Medicine and Critical Care. June 2005:7.5:1-7.
23. Bednarski RM. Diaphragmatic hernia: anesthetic considerations. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1986:1:256-258.
24. Johnson KA. Diaphragmatic, pericardial, and hiatal hernia. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB
Saunder, 1985:485.
25. Bellah JR. Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia. In Bojrab MJ (Ed), Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th Edition, Williams and Wilkins,
Baltimore, 1998: 315-321.

Peritoneum and Abdominal Wall

1. Evans HE, Christensen GC. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
2. Ellis H, Ashby EC, Mott TJ. Studies in peritoneal healing: a review. J Abdom Surg 1969,11:110.
3. Hubbard TB, et al. The pathology of peritoneal repair: its relation to the formation of adhesions. Ann Surg 1967; 165: 908.
4. Ellis H. The cause and prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971;133:497.
5. Karipineni RC, Wilk PJ, Danese CA. The role of the peritoneum in the healing of abdominal incisions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976:142:729.
6. Swanwick RA, Milne FJ. The non-suturing of parietal peritoneum in abdominal surgery of the horse. Vet Rec 1973:93:328.
7. Ellis H, Heddle R. Does the peritoneum need to be closed at laparotomy? Br J Surg 1977;64:733.
8. Rosin E, Richardson S. Effect of fascial closure technique on strength of healing abdominal incisions in the dog: a biomechanical study. Vet Surg
1987; 16:269.
9. Fagniez P, Hay JM, Lacaine F, et al. Abdominal midline incision closure: a multicentric randomized prospective trial of 3,135 patients, comparing
continuous vs interrupted polyglycolic acid sutures. Arch Surg 1985:120:1351.
10. Rosin E, Robinson GM. Knot security of suture materials. Vet Surg 1989:18:269.
11. Stone KI, vonFraunhofer JA, Masterson BJ. The biochemical effects of tight suture closure upon fascia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986,163:448.

Closed Peritoneal Drainage

1. Donner GS, Ellison GW. The use and misuse of abdominal drains in small animal surgery. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1986;8:705-715.
2. Hosgood G. Drainage of the peritoneal cavity. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1993;15:1605-1617.
3. Staatz AJ, Monnet E, Seim HB 3rd. Open peritoneal drainage versus primary closure for the treatment of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 42
cases (1993-1999). Vet Surg 2002;31(2):174-80.
4. Lanz OI, Ellison GW, Bellah JR, Weichman G, VanGilder J. Surgical treatment of septic peritonitis without abdominal drainage in 28 dogs. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 2001;37(1):87-92.
5. Hunt CA. Diagnostic peritoneal paracentesis and lavage. Compend Contin Ed Pract Vet 1980;11:449-453.
6. Hampel NL, Johnson RG. Principles of surgical drains and drainage. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:21-28.
7. Raves JJ, Slitkin M, Diamond DL. A bacteriologic study comparing closed suction and simple conduit drainage. Am J Surg 1984;148:618-620.
8. Gold E. The physics of the abdominal cavity and the problem of peritoneal drainage. Am J Surg 1956;91:415-416.
9. Tenta LT, Maddalozzo, Friedman CD, et al. Suction drainage of wounds of the head and neck. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989;169:558.
10. Kern KA. Technique for high volume drainage beneath large tissue flaps. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:70.
11. Garcia-Rinaldi R, Defore WW, Green ZD, et al. Improving the efficiency of wound drainage catheters. Am J Surg 1975;130: 372-373.
12. Moss JP. Historical and current perspectives on surgical drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;152:517-527.
13. Formeister JF, Elias EG. Safe intra-abdominal and efficient wound drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;142;415-416.
14. Hanna EA. Efficiency of peritoneal drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970,131:983-985.
15. Paton RW, Powell ES. Which drain? A comparison of the tensile strengths of vacuum drainage tubes. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1988;33:127-129.
16. Arnstein PM. Custom tube drains. Lancet 1988;1:215.
17. Hosgood G, Salisbury SK, Cantwell HD, et al. Intraperitoneal circulation and drainage in the dog. Vet Surg 1989;18:261-268.
18. Smeak DD. The Chinese finger trap suture technique for fastening tubes and catheters. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990;26:215-218.
19. Cioffi KM, Schmiedt CW, Cornell KK, Radlinsky MG. Retrospective evaluation of vacuum-assisted peritoneal drainage for the treatment of septic
peritonitis in dogs and cats: 8 cases (2003-2010). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2012: 22: 601-609.
20. Buote NJ, Havig ME. The use of vacuum-assisted closure in the management of septic peritonitis in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2012;48:164-171.

Omentum as a Surgical Tool

1. Ross WE, Pardo AD. Evaluation of an omental pedicle extension techinque in the dog. Vet Surg 1993;22:37-43.
2. Evans HE. The abdomen. Millers Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1993:425.
3. Gravenstein H. Uber die arterien des grossen netzes beim hunde. Morph Jahrb 1938;82:1-26.
4. Nylander G, Tjernberg B. The lymphatics of the greater omentum: An experiemental study in the dog. Lymphology 1969;1:3-7.
5. Roa DM, Bright RM, Daniel GB, McEntee MF, Sackman JE, Moyers TD. Microvascular transplantation of a free omental graft to the distal
extremity in dogs. Vet Surg 1999;28:456-465.
6. Bray JP, White RAS, Williams JM. Resection and omentalization: A new technique for management of prostatic retention cysts in dogs. Vet Surg
1997;26:202-209.
7. Campbell BG. Omentalization of a nonresectabe uterine stump abscess in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1799-1803.
8. Friend EJ, Niles JD, Williams JM. Omentalisation of congenital liver cysts in a cat. Vet Rec 2001:149:275-276.
9. Hill TP, Odesnik BJ. Omentalisation of perinephric pseudocysts in a cat. J Sm Anim Pract 2000;41:115.
10. White RAS, Williams JM. Intracapsular prostatic omentalization: A new techinque for management of prostatic abscesses in dogs. Vet Surg
1995;24:390-395.
11. Hoelzler MG, Bellah JR. Omentalization of cystic sublumbar lymph node metstases for long-term palliation of tenesmus and dysuria in adog with
anal sac carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1729-1731.
12. Johnson MD, Mann FA. Treatment for pancreatic abscesses via omentalization with abdominal closure versus open peritoneal drainage in dogs:
15 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:397-402.
13. Jerram RM, Warman CG, Davies ES, Robson MC, Walker AM. Successful treatment of a pancreatic pseudocyst by omentalisation in a dog. N Z
Vet J. 2004;52:197-201.
14. Franklin AD, Fearnside SM, Brain PH. Omentalisation of a caudal mediastinal abscess in a dog. Aust Vet J 2011;89:217-220.
15. Williams JM, Niles JD. Use of omentum as a physiologic drain for treatment of chylothorax in a dog. Vet Surg 1999;28:61-65.
16. LaFond E, Weirich WE, Salisbury SK. Omentalization of the thorax for treamment of idiopathic chylothorax with constrictive pleuritis in a cat. J Am
An Hosp Assoc 2002;38:74-78.
17. Sicard GK, Waller KR, McAnulty JF. The effect of cisterna chyli ablation combined with thoracic duct ligation on abdominal lymphatic drainage.
Vet Surg 2005;34:64-70.
18. Brockman DJ, Pardo AD, Conzemius MG, Cabell LM, Trout NJ. Omentum-enhanced reconstruction of chronic nonhealing wounds in cats:
Techniques and clinical use. Vet Surg 1996;25:99-104.
19. Lascelles BDX, White RAS. Combined omental pedicle grafts and thoracodorsal axial pattern flaps for the reconstruction of chronic, nonhealing
axillary wounds in cats. Vet Surg 2001;30:380-385.
20. Smith BA, Hosgood G, Hedland CS. Omental pedicle used to manage a large dorsal wound in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract 1995;36:267-270.
21. Gray MJ. Chronic axillary wound repair in a cat with omentalisation and omocervical skin flap. J Small Anim Pract. 2005;46:499-503.
22. Roa DM, Bright RM, Daniel GB, McEntee MF, Sackman JE, Moyers TD. Microvascular transplantation of a free omental graft to the distal
extremity in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 1998;39:475-480.
23. Bright RM, Thacker LH. The formation of an omental pedicle flap and its experimental use in the repair of a diaphragmatic rent in the dog. J Am
An Hosp Assoc 1982;18:283-289.
24. Liptak JM, Dernell WS, Rizzo SA, Monteith GJ, Kamstock DA, Withrow SJ. Reconstruction of chest wall defects after rib tumor resection: a
comparison of autogenous, prosthetic, and composite techniques in 44 dogs. Vet Surg 2008;37:479-487.
25. Saifzadeh S, Pourreza B, Hobbenaghi R, Naghadeh BD, Kazemi S. Autogenous greater omentum, as a free nonvascularized graft, enhances
bone healing: an experimental nonunion model. J Invest Surg. 2009;22:129-137.
26. Bigham-Sadegh A, Mirshokraei P, Karimi I, Oryan A, Aparviz A, Shafiei-Sarvestani Z. Effects of adipose tissue stem cell concurrent with greater
omentum on experimental long-bone healing in dog. Connect Tissue Res. 2012;53:334-342.

Nasal Cavity
1. Hargis AM. A review of solar-induced lesions in domestic animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1981: 3: 287-293.
2. Munday JS, Dunowska M, DeGrey S: Detection of two different papil-lomaviruses within a feline squamous cell carcinoma: case report and review
of the literature, NZ Vet J 57: 248-251, 2009.
3. Withrow SJ. Tumors of the respiratory system. In: Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds. Veterinary oncology 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996:
268-286.
4. Hargis AM, Ihrke PJ, Spangler WL, et al. A retrospective clinic-pathological study of 212 dogs with cutaneous hemangiomas and hemangio-
sarcomas. Vet Pathol 1992: 29: 316-328.
5. Miller MA, Ramos JA, Kreeger JM. Cutaneous vascular neoplasia in 15 cats: clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical studies. Vet Pathol
1992: 29: 329-336.
6. Withrow SJ, Straw RC. Resection of the nasal planum in nine cats and five dogs. J Amer Anim Hospt Assoc 1990; 26: 219-222.
7. Kirpensteijn J, Withrow SJ, Straw RC. Combined resection of the nasal planum and premaxilla in three dogs. Vet Surg 1994; 23: 341-346.
8. Carlisle CH, Gould S. Response of squamous cell carcinoma of the nose of the cat to treatment with X rays. Vet Radio 1982; 5: 186-192.
9. VanVechten MK, Theon AP. Strontium-90 plesiothcrapy for treatment of early squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal planum in 30 cats. In:
Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Cancer Society. Columbus, OH 1993: 107-108.
10. Theon AP, Madewell BR, Shearn VI, et al. Prognostic factors associated with radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal plane in
cats. Am J Vet Assoc 1995; 206: 991 - 996.
11. Theon AP, VanVechten MK, Madewell BR. Intratumoral administration of carboplatin for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal
plane in cats. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 205-210.
12. Peaston AE, Leach MW, Higgins RJ. Photodynamic therapy for nasal and aural squamous cell carcinoma in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;
202: 1261-1265.
13. Fidel JL, Egger E, Blattmann H, et al: Proton irradiation for feline nasal planum squamous cell carcinoma using an accelerated protocol. Vet
Radiol and Ultrasound, 42: 569-575, 2001.
14. Lascelles BDX, Henderson RA, Sequin B, Liptak JM, Withrow SJ. Bilateral rostral maxillectomy and nasal planectomy for large rostral
maxillofacial neoplasms in six dogs and one cat. J Amer Anim Hospt Assoc 2004; 40: 137-146.

Rhinotomy Techniques
1. Gieger T, Northrup N: Clinical approach to patients with epistaxis. Compend Contin Educ 26:30, 2004.
2. Schoenborm WC, Wisner ER, Kass PP, et al: Retrospective assessment of computed tomographic imaging of feline sinonasal disease in 62 cats.
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound44:185, 2003.
3. De Rycke LM, Saunders JH, Gielen IM, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and cross-sectional view of the anatomy of
normal nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in mesatice-phalic dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:1093, 2003.
4. Noone K: Rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, and laryngoscopy. Vet Clin N Am Sm Anim Pract31 (4):671, 2001.
5. McCarthy TC, McDermaid SL: Rhinoscopy. Vet Clin N Am Sm Anim Pract 20 (5):1265, 1990.
6. Lent SE, Hawkins EC: Evaluation of rhnoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases
(19851989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201: 1425, 1992.
7. Hedlund, C.S., Tangner, C.H., Elkins AD, et al: Temporary bilateral carotid artery occlusion during surgical exploration of the nasal cavity of the
dog. Vet Surg 12:83, 1983.
8. Hedlund CS : Rhinotomy techniques. In Bojrab, M.J.,ed: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
9. Holmberg DL: Sequelae of ventral rhinotomy in dogs and cats with inflammatory and neoplastic nasal pathology: A retrospective study. Can Vet J
37:483, 1996.
10. Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open nasal cavity and frontal sinus treatment of chronic canine aspergillosis. Vet Surg 20:43, 1991.
11. Moore AH: Use of topical povidone-iodine dressings in the managment of mycotic rhinitis in three dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 44:326, 2003.
12. Priddy, NH, Pope ER, Cohn LA, et al: Alveolar mucosal approach to the canine nasal cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37: 79, 2001.

Larynx
Bright RM, Wheaton LG: A modified surgical technique for elongated soft palate surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:288-292, 1983.
Clark GN, Sinibaldi KR: Use of a carbon dioxide laser for treatment of elongated soft palate in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 204:1779-1785, 1994.
Ellison GW: Alapexy: An alternative technique for repair of stenotic nares in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40: 484-489, 2004.
Harvey CE: Upper airway obstruction surgery 1: Stenotic nares surgery in brachycephalic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:535-537, 1982.
Harvey CE: Upper airway obstruction surgery 2: Soft palate resection in brachycephalic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:538-544, 1982.
Harvey CE: Upper airway obstruction surgery 3: Everted laryngeal saccule surgery in brachycephalic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:545547, 1982.
Harvey CE: Upper airway obstruction surgery 4: Partial laryngectomy in brachycephalic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:548-550, 1982.
Hendricks JC: Brachycephalic airway syndrome. Vet Clinics North Am: Small Anim Pract 22:1145-1153, 1992.
Poncet CM, Dupre GP, Freiche VG, Bouvy BM: Long-term results of upper respiratory syndrome surgery and gastrointestinal tract medical treatment
in 51 brachycephalic dogs. J Sm Anim Pract47: 137-142, 2006.
Rudorf H: ltrasonographic imaging of the tongue and larynx in normal dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 38: 439-444, 1997.
Wykes PM: Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. Problems in Veterinary Medicine: Head & Neck Surgery 3:188-197, 1991.

Treatment of Laryngeal Paralysis with Unilateral Cricoarytenoid Laryngoplasty (A form of Arytenoid

Lateralization)
1. Gaber CE, Amis TC, LeCouteur RA: Laryngeal paralysis in dogs: A review of 23 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:377-380, 1985.
2. Harvey CE, Venker van Haagen AJ: Surgical management of pharyngeal and laryngeal airway obstruction in the dog. Vet Clin North Am (Small
Anim Pract) 5:515-535, 1975.
3. Braund KG, Shores A, Cochrane S, et al: Laryngeal paralysis-polyneu-ropathy complex in young dalmatians. Am J Vet Res 55:534-542, 1994.
4. Smith MM, Child G, Cardinet GH, et al: Muscle and nerve abnormalities associated with canine laryngeal paralysis. Vet Surg 21:239, 1992 (abstr).
5. Braund KG, Steinberg HS, Shores A, et al: Laryngeal paralysis in immature and mature dogs as one sign of a more diffuse polyneuropathy. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 194:1735-1740, 1989.
6. LaHue TR: Laryngeal surgery: Lateralization techniques: 1994 Scientific Proceedings, 22nd Annual Surgical Forum, Washington, D.C., American
College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1994, pp 255-257.
7. Harvey HJ, Irby NL, Watrous BJ: Laryngeal paralysis in hypothyroid dogs,in Kirk RW, (ed): Current Veterinary therapy VIII, Small Animal Practice.
Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1983, pp 694-697.
8. LaHue, TR: Treatment of laryngeal paralysis in dogs by unilateral cricoarytenoid laryngoplasty. JAAHA 25:317-324, 1989.
9. Lane JG: ENT and Oral Surgery of the Dog and Cat. Bristol, England, Wright, 1982, pp 113-118.
10. Lane JG: Diseases and surgery of the larynx, in: 1986 Scientific Proceedings, 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Animal Hospital Association,
Denver CO, American Animal Hospital Association, 1986, pp 620-623.
11. Greenfield CL: Canine laryngeal paralysis. Comp Cont Ed 9:1011-1020, 1987.
12. Peterson SW, Rosin E, Bjorling DE: Surgical options for laryngeal paralysis in dogs: a consideration of partial laryngectomy. Comp Cont Ed
13:1531-1540, 1991.
13. Payne JT, Martin RA, Rigg DL: Abductor muscle prosthesis for correction of laryngeal paralysis in 10 dogs and one cat. JAAHA 26:599604, 1990
.
14. Lozier S, Pope E: Effects of arytenoid abduction and modified castellated laryngofissure on the rima glottidis in canine cadavers. Vet Surg
21:195-200, 1992.
15. White RAS: Unilateral lateralization: an assessment of technique and long term results in 62 dogs with laryngeal paralysis. J Small Anim Pract
30:543-549, 1989.
16. Venker van Haagen AJ: Laryngeal diseases of dogs and cats, in Kirk RW, (ed): Current Veterinary therapy IX, Small Animal Practice.
Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1986, pp 265-269.
17. Harvey CE, O'Brien JA: Treatment of laryngeal paralysis in dogs by partial laryngectomy. JAAHA 18:551-556, 1982.
18. Ross JT, Matthiesen DT, Noone KE, et al: Complications and long-term results after partial laryngectomy for the treatment of idiopathic laryngeal
paralysis in 45 dogs. Vet Surg 20:169-173, 1991.
19. Gourley IM, Paul H, Gregory C: Castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold resection for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 182:1084-1086, 1983.
20. Smith MM, Gourley IM, Kurperschoek MS, et al: Evaluation of a modified castellated laryngofissure for alleviation of upper airway obstruction in
dogs with laryngeal paralysis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1279-1283, 1986.
21. Tobias KM, Jackson AM, Harvey RC: Effects of doxapram HCl on laryngeal function of normal dogs and dogs with naturally occurring laryngeal
paralysis. Vet Anaesth Analg 31(4): 258-263, 2004.
22. Hammel SP, Hottinger HA, Novo RE: Postoperative results of unilateral arytenoid lateralization for treatment of idiopathic laryngeal paralysis in
dogs: 39 cases (1996-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228(8): 1215-20, 2006.
23. Snelling SR, Edwards GA: A retrospective study of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation in the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in 100 dogs
(19922000). Aust Vet J 81(8):464-8, 20.
24. Stanley BJ, Hauptman JG, Fritz MC,et al: Esophageal dysfunction in dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis: a controlled cohort study. Vet Surg
39:139, 2010
25. Thieman KM, Krahwinkel DJ, Sims MH, et al: Histopathological confirmation of polyneuropathy in 11 dogs with laryngeal paralysis J Am Anim
Hops Assoc 46:161,2010

Trachea
Anderson GR. Surgical correction of tracheal collapse using Teflon rings. Okia Vet 1971; 23:6.
Buback JL, Boothe HW, Hobson HP. Surgical treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs: 90 cases (1983-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:308.
Dallman MJ, Brown EM. Structural considerations in tracheal disease. Am J Vet Res 1979; 40:555.
Dallman MJ, McClure RC, Brown EM. Histochemical study of normal and collapsed trachea in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49:2l17. Delehanty DD,
Georgi JR. A tracheal deformity in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1954;125:42.
Fingland RB, Dehoff WD, Birchard SJ. Surgical management of cervical and thoracic tracheal collapse in dogs using extraluminal spiral prosthesis:
results in seven cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987;23:163.
Hobson HP. Total ring prosthesis for the surgical correction of collapsed trachea. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1976; 12:822
Knowles RP, Snyder CC. Chondrotomy for congenital tracheal stenosis. In: Proceedings of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1967:246.
Leonard HC. Surgical correction of collapsed trachea in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971; 158:598.
Leonard HC, Wright JJ. An intraluminal prosthetic dilator for tracheal collapse in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1978;14:464.
Radlinsky MG, Fossum TW Walken MA. Evaluation of Palmaz stents in the trachea and bronchi of normal dogs. In: Proceedings of the American
College of Veterinary Surgery. Chicago, IL 1995:19.
Rubin GJ, Neal TM, Bojrab MJ. Surgical reconstruction for collapsed tracheal rings. J Sm Anim Pract 1973; 14:607.
Schiller AG, Helper LC, Small E. Treatment of tracheal collapse in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1964; 145:669.
Slatter DH. A surgical method for correction of collapsed trachea in the dog. Aust Vet 1974; 50:41.
Tangner CH, Hobson HP. A retrospective study of 20 surgically managed cases of collapsed trachea. Vet Surg 1992-11-146.
1. Fingland RB, DeHoff WD, Birchard SJ. Surgical management of cervical and thoracic tracheal collapse in dogs using extraluminal spiral
prostheses. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1987;23:163

Intra-Luminal Tracheal Stenting

1. Buback JL, Boothe HW, and Hobson HP. Surgical treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs: 90 cases (1983-1993) Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 1996; 208(3):380-384.
2. Radlinsky MG, Fossum TW, Waler MA, et al. Evaluation of the palmaz stent in the trachea and mainstem bronchi of normal dogs. Veterinary
Surgery 1997; 26(2):99-107.
3. Norris JL, Boulay JP, Beck KA, et al. Intraluminal self-expanding stent placement for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs (abstr), in
Proceedings, 10th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons 2000.
4. Moritz A, Schneider M, and Bauer N. Management of advanced tracheal collapse in dogs using intraluminal self-expanding biliary wallstents.
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2004; 18:31-42.
5. Krahwinkel DJ. Tracheal collapse: Is surgery an option?, in Proceedings, 15th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons,
San Diego, CA, 2005.

Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis

1. Hedlund CS. Tracheal anastomosis in the dog: comparison of two end-to-end techniques. Vet Surg 1984;13:135.
2. Lau RE, Schwartz A, Buergelt CD. Tracheal resection and anastomosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980; 176:134.
3. Fingland RB, Layton CE, Kennedy GA, et al. A comparison of simple continuous versus simple interrupted suture patterns for tracheal
anastomosis after large-segment tracheal resection in dogs. Vet Surg 1995,24:320.
4. Cantrell JR, Folse JR. The repair of circumferential defects of the trachea by direct anastomosis: experimental evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 1961,42:589.
5. Vasseur PB, Morgan JP. The trachea. In: Gourley IM, Vasseur PB, eds. General small animal surgery. Philadelphia: JB Lippin-cott, 1985.
6. Maeda M, Grillo HC. Effects of tension on tracheal growth after resection and anastomosis in puppies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1973;65:658.
7. McKeown PP, Tsuboi H, Togo T, et al. Growth of tracheal anastomoses: advantages of absorbable interrupted sutures. Ann Thorac Surg
1991;51:636.

Permanent Tracheostomy
1. Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, Montgomery DL, et al: A procedure for permanent tracheostomy and its effects on tracheal mucosa. Vet Surg 11:13,
1982.
2. Dalgard DW, Marshall PM, Fitzgerald GH, et al: Surgical technique for permanent tracheostomy in Beagle dogs. Lab Anim Sci29: 367, 1979.
3. Hedlund CS: Tracheostomies in the management of canine and feline upper respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24:873,
1994.
4. Hedlund CS, Tangner CH, Waldron DR, et al: Permanent tracheostomy: Perioperative and long-term data from 34 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
24:585, 1988.
5. Block G, Clarke K, Salisbury SK, et al: Total laryngectomy and permanent tracheostomy for treatment of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:510-513, 1995.
6. Dahm JD, Paniello C: Tracheostomy for long-term laryngeal experimentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:376-380, 1998.
7. Mutoh T, Kanamaru A, Suzuki H, et al: Effects of permanent tracheostomy on respiratory reflexes to lung inflation and casaicin in sevoflurane
anaesthetized dogs. J Vet Med A 46:335-343, 1999.

Lung and Thoracic Cavity

Burton CA, White RN. Review of the technique and complications of median sternotomy in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 1996;37:516-522.
Pelsue DH, Monnet E, Gaynor JS, et al. Closure of median sternotomy in dogs: suture versus wire. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002;38:569-576.
Rooney MB, Mehl M, Monnet E. Intercostal thoracotomy closure: transcostal sutures as a less painful alternative to circumcostal suture placement.
Vet Surg 2004;33:209-213.
Berg RJ, Orton EC. Pulmonary function in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: comparison of morphine, oxymorphone, and selective intercostal nerve
block. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:471-474.
Conzemius MG, Brockman DJ, King LG, et al. Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous buprenorphine
and interpleural bupivacaine. Vet Surg 1994;23:291-298.
Orton EC. Small animal thoracic surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:33-40, 55-72.
Pascoe PJ, Dyson DH. Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs: epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. Vet Surg 1993;22:141-147.
Stobie D, Caywood DD, Rozanski EA, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function and analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy and use of
morphine administered intramuscularly or intrapleurally and bupivacaine administered intrapleurally. Am J Vet Res 1995;56:1098-1109.
Thompson SE, Johnson JM. Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a comparison of morphine, selective intercostal nerve block, and
interpleural regional analgesia with bupivacaine. Vet Surg 1991;20:73-77.
Walsh PJ, Remedios AM, Ferguson JF, et al. Thoracoscopic versus open partial pericardectomy in dogs: comparison of postoperative pain and
morbidity. Vet Surg 1999;28:472-479.

Pulmonary Surgical Techniques

Garcia F, Prandi D, Pena T, et al. Examination of the thoracic cavity and lung lobectomy by means of thoracoscopy in dogs. Can Vet J 1998:39:285-
291.
Lansdowne JL, Monnet E, Twedt DC, et al. Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs. Vet Surg 2005:34:530-535.
Lipscomb VJ, Hardie RJ, Dubielzig RR. Spontaneous pneumothorax caused by pulmonary blebs and bullae in 12 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2003:39:435-445.
McNiel EA, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985-1992). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1997:211:1422-1427.
Murphy ST, Ellison GW, McKiernan BC, et al. Pulmonary lobectomy in the management of pneumonia in dogs: 59 cases (1972-1994). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1997:210:235-239.
Orton EC. Small animal thoracic surgery Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995:161-167.
Walshaw R. Stapling techniques in pulmonary surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994:24:335-366.

Thoracic Drainage
Brandstetter RD, Cohen RP. Hypoxemia after thoracentesis. JAMA 1979:242:1060.
Butler WB. Use of a flutter valve in treatment of pneumothorax dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969:155:1997.
Crowe DT. Help for the patient with thoracic hemorrhage. Vet Med 1988:83:578-588.
Graham JM, Mattox KL, Beall AC. Penetrating trauma of the lung. J. Trauma 1979: 19:665.
Griffith GL, et al. Acute traumatic hemothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1978:26:204.
Harrah JD, Wangensteen SL. A simple emergency closed thoracostomy set. Surgery 1970:68:583.
Holtsinger RH, Beale BS, Bellah JR. et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax in the dog: a retrospective analysis of 21 cases 1993: 29:195-210.
Richards W. Tube thoracostomy. J Fam Pract 1978:6:629. Sauer BW. Valve drainage of the pleural cavity of the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1969:155:1977.
Turner WD, Breznock EM. Continuous suction drainage for management of canine pyothorax: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1988:24:485-494.
Withrow SJ, Fenner WR, Wilkins RJ. Closed chest drainage and lavage for treatment of pyothorax in the cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975:11:90.
Zimmerman JE, Dunbar BS, Klingenmaier CH. Management of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax during
respirator therapy. Crit Care Med 1975:3:69.

Thoracic Wall
1. Withrow SJ: Surgical Oncology In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds: Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, p
70.
2. Fossum TW: Thoracic Wall and Sternum: Diseases, Disruptions, and Deformities In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery,
2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993, p 411.
3. Sweet DC, Waters DJ: Role of surgery in the management of dogs with pathologic conditions of the thorax. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
13:1671, 1991.
4. Orton EC: Small Animal Thoracic Surgery. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, p 73.
5. Fossum TW: Surgery of the lower respiratory system: lungs and thoracic wall In Fossum TW, ed.: Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby,
Inc., 2007, p 867.
6. Orton EC: Thoracic wall In Slatter D, ed: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Science, 2003, p 373.
7. Bell FW: Neoplastic diseases of the thorax. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 17:387, 1987.
8. Bauer T, Woodfield JA: Mediastinal, pleural and extrapleural diseases. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine,
4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995, p 815.
9. Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Grindem, et al.: Malignant neoplasia of canine ribs: clinical, radiographic and pathologic findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc
180:927, 1982.
10. Dernell WS, Straw RC, Withrow SJ: Tumors of the skeletal system In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds: Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, p 378.
11. Matthiesen DT, Clark GN, Orsher RJ, et al.: En bloc resection of primary rib tumors in 40 dogs. Vet Surg 21:201, 1992.
12. Pirkey-Ehrhart N, Withrow SJ, Straw RC, et al.: Primary rib tumors in 54 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:65, 1995.
13. Ross WE, Pardo AD: Evaluation of an omental pedicle extension technique in the dog. Vet Surg 22:37, 1993.
14. Hedlund CS: Surgery of the integumentary system In Fossum TW, ed.: Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2007, p 222.
15. MacEwen EG, Powers BE, Macy D, et al.: Soft tissue sarcoma In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds: Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, p 283.
16. Lampl LH, Loeprecht H: Chest wall reconstruction: alloplastic replacement. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36:157, 1988.
17. Akiba T, Takagi M, Shioya H: Reconstruction of thoracic wall defects after tumor resection using polytetrafluoroethylene soft tissue (GoreTex)
patch. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 46:526, 1998.
18. Johnson KA Goldsmid SE: Methylmethacrylate and polypropylene mesh reconstruction of ventral thoracic wall deficit following sternal
liposarcoma resection. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:62, 1993.
19. Spackman CJA, Caywood DD: Management of Thoracic Trauma and chest wall reconstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 17:431,
1987.
20. Ellison GW, Trotter GW, Lumb WV: Reconstructive thoracoplasty using spinal fixation plates and polypropylene mesh. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
17:613, 1981.
21. Briccoli A, Manfrini M, Rocca M, et al.: Sternal reconstruction with synthetic mesh and metallic plates for high grade tumours of the chest wall. Eur
J Surg 168:494, 2002.
22. Tuggle DW, Mantor PC, Foley DS, et al.: Using a bioabsorbable copolymer plate for chest wall reconstruction. J Pediatr Surg 39:626, 2004.
23. Cothren CC, Gallego K, Anderson ED, et al.: Chest wall reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix (Alloderm) and a latissimus dorsi flap. Plast
Reconstr Surg 114:1015, 2004.
24. Berberoglu U, Alogol H: Reconstruction of a chest wall defect with dehydrated human dura mater graft. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 41:133, 1993.
25. Spiegel JH, Egan TJ: Porcine intestine submucosa for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg 30:1486, 2004.
26. Aronsohn MG: Diaphragmatic advancement for reconstruction of the caudal thoracic wall. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, eds. In Current
Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p 419.

Management of Flail Chest

1. Kolata RJ: Management of thoracic trauma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 11:103, 1981.
2. Bjorling DE: Surgical management of flail chest. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, eds.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1998, p 421.
3. Anderson M, Payne JT, Mann FA, et al.: Flail chest: Pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 15:65, 1993.
4. Trinkle JK, Richardson JD, Franz JL, et al.: Management of flail chest without mechanical ventilation. Ann Thor Surg 19:355, 1975.
5. Kagen KG: Thoracic Trauma. Vet Clin N Am Sm Anim Pract 10:641, 1980.
6. Dixon JS: Use of a slab traction splint to stabilize canine flail chest. Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 77:601, 1982.
7. Shackford SR, Smith DE, Zarins CK, et al.: The management of flail chest: A comparison of ventilatory and nonventilatory treatment. Am J Surg
132:759, 1976.
8. Bjorling DE, Kolata RJ, DeNovo RC: Flail chest: Review, clinical experience and new method of stabilization. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:269,
1982.
9. McAnulty JF: A simplified method for stabilization of flail chest injuries in small animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:137, 1995.
10. Orton EC: Thoracic wall. In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (ed 3). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993, p 373.
11. Harada K, Saoyama N, Izumi K, et al.: Experimental pendulum air in the flail chest. Jpn J Surg 13:219, 1983.
12. Craven KD, Oppenheimer L, Wood LDH: Effects of contusion and flail chest on pulmonary perfusion and oxygen exchange. J Appl Physiol
47:729, 1979.
13. Parham AM, Yarbrough DR, Redding JS: Flail chest syndrome and pulmonary contusion. Arch Surg 113:900, 1978.
14. Hackner SG: Emergency management of traumatic pulmonary contusions. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 17:677, 1995.
15. Cappello M, Yuehua C, DeTroyer A: Rib cage distortion in a canine model of flail chest. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:1481, 1995.
16. Melton SM, Davis KA, Moomey CB, et al.: Mediator-dependent secondary injury after unilateral blunt thoracic trauma. Shock 11:396, 1999.
17. Spackman CJA, Caywood DD, Feeney DA, et al.: Thoracic wall and pulmonary trauma in dogs sustaining fractures as a result of motor vehicle
accidents. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:975, 1984.
18. Crowe DT: Traumatic pulmonary contusions, hematomas, pseudocysts, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: An update-Part I. Comp Cont
Ed Pract Vet 5:396, 1983.
19. Sweet DC, Waters DJ: Role of surgery in the management of dogs with pathologic conditions of the thorax-Part II. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet
13:1671, 1991.
20. Tamas PM, Paddleford RR, Krahwinkel DJ: Thoracic trauma in dogs and cats presented for limb fractures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:161, 1985.
21. Griffon DJ, Walter PA, Wallace LJ: Thoracic injuries in cats with traumatic fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traum 7:98, 1994.
22. Cockshutt JR: Management of fracture-associated thoracic trauma. Vet Clin N Anim Clin 25: 1031, 1995.
23. Fossum TW: Thoracic wall and sternum: Diseases, disruptions, and deformities In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993, p 411.
24. Fossum TW: Surgery of the lower respiratory system: Lungs and thoracic wall in Fossum TW, ed.: Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. St. Louis:
Mosby, 2007, p 867.
25. Rich W, Reichenberger M: Managing flail chest. Nursing 11:26, 1981.
26. MacKersie RC, Shackford SR, Hoyt DB, et al.: Continuous epidural fentanyl analgesia: Ventilatory function improvement with routine use in
treatment of blunt chest injury. J Trauma 27:1207, 1987.
27. Cullen P, Modell JH, Kirby RR, et al.: Treatment of Flail Chest: Use of intermittent mandatory ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure.
Arch Surg 110:1099, 1975.
28. Beal MW: Thoracic trauma In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Inc., 2005, p
461.
29. Nelson OL, Sellon RK: Pulmonary parenchymal disease In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St.
Louis: Elsevier Inc., 2005, p1239.
30. Campbell VL, King LG: Pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma and pulmonary contusions: 10
cases (1994-1998). JAVMA 217:1505, 2000.
31. Bateman SW: Managing the acutely lung injured patient In Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACVS Symposium, Chicago, American College of
Veterinary Surgeons, 2001, p 559.
32. McCool FD, Rochester DF: Lung and chest wall diseases. In Murray JF, Nadel JA, eds.: Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders 1994, p 2524.
33. Spackman CJA, Caywood DD: Management of thoracic trauma and chest wall reconstruction. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 17:431, 1987.
34. Knottenbelt JD, James MF, Bloomfield M: Intrapleural bupivacaine analgesia in chest trauma: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Injury
22:114, 1991.
35. Thompson SE, Johnson JM: Analgesia in dogs after intercostals thoracotomy. A comparison of morphine, selective intercostals nerve block, and
interpleural regional analgesia with bupivacaine. Vet Surg 20:73, 1991.
36. Conzemius MG Brockman DJ, King LG, et al.: Analgesia in dogs after intercostals thoracotomy: a clinical trial comparing intravenous
buprenorphine and interpleural bupivacaine. Vet Surg 23:291, 1994.
37. Grabinsky A: Mechanisms of Neural Blockade. Pain Physician 8:411, 2005.
38. Wetmore LA, Glowaski MM: Epidural analgesia in veterinary critical care. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:177, 2000.
39. Gallivan ST, Johnston SA, Broadstone RV, etal.: The clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and histopathologic effects of epidural ketorolac in dogs. Vet
Surg 29:436, 2000.
40. Van Pelt DR: Respiratory emergencies In Wingfield WE, ed.: Veterinary Emergency Medicine Secrets. Philadelphia, Hanley and Belfus 1997, p
50.
41. Mann FA: Pulmonary emergencies In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Inc.,
2005, p 443.
42. Dahelm P, van Aalderen, de Neef M, et al.: Randomized controlled trial of aerosolized prostacyclin therapy in children with acute lung injury. Crit
Care Med 32:1089, 2004.
43. Kelly ME, Miller PR, Greenhaw JJ, et al.: Novel resuscitation strategy for pulmonary contusion after severe chest trauma. J Trauma 55:94, 2003.

Kidney and Ureter

1. Osborne CA, Finco DR, eds. Canine and feline nephrology and urology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

Nephrotomy
1. Daniel GB, Mitchell SK, Mawby D, et al.: Renal Nuclear Medicine: A Review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 401: 572, 1999.
2. Uribe D, Krawiec D, Twardock A, etal.: Quantitative renal scintigraphic determination of the glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and
abnormal kidney function, using 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Am J Vet Res 53: 1101, 1992.
3. Krawiec DR, Badertscher RR, Twardock AR, et al.: Evaluation of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid nuclear imaging for quantitative
determinationof the glomerular filtration rate of dogs. Am J Vet Res 47: 2175, 1986.
4. Rosin, E: Kidney - Nephrectomy In Bojrab MJ, 4th ed: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Maryland: Williams and Wilkins, 1998, p 429.
5. Gahring DR, Crowe DT, Powers TE, et al.: Comparative renal function studies of nephrotomy closure with and without sutures in dogs. JAVMA
171: 537,1977.
6. Fitzpatrick JM, Sleight MW, Braack A, etal.: Intrarenal access; Effects on renal function and morphology. British J of Urology 52: 409, 1980.
7. Stone EA, Robertson JL, and Metcalf MR: The effect of nephrotomy on renal function and morphology in dogs. Vet Surgery 31: 391, 2002.
8. Zimmerman-Pope N, Waldron DR, Barber DL, et al: Effect of fenoldopam on renal function after nephrotomy in normal dogs. Vet Sug 36: 566,
2003.
9. King M, Waldron DR, Barber DL, et al.: The effect of nephrotomy on renal function and morphology in normal cats. Ver Surg 35: 749-758, 2006.
10. Selkurt EE: The changes in renal clearance following complete ischemia of the kidney. AM J Physiol 144: 395-403, 1945.
11. Maddern JP: Surgery of the Staghorn Calculus. Brit J Urol 39: 237, 1967.
12. Rawlings CA, Bjorling DE, Christie BA: Kidneys In Slatter D, 3rd ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, Philadelphia, 2002, p 1606.
13. Alexander K, Dunn, M, Carmel EN, et al: Clinical application of Patlak Ploty CT-GFR in animals with upper urinary tract disease. Ver Radiol
Ultrasound 47 (2), 127-135,2006.
14. Anderson KJ,Twardock R, Grimm JB, et al: Determination of glomrular filtration rate in dogs using contrast-enhanced computed tomgraphy. Vet
Radiol Ultrasound 47 (2), 86-103,2011.
15. Berent AB: Ureteral obstructions in dogs and cats: a review of traditional and new interventional diagnostic and therapeuitc options. J Vet Emerg
Crit Care 21 (2), 86-103,2011.
16. Lane IF: Lithotripsy: an update on urologic applications in small animals. Vet Clin NA Small Animal Pract 34 (4): 1011-1025,2004.

Nephroliths and Ureteroliths in Cats

1. Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, et al: Trends in the frequency of calcium oxalate uroliths in the upper urinary tract of cats. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 41:39, 2005.
2. Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Wooden BG, et al: Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi:
163 cases (1984-2002). J Am Vet Med.Assoc 226:932, 2005.
3. Rivers BJ, Walter PA, Polzin DJ: Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous antegrade pyelography: technique and clinical application in the dog and
cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:61, 1997.
4. Adin CA, Herrgesell EJ, Nyland TG, et al: Antegrade pyelography for suspected ureteral obstruction in cats: 11 cases (1995-2001). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 222:1576, 2003.
5. McClain HM, Barsanti JA, Bartges JW: Hypercalcemia and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats: a report of five cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
35:297, 1999.
6. Berent AC: Ureteral obstructions in dogs and cats: a review of traditional and new interventional diagnostic and therapeutic options. J Vet Emerg
Crit Care 21:86, 2011.
7. Kyles AE, Stone EA: Removal of nephroliths. In Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, eds: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, fourth ed.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p 431.
8. Kyles AE, Stone EA, Gookin J, et al: Diagnosis and surgical management of obstructive ureteral calculi in cats: 11 cases (19931996). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 213:1150, 1998.
9. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Pollard R, et al: Comparison of 3 techniques for ureteroneocystostomy in cats. Vet Surg 34:114, 2005.
10. Stone EA: Surgical management of urinary tract disease: ureteral calculi in cats and urinary bladder neoplasia in dogs. Compendium on
Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19:62, 1997.
11. Kyles AE, Hardie EM, Wooden BG, et al: Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc
226:937, 2005.
12. Berent AC, Weisse CW, Todd KL, Bagley DH: Use of locking-loop pigtail nephrostomy catheters in dogs and cats: 20 cases (2004-2009). J Am
Vet Med Assoc 241:348, 2012.
13. Roberts SF, Aronson LR, Brown DC: Postoperative mortality in cats after ureterolithotomy. Vet Surg 40:438, 2011.
14. Zaid MS, Berent AC, Weisse C, Caceres A: Feline ureteral strictures: 10 cases (2007-2009). J Vet Intern Med 25:222, 2011.

Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy

1. Chaussy C, W B, E S: Extracorporeally induced destruction of kidney stones by shock waves. Lancet 2:1265, 1980.
2. Preminger G: Shock wave physics. American Journal of Kidney Disease 17:431-435, 1991.
3. Lingeman J, DA L, AP E: Surgical management of urinary lithithiasis, in Walsh P (ed): Campbell's Urology, 8th edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,
2002, pp 3361-3452.
4. Adams LG, DF S: Electrohydraulic and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Vet Clin North Am; Small Anim Pract 29:293-302, 1999.
5. Block G, Adams L: The use of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for treatment of spontaneous nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis in dogs. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 208:531-536, 1996.
6. Lane I: Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for ureteroliths in dogs and cats, in 23rd American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum,
Baltimore, Md.
7. Lane I: Lithotripsy: an update on urologic applications in small animals. Vet Clin North Am; Small Anim Pract 34:1011-1025, 2004.
8. Bailey G, RL B: Dry extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of spontaneous nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 207:592-595, 1995.
9. Auge B, Preminger G: Update on shock wave lithotripsy technology. Current Opinion in Urology 12:287-290, 2002.
10. Lane I, Labato M, Adams LG: Lithotripsy, in JA A (ed): Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, 5th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2006, pp 407-414.
11. Adams LG: Lithotripsy using shock waves and lasers, in 24th Annual ACVIM Forum, Louisville, KY, pp 439-441.
12. Tan Y, Wong M: How significant are clinically insignificant residual fragments following lithotripsy? Current Opinion in Urology 15:127-131, 2005.
13. Osman M, Alfano Y, Kamp S, et al: 5-year-follow-up of patients with clinically insignificant residual fragments after extracorporeal shockwave
lithotripsy. European Urology 47:860-864, 2005.
14. Blomgren P, Connors B, Lingeman J, et al: Quantitation of shock wave lithotripsy-induced lesion in small and large pig kidneys. Anatomical
Record 249:341, 1997.
15. Willis L, al e: Relationship between kidney size, renal injury and renal impairment induced by shock wave lithottripsy. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1753,
1999.
16. Lane I: Dry extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, in 21st American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, Charlotte, NC, June 2003.
17. Weisse CW, Berent AC. Interventional radiology in urinary diseases. In Bonagura J and Twedt D, Current Veterinary Therapy XIV, Saunders
Elsevier 2009, pp 965-971.
17a. Adams LG: Nephroliths and ureteroliths: a new stone age. N Zeal Vet J 61:212,2013.
18. Siems J, Adams, LG, et al.: Ultrasound findings in 14 dogs following extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for treatment of nephrolithiasis [abstr].
In: in Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Radiology Chicago, p 11.
19. Daugherty M, Adams LG, al e: Acute pancreatitis in two dogs associated with shock wave lithotripsy (abstr). Journal of Veterinary Internal
Medicine 18:441, 2004.
20. Delakas D, Karyotis I, Daskalopoulos G, et al: Independent predictors of failure of shcokwave lithotripsy for ureteral stones employing a second-
generation lithotripter. Journal of Endourology 16:201, 2003.
21. Shiroyanagi Y, Yagisawa T, Nanri M, et al: factors associated with failure of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for ureteral stones using
Dronier lithotriptor U/50. International Journal of Urology 9:304, 2002.
22. Gonzales A, Labato M, Solano M, et al: Evaluation of the safety of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in cats (abstr). Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine, 2002.
23. Adams LG, JC W, JA M, et al: In vitro evaluation of canine and feline urolith fragility by shock wave lithotripsy (abstr). Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine 17:406, 2003.
24. Porpiglia F, Ghignone G, C F, et al: Nifedipine versus tamsulosin for the management of lower ureteral stones. Journal of Urology 172:568, 2004.
25. Achar E, Achar R, Paiva T, et al: Amitriptyline eliminates calculi through urinary tract smooth muscle relaxation. Kidney International 64:1356,
2003.
26. Berent AC,Weisse CW,Todd KL, et al: Use of locking-loop pigtail nephrostomy catheters in dogs and cats: 20 cases (2004-2009). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 241:348, 2012.

Laser Lithotripsy for Treatment of Canine Urolithiasis

1. Block G, Adams LG, Widmer WR, et al: Use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis in five
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:531, 1996.
2. Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Unger LK, et al: Canine and feline urolithiasis: relationship of etiopathogenesis with treatment and prevention In: Bojrab
MJ, ed.: Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger, 1993, p 464.
3. Lulich JP, Osborne CA: Canine calcium oxalate uroliths In: Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, eds.: Current Veterinary Therapy XII, Philadelphia: Saunders,
1995, p 992.
4. Rawlings CA, Bjorling DE, Christie BA: Nephrolithiasis In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
2003, p 1610.
5. Kyles AE, Aronsohn M, Stone EA: Complications of urogenital surgery In: Lipowitz AJ, Caywood DD, Newton CD, et al, eds.: Complications in
Small Animal Surgery, Baltimore: Lea and Febiger, 1996, p 455.
6. Collins RL, Birchard SJ, Chew DJ, et al: Surgical treatment of urate calculi in Dalmatians: 38 cases (1980-1995) J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;
213:833-837.
7. Lulich JP, Osborne CA, et al: Nonsurgical removal of uroliths in dogs and cats by voiding urohydropropulsion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:660, 1993.
8. Lulich JP, Osborne CA, et al. Management of canine calcium oxalate urolith recurrence. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1998; 20: 178-189.
9. Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Polzin DP, et al: Incomplete removal of canine and feline urocystoliths by cystotomy. J Vet Intern Med7:221, 1993.
10. Osborne CA, Lulich JP: Canine retrograde urohydropropulsion: lessons from 25 years of experience. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract
29:267, 1999.
11. Auge BK, Preminger GM: Update on shock wave lithotripsy technology. Cur Opin Urol 12:287, 2002.
12. Stoller ML: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: intraoperative considerations. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, eds.: Smith's General Urology
14th ed. Norwalk:Appleton and Lange, 1995, p 307 .
13. Adams LG, Senior DF: Electrohydraulic and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:293, 1999.
14. Rodger LD, Carlson GP, Moran ME, et al: Resolution of a left ureteral stone using electrohydraulic lithotripsy in a thoroughbred colt. J Vet Intern
Med. 9:280, 1995.
15. Koenig J, Hurtig M, Pearce S, et al: Ballistic shock wave lithotripsy in an 18-year old thoroughbred gelding. Can Vet J 40:185, 1999.
16. Jou YC, Shen JH, Cheng MC, et al: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with Ho:YAG laser and fiber guider- report of 349 cases. Urol65:454, 2005.
17. Bailey G, Burk RL: Dry extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of ureterolithiasis and nephrolithiasis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc
207:592, 1995.
18. Hofmann R32, Hartung R,33 Schmidt-Koiber H, et al: First clinical experience with a Q-switched neodymium:YAG laser for urinary calculi. J Urol
141:275, 1988.
19. Dretler SP, Watson G, Parrish JA, et al: Pulsed dye laser fragmentation of ureteral calculi: initial clinical experience. J Urol 137:386-389, 1987.
20. Watson G, Murray S, Dretler P, et al: The pulsed dye laser for fragmenting urinary calculi. J Urol 138:195, 1987.
21. Chan KF, Vassar GJ, Pfefer TJ, et ah Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy: a dominant photothermal ablative mechanism with chemical decomposition for
urinary calculi. Lasers Surg Med25:22, 1999.
22. Mor Y, Elmasry YE, Kellett MJ, et al: The role of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of pediatric renal calculi. Urol 158:1319, 1997.
23. Lahme S, Bichler KH, Strohmaier WL, et al: Minimally invasive PCNL in patients with renal pelvic and calyceal stones. Eur Urol20:619, 2001.
24. Zorcher T, Hochberger J, Schrott KM, et al: In vitro study concerning the efficiency of the frequency-doubled double-pulse Neodynium:YAG laser
(FREDDY) for lithotripsy of calculi in the urinary tract. Lasers Surg Med 25:38, 1999.
25. Teichman JMH. Laser lithotripsy. CurrOpin Urol 12:305, 2002.
26. Higashihara E, Horie S, Takeuchi T, et al: Laser ureterolithotripsy with combined rigid and flexible ureteroscopy. J Urol 143:273, 1990.
27. Howard RD, Pleasant RS, May KA:Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy for treatment of urolithiasis in two geldings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1600, 1998.
28. Halland, SK, House JK, George LW: Urethroscopy and laser lithotripsy for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in goats and pot-
bellied pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1831, 2002.
29. Streeter RN, Washburn KE, Higbee RG, et al: Laser lithotripsy of a urethral calculus via ischial urethrotomy in a steer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:
640, 2001.
30. Wynn VM, Davidson EB, Higbee RG, et al: In vitro assessment of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy for the treatment of canine urolithiasis. Proc SPIE,
Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging 4609:241, 2002.
31. Davidson EB, Ritchey JW, Higbee RD, et al: Laser lithotripsy for treatment of canine uroliths. Vet Surg 32:51, 2004.
32. Wynn VM, Davidson EB, Higbee RG, et al: In vitro effects of pulsed Holmium laser energy on canine uroliths and porcine cadaveric urethras.
Lasers Surg Med33:243, 2003.
33. Grasso M, Bagley D: Small diameter, actively deflectable, flexible utereropyeloscopy. J Urol 160:1648, 1998.
34. Psihramis KE, Buckspan MB: Laser lithotripsy in the treatment of ureteral calculi. Can Med Assoc J 142:833, 1990.
35. Bagley DH: Expanding role of ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for treatment of proximal ureteral and intrarenal calculi. Curr Opin Urol 12:270,
2002.
36. Bataille P, Pruna A, Cardon G, et al: Renal and hypertensive complications of extracorporeal lithotripsy. Presse Med. 29:34, 2000.
37. Kopecky KK, Hawes RH, Bogan ML, et al: Percutaneous pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy of gallbladder stones in swine. Investig Radiol 25: 627, 1990.
38. Matsuoka K, lida S, Inoue M, et al: Endoscopic lithotripsy with the holmium:YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med 25:389, 1999.
39. Judy CE, Galuppo LD: Endoscopic assisted disruption of urinary calculi using a Holmium:YAG laser in standing horses. Vet Surg 31:245, 2002.
40. May KA, Pleasant RS, Howard RD, et al: Failure of holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy in two horses with calculi in the urinary
bladder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:957, 2001.
41. Woods JP, Bartels KE, Stair EL, et al: Laser-induced shock wave lithotripsy of canine urocystoliths and nephroliths. Proc SPIE Progress in
Biomedical Optics 2970: 227, 1997.
42. Spore SS, Teichman MH, Corbin NS, et al: Holmium:YAG lithotripsy: optimal power settings. J Endourol 13:559, 1999.
43. McCarthy TC, McDermaid SL: Cystoscopy. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract20:1315, 1990.
44. Ling GV, Franti CE, Ruby AL, et al: Urolithiasis in dogs I: mineral prevalence and interrelations of mineral composition, age, and sex. Am J Vet
Res 49: 624, 1998.
45. Rawlings CA, Mahaffey MB, Barsanti JA, et al: Use of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy for removal of urinary calculi in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 222:759, 2003.
46. Adams LG, Berent AC, Moore GE, et al: Use of laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of uroliths in dogs: 73 cases (2005-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc
232: 1680,2008.
47. Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Albasan H, et al: Efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234: 1279, 2009.
48. Bevan JM, Lulich JP, Albasan H, et al: Comparison of laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for the management of dogs with urolithiasis. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 234:1286, 2009.
49. Senior DF, Sundstrom DA: Cystoscopy in female dogs. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 10:890, 1988.
50. Lee H, Ryan RT, Teichman JM, et al: Stone retropulsion during holmium:YAG lithotripsy. J Urol 169:881, 2003.
51. Vorreuther R, Corleis R, Klotz T, et al: Impact of shock wave pattern and cavitation bubble size on tissue damage during ureteroscopic electrohy-
draulic lithotripsy. J Urol 153:849, 1995.
52. Kostolich M, Bartels KE, Schafer S, et al: Ho:YAG laser ablation of alimentary tract mucosa. In: Proceedings of Lasers in Orthopedic, Dental, and
Veterinary Medicine, Los Angeles, pp. 74, 1993.
53. Sundaram CP, Slatzman B: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a comprehensive review. Comp Ther24:332, 1998.
54. Irby PB, Schawartz BF, Stoller ML: Percutaneous access techniques in renal surgery. Tech Urol5:29, 1999.
55. Fry TR. Laser safety VetClinic North Am Small Anim Pract 32:535, 2002.
Renal Transplantation in Companion Animals
1. Gregory CR, Gourley IM, Taylor NJ, et al. Preliminary results of clinical renal allograft transplantation in the dog and cat. J Vet Intern Med 1:53,
1987.
2. Gregory CR, Gourley IM. Organ transplantation in clinical veterinary practice. In:Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 1993, 95.
3. Gregory CR. Renal transplantation. In: Bojrab MJ, 4th ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. Williams and Wilkins, 1998,434.
4. Gregory CR, Gourley IM, Kochin EJ, et al. Renal transplantation for treatment of end-stage renal failure in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc
201:285,1992.
5. Mathews KG, Gregory CR. Renal transplants in cats : 66 cases (19871996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1432, 1997.
6. Gregory CR, Bernsteen L. Organ transplantation in clinical veterinary practice. In:Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 2000,p 122.
7. Mathews KG. Renal transplantation in the management of chronic renal failure. In: August J, ed. Consultation in feline internal medicine 4.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, p 319.
8. Adin CA, Gregory CR, Kyles AE, et al. Diagnostic predictors and survival after renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 30:515, 2001.
9. Aronson LR, Kyles AE, Preston A, Drobatz K, Gregory CR. Renal transplantation in cats diagnosed with calcium oxalate urolithiasis:19 cases
(1997-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. Accepted with revisions.
10. Adin DB, Thomas WP, Adin CA, et al. Echoardiographic evaluation of cats with chronic renal filure. Absrtact, ACVIM Proceedings, May 25, 2000,
p714.
11. Renoult E, Georges E, Biava MF, et al. Toxoplasmosis in kidney transplant recipients:report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 24:625,1997.
12. Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Aronson LR, et al. Acute toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation in three cats and a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc
215:1123, 1999.
13. Bouma JL, Aronson LR, Keith DM, et al. Use of computed tomography renal angiography for screening feline renal transplant donors. Vet Radiol
& Ultrasound 44:636, 2003.
14. Lirtzman RA, Gregory CR. Long-term renal and hematological effects of uninephrectomy in healthy feline kidney donors. J Am Vet Med Assoc
207:1044,1995.
15. Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Kyles AE, et al. Renal transplantation in cats. Clin Tech in Sm Anim Prac 15:40, 2000.
16. Graham-Mize CA, Rosser EJ. Bioavailability and activity of prednisone and prednisolone in the feline patient. Dermatology Abstracts 2004;15:9.
17. Katayama M, McAnulty JF. Renal transplantation in cats: Techniques, complications, and immunosupression. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 24:874,
2002.
18. McAnulty JF, Lensmeyer GL. The effects of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in cats. Vet Surg 28:448,1999.
19. McAnulty JF, Lensmeyer GL. Comparison of high performance liquid chromatography and immunoassay methods for measurement of cyclo-
sporine A blood concentrations after feline kidney transplantation. Vet Surg 27:589,1998.
20. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Craigmill AL, et al. Disposition of cyclosporine after intravenous and multi-dose oral administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol
26:349, 2003.
21. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Craigmill AL. Comparison of thee in vitro antiproliferative effects of five immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in
whole blood from cats. Am J Vet Res 61:906,2000.
22. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Craigmill AL. Pharmacokinetics of tacro-limus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft
rejection in cats with renal transplants. Am J Vet Res 64:926,2003.
23. Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Kyles AE, et al. Microemulsified cyclo-sporine based immunosupression for the prevention of acute renal allograft
rejection in unrelated dogs: preliminary experimental study. Vet Surg 32:219,2003.
24. Mathews KA, Holmberg DL, Miller CW. Kidney transplantation in dogs with naturally occurring end stage renal disease. J Am An Hosp Assoc
36:294,2000.
25. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al. An evaluation of combined immunosupression with MNA 715 and microemulsified cyclosporine on renal
allograft rejection in mismatched mongrel dogs. Vet Surg 31:358, 2002.
26. Valverde CR, Gregory CR, Ilkew JE. Anesthetic management in feline renal transplantation. Vet Anaes & Analgesia 29:117,2002.
27. Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Pollard RE, et al. Comparison of two surgical techniques for renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 28:417, 1999.
28. McAnulty JF. Hypothermic storage of feline kidneys for transplantation. Vet Surg 27:312, 1998.
29. Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Pollard R, et al. Comparison of 3 techniques for ureteroneocystostomy in cats. Vet Surg 34:114, 2005.
30. Hardie RJ, Schmiedt CW, Phillips L. Ureteral papilla implantation for neoureterocystostomy in cats. 14th annual ACVS Symposium, October 7-9,
2004.
31. Gregory CR, Mathews KG, Aronson LR, et al.Central nervous system disorders following renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 26:386, 1997.
32. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Wooldridge JD, et al. Management of hypertension controls postoperative neurological disorders after renal
transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 28:436, 1999.
33. Aronson LR, Gregory CR. Possible hemolytic uremic syndrome in three cats after renal transplantation and cyclosporine therapy. Vet Surg
28:135, 1999.
34. Aronson LR, Preston A, Bhalereo DP, et al. Evaluation of erythro-poiesis and changes in serum erythropoietin concentration in cats after renal
transplantation. Am J Vet Res 64:1248, 2003.
35. Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al.Evaluation of the clinical and histological features of renal allograft rejection in cats. Vet Surg 31:49,
2002.
36. Halling KB, Graham JP, Newell SP, et al. Sonographic and scintigraphic evaluation of acute renal allograft rejection in cats. Vet Rad and
Ultrasound 44:707, 2003.
37. Newell SM, Ellison GW, Graham JP, et al. Scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic evaluation of renal autotransplantation in cats. Am J Vet Res
60:775, 1999.
38. Pollard R, Nyland TG, Bernsteen L, et al. Ultrasonagraphic evaluation of renal autograpfts in normal cats. Vet Rad and Ultrasound 40:380, 1999.
39. Aronson LR. Retroperitoneal fibrosis in four cats following renal transplantation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221: 984, 2002.
40. Griffin A, Newton AL, Aronson LR, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection following renal transplantation in a cat. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 222:1097, 2003.
41. Wooldridge J, Gregory CR, Mathews KG, et al. The prevalence of malignant neoplasia in feline renal transplant recipients. Vet Surg 31: 94,
20002.
Management of Ureteral Ectopia
Cannizzo K.A., McLoughlin M.A., Mattoon J., Chew D.J., Samii V.F., DiBartola S.P.; Transurethral cystoscopy and intravenous pyelography for the
diagnosis of ectopic ureters in 25 female dogs. (1992-2000). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 223:475, 2003.
Dean P.W., Bjorab M.J., Constantinescu G.M.: Canine ectopic ureter. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10(2):146, 1988.
Lane I.F., Lappin M.R., Seim H.B.: Evaluation of results of preoperative urodynamic measurements in nine dogs with ectopic ureters. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 206:1348, 1995.
Leveille R., Atilola M.A.: Retrograde vaginocystography: A contrast study for evaluation of bitches with urinary incontinence. Compend Contin Educ
Pract Vet 13:934, 1991.
McLaughlin R., Miller C.W.: Urinary incontinence after surgical repair of ureteral ectopia in dogs. Vet Surg 20:100, 1991.
McLoughlin M. A., Chew D.J.: Diagnosis and surgical management of ectopic ureters. Clin Tech Sm Anim Pract 15:17, 2000.
Mason L.K., Stone E.A., Biery D.N., et al.: Surgery of ectopic ureters: Pre- and postoperative radiographic morphology. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
26:73, 1990.
Stone E.A., Mason L.K.: Surgery of ectopic ureters: Types, method of correction, and postoperative results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:81, 1990.
Samii V.F., McLoughlin M.A., Mattoon J.S., Drost W.T., Chew D.J.: Digital fluoroscopic excretory urography, helical computed tomography and
cystoscopy in 24 dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia. J Vet Int Med 2004:18:271-281.
Sutherland-Smith J., Jerram R.M., Walker A. M., Warman C.G.A.: Ectopic ureters and ureteroceles in dogs: presentation, cause and diagnosis.
Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:303, 2004.
Sutherland-Smith J., Jerram R.M., Walker A. M., Warman C.G.A.: Ectopic ureters and ureteroceles in dogs: treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract
Vet 4:311, 2004.

Urinary Bladder
1. Desch JP II, Wagner SD. Urinary bladder incisions in dogs: comparison of ventral and dorsal. Vet Surg 1986:15:153-158.
2. Blake EH III, Ellison, GW, Roberts JF, et al. Biomechanical and histologic comparison of single-layer continuous Cushing and simple continuous
appositional cystotomy closure by use of poliglecaprone 25 in rats with experimentally induced inflammation of the urinary bladder. Am J Vet Res
2006; 67:686-692.
3. Gilson SD, Stone EA. Surgically induced tumor seeding in eight dogs and two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990:11:1811-1815.

Cystostomy Tube Placement

Smith JD, Stone EA, Gilson SD: Placement of a permanent cystostomy catheter to relieve urine outflow obstruction in dogs with transitional cell
carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:496, 1995.
Stiffler KS, Stevenson MA, Cornell KK, et al. Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:325, 2003.
Stone EA, Barsanti JA. Surgical therapy for urethral obstruction in dogs. In: Stone EA, Barsanti JA, eds. Urologic surgery of the dog and cat.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febriger, 1992.
Bray JP, Ronan SD, Burton CA. Minimally invasive inguinal approach for tube cystostomy. Vet Surg 38 (3): 411, 2009.

Colposuspension for Urinary Incontinence

1. Holt PE. Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter
mechanism in the bitch. Vet Rec 1990;127:537-542.
2. Holt PE. Surgical management of congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in eight female cats and a bitch, Vet Surg 1993;22:98-
104.
3. Rawlings CA, Barsanti JA, Mahaffey MB, et al. Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2001;219:770-775.
Gregory SP. Review of developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. Br Vet
J 1994;150:135-150.
Holt PE. Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment. J Small Anim Pract 1985;26:237-246.

Scrotal Urethrostomy
1. Smeak DD, Newton JD: Canine scrotal urethrostomy, in Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery (ed 4) Baltimore, MD:
Williams & Wilkins, 1998, pp 465-468.
2. Bellah JR: Problems of the urethra: surgical approaches. Prob Vet Med 1:17-35, 1989.
3. Dean PW, Hedlund CS, Lewis DD, et al: Canine urethrotomy and urethrostomy. Comp Contin Ed Pract Vet 12:1541-1554, 1990.
4. Smeak DD: Urethrotomy and urethrostomy in the dog, Clin Tech in SmallAnim Prac 15:25, 2000.
5. Newton JD, Smeak DD: Simple continuous closure of canine scrotal urethrostomy: results in 20 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:531-534, 1996.
6. Bilbrey S, Birchard SJ, Smeak DD: Scrotal urethrostomy: a retrospective review of 38 dogs (1973-1988). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:560564, 1991.
Prepubic Urethrostomy in the Cat
McCully RM: Antepubic urethrostomy for the relief of recurrent urethral obstruction in the male cat. JAm Vet Med Assoc 126: 173-179, 1955.
Ford DC: Antepubic urethrostomy in the male cat. JAm Anim Hosp Assoc 4: 145-149, 1968.
Mendham JH: A description and evaluation of antepubic urethrostomy in the male cat. J small Anim Pract 11: 709-721, 1970.
Snow HN: Surgical transpositions of the feline urethra necessary to ameliorate urolithiasis. J small Anim Pract 13: 193-200, 1972.
Emms SG: Antepubic urethrostomy in a cat. Aust Vet J64: 384-385, 1987.
McLaren IG: Prepubic urethrostomy involving transposition of the prepuce in the cat. Vet Rec 122: 363, 1988.
Bradley RL: Prepubic urethrostomy: An acceptable urinary diversion technique. Prob Vet Med 1: 122-127, 1989.
Menrath V: Repair of a mid-pelvic urethral rupture in the cat using antepubic urethrostomy. Feline Pract 121: 8 ó 11, 1993.
Mahler S, Guillo JY: Antepubic urethrostomy in three cats and a dog: Surgical technique and long-term results. Rev de Med Vet 150: 357-362, 1999.
Baines SJ, Rennie S and White, RAS: Prepubic Urethrostomy: A long-term study in 16 cats. Vet Surg 30: 107-113, 2001.
Ellison GW, Lewis DD and Boren FC: Subpubic urethrostomy to salvage a failed perineal urethrostomy in a cat. Comp Cont Ed 11: 946-951, 1989.

Management of Urethral Trauma

1. Bellah JR. Problems of the urethra. Probl Vet Med 1989:1;17.
2. Remedios AM, Fries CL: Implant complications in 20 triple pelvic osteotomies. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:202,1993.
3. Messmer M, Rytz U, Spreng D. Urethral entrapment following pelvic fracture fixation in a dog. J Small Anim Pract. 2001;42(7):341-4.
4. Bjorling DE. Urethral trauma. Slatter's Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd Edition. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia. 2003:1647-1651.
5. Ackerman N, et al: Fatal air embolism associated with pneumoure-thrography and pneumocystograpy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1616,
1972.
6. Messer JS, Chew DJ, McLoughlin MA. Cystocopy: Techniques and clinical applications. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2005;20:52-64.
7. Boothe HW. Managing traumatic urethral injuries. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2000;15(1):35-39.
8. Layton CE, Gerguson HR, Cook JE, Guffy MM. Intrapelvic urethral anastomosis - a comparison of three techniques. Vet Surg 1987;16:175-182.
9. Jens B, Bjorling DE. Suture selection of lower urinary tract surgery in small animals. Comp Cont Educ Small/Exotics 2001;23:524-528.

Urethral Prolapse in Dogs

1. Hobson HP, Heller RH: Surgical correction of prolapse in the male urethra. Vet Med/ Small Anim Clin 1971:66:1177.
2. Sinibaldi KR, Greene RW. Surgical correction of prolapse of the male urethra in three English Bulldogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1973:9:450.
3. Fossum TW, Hedlund CS. Surgery of the urinary bladder and urethra. In: Fossum TW, ed. Small Animal Surgery. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc.,
1997:503-505.
4. Boothe HW. Penis, prepuce, and scrotum. In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993:1336-1348.
5. Lowe FC, Hill GS, Jeffs RD, Brendler CR. Urethral prolapse in children: Insights into etiology and management. J Urol 1986: 135:100.
6. Kirsch JA, Hauptman JG, Walshaw R. A urethropexy technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog.. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2002: 38 (4): 381-4.

Prostate
Basinger RR, Rawlings CA. Surgical management of prostatic diseases. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 1987,9:993-1000.
Basinger RR, Rawlings CA, Barsanti JA, et al. Urodynamic alterations after prostatectomy in dogs without clinical disease. Vet Surg 1987;6:405-410.
Basinger RR, Rawlings CA, Barsanti JA, et al. Urodynamic alterations associated with clinical prostatic diseases and prostatic surgery in 23 dogs. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989;25:385-392.
Cowan LA, Barsanti JA, Crowell W, et al. Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991,199:346-350.
Hardie EM, Barsanti JA, Rawlings CA. Complications of prostatic surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;20:50-56.
Mullen HS, Mathieson DT, Scavelli TD. Results of surgery and postoperative complications in 92 dogs treated for prostatic abscessation by a multiple
Penrose drain technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990;26:369-379.
Rawlings CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, et al. Intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy in normal dogs: use of an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. Vet Surg
1994;23:182-189.
Stone EA, Barsanti JA, eds. Urologic surgery of the dog and cat. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992.
White RAS, Williams JM. Intracapsular prostatic omentalization: a new technique for managment of prostatic abscesses in dogs. Vet Surg
1995;24:390-395.

Use of Omentum in Prostatic Drainage

Basinger RR, Rawlings CA, Barsanti JA, et al. Urodynamic alterations associated with clinical prostatic diseases and prostatic surgery in 23 dogs. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989;25:385-392.
Gourley LG, Osborne CA. Marsupialization: a treatment for prostatic abscess in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1966;2:100-105.
Hardie EM, Barsanti JA, Rawlings CA. Complications of prostatic surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:50-56.
Hardie EM, Stone EA, Spaudling KA, et al. Subtotal canine prostatectomy with neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser. Vet Surg 1990,19:348-
355.
Hosgood G. The omentum—the forgotten organ: physiology and potential surgical applications in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
1990,12:45-51.
Mullen HS, Matthiesen DT, Scavelli TD. Results of surgery and postoperative complications in 92 dogs treated for prostatic abscessa-tion by a
multiple Penrose drain technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990;26:369-379.
Rawlings CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, et al. Intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy in normal dogs: use of an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. Vet Surg
1994;23:182-189.
White RAS, Williams JM. Intra-capsular prostatic omentalization: a new technique for management of prostatic abscessation. Vet Surg 1995;24:390-
395.
White RAS, Herrtage ME, Dennis R. The diagnosis and management of paraprostatic and prostatic retention cysts in the dog. J Small Anim Pract
1987;28:551-574.

Uterus
1. Lieberman, LL: A case for neutering pups and kittens at two months of age. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:518, 1987.
2. Spain, CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:380, 2004.
3. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Evaluation of anesthetic protocols for neutering 6- to 14-week-old pups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:308, 1994.
4. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:56, 1993.
5. Howe LM: Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211(1):57, 1997.
6. Aronsohn MG, Faggella AM: Surgical techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:53, 1993.
7. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al.: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 217:1661, 2000.
8. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al.: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 218:217, 2001.
9. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:372, 2004.
10. Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al.: Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 198:1193, 1991.
11. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al.: Prepubertal gonadectomy in the domestic feline: Effects on physical and behavioral development.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 209: 1864, 1996.
12. Root MV: The effect of prepubertal and postpuberal gonadectomy on the general health and development of obesity in the male and female
domestic cat. PhD Thesis, University ofMinnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 1995.
13. Root MV: Early spay-neuter in the cat: effect on development of obesity and metabolic rate, Veterinary Clinical Nutrition 2:132, 1995.
14. Flynn MF, Hardie EM, Armstrong J: Effects of ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirements in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1572,
1996.
15. Edney ATB and Smith PM: Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 118:391, 1986.
16. Thrusfield MV: Association between urinary incontinence and spaying in bitches. Vet Rec 116:695, 1985.
17. De la Riva GT, Hart BL, Farver TB, et al.: Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in Golden Retrievers. PLOS One 8(2):e55937,
2013.
18. Cooley DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, et al.: Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 11(11):1434-1440, 2002.
19. Ru G, Terracini B, Glickman LT: Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. Vet J 156(1):31-39, 1998.
20. Ware WA, Hopper DL: Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982-1995. J Vet Intern Med 13(2):95-103, 1999.
21. Prymak C, McKee LJ, Goldschmidt MH, et al.: Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and
splenic hematoma in dogs: 217 cases (1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193(6):706-712, 1988.
22. Norris AM, Laing EJ, Valli VE, et al.: Canine bladder and urethral tumors: a retrospective of 115 cases (1980-1985). J Vet Intern Med 6(3):145-
153, 1992.

Ovariohysterectomy
1. Stone EA. Ovariohysterectomy. In: Slatter DC, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985:1667-1672.
2. Wilson GP, Hayes HM. Ovariohysterectomy in the dog and cat. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1983:334-338.
3. Farton JW, Withrow SJ. Canine mammary neoplasia: an overview. Calif Vet 1981;7;12.
4. Evans HE, Christensen GC. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1981.
5. DelCampo CH, Ginther OJ. Arteries and veins of uterus and ovaries in dogs and cats. Am J Vet Es 1974;35:409.
6. Rosin E. Single layer, simple continuous suture pattern for closure of abdominal incisions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:751.
7. Krzaczynski J. The flank approach to feline ovariohysterectomy. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1974;May :572.
8. Berzon JL. Complications of elective ovariohysterectomies in the dog and cat at a teaching institution: a clinical review of 853 cases. Vet Surg
1978;8:89.
9. Teale ML. Pyometritis in spayed cats (letter). Vet Rec 1972;90:129.
10. Stein BS. The genital system. In: Catcott EJ, ed. Feline medicine and surgery. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary, 1975.
11. Shenwell RE, Weed IC. Ovarian remnant syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36:299.
12. Pearson H. The complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 1973;14:257.
13. Pearson H. Gibbs G. Urinary incontinence in the dog due to accidental vaginoureteral fistulation during hysterectomy. J Small Anim Pract
1980;21:287.
14. Rosin AH, Ross L. Diagnosis and pharmacological management of disorders of urinary continence in the dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
1981;3:601.
15. Osborne CA, Polzin DJ. Canine estrogen responsive incontinence: an enigma. DVM .
16. Pearson H. Ovariohysterectomy in the bitch. Vet Rec 1970; 87:257.
17. Borthwick R. Unilateral hydronephrosis in a spayede bitch. Vet Rec 1972;90:244.
18. Spackmann CJ, Caywood DD, Johnston GB, et al. Granulomas of the uterine and ovarian stumps: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1948;20:449.
19. Dorn AS, Swist RA. Complications of canine ovariohysterectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977;13:720.
20. LeRoux PH, Van Der Walt LA. Ovarian autograft as an alternative to ovariectomy in bitches. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 1977; 48:117.
21. Salmeri KR, Olson PN, Bloomberg MS. Elective gonadectomy in dogs: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;198:1183.

Harmonic Scalpel Assisted Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy (HALO)

1. Stone EA, Cantrell CG, Sharp NJ: Ovary and Uterus, in Slatter D (ed): Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (ed 2). Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders,
1993, pp 1293-1308.
2. Hardie EM, Hansen BD, Carrol GS: Behavior after ovariohysterectomy in the dog: what's normal. Applied Animal Behvior Science 51:111-128,
1997.
3. Slingsby LS, Lane EC, Mears ER, et al: Postoperative pain after ovario-hysterectomy in the cat: a comparison of two anesthetic regimens. Vet Rec
143:589-590, 1998.
4. Remedios AM, Fergusen J: Minimally Invasive Surgery: Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy in small animals. Compendium ofContinuing Education
18:51-57, 1996.
5. Hancock R, Lanz OI, Waldron DR, et al: Comparison of Postoperative Pain after Ovariohysterectomy By Harmonic Scalpel-Assisted Laparoscopy
Compared With Median Celiotomy and Ligation In Dogs. Vet Surg 34:1-10, 2005.
6. Davidson EB, Moll DH, Payton ME: Comparison of Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy and Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs. Vet Surg 33:62-69, 2004.
7. Bernstein AM, Koo HP, Bloom DA: Beyond the Trendelenburg position: Friedrich Trendelenburg's life and surgical contributions. Surgery 126:78-
82, 1999.
8. Richter KP: Laparoscopy in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract31:707-727, ix, 2001.
9. Rothuizen J: Laparoscopy in small animal medicine. Vet Q 7:225-228, 1985.
10. Austin B, Lanz OI, Hamilton SM, et al: Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in nine dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:391-396, 2003.
11. Dusterdieck KF, Pleasant RS, Lanz OI, et al: Evaluation of the harmonic scalpel for laparoscopic bilateral ovariectomy in standing horses. Vet
Surg 32:242-250, 2003.
12. McCarus SD: Physiologic mechanism of the ultrasonically activated scalpel. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 3:601-608, 1996.
13. Bailey JE, Freeman LJ, Hardie RJ: Endosurgery, in Bojarab WJ (ed): Current Techniques In Small Animal Surgery. St. Louis, Williams and
Wilkins Company, 1998, pp 729-741.
14. Van Goethem BE, Rosenveldt KW, Kirpenstein J: Monopolar Versus Bipolar Electrocoagulation In Canine Laparoscopic Ovariectomy: A
Nonrandomized, Prospective, Clinical Trial. Vet Surg 32:464-470, 2003.

Cesarean Section: Traditional Technique

Abitbol MM: Inferior vena cava compression in the pregnant dog. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:194, 1978.
Gilroy BA, DeYoung DJ: Cesarean section. Vet Clin North Am 16:483, 1986.
Macintire DK: Emergencies of the female reproductive tract. Vet Clin North Am 24:1173, 1994.
Moon PE, Erb HN, Ludders JW, et al: Perioperative management and mortality rates of dogs undergoing cesarean section in the United States and
Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:365, 1998.
Probst CW, Webb AI: Postural influence on systemic blood pressure gas exchange, and acid/base status in the term-pregnant bitch during general
anesthesia. Am J Vet Res 44:1963, 1983.
Probst CW, Broadstone RV, Evans AT: Postural influence on systemic blood pressure in large full-term pregnant bitches during general anesthesia.
Vet Surg 16:471, 1987.

Cesarean Section by Ovariohysterectomy

1. Herron MR. Herron MA. Surgery of the uterus. Vet Clin North Am 1975:5:471 476.
2. Probst CW, Webb M. Cesarean section in the dog and cat: anes-thetic and surgical techniques. In: Bojrab AU, ed. Current tech-niques in small
animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Fee-iger, 1983:346 351.
3. Gaudet DA, Kitchell BE. Canine dystocia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1985:7:406 418.
4. Probst CW. Uterus: cesarean section. In: Bojrab AU, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1990:404 408.
5. Robbins MA, Mullen, HS. En bloc ovariohysterectomy as a treatment of dystocia in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 1994: 23: 48 52.
6. Fox MW. Neonatal mortality in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1963:143:1219 1223.

Vagina and Vulva

Adams WM, Biery DN, Millar HC. Pneumovaginography in the dog: a case report. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 1978; 19:80.
Alexander JE, Lennox WJ. Vaginal prolapse in a bitch. Can Vet J 1961;2:428.
Brodey RS, Roszel JF. Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina, and vulva: a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1967;151:1294.
Johnston SD. Vaginal prolapse. In: Kirk RW, ed. Current veterinary therapy X. Small animal practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1989:1302.
Krongthong M, Johnston SD. Clinical approach to vaginal/vestibular masses in the bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1991;21:509.
Madewell BR, Theilen GH. Tumors of the urinary tract. In: Theilen GH, Madewell BR, eds. Veterinary cancer medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1987:591.
Purswell BJ. Vaginal disorders. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
1995:1642.
Richardson RC. Canine transmissible venereal tumors. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1981;3:951.
Schutte AP. Vaginal prolapse in the bitch. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 1967;38:197.
Soderberg SF. Vaginal disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1986;16:543.

Episioplasty
1. Archibald J. Canine Surgery, 2nd ed. Santa Barbara: American Veterinary Publications. 1974; p 757.
2. Dorn AS. Biopsy in cases of canine vulvar-fold dermatitis and periv-ulvar pigmentation. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1978;73:1147.
3. Bellah JR. Intertriginous dermatitis. In Bojrab MJ, ed. Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. 1993;
p 168.
4. Appeldoorn A, Lemmens P, Schrauwen E. Urinary incontinence due to urovagina. Vet Rec 1990;126:121.
5. Crawford JT, Adams WM. Influence of vestibulovaginla stenosis, pelvic bladder, and recessed vulva on response to treatment for clinical signs of
lower urinary tract disease in dogs: 38 cases (1990-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:995.
6. Hammel SP, Bjorling DE. Results of vulvoplasty for treatment of recessed vulva in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002;38:79.
7. Lightner BA, McLoughlin MA, ChewDJ, et al. Episoplasty for the treatment of perivulvar dermatitis or recurrent urinary tract infections in dogs with
excessive perivulvar skin folds: 31 cases (1983-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1577.

Episiotomy
Hardie EM. Selected surgeries of the male and female reproductive tracts. Vet. Clinics of N. America, Small An. Practice. 1984; 14: 109-122.
Mathews KG. Surgery of the canine vagina and vulva. Vet. Clinics of N. America, Small An. Practice. 2001; 13: 271-290.

Testicles
1. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Evaluation of anesthetic protocols for neutering 6- to 14-week-old pups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:308, 1994.
2. Faggella AM, Aronsohn MG: Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:56, 1993.
3. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs LS, et a/.: Prepubertal gonad-ectomy in the domestic feline: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral
development. Vet Surg 22:401, 1993.
4. Root MV, Johnston SD, Johnston GR, et al.: The effects of prepubertal and postpubertal gonadectomy on penile extension and urethral diameter
in the domestic cat. Vet Radiol & Ultrasound 37:363, 1996.
5. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al.: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 217:1661, 2000.
6. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:372, 2004.
7. Herron MA: A potential consequence of prepubertal feline castration. Feline Pract 1:17, 1971.
8. Stubbs WP, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al.: Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 209: 1864, 1996.
9. Root MV: The effect of prepubertal and postpuberal gonadectomy on the general health and development of obesity in the male and female
domestic cat. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 1995.
10. Root MV: Early spay-neuter in the cat: effect on development of obesity and metabolic rate, Veterinary Clinical Nutrition 2:132, 1995.
11. Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, et al.: Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 198:1193, 1991.
12. Spain, CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:380, 2004.
13. Root MV, Johnston SD, Olson PN: The effect of prepubertal and postpubertal gonadectomy on radial physeal closure in male and female
domestic cats. Vet Radiol & Ultrasound38:42, 1997.
14. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, et al.: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 218:217, 2001.
15. Howe LM: Short-term results and complications of perpubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211(1):57, 1997.
16. De la Riva GT, Hart BL, Farver TB, et al.: Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in Golden Retrievers. PLOS One 8(2):e55937,
2013.
17. Cooley DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, et al.: Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 11(11):1434-1440, 2002.
18. Ru G, Terracini B, Glickman LT: Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. Vet J 156(1):31-39, 1998.
19. Bryan JN, Keeler MR, Henry CJ, et al.: A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. Prostate 67(11):1174-
1181, 2007.
20. Sorenmo KU, Goldschmidt M, Shofer F, et al.: Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic carcinoma and correlation with
castration status and castration time. Vet Comp Oncol 1(1):48-56, 2003.
Orchiectomy of Descended and Retained Testes in the Dog and Cat
Baumans V. Dijkstra G, Hensing CJG. Testicular descent in the dog. Zentralbi Veterinaermed [A] 1981;1O:97.
Evans HE. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2005.
Hates HM, Wilson GP, Pendergrass TW, et al. Canine cryptorchidism and subsequent testicular neoplasia: case control study with epidemiologic
update. Teratology 1-85;32:51.
Hudson LC, Hamilton WP. Atlas of feline anatomy for veterinarians. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1993.
Knecht CD. An alternative approach for castration of the dog. Vet Med Small Arnm Clin 1976;71:469.
Reif JS, Moquire TG, Kenney RS. A cohort study of canine testicular neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979;175:719.

Penis and Prepuce

Ader PL, Hobson HP. Hypospadias: a review of the veterinary literature and a report of three cases in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1978; 14:721.
Bennett D, Baugham J, Murphy F. Wedge osteotomy of the os penis to correct penile deviation. J Small Anim Pract 1986;27:379.
Burger RA, Muller SC, et al. The buccal mucosal graft for urethral reconstruction: a preliminary report. J Urol 1992;147:662.
Chaffee VM, Knecht CD. Canine paraphimosis: sequel to inefficient preputial muscles. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1975;70:1418.
Hayes AG, Pavletic MM, et al. A preputial splitting technique for surgery of the canine penis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1994; 30:291.
Leighton RL. A simple surgical correction for chronic penile protrusion (dog). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1976; 12:667.
Pope ER, Swaim SF. Surgical reconstruction of hypoplastic prepuce. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986,22:73.
Poppas DP, Mininberg LH, et al. Patch graft urethroplasty using dye enhanced laser tissue welding with a human protein solder: a preclinical canine
model. J Urol 1993; 150:648.
Proescholdt TA, DeYoung DW, Evans LE. Preputial reconstruction for phimosis and infantile penis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977; 13:725. Smith MM,
Gourley IM. Preputial reconstruction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990,196:1493.
Varshney AC, Sharma VK, et al. Surgical management of carcinomatous urethral obstruction in a dog. Indian Vet J 1985; 62:1073.

Endocrine System Adrenalectomy

1. Maher ER, McNiel EA. Pheochromocytoma in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1999; 27:359-380.
2. Evans HE, Christensen GC. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993: 578-579.
3. Smith MM, Waldron DR. Atlas of Approaches for General Surgery of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993: 171.
4. Axlund TW, Winkler JT. Surgical Treatment of Canine Hyperadreno-corticism. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2003; 25(5):334-346.
5. Gilson SD, Withrow SJ, Orton C. Surgical Treatment of Pheochromocytoma: Technique, Complications, and Results in Six Dogs. Vet Surg 1994;
23:195-200.
6. Locke-Bohannon LG, Mauldin GE. Canine pheochromocytoma: Diagnosis and management. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2001; 23(9); 807-
814.
7. Scavelli TD, Peterson ME, Matthiesen DT. Results of surgical treatment for hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical neoplasia in the dog:
25 cases (1980-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189:1360-1364.
8. Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's syndrome). In: Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and Feline Endocrinology
and Reproduction, Third Edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 2004: 252-357.
9. Kirk RW: Current Veterinary Therapy IX. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co, 1986: 972-981.
10. Gilson SD, Withrow SJ, Wheeler SL, et al: Pheochromocytoma in 50 dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 1994: 8; 228-232.
11. Werbel SS, Ober KP: Pheochromocytoma: Update on diagnosis, localization and management. Med Clin North Am. 1995: 79; 131-153.
12. Twedt DC, Wheeler SC: Pheochromocytoma in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1984: 14; 767-782.
13. Kyles AE, Feldman EC, De Cock HE, et al. Surgical management of adrenal gland tumors with and without associated tumor thrombi in dogs: 40
cases (1994-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223;654-662.
14. Anderson CR, Birchard SJ, Powers BE, et al. Surgical Treatment of Adrenocortical Tumors: 21 Cases (1990-1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
2001; 37:93-97.

Thyroidectomy in the Dog and Cat

1. Evans HE, Christensen GC: Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, The Endocrine System, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1979, pp. 611-618.
2. Nicholas JS, Swingle WW: An experimental and morphological study of the parathyroid glands of the cat. Am J Anat 34:469-508, 1925.
3. Brodey TS, Kelly DF: Thyroid neoplasms in the dog. Cancer 22: 406-416, 1968.
4. Birchard SJ, Roesel OF: Neoplasia of the thyroid gland in the dog: A retrospective study of 16 cases. JAAHA 17:369-372, 1981.
5. Panciera DL, Peterson ME, Birchard SJ. Diseases of the thyroid gland. In Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 3rd ed., Birchard SJ,
Sherding RG, eds. Elsevier, St. Louis, 2006, pgs. 327-342 .
6. Leav I, Shiller AC, Rijnberk A, Legg MA, derKinderen PJ: Adenomas and carcinomas of the canine and feline thyroid. Am J of Path 83:6193,1976.
7. Klein MK, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et.al. Treatment of thyroid carcinoma in dogs by surgical resection alone: 20 cases (1981-1989) JAVMA
206:1007-1009, 1995.
8. Tuohy JL, Worley DR, Withrow SJ,. Outcome following simultaneous bilateral thyroid lobectomy for treatment of thyroid gland carcinoma in dogs:
15 cases (1994-2010). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 241: 95-103, 2012.
9. Pack L, Roberts RE, Dawson SD, et.al. Definitive radiation therapy for infiltrative thyroid carcinoma in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:471-474,
2001.
10. Nadeau ME, Kitchell B E. Evaluation of the use of chemotherapy and other prognostic variables for surgically excised canine thyroid carcinoma
with and without metastasis. Can Vet J 52: 994-998, 2011.
11. Schenck PA, Chew DJ, Van Gundy T. Diseases of the parathyroid gland and calcium metabolism. In; Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice,
3rd. ed. Birchard SJ, Sherding RG, eds., Elsevier, St. Louis, 2006, pgs. 343-356.
12. DiBartola SP, Broome MR, Stein BS, et. al. Effect of treatment of hyperthyroidism on renal function in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:875878,
1996.
13. Peterson ME, Kintzer PP, Hurvitz AI. Methimazole treatment of 262 cats with hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2:150-157, 1988.
14. Birchard SJ, Peterson ME, Jacobson A: Surgical treatment of feline hyperthyroidism: Results of 85 cases. JAAHA 20:705-709, 1984.
15. Welches CD, Scavelli TD, Matthiesen DT, et. al. Occurence of problems after three techniques of bilateral thyroidectomy in cats. Vet Surg
18:392-396, 1989.
16. Flanders JA, Harvey HJ, Erb HN. Feline thyroidectomy: A comparison of postoperative hypocalcemia associated with three different surgical
techniques. Vet Surg 16:362-366, 1987.
17. Turrel JM, Feldman EC, Nelson RW, et. al. Thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism in cats: 14 cases (1981-1986).
18. Swalec KM, Birchard SJ. Recurrence of hyperthyroidism after thyroidectomy in cats. J Am An Hosp Assoc 26:433-437, 1990.

Hernias
1. Smeak DD: Abdominal hernias. In Slatter DH, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co., 2003, p 449.
2. Akman PC: A study of five hundred incisional hernias. J Int Coll Surg 37:125, 1962.
3. George CD, Ellis H: The results of incisional hernia repair: A twelve year review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 68:185, 1986.
4. Gibson KT, et al: Incisional hernias in the horse. Incidence and predisposing factors. Vet Surg 18:360, 1989.
5. Rosin E: Single layer, simple continuous suture pattern for closure of abdominal incisions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:751, 1985.
6. Crowe DT: Closure of abdominal incisions using a continuous polypropylene suture: Clinical experience in 550 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 7:74,
1978.
7. Larson GM, Vandertoll DJ: Approaches to repair of ventral hernia and full thickness losses of the abdominal wall. Symposium of hernias. Surg Clin
North Am 64:335, 1984.
8. Alexander HC, Prudden JF: The causes of abdominal wound disruption. Surg Gynecol Obstet 122:1223, 1966.
9. Ponka JK: Herniation of the Abdominal Wall. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1980.
10. Fisher GD, Turner FW: Abdominal incisional hernias: A ten year review. Can J Surg 17:202, 1974.
11. George CD, Ellis H: The results of incisional hernia repair: A twelve year review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 68:185, 1986.
12. Nilsson T: Abdominal wound repair: An experimental study of the wound healing mechanism in the rabbit. Dan Med Bull 30:394, 1983.
13. Rosin E, Robinson GM: Knot security of suture materials. Vet Surg 18:269, 1989.
14. Hoer J, Klinge U, Schachtrupp A, et al.: Influence of suture technique on laparotomy wound healing: an experimental study in the rat. Langen-
becks Arch Surg 386:218, 2001.
15. Smedberg SG, Broome AE, Gullmo A: Ligation of the hernia sac? Surg Clin North Am 64:299, 1984.
16. Ellis H: The cause and prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 133:497, 1971.
17. Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM, Howard RD, et al.: Bacterial culturing of ventral midline celiotomies for predication of postoperative incisional
complications in horses. Vet Surg 26:7, 1997.
18. Boyd JB: Tissue expansion in reconstruction. South Med J 80:430, 1987.
19. Smeak DD: Management and prevention of surgical complications associated with small animal abdominal herniorrhaphy. Gastrointestinal
surgical complications. Probl Vet Med 1:254, 1989.
20. Mueller MG, Ludwig LL, Barton LJ: Use of closed-suction drains to treat generalized peritonitis in dogs and cats: 40 Cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 219:789, 2001.
21. Woolfson JM, Dulisch ML: Open abdominal drainage in the treatment of generalized peritonitis in 25 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 15:27, 1986.

Inguinal Hernia Repair in the Dog

1. Ashdown RR. The anatomy of the inguinal canal in the domesticated mammals. Vet Rec 1983;75:1345-1351.
2. Fox MW. Inherited inguinal hernia and midline defects in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1963,143:602-604.
3. Hayes HM Jr. Congenital umbilical and inguinal hernias in cattle, horses, swine, dogs, and cats: risk by breed and sex among hospital patients. Am
J Vet Res 1974;35:839-842.
4. Archibald J, Sumner-Smith G. Hernia. In: Archibald J, ed. Canine surgery. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary Publications, 1974.
5. North AF Jr. A new surgical approach to inguinal hernias in the dog. Cornell Vet 1959;49:379-383.
6. Smeak DD. Caudal abdominal hernias. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.
7. Blakely CL. Perineal hernia. In: Mayer K, LaCroix JV, Hoskins HP, eds. Canine surgery. 4th ed. Evanston, IL: American Veterinary Publishers,
1957.
8. Peddie JF. Inguinal hernia repair in the dog. Mod Vet Pract 1980;61:859-861.
9. Bojrab MJ. Inguinal hernias. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Feb-iger, 1983.
Surgical Techniques for Treatment of Perineal Hernia
1. Constantinescu GM, Schaller O, Habel RE, Hillebrand A., Sack WO, Simoens P, deVos NR. Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 2nd
Edition. Enke F, Stuttgart, 2007, p. 222.
2. Constantinescu GM. The pelvis and genital organs. In: Constantinescu GM. Clinical Anatomy for Small Animal Practicioners. Ames, Iowa: Iowa
State Press, 2002, pp. 267-301.
3. Bojrab MJ, Toomey A. Perineal herniorrhaphy. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1981;8:8-15.
4. Krahwinkel DJ. Rectal diseases and their role in perineal hernia. Vet Surg 1983;12:160-165.
5. Spruell JSA, Frankland AL. Transplanting the superficial gluteal muscle in the treatment of perineal hernia and flexure of the rectum in dogs. J
Small Anim Pract 1980;21:265-278.
6. Holmes JR. Perineal hernia in the dog. Vet Rec 1964;76:1250-1251.
7. Walker RG. Perineal hernia in the dog. Vet Rec 1965;77:93-94.
8. Pettit GD. Perineal hernia in the dog. Cornell Vet 1962;52:261-279.
9. Hayes HW, Wilson GP, Tarone RE. The epidemiologic features of perineal hernia in 771 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1978;14:703-707.
10. Burrows CF, Harvey CE. Perineal hernia in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 1973;14:315-332.
11. Sjollema BE, Venker-van Haagen, van Sluijs FJ, et al. Electromyography of the pelvic diaphragm and anal sphincter in dogs with perineal hernia.
Am J Vet Res 1993;54:185-190.
12. Mann FA, Boothe HW, Amoss MS, et al. Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentration in 15 dogs with perineal hernia. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1989;194:1578-1580.
13. Mann FA, Nonneman DJ, Pope ER, et al. Androgen receptors in the pelvic diaphragm muscles of dogs with and without perineal hernia. Am J Vet
Res 1995;56:134-139.
14. Niebauer GW, Shibly S, Seltenhammer M, et al. Relaxin of prostatic origin might be linked to perineal hernia formation in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci
2005;1041:415-422.
15. Hosgood G, Hedlund CS, Pechman RD, et al. Perineal herniorrhaphy: perioperative data from 100 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1995;31:331-
342.
16. White RAS, Herrtage ME. Bladder retroflexion in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 1986;27:735-746.
17. Bellenger CR, Canfield RB. Perineal hernia. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003, pp. 487-
498.
18. Weaver AD, Omamegbe JO. Surgical treatment of perineal hernia in the dog. J Sm Anim Pract 1981; 22:749-758.
19. Dieterich HF. Perineal hernia repair in the canine. Vet Clin N Am 1975; 5:383-399.
20. Harvey CE. Treatment of perineal hernia in the dog- reassessment. J Sm Anim Pract 1977;18:505-511.
21. Chambers JN, Rawlings CA. Applications of a semitendinosus flap in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;199:84-86.
22. Knecht CD. An alternate approach for castration of the dog. Vet Med/Small Anim Clin 1976;71:469-473.
23. Stoll MR, Cook JL, Pope ER, et al. The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa as a biomaterial for perineal herniorrhaphy in the dog. Vet Surg
2002;31:379-390.
24. Desai R. An anatomical study of the canine male and female pelvic diaphragm and effect of testosterone on the status of the levator ani of male
dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;18:195-202.
25. Matthiesen DT. Diagnosis and management of complications occurring after perineal herniorrhaphy in dogs. Comp Cont Ed Vet Pract
1989;11:797-823.
26. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA. Approach to the caudal aspect of the hip joint and body of ischium. In: Piermattei DL, Johnson KA, eds. An Atlas of
Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004, pp. 310-314.
27. Dean PW, O'Brien DP, Turk MA, et al. Silicone elastomer sling for fecal incontinence in dogs. Vet Surg 1988;17:304-310.
28. Orsher RJ. Clinical and surgical parameters in dogs with perineal hernia- analysis of results of internal obturator transposition. Vet Surg
1986;15:253-258.
29. Philibert D, Fowler JD. Use of muscle flaps in reconstructive surgery. Compend Cont Ed Pract Vet 1996;18:395-405.
30. Bilbrey SA, Smeak DD, DeHoff W. Fixation of the deferent ducts for retrodisplacement of the urinary bladder and prostate in canine perineal
hernia.Vet Surg 1990;19:24-27.
31. Brissot HN, Dupré GP, Bouvy BM. Use of laparotomy in a staged approach for resolution of bilateral or complicated perineal hernia in 41 dogs.
Vet Surg 2004;33:412-421.
32. Yoon H, Mann FA, Clinical evaluation of three different colopexy techniques in dogs. Indian Vet J 2009; 86:1129-1131.
33. Welches CD, Scavelli TD, Aronsohn MG, et al. Perineal hernia in the cat: a retrospective study of 40 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992;28:431-
438.
34. Johnson MS, Gourley IM. Perineal hernia in a cat. Vet Med 1980;75:241-243.
35. Ashton DG. Perineal hernia in the cat: a description of two cases. J Small Anim Pract 1976;17:473-477.
36. Leighton RL. Perineal hernia in a cat. Feline Pract 1979;9:44.
37. Anderson M, Pope ER, Constantinescu GM. Perineal hernia in a cougar. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:1771-1772.
38. Martin WD, Fletcher TF, Bradley WE. Perineal musculature in the cat. Anat Rec 1974;180:3-14.
39. Constantinescu GM, Amann JF, Anderson MA, et al. Topography and surgery in the regio perinealis of the cat. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr
1993;80:208-211.
40. Babic DV, Stejskal M, Capak D, et al. Application of a semitendi-nosus muscle flap in the treatment of perineal hernia in a cat. Vet Rec
2005;156:182-184.

Prepubic Hernia Repair

1. Mann FA et al.: Cranial pubic ligament rupture in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:519, 1986.
2. Waldron DR et al.: Abdominal hernias in dogs and cats: A review of 24 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:818, 1986.
3. Shaw SP, Rozanski EA, Rush JE: Traumatic body wall herniation in 36 dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:35-46, 2003.
4. Green RB, Quigg JA, Holt PE: Vesicocutaneous fistulation following prepubic tendon rupture in a bitch. J Small Anim Pract 30:315-317,
5. Hanson RR, Todhunter RJ. Herniation of the abdominal wall in pregnant mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:790-3, 1986.
6. Smeak DD: Management and prevention of surgical complications associated with small animal abdominal herniorrhaphy. Prob Vet Med 1:254,
1989.
7. Weinstein MJ, Pavletic MM, Boudrieau RJ, Engler SJ: Cranial sartorius muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 184:286-291, 1989.
8. Philiber D, Fowler JD: Use of muscle flaps in reconstructive surgery. Comp Contin Ed Pract Vet 18:395-405, 1996.

Feline Onychectomy
Holmberg DL, Brisson BA. A prospective comparison of postoperative morbidity associated with the use of scalpel blades and lasers for
onychectomy in cats. Can Vet J 2006;47:162-163.
Curcio K, Bidwell LA, Bohart GV, Hauptman JG. Evaluation of signs of postoperative pain and complications after forelimb onychectomy in cats
receiving buprenorphine alone or with bupivacaine administered as a four-point regional nerve block. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:65-68.
Romans CW, Gordon WJ, Robinson DA, Evans R, Conzemius MG. Effect of postoperative analgesic protocol on limb function following onychectomy
in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:89-93.
Romans CW, Conzemius MG, Horstman CL, Gordon WJ, Evans RB. Use of pressure platform gait analysis in cats with and without bilateral
onychectomy. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1276-1278.
Young WP. Feline onychectomy and elective procedures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002;32:601-619, vi-vii.
Mison MB, Bohart GH, Walshaw R, Winters CA, Hauptman JG. Use of carbon dioxide laser for onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc
2002;221:651-653.
Patronek GJ. Assessment of claims of short- and long-term complications associated with onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:932-
937.
Tobias KS. Feline onychectomy at a teaching institution: a retrospective study of 163 cases. Vet Surg 1994;23:274-280.
Ringwood PB, Smith JA. Anesthesia case of the month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1633-1635.
Martinez S, Hauptman J, Walshaw R. Comparing two techniques for onychectomy in cats and two adhesives for wound closure. Vet Med
1993;88:516-525.
Carroll GL, Howe LB, Peterson KD. Analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in onychectomized cats. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 2005;226:913-919.
Gellasch KL, Kruse-Elliott KT, Osmond CS, Shih AN, Bjorling DE. Comparison of transdermal administration of fentanyl versus intramuscular
administration of butorphanol for analgesia after onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1020-1024.
Dobbins S, Brown NO, Shofer FS. Comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and ketoprofen for postoperative
analgesia after onychectomy or onychectomy and sterilization in cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002;38:507-514.
Cooper MA, Laverty PH, Soiderer EE. Bilateral flexor tendon contracture following onychectomy in 2 cats. Can Vet J 2005;46:244-246.

Mammary Glands Mastectomy

Alenza MDP, Tabanera E, Pena L. Inflammatory mammary carcinoma in dogs: 33 cases (1995-1999). J Am Vet Assoc 2001:219:1110-1114.
Allen SW, Mahaffey EA. Canine mammary neoplasia: Prognostic indicators and response to surgical therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989:25:540-
546.
Hayes AA, Mooney S. Feline mammary tumors. Vet Clin North Am 1985:15:513-520.
Kristiansen VM, et al. Effect of ovariohysterectomy at the time of tumor removal in dogs with benign mammary tumors and hyperplastic lesions: A
randomized controlled clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2013:27:935-942.
Morris JS, et al. Effect of ovariohysterectomy in bitches with mammary neoplasms. Vet Rec 1998:142:656-658.
Overley B, et al. Case-control study of hormonal influences on the development of feline mammary gland carcinoma. Proc Vet Cancer Soc 2002:36.
Rutteman GR, Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG. Tumors of the mammary gland. In:Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds. Small animal clinical oncology. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001:455-477.
Philibert JC, et al. Influence of host factors on survival in dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:102-106.
Sorenmo KU. Canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Clin North Am 2003;33:573-596.
Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH. Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med
2000;14:266-270.
Viste JR, et al. Feline mammary adenocarcinoma: tumor size as a prognostic indicator. Can Vet J 2002;43:33-37.
Waldron DR. Diagnosis and surgical management of mammary neoplasia in dogs and cats. Vet Med 2001:943-948.
Yamagami T, et al. Influence of ovariectomy at the time of mastectomy on the prognosis for canine malignant mammary tumours. J Small Anim Pract
1996;37:462-464.

Skin Grafting and Reconstruction Techniques

1. Pavletic MM. The Vascular supply to the skin of the dog; a review. Vet Surg 1980;9:77.
2. Pavletic MM. The integument. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003.
3. Pavletic MM. Pedicle grafts. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 2003.
4. Pavletic MM. Underming the skin in the dog and cat. Mod vet Pract 1986;67:16.
5. Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, PhilaÖ¾ delphia: WB Saunders, 1999.
6. Pavletic MM. Caudal superficial epigastric arterial pedicle grafts in the dog. Vet Surg 1980;9:103.
7. Pavletic MM. Canine axial pattern flaps, using the omocervical, thoraÖ¾ codorsal, and deep circumflex iliac direct cutaneous arteries. Am J Vet
Res 1981;42:391.
8. Alexander JW, Hoffer RE, MacDonald JM. The use of tubular flap grafts in the treatment of traumatic wounds on the extremity of the cat. Feline
Pract 1976:6:2.
9. Yturraspe DJ, Creed JE, Schwach RP. Thoracic pedicle skin flap for repair of lower limb wounds in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1976;12:581.
10. Pavletic MM, Kostolich M, Koblik P, et al. Comparison of the cutaneous trunci myocutaneous flap and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in the
dog. Vet Surg 1987:16:283.
11. Matera JM, Tatarunas AC, Fantori DT, asconcellos CNC. Use of scrotum as a transposition flap for closure of surgical wounds in three dogs. Vet
Surg 2004;33:99.
12. Hunt GB, Tisdall PLC, Liptak JM, et al. Skin fold advancement flaps for closing large proximal limb and trunk defects in two dogs and cats. Vet
Surg 2001:30:440.
13. Hunt GB. Skin fold advancement flips for closing large sternal and inguinal wounds in cats and dogs. Vet Surg 1995;24:172.
14. Anderson DM, Charlesworth TC, White RAS. A novel axial pattern flap based on the lateral thoracic artery in the dog; lateral thoracic skin flap.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2004;17:57.
15. Fahie MA, Smith MM. Axial pattern flap based on the cutaneous branch of the superficial temporal artery in dogs: An experimental study and
case report. Vet Surg 1999;28:141.
16. Fahie MA, Smith MM. Axial pattern flap based on superficial temporal artery in cats; an experimental study. 1997;26:86.
17. Aper R, Smeak D. Complications and outcome after thoracodorsal axial pattern flap reconstruction of forelimb skin defects in 10 dogs,
19892001Ö¾. Vet Surg 2003;32:378.
18. Lidbetter DA, Williams FA, Krahwinkel OJ, et al. Radical lateral bodyÖ¾wall resection for fibrosarcoma with reconstruction using polypropylene
mesh and a caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap: a prospective clinical study of the technique and results in six cats. Vet Surg 2002;31:57.
19. Lester S, Pratschke K. Certral hemimaxillectomy and reconstruction using a superficial temporal artery axial pattern flap in a domestic short hair
cat. Fel Med Surg 2003:5:241.
20. Stiles J, Townsend W, Willis M, et al. Use of a caudal auricular axial pattern flap in three cats and one dog following orbital exenteration. Vet
ophthal 2003:6:121.
21. Smith MM: Carrig CB, Waldron DR, et al. Direct cutaneous arterial supply to the tail in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992:53:145.
22. Kostolich M, Pavletic MM. Axial pattern flap based on the genicular branch of the saphenous artery in the dog. Vet Surg 1987:16:217.
23. Pavletic MM, Macintire D. Phycomycosis of the axilla and inner brachium in a dog: surgical excision and reconstruction with a thoracodorsal axial
pattern flap. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982:180:1197.
24. Henney LHS, Pavletic MM. Axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery in the dog. Vet Surg 17:311, 1988.
25. Sardinas JC, Pavletic MM, Ross JT, et al. Comparative viability of penisular and island axial pattern flaps incorporation the cranial superficial
epigastric artery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995:207:452.
26. Remedios AM, Bauer MS, Bowen CV. Thoracodorsal and caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern skin flaps in cats. Am J Vet Res 1992:53:145.
27. Smith MM, Payne JT, Moon ML, et al. Axial pattern flap based on the caudal auricular artery in dogs. Am JVet Res 1991:52:922.
28. Pavletic MM, Wafters J, Henry RW, et al. Reverse saphenous conduit flap in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982:182:380.
29. Cornell K, Salisbury K, Jakovljevic S, et al. Reverse saphenous conduit flap in cats: an anatomic study. Vet Surg 1995:24:202.
30. Milton SH. Experimental studies of island flaps. I. The surviving length. Plast Reconstr Surg 1971:48:574.
31. Gourley IM. Neurovascular island flap for treatment of trophic metacarpal pad ulcer in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1978:14:119.
32. Pavletic MM. Surgery of the skin and management of wounds. In: Sherding R, ed. Diseases of the cat: diagnosis and management. New York:
Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
33. Lascelles BDX, White RAS. Combined omental pedicle graft and thoracodorsal axial pattern flaps for the reconstruction of chronic nonhealing
wounds in cat. Vet Surg 2001:30:380.
34. Mayhew PD, Holt DE. Simultaneous use of bilateral caudal superficial epigastiric axial pattern flaps for wound closure in a dog. Sm Anim Pract
2003:44:534.
35. Krizek TJTani T, Desprez JD, et al. Experimental transplantation of composite grafts by microsurical vascular anastomoes. Plast Reconstr Surg
1965:36:358.
36. Tsai TJ et al. The effect of hypothermia and tissue perfusion on extended myocutaneous flap viability. Plast Resconstr Surg 1982:70:444.
37. Harii K, Ohmori K, Sekiguchi J. The free musculocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1973:57:294.
38. Schlenker JD. Discussion: the effect of hypothermia and tissue perfusion on extended myocutaneous flap viability. Plast Reconstr Surg
1982:70:453.
39. Erol 00, Spira M. Secondary musculocutaneous flap: an experimental study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980:65:277.
40. Schechter GL, Biller HF, Ogura JH. Revascularized skin flaps: a new concept in transfer of skin flaps. Laryngoscope 1969:79:1647.
41. Swanson SW, Goring RI, Dehann JJ, et al. Reconstruction of a facial defect using the ear pinna as a composite flap. J Am Animal Hosp Assoc
1998:34:399.
42. Pavletic MM, Nafe LA, Confer AW. Mucocutaneous subdermal plexus flap from the lip for lower eyelid restroration in the dog. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1982:180:921.
43. Hunt GB. Use of the lip to lid flap for replacement of the lower eyelid in cats. Vet Surg 2006;35:284.
44. Pavletic MM. An external skin-stretching device for wound closure in dogs and cats. J. Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:350.
45. Spodnick G, Pavletic MM, Schelling S, et al. Controlled tissue expansion in the distal extremities of dogs. Vet Surg 1993;22:436.
46. Keller WG, Anon DN, Rarich PM, et al. Rapid tissue expansion for the development of rotational skin flaps in the distal portion of the hind limb of
dogs: an experimental study. Vet Surg 1994;23:31.
47. Johnston DE. Tissue expanders. Vet Clin No Am. 1990;20:227.
48. Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Small animal wound management. Philadelphia Williams and Wilkins, 1997.
49. Bradley DM, Swaim SF, Alexander CM, et al. Autogenous pad grafts for reconstruction of a weight - bearing surface: a case report. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 1994;30:533.
50. Aragon CL, Harvey SE, Allen SW, Stevenson MA. Partial thickness skin grafting for large thermal skin wounds in dogs. Compen Contin Edu
2004;26;2005.
51. Pavletic MM. Foot salvage by delayed reimplantation of severe metatarsal and digital pads using a bipedicle direct flap technique. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 1994;30:539.
52. Bradley DM, Scardino MS, Swaim SF. Construction of a weight-bearing surface on a dog distal pelvic limb. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998;34:387.
Mesh Skin Grafting
Fowler D: Distal limb and paw injuries. Vet Clin Small Anim 2006; 36: 819-845.
Swaim SF, Henderson RA: Wounds on the limbs. In: Small animal wound management. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990.
Macphail CM: Skin grafts. In: Fossum TW (ed). Small animal surgery 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Elsevier, 2013.

Reconstructive Microsurgical Applications

1. Gustilo RB, Merkow RL, Templeman D. Current concepts review: the management of open fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:299-304.
2. Asaadi M, Murray KA, Russell RC, et al. Experimental evaluation of free tissue transfer to promote healing of infected wounds in dogs. Ann Plast
Surg 1986;17:6-12.
3. Richards RR, Schemitsch EH. Effect of muscle flap coverage on bone blood flow following devascularization of a segment of tibia: an experimental
investigation in the dog. J Orthop Res 1989;7:550-558.
4. Richards RR, McKee MD, Paitich B, et al. A comparison of the effects of skin coverage and muscle flap coverage on the early strength of union at
the site of osteotomy after devascularization of a segment of canine tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73:1323-1330.
5. Anthony JP, Mathes SJ, Alpert BS. The muscle flap in the treatment of chronic lower extremity osteomyelitis: results in patients over 5 years after
treatment. Plast Reconst Surg 1991; 88:311-318.
6. Jaeger K, Stark GB. Clinical and experimental evidence for the improvement of perfusion from free myocutaneous flaps. In: Stuttgart DR, ed.
Microsurgical tissue transplantation. Chicago: Quintessence, 1989:217-222.
7. McKee NH, Kuzon WM. Functioning free muscle transplantation: making it work? What is known? Ann Plast Surg 1989; 23:249-254.
8. Manktelow RT, Zuker RN. The principles of functioning muscle transplantation: applications to the upper arm. Ann Plast Surg 1989;22:275-281.
9. Taylor GI, Minabe T. The angiosomes of the mammals and other vertebrates. Plast Reconst Surg 1992;89:181-215.
10. Gregory CR, Gourley IM, Koblik PD, et al. Experimental definition of latissimus dorsi, gracilis, and rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps in
the dog. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:878-884.
11. Weinstein MJ, Pavletic MM, Boudrieau RJ. Caudal sartorius muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 1988,17:203-210.
12. Solano M, Purinton PT, Chambers JN, et al. Effects of vascular pedicle ligation on blood flow in canine semitendinosus muscle. Am J Vet Res
1995;56:731-735.
13. Pavletic MM. Canine axial pattern flaps, using the omocervical, thoracodorsal, and deep circumflex iliac direct cutaneous arteries. Am J Vet Res
1981;42:391-406.
14. Pavletic MM. Caudal superficial epigastric arterial pedicle grafts in the dog. Vet Surg 1980;9:103-107.
15. Henney LHS, Pavletic MM. Axial pattern flap based on the superficial brachial artery in the dog. Vet Surg 1988; 17:311-317.
16. Smith MM, Shults S, Waldron DR, et al. Platysma myocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction in cats. Head Neck 1993;15:433-439.
17. Smith MM, Payne JT, Moon ML, et al. Axial pattern flap based on the caudal auricular artery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52:922-925.
18. Remedios AM, Bauer MS, Bowen CV. Thoracodorsal and caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern skin flaps in cats. Vet Surg 1989;18:380-385.
19. Weinstein MJ, Pavletic MM, Boudrieau RJ, et al. Cranial sartorius muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 1989,18:286-291.
20. Degner DA, Bauer MS, Steyn PF, et al. The cranial rectus abdominis muscle pedicle flap in the dog. Vet Comparative Orthop Traumatol
1994;7:21-24.
21. Purinton PT, Chambers JN, Moore JL. Identification and categorization of the vascular patterns to muscles of the thoracic limb, thorax, and neck
of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:1435-1445.
22. Chambers JN, Purinton PT, Allen SW, et al. Identification and anatomic categorization of the vascular patterns to the pelvic limb muscles of dogs.
Am J Vet Res 1990;51:305-313.
23. Jackson M. Platelet physiology and platelet function: inhibition by aspirin. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1987;9:627-638.
24. Concannon KT, Haskins SC, Feldman BF. Hemostatic defects associated with two infusion rates of dextran 70 in dogs. Am J Vet Res
1992;53:1369-1372.
25. Zelt RG, Olding M, Kerrigan CL, et al. Primary and secondary critical ischemia times of myocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986;78:500-
503.
26. Picard-Ami LA, Thomson JG, Kerrigan CL. Critical ischemia times and survival patterns of experimental pig flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg
1990;86:739-743.
27. Kerrigan CL, Zelt RG, Daniel RK. Secondary critical ischemia time of experimental skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 74:522-526.
28. Degner DA, Walshaw R. Medial saphenous fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flap transfer in eight dogs. Vet Surg 1997; 26:20-25.
29. Fowler JD, Miller CW Bowen V, et al. Transfer of free vascular cutaneous flaps by microvascular anastomosis: results in six dogs. Vet Surg
1987;16:446-450.
30. Miller CW, Fowler JD, Bowen CVA, et al. Experimental and clinical free cutaneous transfers in the dog. Microsurgery 1991;12:113-118.
31. Degner DA, Walshaw R, Lanz O, et al. The medial saphenous fasciocutaneous free flap in dogs. Vet Surg 1996;25:105-113.
32. Philibert D, Fowler JD, Clapson JB. The anatomic basis for a trapezius muscle flaps in dogs. Vet Surg 1992;21:429-434.
33. Philibert D, Fowler JD, Clapson JB. Free microvascular transfer of the trapezius musculocutaneous flap in dog. Vet Surg 1992;21:435-440.
34. Nicoll SA, Fowler JD, Remedios AR, et al. Development of a free latissimus dorsi muscle flap in cats. Vet Surg 1996;22:40-48.
35. Fowler JD, Levitt L, Bowen CVA. Microsurgical free bone transfer in the dog. Microsurgery 1991;12:145-150.
36. Brown K, Marie P, Lyszakowski T, et al. Epiphysial growth after free fibular transfer with and without microvascular anastomosis. J Bone Joint
Surg Br 1983;65:493-501.
37. Ostrup LT, Fredrickson JM. Distant transfer of a free, living bone graft by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974;54:274-285.
38. Levitt L, Fowler JD, Longley M, et al. A developmental model for free vascularized bone transfers in the dog. Vet Surg 1988;17:194-202.
39. Szentimrey DG, Fowler JD. The anatomic basis of a free vascularized bone graft based on the distal canine ulna. Vet Surg 1994;23:529-533.
40. Szentimrey DG, Fowler JD, Johnston C, et al. Transplantation of the canine distal ulna as a free vascularized bone graft. Vet Surg 1995;24:215-
225.
41. Philibert D, Fowler JD. The trapezius osteomusculocutaneous flaps in dogs. Vet Surg 1993;22:444-450.
42. Swaim SF, Bradley DM, Steiss JE, et al. Free segmental paw pad grafts in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:2161-2170.
43. Swaim SF, Riddell KP, Powers RD. Healing of segmental grafts of digital pad skin in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:406-410.
44. Gourley IM. Neurovascular island flap for treatment of trophic metacarpal pad ulcer in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1978;14:119-125.
45. Basher A. Foot injuries in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Ed Pract Vet 1994;16:1159-1176.
46. Basher AWP, Fowler JD, Bowen CV, et al. Microneurovascular free digital pad transfer in the dog. Vet Surg 1990;19:226-231.

Paw and Distal Limb Salvage and Reconstructive Techniques

Barclay CG, Fowler JD, Basher AW. Use of the carpal pad to salvage the forelimb in a dog and cat: An alternative to total limb amputation. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 1987;23,527 532.
Basher AW. Foot injuries in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1994;16:1159 1178.
Bradley DM, Shealy PM, Swaim SF. Meshed skin graft and phalangeal fillet for paw salvage: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993;29:427
433.
Bradley DM, Swaim SF, Alexander CN, et al. Autogenous pad grafts for reconstruction of a weight bearing surface: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 1994;30:533 538.
Newman ME, Lee AH, Swaim SF, et al. Wound healing of sutured and nonsutured canine metatarsal foot pad incisions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1986;22:757 761.
Pavletic MM. Atlas of small animal reconstructive surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1999:365.
Pavletic MM. Foot salvage by delayed reimplantation of severed metatarsal and digital pads by using a bipedicle direct flap technique. J Am Anim.
Hosp Assoc 1994;30:539 547.
Swaim SF. Management and bandaging of soft tissue injuries of dog and cat feet. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:329 340. Swaim SF. Wound
management of distal limbs and paws: reconstruction and salvage. Vet Med Rep 1990;2:128 139.
Swaim SF, Amalsadvala T, Marghitu DB, et. al. Pressure reduction effects of subdermal silicone block gel particle implantation: A preliminary study.
Wounds. 2004; 16:299-312.
Swaim SF, Bradley DM, Steiss JE, et al. Free segmental paw pad grafts in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:2161 2170.
Swaim SF, Garrett PD. Foot salvage techniques in dogs and cats: options, “do's and don'ts.” J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985; 21:511 519.
Swaim SF, Henderson RA. Small animal wound management, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:295.
Swaim SF, Lee AH, MacDonald JM, et al. Fusion podoplasty for the treatment of chronic fibrosing interdigital pyoderma in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 1991;27:264 274.
Swaim SF, Marghitu DB, Rumph PF, et. al. Effects of bandage configuration on paw pad pressure in dogs: A preliminary study. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 2003;39:209-216.
Swaim SF, Milton JL. Fusion podoplasty to treat abnormalities associated with severed digital flexion tendons. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1994;30:137
144.
Swaim SF, Riddell KP, Powers RD. Healing of segmental grafts of digital pad skin in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:406 410.
Vig MM. Management of integumentary wounds of extremities in dogs: An experimental study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21: 187 192.

Heart and Great Vessels

Orton, E.C.: Congenital heart defect. Small animal thoracic surgery. Edited by E.C. Orton. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins, 1995, pp 203-227.
Orton, E.C.: Cardiac surgery. Textbook of small animal surgery. Edited by D. Slatter. Philadelphia. W.B.Saunders, 2002, pp 955-986.
Eyster, G.E., Probst, M.R.: Basic cardiovascular surgery and procedures. In Canine and feline cardiology. Edited by P.R. Fox. New York. Churchill
Livingston, 1988, pp 605-624.
Birchard, S.J., Bonagura, J.D., Fingland, R.B.: Results of ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in: 201 cases (1969-1988). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
196:2011, 1990.
Hunter, S. L., Culp, L. B., Muir, W. W., 3rd, et al. Sodium nitroprusside-induced deliberate hypotension to facilitate patent ductus arteriosus ligation in
dogs Vet Surg, 32:336, 2003.
Hunt G.B., Simpson D.J., Beck J.A., et al. Intraoperative hemorrhage during patent ductus arteriosus ligation in dogs. Vet Surg, 30:58, 2001.

Surgical Management of Pulmonic Stenosis

1. Buchanan JW: Causes and prevalence of cardiovascular disease. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, eds.: Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 1992, p 647.
2. Buchanan JW: Changing breed predispositions in canine heart disease. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACVIM Forum, 1992, p 213.
3. Bonagura JD, Darke PG: Congenital heart disease. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EE, eds.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1995, p 892.
4. Thomas WP: Therapy in congenital pulmonic stenosis. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, eds.: Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1995, p 817.
5. Eyster GE: Basic cardiac surgical procedure. In: Slater DH, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993, p 462.
6. Orton EC: Pulmonic stenosis and subvalvular aortic stenosis: surgical options. Sem Vet Med Surg 9:221, 1994.
7. Ewey DM, Pion PD, Hird, DW: Survival in treated and untreated dogs with pulmonic stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 2:114 (abstract),1992.
8. Hellyer PW: Anesthesia in patients with cardiovascular disease. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, eds.: Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1992, p 655.
9. Breznock EM: Surgical relief of pulmonic stenosis. In: Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1990, p 513.
10. Swan H: Surgery by direct vision in the open heart during hypothermia. J Am Med Assoc 153:1081, 1953.
11. Breznock EM, Wood GL: A patch-graft technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:1090, 1976.
12. Shores A, Weirick WE: A modified pericardial patch graft technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:809,
1985.
13. Orton EC, Bruecker KA, McCracken TO: An open patch graft technique for correction of pulmonic stenosis in the dog. Vet Surg 19:148, 1990.
14. Hunt GB, Pearson MRB, Bellenger CR, Malik R: Use of a modified open patch-graft technique and valvulectomy for correction of severe pulmonic
stenosis in dogs: eight consecutive cases. Aust Vet J 70:244, 1993.
15. Staudte KL, Gibson NR, Read RA, Edwards GA: Evaluation of closed pericardial patch grafting for management of severe pulmonic stenosis.
Aust Vet J 82:33, 2004.
16. Ford RB, Spaulding GL, Eyster GE: Use of an extra cardiac conduit in the repair of supravalvular pulmonic stenosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 172:922, 1978.
17. Orton EC: Cardiopulmonary bypass for small animals. Sem Vet Med Surg 9:210, 1994.

Interventional Catheterization for Congenital Heart Disease

1. Buchanan J. Patent ductus arteriosus : mophology, pathogenesis, types and treatment. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 2001;3:7-19.
2. Benson LN CK. The arterial duct: its persistence and its patency. In: Anderson RH BE, Macartney FH, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA, Tynan M, ed.
Paediatric Cardiology, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1405-1460.
3. Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Strengers JL, Mentink M, et al. Histologic studies on normal and persistent ductus arteriosus in the dog. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1985;6:394-404.
4. Buchanan JW, Patterson DF. Etiology of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:167-171.
5. Patterson DF, Pyle RL, Buchanan JW, et al. Hereditary patent ductus arteriosus and its sequelae in the dog. Circ Res 1971;29:1-13.
6. Buchanan J. Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders. In: Fox PR SD, Moise NS, ed. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology - Principles and
Clinical Practice., 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1999:457-470.
7. Van Israel N, French AT, Dukes-McEwan J, et al. Review of left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus and short term outcome in 98 dogs. J
Small Anim Pract 2002;43:395-400.
8. Snaps FR, Mc Entee K, Saunders JH, et al. Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus by placement of intravascular coils in a pup. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1995;207:724-725.
9. Fox PR, Bond BR, Sommer RJ. Nonsurgical transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in two dogs using a preformed nitinol snare
delivery technique. J Vet Intern Med 1998;12:182-185.
10. Saunders JH, Snaps FR, Peeters D, et al. Use of a balloon occlusion catheter to facilitate transarterial coil embolisation of a patent ductus
arteriosus in two dogs. Vet Rec 1999;145:544-546.
11. Stokhof AA, Sreeram N, Wolvekamp WT. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using occluding spring coils. J Vet Intern Med
2000;14:452-455.
12. Schneider M, Hildebrandt N, Schweigl T, et al. Transvenous embolization of small patent ductus arteriosus with single detachable coils in dogs. J
Vet Intern Med 2001;15:222-228.
13. Hogan DF, Green HW, III, Gordon S, et al. Transarterial coil embolization of patent ductus arteriosus in small dogs with 0.025-inch vascular
occlusion coils: 10 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2004;18:325-329.
14. Gordon SG, Miller MW. Transarterial Coil Embolization for Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occlusion. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal
Practice 2005;20:196-202.
15. Grifka RG, Miller MW, Frischmeyer KJ, et al. Transcatheter occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus in a Newfoundland puppy using the Gianturco-
Grifka vascular occlusion device. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:42-44.
16. Glaus TM, Berger F, Ammann FW, et al. Closure of large patent ductus arteriosus with a self-expanding duct occluder in two dogs. J Small Anim
Pract 2002;43:547-550.
17. Sisson D. Use of a self-expanding occluding stent for nonsurgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
2003;223:999-1005.
18. Hogan DF, Green HW, Sanders RA. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in a dog with a peripheral vascular occlusion device.
Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 2006;8:139-143.
19. Nguyenba TP, Tobias AH. Minimally Invasive Per-Catheter Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occlusion in Dogs Using a Prototype Duct Occluder. Journal
of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2008;22:129-134.
20. McEntee K, Snaps F, Clercx C, et al. Clinical vignette. Tetralogy of Fallot associated with a patent ductus arteriosus in a German shepherd dog. J
Vet Intern Med 1998;12:53-55.
21. Krichenko A, Benson LN, Burrows P, et al. Angiographic classification of the isolated, persistently patent ductus arteriosus and implications for
percutaneous catheter occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:877-880.
22. Nguyenba TP, Tobias AH. The Amplatz(R) canine duct occluder: A novel device for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion. Journal of Veterinary
Cardiology 2007;9:109-117.
23. Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Achen SE, et al. Transarterial ductal occlusion using the Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder in 40 dogs. J Vet Cardiol
2010;12:85-92.
24. Ronald G. Grifka MD TKJ. Transcatheter closure of large PDA using 0.052? Gianturco coils: Controlled delivery using a bioptome catheter
through a 4 French sheath. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2000;49:301-306.
25. Miller M. Transarterial coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus: outcome in 120 cases. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Forum of the American
College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2002:102.
26. Campbell FE, Thomas WP, Miller SJ, et al. Immediate And Late Outcomes Of Transarterial Coil Occlusion Of Patent Ductus Arteriosus In Dogs. J
Vet Intern Med 2006;20:83-96.
27. Carlson JA, Achen SA, Saunders AB, et al. Delayed embolization of an Amplatz((R)) canine duct occluder in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2013;15:271-
276.
28. Singh MK, Kittleson MD, Kass PH, et al. Occlusion Devices and Approaches in Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Comparison of Outcomes.
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2012;26:85-92.
29. Schneider M SI, Wehner M, Hildebrandt N. Transvenous embolization of large PDA (>4.0 mm) with stiff and multiple coils (abstract). J Vet Intern
Med 2002;16:630.
30. Van Israel N, French AT, Wotton PR, et al. Hemolysis associated with patent ductus arteriosus coil embolization in a dog. J Vet Intern Med
2001;15:153-156.
31. Schneider M, Hildebrandt N. Transvenous embolization of the patent ductus arteriosus with detachable coils in 2 cats. J Vet Intern Med
2003;17:349-353.
32. Hildebrandt N, Schneider C, Schweigl T, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up after Transvenous Single Coil Embolization of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in
Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24:1400-1406.
33. Buchanan JW, Soma LR, Patterson DF. Patent ductus arteriosus surgery in small dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967;151:701-707.
34. Stanley BJ, Luis-Fuentes V, Darke PG. Comparison of the incidence of residual shunting between two surgical techniques used for ligation of
patent ductus arteriosus in the dog. Vet Surg 2003;32:231-237.
35. Patterson DF, Haskins ME, Schnarr WR. Hereditary dysplasia of the pulmonary valve in beagle dogs. Pathologic and genetic studies. Am J
Cardiol 1981;47:631-641.
36. Buchanan JW. Pulmonic stenosis caused by single coronary artery in dogs: four cases (1965-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:115-120.
37. Buchanan JW. Pathogenesis of single right coronary artery and pulmonic stenosis in English Bulldogs. J Vet Intern Med 2001;15:101-104.
38. Kittleson M, Thomas W, Loyer C, et al. Single coronary artery (type R2A). J Vet Intern Med 1992;6:250-251.
39. Visser LC, Scansen BA, Schober KE. Single left coronary ostium and an anomalous prepulmonic right coronary artery in 2 dogs with congenital
pulmonary valve stenosis. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 2013;15:161-169.
40. Waterman MI, Abbott JA. Novel Coronary Artery Anomaly in an English Bulldog with Pulmonic Stenosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
2013;27:1256-1259.
41. Stamm MD C, Anderson MD F, Robert H., Ho PhD F, Siew Yen. Clinical Anatomy of the Normal Pulmonary Root Compared With That in Isolated
Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1998;31:1420-1425.
42. Bussadori C, DeMadron E, Santilli RA, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty in 30 dogs with pulmonic stenosis: effect of valve morphology and annular size
on initial and 1-year outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2001;15:553-558.
43. Fingland RB, Bonagura JD, Myer CW. Pulmonic stenosis in the dog: 29 cases (1975-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;189:218-226.
44. Johnson MS, Martin M, Edwards D, et al. Pulmonic stenosis in dogs: balloon dilation improves clinical outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:656-
662.
45. Yeager SB FM, Keane JF. Catheter intervention: Balloon valvotomy. In: Lock JE KJ, Perry SB, ed. Diagnostic and Interventional Catheterization
in Congenital Heart Disease. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 2000:151-178.
46. Ring JC, Kulik TJ, Burke BA, et al. Morphologic changes induced by dilation of the pulmonary valve anulus with overlarge balloons in normal
newborn lambs. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:210-214.
47. Berman W, Jr., Fripp RR, Raisher BD, et al. Significant pulmonary valve incompetence following oversize balloon pulmonary valveplasty in small
infants: A long-term follow-up study. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography &
Interventions 1999;48:61-65; discussion 66.
48. Bright JM, Jennings J, Toal R, et al. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for treatment of pulmonic stenosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1987;191:995-996.
49. Sisson DD, MacCoy DM. Treatment of congenital pulmonic stenosis in two dogs by balloon valvuloplasty. J Vet Intern Med 1988;2:92-99.
50. Madron Ed, Bussadori C. Five cases of valvuloplasty with a balloon catheter for stenotic pulmonary valves in dogs. Pratique Médicale &
Chirurgicale de l'Animal de Compagnie 1994;29:383-391.
51. Martin MWS, Godman M, Fuentes VL, et al. Assessment of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in six dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice
1992;33:443-449.
52. Johnson MS, Martin M. Results of balloon valvuloplasty in 40 dogs with pulmonic stenosis. J Small Anim Pract 2004;45:148-153.
53. Estrada A, Moise NS, Erb HN, et al. Prospective evaluation of the balloon-to-annulus ratio for valvuloplasty in the treatment of pulmonic stenosis
in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:862-872.
54. Pyle RL, Patterson DF, Chacko S. The genetics and pathology of discrete subaortic stenosis in the Newfoundland dog. Am Heart J 1976;92:324-
334.
55. Kienle RD, Thomas WP, Pion PD. The natural clinical history of canine congenital subaortic stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 1994;8:423-431.
56. DeLellis LA, Thomas WP, Pion PD. Balloon dilation of congenital subaortic stenosis in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 1993;7:153-162.
57. Meurs KM, Lehmkuhl LB, Bonagura JD. Survival times in dogs with severe subvalvular aortic stenosis treated with balloon valvuloplasty or
atenolol. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:420-424.
58. Orton EC, Herndon GD, Boon JA, et al. Influence of open surgical correction on intermediate-term outcome in dogs with subvalvular aortic
stenosis: 44 cases (1991-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:364-367.
59. Kleman ME, Estrada AH, Maisenbacher HW, 3rd, et al. How to perform combined cutting balloon and high pressure balloon valvuloplasty for
dogs with subaortic stenosis. J Vet Cardiol 2012;14:351-361.
60. Oguchi Y, Matsumoto H, Masuda Y, et al. Balloon dilation of right ventricular outflow tract in a dog with tetralogy of Fallot. J Vet Med Sci
1999;61:1067-1069.
61. Adin DB, Thomas WP. Balloon dilation of cor triatriatum dexter in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 1999;13:617-619.
62. Brown WA, Thomas WP. Balloon valvuloplasty of tricuspid stenosis in a Labrador retriever. J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:419-424.
63. Kunze P, Abbott JA, Hamilton SM, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty for palliative treatment of tricuspid stenosis with right-to-left atrial-level shunting in a
dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:491-496, 464.
64. MacLean HN, Abbott JA, Pyle RL. Balloon dilation of double-chambered right ventricle in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16:478-484.

Surgical Correction of Persistent Right Aortic Arch

Buchanon JW: Tracheal signs and associated vascular anomalies in dogs with persistent right aortic arch. J Vet Intern Med 18:510, 2004.
Ellison GW: Vascular ring anomalies in the dog and cat. Comp Cont Ed 2:693, 1980.
Gunby JM, Hardie RJ, Bjorling DE: Investigation of the potential herita-bility of persistent right aortic arch in Greyhounds. J Am Vet Med Assoc
224:1120, 2004.
Helphrey ML: Vascular ring anomalies in the dog. Vet Clin N Am 9:207, 1979.
Holt D, Heldman E, Mikel K, et al: Esophageal obstruction caused by a left aortic arch and an anomalous right patent ductus arteriosus in two
German shepherd littermates. Vet Surg 29:264, 2000.
Macphail CM, Monnet E, Twedt DC. Thorascopic corrections of persistant right aortic arch in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:577, 2001.
Muldoon MM, Birchard SJ, Ellison GW: Long-term results of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs: 25 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc
210:1761, 1997.
Shires PK: Persistent right aortic arch in dogs: a long-term follow-up after surgical correction. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:773, 1981.
Van Gundy T: Vascular ring anomalies. Comp ContEduc Pract Vet 11:36, 1989.
Vianna ML, Krahwinkel DJ: Double aortic arch in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1222, 2004.
Wheaton LG: Persistent right aortic arch associated with other vascular anomalies in two cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:848, 1984.
Surgical Treatment of Pericardial Diseases and Cardiac Neoplasms
Aronson LR, Gregory CR. Infectious pericardial effusion in five dogs. Vet Surg 1995; 24:402-407.
Aronsohn M. Cardiac hemangiosarcoma in the dog: a review of 38 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187:922.
Berg RJ, Wingfield WE. Pericardial effusion in the dog: a review of 42 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984; 20:721-730.
Berg RJ, Wingfield WE, Hoopes PJ. Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion in eight dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185:988-992.
Christensen EE, Bonte FJ. The relative accuracy of echocardiography, intravenous CO2 studies, and blood pool scanning in detecting pericardial
effusions in dogs. Radiology 1968; 91:265.
Chun R, Kellihan HB, Henik RA, Stepien RL. Comparisonof plasma cardiac troponin 1 concentrations among dogs with cardiac heman-giosarcoma,
noncardiac hemangiosarcoma, other neoplaasms, and pericardid effusion of nonhemangiosarcoma origin. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010; 237:806-811.
Ehrhart N, Ehrhart EJ, Willis J, Sisson D, et al. Analysis of factors affecting survival in dogs with aortic body tumors. Vet Surg 2002; 31: 44-48.
Heinritz CK, Gilson SD, Soderstrom MJ, Robertson TA, et al. Subtotal pericardiectomy and epicardial excision for treatment of coccid-ioidomycosis-
induced effusive-constrictive pericarditis in dogs: 17
cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227 : 435-439. Holt JP, The normal pericardium. Am J Cardiol 1970; 26:455.
Lombard CW. Pericardial disease. Vet Clin North Am 1983; 13:337.
McDonald KA, Cagney O, Magne ML. Echocardiographic and clinico-pathologic characterization of pericardial effusion in dogs: 107 cases (1985-
2006). J AM Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1456-1461.
Patnaik AK, Liu SK, Hurvitz AI, et al. Canine chemodectoma (extra-adrenal paragangliomas): a comparative study. J Small Anim Pract 1975; 16:785-
80.
Shaw SP, Rozanski EA, Rush JE. Cardiac troponins I and II in dogs with pericardial effusion. J Vet Int Med 2004; 18: 322-324.
Sidley JA, Atkins CE, Keene BW, DeFrancesco. Percutaneous ballon pericardiectomy as a treatment for recurrent pericardial effusion in 6 dogs. J
Vet Int Med 2002; 16: 5431-546.
Sisson D, Thomas WP, Ruehl WW, et al. Diagnostic value of pericardial fluid analysis in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 184:51-55.
Sisson D, Thomas WP, Reed, et al. Intrapericardial cysts in the dog. J Vet Int Med 1993; 7:364-369.
Thomas WP, Sisson D, Bauer TG, et al. Detection of cardiac masses in dogs by two-dimensional echocardiography. Vet Radiol 1984; 25:65-72.
Thomas WP, Reed JR, Bauer TF, et al. Constrictive pericardial disease in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 184:546-553.
Vicari ED, Brown DC, Holt DE, Brockman DJ. Survival times of and prognostic indicators for dogs with heart base masses: 25 cases (1986-1999). J
Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:485-487.

Lymphatics and Lymph Nodes Management of Chylothorax

1. Bezuidenhout AJ: The lymphatic system In Evans HE, ed.: Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1993, p 717.
2. Fossum TW, Mertens MM, Miller MW, et al.: Thoracic duct ligation and pericardectomy for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax. J Vet Intern Med
18:307, 2004.
3. Birchard SJ, Smeak DD, McLoughlin MA. Treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs and cats. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 212:652, 1998.
4. Fossum TW: Small Animal Surgery. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2002, 788.
5. Holt JC. A review of traumatic chylothorax with a case report of spontaneous remission in a dog. Aust Vet Pract 8:135, 1978.
6. Hodges CC, Fossum TW, Evering W. Evaluation of thoracic duct healing after experimental laceration and transaction. Vet Surg 22:431, 1993.
7. Birchard SJ, Cantwell HD, Bright RMI. Lymphangiography and ligation of the canine thoracic duct: a study in normal dogs and three dogs with
chylothorax. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 18:769, 1982.
8. Bilbrey SA, Birchard SJ. Pulmonary lymphatics in dogs with experimentally induced chylothorax. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 30:86, 1994.
9. Fossum TW. Feline chylothorax. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 15:549, 1993.
10. Suter PF. Thoracic Radiography: A Text Atlas of Thoracic Diseases of the Dog and Cat, With Contributions by Peter F. Lord. Wettswil,
Switzerland : P.F. Suter, 1984, 683.
11. Birchard SJ, Smeak DD, Fossum TW. Results of thoracic duct ligation in dogs with chylothorax. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 193:68, 1988.
12. Fossum TW, Forrester SD, Swenson CL, et al. Chylothorax in cats: 37 cases (19691989). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 198:672, 1991.
13. Willard MD, Fossum TW, Torrance A, et al. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with idiopathic or experimentally induced chylothorax in
four dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 199:353, 1991.
14. Thompson MS, Cohn LA, Jordan RC. Use of rutin for medical management of idiopathic chylothorax in four cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:345,
1999.
15. Gould L. The medical management of idiopathic chylothorax in a domestic long-haired cat. Can Vet J. 45:51, 2004.
16. Kopko SH. The use of rutin in a cat with idiopathic chylothorax. Can Vet J. 46:72, 2005.
17. Markham KM, Glover JL, Welsh RJ, et al. Octreotide in the treatment of thoracic duct injuries. Am Surg. 66:1165, 2000.
18. Sicard GK, Hardie RJ, Hayashi K, et al. The use of a somatostatin analogue (Octreotide) for the treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs and
cats. Vet Surg 32:496, 2003.
19. Smeak DD, Birchard SJ, McLoughlin MA, et al. Treatment of chronic pleural effusion with pleuroperitoneal shunts in dogs: 14 cases (19851999).
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 219:1590, 2001.
20. Lafond E, Weirich WE, Salisbury SK. Omentalization of the thorax for treatment of idiopathic chylothorax with constrictive pleuritis in a cat. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc. 38:74, 2002.
21. Williams JM, Niles JD. Use of omentum as a physiologic drain for treatment of chylothorax in a dog. Vet Surg. 28:61, 1999.
22. Hayashi K, Sicard G, Gellasch K, et al. Cisterna chyli ablation with thoracic duct ligation for chylothorax: results in eight dogs. Vet Surg. 34:519,
2005.
23. Kerpsack SJ, McLoughlin MA, Birchard SJ, Smeak DD, Biller DS. Evaluation of mesenteric lymphangiography and thoracic duct ligation in cats
with chylothorax: 19 cases (1987-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 205:711, 1994.
24. Esterline ML, Radlinsky MG, Biller DS, et al. Comparison of radiographic and computed tomography lymphangiography for identification of the
canine thoracic duct. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 46:391, 2005.
25. Pardo AD, Bright RM, Walker MA, Patton CS. Transcatheter thoracic duct embolization in the dog. An experimental study. Vet Surg. 18:279.
1989.
26. Brisson BA, Holmberg DL, House M. Comparison of mesenteric lymph-adenography performed via surgical and laparoscopic approaches in
dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:168, 2006.
27. Enwiller TM, Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Roush JK. Popliteal and mesenteric lymph node injection with methylene blue for coloration of the
thoracic duct in dogs. Vet Surg. 32:359, 2003.
28. Orton EC. Small Animal Thoracic Surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, 95.
29. Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Biller DS, et al. Thoracoscopic visualization and ligation of the thoracic duct in dogs. Vet Surg. 31:138, 2002.
30. Sicard GK, Waller KR, McAnulty JF. The effect of cisterna chyli ablation combined with thoracic duct ligation on abdominal lymphatic drainage.
Vet Surg. 34:64, 2005.
31. Neath PJ, Brockman DJ, King LG. Lung lobe torsion in dogs: 22 cases (1981-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 217:1041, 2000.

Transdiaphragmatic Approach to Thoracic Duct Ligation in Cats

1. Martin RA, Richards DLS, Barber DL, et al. Sunt E. Transdiaphragmatic approach to thoracic duct ligation in the cat. Vet Surg 1988;17:22-26.
2. Martin RA, Barber DL, Richards DLS, et al. A technique for direct lymphangiography of the thoracic duct system in the cat. Vet Radiol
1988;29:116-121.

Lymph Node Biopsy

1. Manna L, Vitale F, Reale S, et al.: Comparison of different tissue sampling for PCR-based diagnosis and follow-up of canine visceral
leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 125:251, 2004.
2. Barrouin-Melo SM, Larangeira DR, Trigo J, etal.: Comparison between splenic and lymph node aspirations as sampling methods for the parasi-
tological detection of Leishmania chagasi infection in dogs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99:195, 2004.
3. Mylonakis ME, Koutinas AF, Billinis C, etal.: Evaluation fo cytology in the diagnosis of acute canine ehrlichiosis (Erlichia Canis): a comparison
between five methods. Vet Microbiol 91:197, 2003.
4. McNiel EA, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, et al.: Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985-1992). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 211:1422, 1997.
5. Soran A, Aydin C, Harlak A, et al.: Impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. The Breast J 11:370,
2005.
6. Perman V, Stevens JB, Alsaker R, et al.: Lymph node biopsy. Vet Clin North Amer 4:281, 1974.
7. Suga K, Yuan Y, Ueda K, et al.: Computed tomography lymphography with intrapulmonary injection of iopamidol for sentinel lymph node
localization. Invest Radiol39:313, 2004.
8. Fossum TW. Lymph node biopsy In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia, Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p 703.
9. Rogers KS, Barton CL, Landis M. Canine and feline lymph nodes. Part I. Anatomy and function. Comp ContEd Pract Vet 15:397, 1993.
10. Rogers KS, Barton CL, Lnadis M. Canine and feline lymph nodes. Part
11. Diagnostic evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 15:1493, 1993.

Spleen
1. Evans HE. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; p 654.
2. Opdyke DF, Ward CJ. Spleen as an experimental model for the study of vascular capacitance. Am J Physiol 1973:225:1416.
3. Mililkan JS, et al. Alternatives to splenectomy in adults after trauma: repair, partial resection, and reimplantation of splenic tissue. Am J Surg
1982;144:711.
4. Cooney DR, Swanson SE, Dearth JC. Heterotopic splenic autotransplantation in prevention of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. J Pediatr
Surg 1979:14:337.
5. Cooney DR, et al. Relative merits of partial splenectomy, splenic reimplantation, and immunization in preventing postsplenectomy infection.
Surgery 1979;86:56l.
6. Prankerd TAJ. The spleen and anemia. Br J Med l963;2:517
7. Song SH, Groom AC. Storage of blood cells in the spleen of the cat. Am J Physiol 1971;220:779.
8. Sullivan JL, et al. Immune response after splenectomy. Lancet 1978;1:178.
9. Andersen V, et al. Immunological studies in children before and after splenectomy. Acta Paediatr Scand 1976:65:409.
10. Krivit W. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Am J Hematol 1977;2:193.
11. Feldman BF, Handagama P, Lubberink AAME. Splenectomy as adjunctive therapy for immune mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic
anemia in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;187:617.
12. Fees DL, Withrow SJ. Canine hemangiosarcoma. Compen Contin Educ Pract Vet 1981;3:1047.
13. Frey AJ, Betts CW. A retrospective study of splenectomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc l977;13:730.
14. Scavelli TD, et al. Hemangiosarcoma in the cat: retrospective evaluation of 31 surgical cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;187:817.
15. Kapatkin AS, Mullen ITS, Matthiesen DT, et al. Leiomyosarcoma in dogs: 44 cases (1983 1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:1077.
16. Liska WD, et al. Feline systemic mastocystosis: a review and results of splenectomy in seven cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1979;15:589.
17. Montgomery RD, Henderson RA, Home RD, et al. Primary splenic torsion in dogs: literature review and report of five cases. Canine Pract
l990;15:17.
18. Keramidas DC. Ligation of the splenic artery in the treatment of traumatic rupture of the spleen. Surgery 1979;85:530.
19. Bellah JR. Surgical stapling of the spleen, pancreas, liver, and urogenital tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:375.
20. Ffoulkes Crabbe DJO, et al. The effect of splenectomy on circulatory adjustments to hypoxaemia in the anaesthetized dog. Br J Anaesth
1976;48:639.
21. Marino, DJ, Matthiesen DT, Fox PR, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs undergoing splenectomy: a prospective study. Vet Surg 1994;23:101.
22. Ettinger SJ, Le Bobinnec G, Cote E. Electrocardiography. In Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000;
pp 800-833.
Surgical Techniques in Small Exotic Animals
1. Rupprecht CE, Gilbert J, Pitts R, et al. Evaluation of an inactivated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;193:1614
1616.
2. An NQ, Evans HE. Anatomy of the ferret. In: Fox JG, ed. Biology and diseases of the ferret. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988: 100 134.
3. Bernard, SL, Leathers, CW, Brobst, DF, et al. Estrogen induced bone marrow depression in ferrets. Am J Vet Res 1983;44:657.
4. Meschter CL. Interstitial cell adenoma in a ferret. Lab Anim So 1989;39:353-354.
5. Goad WP, Fox JG. Neoplasia in ferrets. In: Fox JG, ed. Biology and diseases of the ferret. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988: 278 280.
6. Rosenthal KL, Peterson ME, Quesenberry KE, et al. Hyperadrenocor-ticism associated with adrenocortical tumor or nodular hyperplasia of the
adrenal gland in ferrets: 50 cases (1987-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;203:271 275.
7. Rosenthal KL, Peterson ME. Evaluation of plasma androgen and estrogen concentrations in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1996;209:1097 1102.
8. Ryland LM, Bernard SL. A clinical guide to the pet ferret. Corn pend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1983;5:25 32.
9. Ryland LM, Gorham JR. The ferret and its diseases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;173:1154 1158.
10. Rosenbaum MR, Affolter YK, Usborne AL, et al. Cutaneous epithelio-tropic lymphoma in a ferret. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1441-1444.
1 1 . Stamoulis ME, Miller MS. Cardiovascular diseases. In: Hillyer BY, Quisenberry KB, eds. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and
surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997:67-68.
12. Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987:259, 304-327.
13. Baich JF, Balch PA. Prescription for nutritional healing. Garden Park City: Avery, NY. 1990:18 19, 211-213.
14. Leifer CE, Peterson ME, Matus RE. Insulin secreting tumor: diagnosis and medical and surgical management in 55 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1986;188:60-64.
15. Caplan ER, Peterson ME, Mullen HS, et a!. Surgical treatment of insulin secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors in 49 ferrets: ACVS abstract. Vet
Surg l995;24:422.
16. Caligiuri R, Bellah JR, Collins BR, et a!. Medical and surgical management of esophageal foreign body in a ferret. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1989;195:969-971.
17. Mullen HS, Scavefli TD, Quesenberry ICE, et al. Gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets: 25 cases (1986 1990). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1992;28:13-19.

Anal Sac Resection in the Ferret

1. Ewer RF. The carnivores. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973:95.
2. Ryland LM, Gorham JR. The ferret and its diseases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;173:l154.
3. Creed JE, Kainer RA. Surgical extirpation and related anatomy of anal sacs of the ferret. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981;179:575.
4. Kociba GJ, Caputo CA. Aplastic anemia associated with estrus in pet ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198l;178:1293.
5. Muir WW Ill, Hubbell JAB. Handbook of veterinary anesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, 1995:368.

Soft Tissue Surgery in Reptiles

1. Bennett RA: Reptilian surgery. Part I. Basic principles. Compendium on Continuing Education Pract Vet 1989;11:10-20.
2. Bennett RA: Reptilian Surgery. Part II. Management of surgical diseases. Compendium on Continuing Education Pract Vet 1989;11:122-133.
3. Mader DR, Bennett RA, Funk RS, Fitzgerald KT, et al. Surgery. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis,
Missouri; 581-630, 2006.
4. McFadden MS, Bennett, RA, Kinsel MJ, Mitchell MA. Evaluation of the histologic reactions to commonly used suture materials in the skin and
muscle of ball pythons (Python regis). Am J Vet Res 72 (10); 1397-1406, 2011.
5. Govett PD, Harms CA, Linder KE, et al. Effects of four different suture materials on the surgical wound healing of loggerhead sea turtles,Caretta
caretta. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery;14,6-10, 2004.
6. Millichamp NJ, Lawrence K, Jacobson ER, et al: Egg retention in snakes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1983;183:1213-
1218.
7. Smith DA, Barker IK: Preliminary observations on the effects of ambient temperature on cutaneous wound healing in snakes. Proceedings of the
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 1983, 210-211.
8. Funk RS. Snakes. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 42-58, 2006.
9. Barten SL. Lizards. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 59-77, 2006.
10. Boyer TH, Boyer DM. Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 78-
99, 2006.
11. Lane T. Crocodilians. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri;100-117, 2006.
12. McCracken HE. Organ location in snakes for diagnostic and surgical evaluation. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine
Current Therapy 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia; 243-248,1999
13. Moore MC: Castration affects territorial and sexual behavior of free-living male lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi. Animal Behavior 1987;35:1193-1199.
14. Cooper WE, Mendonca MT, Vitt LJ: Induction of orange head coloration and activation of courtship and aggression by testosterone in the male
broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps). Journal of Herpetology 21:96-101, 1987.
15. Mason P, Adkins EK: Hormones and social behavior in the lizard, Anolis carolinesis. Hormone Behavior 1976;7:75-86.
16. Lock BA. Reproductive surgery in reptiles. In: Bennett RA. Soft Tissue Surgery. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice:3,
733-752, 2000.
17. Bennett RA, Mader DR. Cloacal prolapse. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 751-755, 2006.
18. Barten SL. Penile prolapse. In: Mader DR. Reptile Medicine and Surgery 2nd edition. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 862-864, 2006.
Abdominal Surgery of Pet Rabbits
1. Marcella KL, Wright EM, Foresman PA, et al. What's your diagnosis: raised skin patches? Lab Anim l986;15:13 15.
2. Flecknell P. Anesthesia and analgesia for rodents and rabbits. In: Laber Laird K, Swindle MM, Flecknell P. eds. Handbook of rodent and rabbit
medicine. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science1996:219 237.
3. Wixson SK. Anesthesia arid analgesia. In: Manning PJ, Ringler DH, Newcomer CE, eds. Biology of the laboratory rabbit 2nd ed. San Diego:
Academic Press, 1994:87 109.
4. Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures. In: Hillyear EV, Quesenberry KE, eds. Ferrets, rabbitsand rodents: clinical medicine and
surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1997:227 239.
5. Crowe DT Jr, Biorling DE. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. In: Slater D, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1993:413 415.
6. Hoyt RF Jr, DeLeonardis J, Clements S. et al. Post operative use of adjustable cervical collars in rabbits. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 1994;33:822.
7. Gillett NA Brooks DL, Tillman PC. Medical and surgical manage.ment of gastric obstruction from a hairball in the rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc
1983;183:1176-1178.
8. Harkness JE. Rabbit husbandry and medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1987;17:10l9 1044.
9. Harkness JE, Wagner JE. The biology and medicine of rabbits and rodents. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989:86 90.
10. Hillyer EV. Pet rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1994;24:25 65.
11. Stein S, Walshaw S. Rabbits. In: Laber Laird K. Swindle MK Flecknell P, eds. Handbook of rodent and rabbit medicine. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier
Science, 1996:219 237.
12. Swindle MM, Shealy PM. Common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits. In: Laber Laird K, Swindle MM, Flecknell P, eds. Handbook of
rodent and rabbit medicine. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science, 1996:239-254.
13. Wagner JL, Hackel DB, Samsell AG. Spontaneous deaths in rabbits resulting from gastric trichobezoars. Lab Anim Sci 1974;24:826.
14. Garibaldi BA, Fox JG, Otto G, et al. Hematuria in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1987;37:769
15. Kozma C, Macklin W, Cummins LM, et al Anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the rabbit. In: Weisbroth SH, Flatt RE, Kraus AL, eds. The
biology of the laboratory rabbit. New York: Academic Press, 1974:62-63.
16. Kraus AL, Weisbroth SH, Flatt RE, et al. Biology and diseases of rabbits. In: Fox JG, Cohen BJ, Loew FM, eds. Laboratory animal medicine. San
Diego: Academic Press, 1984:207.
17. Robl JM, Heideman JK: Production of transgenic rats and rabbits. In: Pinkert CA, ed. Transgenic animal technology. New York: Academic Press,
1994:265 277.
Flecknell P (ed). Manual of rabbit medicine and surgery. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, UK. 2000. Harcourt-Brown F.
Textbook of rabbit medicine. Oxford, UK. Butterworth Heinemann, 2002.
Hernandez-Divers, SJ. Rabbits. In: Carpenter JW, eds. Exotic animal formulary, third edition. St. Louis, MO, Elsevier Saunders. 2005:407-444.
Okerman L. Diseases of domestic rabbits second edition. Osney Mead, Oxford UK, Blackwell Science. 1998.
O'Malley B. Rabbits. In Clinical anatomy and physiology of exotic species. Edinburgh, UK. Elsevier Saunders, 2005:173-195.
Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents clinical medicine and surgery second edition. St. Louis, MO, Saunders. 2004.
Richardson VCG. Rabbits health, husbandry & diseases. Osney Mead, Oxford UK. Blackwell Science. 2000.
Silverman S, Tell LA. Radiology of rodents, rabbits, and ferrets. An atlas of normal anatomy and positioning. St. Louis, MO. Elsevier Saunders. 2005.
Jenkins JR, Brown SA. A practitioner's guide to rabbits and ferrets. Denver, CO: American Animal Hospital Association, 1993.
Kaplan HM, Timmons EH. The rabbit: a model for the principles of mammalian Physiology physiology and surgery. New York: Academic Press,
1979:137 142.
Sebesteny A. Acute obstruction of the duodenum of a rabbit following the apparently successful treatment of a hairball. Lab Anim 1977;l 1:135.
Sedgewick CJ. Spaying the rabbit. Mod Vet Pract 1982;63:401.

Skull and Mandible

Bennet JW, Kapatkin AS, Marretta SM. Dental composite for the fixation of mandibular fractures and luxations in 11 cats and 6 dogs. VetSurg
23:190, 1994.
Bos RR, Rozema FR, Boering G, et al. Bio-absorbable plates and screws for internal fixation of mandibular fractures. A study of six dogs. Int J Oral
Maxillo Surg 18:365, 1989.
Boudrieau RJ: Fractures of the mandible In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, ed.: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat.
Thiemie: AO publishing, 2005, p98.
Boudrieau RJ: Fractures of the maxilla In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, ed.: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat.
Thiemie: AO publishing, 2005, p116.
Evans HE: The skeleton In Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993, p128.
Johnson AL: Management of Specific Fractures In Fossum TW, ed.: Small Animal Surgery. Saint Louis: Mosby, 2007, p1015.
Kern DA, Smith MM, Stevenson S, et al. Evaluation of three fixation techniques for repair of mandibular fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc
206:1883, 1995.
Legendre L. Intraoral acrylic splints for maxillofacial fracture repair. J Vet Dent 20:70, 2003.
Lopes FM, Gioso MA, Ferro DG, et al. Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil-a retrospective study. J Vet Dent 22:86, 2005.
Umphlet RC, Johnson AL. Mandibular fractures in the dog. A retrospective study of 157 cases. Vet Surg 19:272, 1990.
Umphlet RC, Johnson AL. Mandibular fractures in the cat. A retrospective study. Vet Surg 17:333, 1988.
Verstraete FJ, Maxillofacial fractures In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003, p2190.
Verstraete, FJ ed.: Oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats. Elsevier, 2012, p233.
Acrylic Pin Splint External Skeletal Fixators for Mandibular Fractures
Egger EL. Management of mandibular fractures with external fixation. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual Complete Course in External Skeletal
Fixation. Athens, GA:, 1996:113-115.
Toombs JP. Nomenclature and Instrumentation of external skeletal fixation systems. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual Complete Course in External
Skeletal Fixation. Athens, GA:, 1996:2-9.

Ventral Slot for Decompression of the Herniated Cervical Disk

1. Piermattei DL. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. WB Saunders, 1993; 54-59.
2. Swaim SF. Ventral decompression of the cervical spinal cord in the dog. JAVMA 1974; 164, 491-495.
3. Seim HB and Prata RG. Ventral decompression for the treatment of cervical disk disease in the dog: a review of 54 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1982; 18, 233-240.
4. Sharp NJ and Wheeler SJ: Cerviacl Disc Disease. In Small Animal Spinal Disorders. Philadephia; Elsevier, 2005. 96-105.
5. Fry TR, Johnson AL, Toombs J. Surigical treatment of cervical disc herniations in ambulatory dogs. Ventral decompression vs. fenestration in 111
cases (1980-1988). Progress in Veterinary Neurology 1991;2, 165-173.

Surgical Treatment of Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Large Breed Dogs

1. Goring RL, Beale BS, Faulkner RF. The inverted cone decompression technique: A surgical treatment for cervical vertebral instability “Wobbler
Syndrome” in Doberman pinschers. Part 1. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991; 27: 403-409.
2. Chambers JN, Betts CW. Caudal cervical spondylopathy in the dog: a review of 20 clinical cases and the literature. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977;
13: 571-576.
3. Chambers JN, Oliver JE, Bjorling DE. Update on ventral decompression for caudal cervical disk herniation in Doberman pinschers. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 1986; 22: 775-778.
4. Bruecker KA, Seim HB, Withrow SJ. Clinical evaluation of three surgical methods for treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy of dogs. Vet
Surg 1989; 18: 197-203.
5. Bruecker KA, Seim HB, Blass CE. Caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: decompression by linear traction and stabilization with Steinmann pins
and polymethyl methacrylate. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989; 25: 677-683.
6. Ellison, GW, Seim HB, Clemmons RM. Distracted cervical spinal fusion for management of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in large breed-
dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193: 447-453.
7. Lincoln JD, Pettit GD. Evaluation of fenestration for treatment of degenerative disk disease in the caudal cervical region of large dogs. Vet Surgery
1985; 14: 240-246.
8. Seim HB, Withrow SJ. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy with emphasis on the Doberman pinscher. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 1982; 18: 241-251.
9. Seim HB, Bruecker KA. Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler Syndrome). In, (ed) Bojrab, Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal
Surgery, 2nd ed. Lea and Febiger. 1993: 979-983.
10. Walker TL. Use of Harrington Rods in Caudal Cervical Spondylomyel-opathy. In, (ed)Bojrab, Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 3rd
ed. Lea and Febiger. 1989: 584-586.
11. Dixon BC, Tomlinson JL, Kraus KH. Modified distraction-stabilization technique using an interbody polymethyl methacrylate plug in dogs with
caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 61-68.
12. Lyman, R. Continuous dorsal laminectomy for the treatment of Doberman pinschers with caudal cervical vertebral instability and malformation.
Abstracts, 5th Annual Meeting of the American Animal Hospital Association 1987: 303-308.
13. Piermattei DL. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. WB Saunders, 1993; 60-69.
14. Walker TL, Tomlinson JL, Sorjonen DC, Kornegay JN. Diseases of the spinal column. In, (ed) Slatter, Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. WB
Saunders, 1985; 1367-1391.
15. Trotter EJ, deLahunta A, Geary JC, Brasmer, TH. Caudal cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in Great Danes and Doberman
Pinschers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 10: 917-930.
16. Dueland R, Furneaux RW, Kaye MM. Spinal fusion and dorsal laminectomy for midcervical spondylolisthesis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973;
162: 366-369.
17. Hurov LI. Treatment of cervical vertebral instability in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979; 175: 278-285.
18. Sharp N, Wheeler S. Cervical Spondylomyelopathy. Small Animal Spinal Disorders. Second edition. Elsevier. 2005. 211-246.

Surgical Treatment of Atlantoaxial Instability

1. Sorjonen DC, Shires PK. Atlantoaxial instability: a ventral surgical technique for decompression, fixation, and fusion. Vet Surg 1981;10:22-29.
2. Denny HR, Gibbs C, Waterman A. Atlanto-axial subluxation in the dog: a review of thirty cases and an evaluation of treatment by lag screw
fixation. J Small Anim Pract 1988;29:37-47.
3. Thomas WB, Sorjonen DC, Simpson ST. Surgical management of atlantoaxial subluxation in 23 dogs. Vet Surg 1991;20:409-412.
4. McCarthy RJ, Lewis DD, Hosgood G. Atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1995;17:215-226.
5. Gilmore DR. Nonsurgical management of four cases of atlantoaxial subluxation in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984; 20:93-96.
Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Cervical Spine
1. Feeney DA and Oliver JE. Blunt spinal trauma in the dog and cat: neurologic, radiologic and therapeutic correlations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1980;16:664-668.
2. Swaim SF. Biomechanics of cranial fractures, spinal fractures, and luxations, in (ed) Bojrab, Pathophysiology in Small Animal Surgery. 1981:774-
778.
3. Carberry CA, Flanders JA, Dietze AE, et al. Nonsurgical management of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures and fracture/luxations in the dog and
cat: a review of 17 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989;25:43-54.
4. Feeney DA and Oliver JE. Blunt spinal trauma in the dog and cat: insight into radiographic lesions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980;16:885-890.
5. Sharp NJ and Wheeler SJ: Trauma. In Small Animal Spinal Disorders. Philadelphia; Elsevier, 2005, 282-305.
6. Stone EA, Betts CW, Chambers JN. Cervical fractures in the dog: a literature and case review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1979;15:463-471.
7. Hawthorne JC, et al. cervical vertebral fractures in 56 dogs: a retrospective study. JAAHA, 35, 135-146.
8. Boudrieau RJ. Distraction-stabilization using the Scoville-haverfield self-retianing laminectomy retractors for repair of 2nd cervical vertebral
fractures in 3 dogs. Vet and Comp Orthopaedics and Traumatology 10, 71.
9. Oliver JE and Lewis RE. Lesions of the atlas and axis in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1973;9:304-313.
10. Sorjonen DC and Shires PK. Atlantoaxial instability: A ventral surgical technique for decompression, fixation, and fusion. Vet Surgery 1981;10:22-
29.
11. Basinger RR, Bjorling DE, Chambers JN. Cervical spinal luxation in two dogs with entrapment of the cranial articular process of C6 over the
caudal articular process of C5. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:865-867.
12. Piermattei DL. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. WB Saunders, 1993;45-89.
13. Blass CE, Waldron DR, van Ee RT. Cervical stabilization in three dogs using steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1988; 24:61-68.
14. Rouse GP and Miller JI. The use of methyl methacrylate for spinal stabilization. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975;11:418-425.
15. Rouse GP. Cervical Spinal Stabilization with polymethylmethacrylate. Vet Surg 8.1979.1.
16. Schulz KS, et al. Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate for management of atlantoaxial instability: results in 9 dogs. Vet Surg
26.317-325.

Thoracolumbar and Sacral Spine

1. Gage ED: Incidence of clinical disc disease in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:135, 1975.
2. Yturraspe JD. Lumb WV: A dorsolateral muscle separating approach for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc fenestration in the dog. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 162:1037, 1973
3. Bartels KE. Creed JE: Yturraspe DJ. Complications associated with the dorsolateral muscle-separating approach for thoracolumbar disc
fenestration in the dog. J. Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1081, 1983

Hemilaminectomy of the Cranial Thoracic Region

1. Biggart JF III. Laminectomy membrane: etiology and prevention. In: Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Annual Meeting.
Denver, CO: American College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1981.
2. Biggart JF III. Prevention of laminectomy membrane by free fat grafts after laminectomy in dogs with disc herniations. Vet Surg 1988;17:29.
3. Gill GG, Sakovich L, Thompson E. Pedicle fat grafts for the prevention of scar formation after laminectomy. Spine 1979;4:I76.
4. Piermatei DL, Greeley RG. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979:46-49.
5. Parker AL. Surgical approach to the cervico-thoracic junction. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1979;9:374-377.

Hemilaminectomy of the Caudal Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

Davis GJ, Brown DC: Prognostic indicators for time to ambulation after surgical decompression in nonambulatory dogs with actue thoracolumbar disk
extrusions: 112 cases Veterinary Surgery 31:513-518, 2002.
Kraus KH. Medical managment of acute spinal cord injury. In Kirk RW and Bonagura JD. (eds). Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal
Practice. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 2000. Pp. 186-190.
Moissonnie P, Meheust P, Carozzo C; Thoracolumbar lateral corpectomy for treatment of chronic disk herniation: Technique description and use in
15 dogs. Veterinary Surgery 33:620-628, 2004.
Scott HW, McKee WM: Laminectomy for 34 dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception. J Sm Anim Pract
40: 417-422, 1999.
Slocum B, Slocum Devine T: Pediculotomy in the thoracolumbar vertebra In Bojrab MJ, ed: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed,
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1998, p 853.

Modified Dorsal Laminectomy

1. Caulkins SE, Purinton PT, Oliver JE. Arterial supply to the spinal cord of dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 50:425, 1989.
2. Parker AJ. Distribution of spinal branches of the thoracolumbar segmental arteries in dogs. Am J Vet Res 34:1351, 1973.
3. Parker AJ, Park RD, Stowater JL. Traumatic occlusion of lumbar segmental arteries. J Trauma 14:330, 1974.
4. Funkquist B, Schantz B. Influence of extensive laminectomy on the shape of the spinal canal. Acta Orthop ScandSuppl56:1, 1962.
5. Trotter EJ, Crissman J, Robson D, et al. Influence of nonbiologic implants on laminectomy membrane formation in dogs. Am J Vet Res 49:634,
1988.
6. Trotter EJ. Dorsal laminectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar disc disease. In: Bojrab MJ ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 608, 1990.
7. Trevor PB, Martin RA, Saunders GK, et al. Healing characteristics of free and pedicle fat grafts after dorsal laminectomy and durotomy in dogs. Vet
Surg 20:282, 1991.
8. Trotter EJ. Unpublished data.
Biggart JF, III. Prevention of laminectomy membrane by free fat grafts after laminectomy in dogs with disk herniations. Vet Surg 17:28, 1988.
Cook S, Prewett A, Dalton J, et al. Reduction in perineural scar formation after laminectomy with Polyactive membrane sheets. Spine 19:1815, 1994.
Einhaus SL, Robertson JT, Dohan FC, Jr., et al. Reduction of peridural fibrosis after lumbar laminotomy and discectomy in dogs by a resorbable gel
(ADCON-L). Spine 22:1440, 1997.
Geisler FH. Prevention of peridural fibrosis: current methodologies. Neurol Res 21;Suppl 1:S9, 1999.
Gill G, Sakovich L, Thompson E. Pedicle fat grafts for the prevention of scar formation after laminectomy. An experimental study in dogs. Spine
4:176, 1979.
LaRocca H, Macnab I. The laminectomy membrane. Studies in its evolution, characteristics, effects and prophylaxis in dogs. The Journal of Bone
and Joint Surgery - British volume 56B:545, 1974.
Olby N. Current concepts in the management of acute spinal cord injury. J Vet Int Med 13:399, 1999.
Robertson J, Meric A, Dohan FJ, etal. The reduction of postlaminectomy peridural fibrosis in rabbits by a carbohydrate polymer. J of Neurosurg
79:89, 1993.
Schulz KS, Waldron DR, Grant JW, et al. Biomechanics of the thoraco-lumbar vertebral column of dogs during lateral bending. Am J Vet Res
57:1228, 1996.
Shires PK, Waldron DR, Hedlund CS, et al. A biomechanical study of rotational instability in unaltered and surgically altered canine thoraco-lumbar
vertebral motion units. Prog Vet Neurol2:6, 1991.
Smith GD, Walter MC. Spinal decompressive procedures and dorsal compartment injuries: comparative biomechanical study in canine cadavers. Am
J Vet Res 49:266, 1988.
Songer MN, Rauschning W, Carson EW, et al. Analysis of peridural scar formation and its prevention after lumbar laminotomy and discectomy in
dogs. Spine 20:571, 1995.
Viguier E, Petit-Etienne G, Magnier J, et al. Mobility of T13-L1 after spinal cord decompression procedures in dogs (an in vitro study). Vet Surg
31:297, 2002.
Yovich JC, Read R, Eger C. Modified lateral spinal decompression in 61 dogs with thoracolumbar disc protrusion. J Sm An Pract35:351, 1994.

Surgical Treatment of Cauda Equina Syndrome

Danielson F, Sjostrom L. Surgical Treatment of Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in Dogs. Vet Surg 28: 91, 1999.
Dr. Risiol, Sharp NJH, Olby NJ, et al. Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs:
69 cases (1987-1999).
J. Am Vet Med Assoc 219: No5: 624, 2001. Janssens LAA, Moens Y, Coppens P, et al. Lumbosacral Degenerative Stenosis in the Dog. Vet Comp
Orthrop Traumatol 13:97, 2000.
Linn LL, Bartels KE, Rochat MC, et al. Lumbosacral Stenosis in 29 military working dogs: Epidemiologic findings and outcome after surgical
intervention (1990-1999). Vet Surg 32:21, 2003.
Moens NMM, Runyun CL. Fracture of L7 vertebral articular facets and pedicles following dorsal laminectomy in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 221:
No 6: 807, 2002.
Smith MEH, Bebchuk TN, Shmon CL, et al. An invitro biomechanical study of the effects of surgical modification upon the canine lumbosacral spine.
Vet Comp Orthrop Traumatol 17:17, 2003.

Surgical Treatment of Fractures, Luxations and Subluxations of the Thoracolumbar and Sacral Spine
1. Feeney DA and Oliver JE. Blunt spinal trauma in the dog and cat: neurologic, radiologic and therapeutic correlations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1980;16:664-668.
2. Swaim SF. Biomechanics of cranial fractures, spinal fractures, and luxations, in (ed) Bojrab, Pathophysiology in Small Animal Surgery. 1981:774-
778.
3. Carberry CA, Flanders JA, Dietze AE, et al. Nonsurgical management of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures and fracture/luxations in the dog and
cat: a review of 17 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989;25:43-54.
4. Feeney DA and Oliver JE. Blunt spinal trauma in the dog and cat: insight into radiographic lesions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980;16:885-890.
5. Piermattei DL. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. WB Saunders, 1993;45-89.
6. Dulisch ML and Nichols JB. A surgical technique for management of lower lumbar fractures: case report. Vet Surgery 1981;10:90-93.
7. Sharp NJ and Wheeler SJ: Trauma. In Small Animal Spinal Disorders. Philadelphia; Elsevier, 2005, 282-305.
8. Lumb WV and Brasmer TH. Improved spinal plates and hypothermia as adjuncts to spinal surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970;157:338-342.
9. McNaulty JF, Lenehan TM, Maletz LM. Modified segmental spinal instrumentation in repair of spinal fractures and luxations in dogs. Vet Surgery
1986;15:143-149.
10. Swaim SF. Vertebral body plating for spinal stabilization. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971;158:1653-1695.
11. Blass CE and Seim HB. Spinal fixation in dogs using steinmann pins and methyl methacrylate. Vet Surgery, 1984;13:203-210.
12. Rouse GP and Miller JI. The use of methyl methacrylate for spinal stabilization. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975;11:418-425.
13. Lewis DD, Stampley A, Bellah JR, et al. Repair of sixth lumbar vertebral fracture-luxations, using transilial pins and plastic spinous-process plates
in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;194:538-542.
14. Matthiesen DT. Thoracolumbar spinal fractures/luxations: Surgical management. Comp Cont Ed 1983;5:867-878.
15. Shores A, Nichols C, Koelling HA. Combined Kirschner-Ehmer apparatus and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique of caudal lumbar vertebral
fractures in dogs: biomechanical properties. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:1979-1982.
16. Shores A, Nichols C, Rochat M, et al. Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique for caudal lumbar vertebral
fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:335-339.
17. Slocum B and Rudy RL. Fractures of the seventh lumbar vertebral in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975;11:167-174.
18. Taylor RA. Treatment of fractures of the sacrum and sacrococcygeal region. Vet Surgery 1981;10:119-124.
19. Smeak DD and Olmstead ML. Fracture/luxations of the sacrococcygeal are in the cat: a retrospective study of 51 cases. Vet Surgery
1985;14:319-324.
20. Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, et al. Closed Fluoroscopic-Assisted Arch External Fixation for the Stabilization of Vertebral Column Injuries in 5 Dogs. Vet
Surg 2007, 36: 442-448.

Fixation with Pins and Wires

1. Blass CE, van Ee RT, Wilson JW. Microvascular and histological effects on cortical bone of applied double-loop cerclage. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
27:432,1991.
2. Rhinelander FW, Wilson JW. Blood supply to developing, mature and healing bone. In: Sumner-Smith G, ed. Bone in clinical orthopedics.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979, p.162.
3. Ellison GW, Piermattei DL, Wells MK. The effects of cerclage wiring on the immature canine diaphysis: a biomechanical analysis. Vet Surg 11:44,
1982.
4. Wilson JW. Effect of cerclage wires on periosteal bone in growing dogs Vet Surg 16:299, 1987.
5. Nye R, Egger E, Huhta J, Histand M, Mallinckrodt C. Acute failure characteristics of six methods for internal fixation of canine femoral oblique
fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traum 9:106, 1996.
6. Kanakis TE, Cordey J. Is there a mechanical difference between lag screws and double cerclage. Injury 22:185, 1991.
7. Willer RL, Schwarz PD, Powers BE, Histand ME. Comparison of cerclage wire placement in relation to a neutralization plate: a mechanical and
histological study. Vet Comp Orthop Traum 3:90, 1990.
8. Blaeser LL, Cross AR, Lanz OI. Revision of aseptic loosening of the femoral implant in a dog using cable cerclage. Vet Comp Orthop Traum 12:97,
1999.
9. Meyer DC, Ramseier LE, Lajtai G, Notzli H. A new method for cerclage wire fixation to maximal pre-tension with minimal elongation to failure. Clin
Biomech 18:975, 2003.
10. Wilson JW. Knot strength of cerclage bands and wires. Acta Orthop Scand 59:545, 1988.
11. Bostrom MPG, Asnis SE, Ernberg JJ et al. Fatigue testing of cerclage stainless steel wire fixation. J Orthop Traum 8:422, 1994.
12. Oh I, Sander TW, Treharne RW. The fatigue resistance of orthopaedic wire. Clin Orthop Rel Res 192:228, 1985.
13. Roe SC. Evaluation of tension obtained by use of three knots for tying cerclage wires by surgeons of various abilities and experience. J Am Vet
Med Assoc 220:334, 2002.
14. Rooks RL, Tarvin GB, Pijanowski GJ, Daly B. In vitro cerlage wiring analysis. Vet Surg 11:39, 1982.
15. Roe SC. Mechanical characteristics and comparisons of cerclage wires: introduction of the double-wrap and loop/twist tying methods. Vet Surg
26:310,1997.
16. Smith BA Kerwin SC, Hosgood G, et al. Mechanical comparison of two methods for interfragmentary fixation in a short oblique fracture model.
Vet Comp Orthop Traum. 9:4, 1996.
17. Blass CE, Caldarise SG, Torzilli PA, Arnoczky SP. Mechanical properties of three orthopedic wire configurations. Am J Vet Res 46:1725, 1985.
18. Metelman LA, Schwarz PD, Hutchison JM, et al. A mechanical evaluation of the resistance of various interfragmentary wire configurations to
torsion. Vet Surg 25:213, 1996.
19. Willer R. Cerclage wiring. In: Bojrab MJ (ed): Current techniques in small animal surgery 4th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p. 921.
20. Blass CE, Piermattei DL, Withrow SJ, Scott RJ. Static and dynamic cerclage wire analysis. Vet Surg 15:181,1986.
21. Cheng SL, Smith TJ, Davey JR. A comparison of the strength and stability of six techniques of cerclage wire fixation for fractures. J Orthop Traum
7:221,1993.

Intramedullary Pins and Kirschner Wires

1. Chandler RW. Principles of internal fixation. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW, Heckman JD (eds) Rockwood and Green's Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven 1996: 165-179.
2. Howard PE. Principles of intramedullary pin and wire fixation. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) 6:52,1991.
3. Dallman MJ, Martin RA, Self BP, Grant WJ. Rotational strength of double-pinning techniques in repair of transverse fractures in femurs of dogs.
Am J Vet Res 51:123, 1990
4. Hach V. Initial experience with a newly developed medullary stabilization nail (Trilam nail). Vet Comp Orthop Traum 13:109,2000.
5. Guille AE, Lewis DD, Anderson TP et al. Evaluation of surgical repair of humeral condylar fractures using self-compressing orthofix pins in 23
dogs. Vet Surg 33:314, 2004.
6. Piermattei DL, Flo GL. Brinker, Piermattei and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, WB
Saunders, 1997: 95.
7. Nunamaker, DM. Fractures and dislocations of the hip joint. In: Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1985,403.
8. Beadling L. Nancy nailing: a pediatric innovation for contemporary society. Orthopedics Today 25:26, 2005.
9. Muir P, Johnson KA. Interlocking medullary nail stabilization of a femoral fracture in a dog with osteomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:397, 1996.
10. Terrell SP, Chandra AMS, Pablo LS, Lewis DD. Fatal intraoperative pulmonary fat embolism during cemented total hip arthroplasty in a dog. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:345, 2004.
11. Schwarz T, Crawford PE, Owen MR et al. Fatal pulmonary fat embolism during humeral fracture repair in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 42:195, 2001.
12. Muir P, Johnson KA, Markel MD. Area moment of inertia for comparison of implant cross-sectional geometry and bending stiffness. Vet Comp
Orthop Traum 8:146,1995.
Tension Band Wiring
Kraus KH. Tension band wiring. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:925.

Interlocking Nailing of Canine and Feline Fractures

1. Browner B.D. The Science and Practice of Intramedullary Nailing, 2nd Ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.
2. Dueland RT, Johnson KA, Roe SC, Engen MH, Lesser AS. Interlocking nail treatment of diaphyseal long-bone fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 214:59-66, 1999.
3. Duhautois B. L'enclouage verrouille veterinaire: etude clinique retrospective sur 45 cas. Prat Med Chir Amin Comp 30:613-630, 1995.
4. Duhautois B. L'enclouage verrouille’en chirurgie veterinaire: de la conception aux premiers cas cliniques. Pract Med Chir Anim Comp 28:657-683,
1993.
5. Durall I, Diaz MC, Morales I. An experimental study of compression of femoral fractures of an interlocking intramedullary pin. Vet Comp
OrthopTrauma 6:93-99, 1993.
6. Durall I, Diaz MC, Morales I. Interlocking nail stabilization of humeral fractures. Initial experience in seven clinical cases. Vet Comp Orthop
Traumatol 7:3-8, 1994.
7. Durall I, Diaz MC. Early experience with the use of an interlocking nail for the repair of canine femoral shaft fractures. Vet Surg 25:397-406. 1996.
8. Horstman CL, Beale BS, Conzemius MG, Evans R. Biological osteo-synthesis versus traditional anatomic reconstruction of 20 long-bone fractures
using an interlocking nail: 1994-2001. Vet Surg 33:232-237, 2004.
9. Muir P, Parker RB, Goldsmid SE, Johnson KA. Interlocking intramedullary nail stabilization of a diaphyseal tibial fracture. J Small Anim Pract
25:397-406, 1993.
10. Durall I, Diaz-Bertrana MC, Puchol JL, Franch J. Radiographic findings related to interlocking nailing: windshied-wiper effect, and locking screw
failure. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:217-222, 2003.
11. Suber JT, Basinger RR, Keller WG. Two unreported modes of interlocking nail failure: breakout and screw bending. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol
15:228-232, 2002.
12. Muir P, Johnson KA, Markel MD. Area moment of inertia for comparison of implant cross-sectional geometry and bending stiffness. Vet Comp
Orthop Traumatol 8:146-152, 1995.
13. Litsky AS, Johnson KA, Aper RL, Roe SC: A novel screw design for improving the fatigue life of interlocking nails. Proceedings Society for
Biomaterials Annual Meeting, Sydney 2004.
14. Aper RL, Litsky AS, Roe SC, Johnson KA. Effect of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of cortical screws used with interlocking
nails. Am J Vet Res 64:569-573, 2003.
15. von Pfeil DJF, Dejardin LM, DeCamp CE, Meyer EG, Lansdowne JL, Weerts RJH, Haut RC. In vitro biomechanical comparison of a plate-rod
combination-construct and an interlocking nail-construct for experimentally induced gap fractures in canine tibiae. Am J Vet Res 66:15351543, 2005.
16. Landsdowne JL, Sinnott MT, Ting D, Haut RC, Dejardin LM. Design and in vitro evaluation of the structural properties of a novel and current
interlocking nail systems. Proceedings American College of Veterinary Surgeons annual meeting, October 5-7, 2006.
17. Dejardin LM, Lansdowne JL, Sinnott MT, Sidebotham CG, Haut RC. In vitro mechanical evaluation of torsional loading in simulated canine tibiae
for a novel hourglass-shaped interlocking nail with a self-tapping tapered locking design. Am J Vet Res 67:678-685, 2006.
18. Mattoon JS. Digital radiography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:123132, 2006.

Application of Bone Plates in Compression, Neutralization, or Buttress Mode

Gauthier E, Perren SM, Ganz R: Principles of internal fixation, Curr Orthop 6: 220, 1992.
Keller M, Voss K: UniLock: Applications in small animals. Dialogue 2: 20, 2002.
Koch DA: Screws and plates. In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, eds: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Duebendorf:
AO foundation, 2005, p 26.
Perren SM, Russenberger M, Steinemann S, et al.: A dynamic compression plate. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 125: 31, 1969.
Perren SM, Klaue K, Pohler OEM, et al: The limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 109: 304, 1990.
Perren SM: Evolution of internal fixation of long bone fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 84B: 1093, 2002.

The SOP Locking Plate System

DeTora MD, Kraus KH. Mechanical testing of locking and non-locking 3.5mm bone plates. Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 21: xx-xx, 2008.
Egol KA, Kubiak EN, Fulkerson E, Kummer F, Koval KJ. Biomechanics of locked plates and screws. J Orthop Trauma 18(8): 488-93, 2003.
Schutz M, Sudkamp NP. Revolution in plate osteosynthesis: new internal fixator systems. J Orthop Sci 8: 252-258, 2003.
Gardner MJ, Brophy RH, Campbell D et al. The mechanical behavior of locking compression plates compared with dynamic compression plates in a
cadaver radius model. J Orthop Trauma 9: 597-603, 2005.
Sommer C, Gautier E, Muller M et al. First clinical results of the Locking Compression Plate (LCP) Injury; 34 (Suppl 2): B43-B54, 2003.
Plate-Rod Fixation
Hulse D, Ferry K, Fawcett A, et. al. Effect of intramedullary pin size on reducing bone plate strain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2000;13:185-190.

External Skeletal Fixation

Aron DN, Palmer RH, Johnson AL: Biologic strategies and a balanced concept for repair of highly comminuted long bone fractures. Comp Contin
Educ Pract Vet 17:35, 1995.
Johnson AL, Egger EL, Eurell JAC, Losonsky JM: Biomechanics and biology of fracture healing with external skeletal fixation. Comp Contin Educ
Pract Vet 20:487, 1998.
Kraus KH, Toombs JP, Ness MG: External Fixation in Small Animal Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Griffin H, Toombs JP, Bronson DG, et al: Mechanical evaluation of a tapered thread-run-out half-pin designed for external skeletal fixation in small
animals. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 24:257, 2011.

Application of the Acrylic and Pin External Fixator (APEF)

Martinez SA, Arnoczky SP, Flo GL, Brinker WO. Dissipation of heat during polymerization of acrylics used for external skeletal fixator connecting
bars. Vet Surg 26:290, 1997.
Ness MG. The acrylic and pin external fixator system. In Kraus KH, Toombs JP, and Ness MG: External Fixation in Small Animal Practice. Oxford:
Blackwell Science Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing Company, 2003, p. 60.
Okrasinski EB, Pardo AD, Graehler RA. Biomechanical evaluation of acrylic external skeletal fixation in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc
199:1590, 1991.
Shahar R. Evaluation of stiffness and stress of external fixators with curved acrylic connecting bars. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:65, 2000.
Staumbaugh JE, Nunmaker DM: External skeletal fixation of comminuted maxillary fractures in dogs. Vet Surg 2:72,1982.
Tomlinson JL, Constantinescu GM: Acrylic external skeletal fixation of fractures. Comp Cont Educ 13:235,1991.
Willer RL, Egger EL, Histand MB: A comparison of stainless steel versus acrylic for the connecting bar of external skeletal fixators. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 27:541-548,1991.
Herndon GD, Egger EL: The effect of contouring the connecting bar in an acrylic-pin external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 14:190, 2001.
Roe SC, Keo T: Epoxy putty for free-form external skeletal fixators. Vet Surg 26:472, 1997.
Amsellem PM, Egger EL, Wilson DL: Bending Characteristics of PMMA columns, connecting bars of carbon fiber, titanium, and stainless steel used
in external skeletal fixation and an acrylic interface. Vet Surg 39: 631-637, 2010.
Case JB, Egger EL: Evaluation of Strength at the Acrylic-Pin Interface for Variably Treated Exteranl Skeletal Fixator Pins. Vet Surg 40:211-215,
2011.

Application of the Securos External Fixator

Kraus KH, Toombs JP, Ness MG. External Fixation in Small Animal Practice. Oxford: Blackwel Publishing, 2003, 43.
Kraus KH, Wotton HM: Effect of clamp type on four-pin type II external fixator stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop and Traumatology, 12:178, 1999.
Kraus KH, Wotton HM, Rand WM: Mechanical Comparison of Two External Fixator Clamp Designs. Vet Surg 27:224, 1998.
Kraus KH, Wotton HM, Schwartz LA, et. al. Type-II external fixation using new clamps and positive-profile threaded pins, for treatment of fractures of
the radius and tibia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1267, 1998.

Application of the IMEX-SK External Fixator

Bronson DG, Toombs JP, Welch RD. Influence of the connecting rod on the biomechanical properties of five external skeletal fixation configurations.
Vet Comp Orthop & Traumatol 16:8, 2003.
Lewis DD, Cross AR, Carmichael S, Anderson MA. Recent advances in external skeletal fixation. J Sm Anim Pract 42:103, 2001.
Toombs JP, Bronson DG, Ross D, Welch RD. The SK external fixation system: Description of components, instrumentation, and application
techniques. Vet Comp Orthop & Traumatol 16: 76, 2003.
White DT, Bronson DG, Welch RD. A mechanical comparison of veterinary linear external fixation systems. Vet Surg 32:507, 2003.
Griffin H, Toombs JP, Bronson DG, et al: Mechanical evaluation of a tapered thread-run-out half-pin designed for external skeletal fixation in small
animals. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 24:257, 2011.

Circular External Skeletal Fixation

Anderson GM, Lewis DD, Radasch RM, et al.: Circular external skeletal fixation stabilization of antebrachial and crural fractures in 25 dogs. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 39:479, 2002.
ASAMI Group. Basic principles of operative technique. In: Bianchi-Maiocchi A, Aronson J, eds.: Operative Principals of Ilizarov. Milan, Italy, Medi
Surgical Vido, 1991, p 65.
Bianchi-Maiocchi A: The Ilizarov compression-distraction apparatus. In: Bianchi-Maiocchi A, ed.: Advances in Ilizarov Apparatus Assembly. Milan,
Italy, Medi Plastic Sri, 1994, p 5.
Bronson DG, Samchukov ML, Birch JG, et al.: Stability of external circular fixation: A multi-variable biomechanical analysis. Clin Biomech 13:441,
1998.
Catagni M: Fractures of the leg (tibia). In: Bianchi Maiocchi A, Aronson J, eds.: Operative Principles of Ilizarov. Milan, Italy, Medi Surgical Vido, 1991,
p 91.
Collins KE, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, et al.: Use of a circular external skeletal fixator for stifle arthrodesis in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract41:312, 2000.
Cross AR, Lewis DD, Murphy ST, et al.: Effect of ring diameter and wire tension on the axial biomechanics of four-ring circular external skeletal
fixator constructs. Am J Vet Res 62:1025, 2001.
Cross AR, Lewis DD, Rigaud S, et al.: Effect of wire tension on the biomechanics of asymmetric four-ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs.
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:44, 2002.
Egger EL, Histand MB, Norrdin RW, et al.: Canine osteotomy healing when stabilized with decreasingly rigid fixation compared to constantly rigid
fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol6:182, 1993.
Ehrhart N: Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: technique description and outcome in 9 dogs. Vet Surg 34:24,
2005.
Elkins AD, Morandi M, Zembo M: Distraction osteogenesis in the dog using the Ilizarov external ring fixator. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:419, 1993.
Farese JP, Lewis DD, Cross AR, et al.: Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 38:279, 2002.
Ferretti A: The application of the Ilizarov technique to veterinary medicine. In: Bianchi-Maiocchi A, Aronson J, eds.: Operative Principles of Ilizarov.
Milan, Italy, Medi Surgical Vido, 1991, p 551.
Goodship AE, Kenwright J: The influence of induced micromotion upon the healing of experimental tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 67[B]:650,
1985.
Green SA, Harris NL, Wall DM, et al.: The Rancho mounting technique for the Ilizarov method. Clin Orthop 280:104, 1992.
Halling KB, Lewis DD, Jones RW, et al.: Use of circular fixator constructs to stabilize intertarsal/tarsometarsal arthrodeses in three dogs. Vet Corp
Ortho Traumatol 17:204, 2004.
Ilizarov GA: The apparatus: Components and biomechanical principles of application. In: Ilizarov GA ed.: Transosseous Osteosynthesis.
Theoretical and Clinical Aspects of the Regeneration and Growth of Tissue. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1992, p 63.
Jerram RM, Walker AM, Sutherland-Smith J, et al.: Treating pedal shortening in a dog by metatarsal distraction osteogenesis. J Sm Anim Pract
26:191, 2005.
Kenwright J, Goodship AE: Controlled mechanical stimulation in the treatment of tibial fractures. Clin Orthop 241:36, 1989.
Kenwright J, Goodship AE, Kelly DJ, et al.: Effect of controlled axial micromotion on healing of tibial fractures. Lancet 8517(2):1185, 1986.
Kummer FJ: Biomechanics of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin Orthop 280:11, 1992.
Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, Pead MJ, et al.: Management of antebrachial deformity and shortening secondary to a synostosis in a dog. J Sm
Anim Pract37:359, 1996.
Leuno, CY, Ma RYP, Clark JA, et al.: Viscoelastic behavior of tissue in leg lengthening by distraction. Clin Orthop 139:102, 1979.
Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Cross AR, et al.: Axial characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single ring constructs. Vet Surg 30:386, 2001.
Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Samchukov ML, et al.: Biomechanics of circular external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 27:454, 1998.
Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al.: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX Circular External Skeletal Fixation System. Part I: Use in fractures
of arthrodeses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:108, 1999.
Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al.: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX Circular External Skeletal Fixation System. Part II: Use in bone
lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:118, 1999.
Marcellin-Little DJ: Treatment of bone deformities with circular external skeletal fixation. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet21:481, 1999.
Marcellin-Little DJ: Fracture treatment with circular external fixation. Vet Clin N Am: Sm Anim Pract 29:1153, 1999.
Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, et al.: Hinged Ilizarov external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg 27:231, 1998.
Orbay GO, Kummer FJ, Frankel VN: The effect of wire configuration on the stability of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin Orthop 279:299, 1992.
Owen MA: Use of the Ilizarov method to manage a septic tibial fracture nonunion with a large cortical defect. J Sm Anim Pract41:124-127, 2000.
Paley D: Biomechanics of the Ilizarov-external fixator. In: Bianchi-Maiocchi A, Aronson J, ed.: Operative Principals of Ilizarov. Milan, Italy, Medi
Surgical Vido, 1991, p 31.
Paley D, Fleming B, Catagni M, et al.: Mechanical evaluation of external fixators used in limb lengthening. Clin Orthop 250:50, 1990.
Stallings JT, Lewis DD, Welch RD, et al.: An introduction to distraction osteogenesis and the principles of the Ilizarov method. Vet Comp Orthop
Traumatol 11:59-67, 1998.
Tommasini Degna M, Ehrhart N, Ferretti A, et al.: Bone transport osteogenesis for limb salvage following resection of primary bone tumors:
Experience with six cases (1991-1996). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:18, 2000.
Welch RD, Lewis DD: Distraction osteogenesis. Vet Clin N Am: Sm Anim Pract 29:1187, 1999.

Application of Hybrid Constructs

Cross AR, Lewis DD, Rigaud S, Rapoff AJ: Effect of various distal ring-block configurations on the biomechanical properties of circular external
skeletal fixators for use in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Res 65; 4: 393, 2004.
Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Cross AR, et al.: Axial characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single ring constructs. Vet Surg 30: 386, 2001.
Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC, Rovesti GL, et al.: Are circular external fixators weakened by the use of hemispherical washers? Vet Surg 31: 367, 2002.
Toombs JP, Bronson DG, Ross D, Welch RD: The SK™ external fixation system: description of components, instrumentation, and application
techniques. Vet Comp Ortho Traumatol2:76, 2003.
Worsar MA, Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC: Influence of bolt-tightening torque, wire size, and component reuse on wire fixation in circular external
fixation. Vet Surg 31: 571, 2002.
Bone Grafts and Implants
Ferguson JF: Fracture of the humerus after cancellous bone graft harvesting in a dog. J Sm Anim Pract37:232, 1996.
Johnson KA: Cancellous bone graft collection from the tibia in dogs. Vet Surg 15:334, 1986.
McLaughlin RM, Roush JK: Autogenous cancellous and cortico-can-cellous bone grafting. Vet Medicine 93:1071, 1998.
Palmisano MP, Schrader SC: Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft. J
Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1460, 1999.
Penwick RC, Mosier DA, Clark DM: Healing of canine autogenous cancellous bone graft donor sites. Vet Surg 20:229, 1991.
Slocum B, Slocum TD: Bone graft harvest: Distal femoral condyles. In Bojrab MJ, ed: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p. 909.
Stallings JT, Parker RB, Lewis DD, et al: A comparison of autogenous cortico-cancellous bone graft obtained from the wing of the ilium with an
acetabular reamer to autogenous cancellous bone graft obtained from the proximal humerus in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:79, 1997.
Trevor PB, et al: Evaluation of the proximal portion of the femur as an autogenous cancellous bone donor site in dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:1599, 1992.
Wilson JW, Rhinelander FW, Stewart CL: Vascularization of cancellous bone chip grafts. Am J Vet Res 46:1691, 1985.

Corticocancellous Bone Graft Harvested from the Wing of the Ilium with an Acetabular Reamer
Culvenor JA, Parker RB: Collection of cortico-cancellous bone graft from the ilium of the dog using an acteabular reamer. J Small Anim Pract 37:513,
1996.
Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2004,
278.
Stallings JT, Parker RB, Lewis DD, et al.: A comparison of autogenous cortico-cancellous bone graft obtained from the wing of the ilium with an
acetabular reamer to autogenous cancellous bone graft obtained from the proximal humerus in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:79, 1997.

Harvesting, Storage and Application of Cortical Allografts

1. Fox S: Cancellous bone grafting in the dog: An overview. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:840, 1984.
2. Hulse D: Pathophysiology of autogenous cancellous bone grafts. Compendium Continuing Education Pract Vet 2(2): 136, 1980.
3. Johnson A: Principles of bone grafting. Seminars Vet Med Surg (Small Animal) 6(1): 90, 1991.
4. Olds R, Sinibaldi K, DeAngelis M, et al: Autogenous cancellous bone grafting in small animals. JAAHA 9:454, 1973.
5. Johnson AL: Principles and practical applications of cortical bone grafting techniques. Compendium Contin. Educ Pract Vet 10(8): 906,1988.
6. Schena C, McCurnin D: The use of fresh cortical and cancellous allografts in the repair of a fractured femur in a dog: A case report. J Am Anim
Hosp Assoc 19:352,1983.
7. Sinibaldi K: Evaluation of full cortical allografts in 25 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194(11):1570, 1989.
8. Henry W, Wadsworth P: Diaphyseal allografts in the repair of long bone fractures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:535, 1981.
9. Aaron A, Wiedel J: Allograft use in orthopedic surgery. Orthopedics 17(1):41, 1994.
10. Burchardt H: The biology of bone graft repair. Clinical Orthopedics 174:28,1983.
11. Fitch R, Kerwin S, Newman-Gage H, Sinibaldi K: Bone autografts and allografts in dogs. Compendium Continu Educ Pract Vet 19(5)558,1997.
12. Arizono T, Iwanoto Y, Okuyama K, Sugioka Y: Ethylene oxide sterilization of bone grafts: Residual gas concentration and fibroblast toxicity. Acta
Orthop Scand65(6):640,1994.
13. Wagner S, Manley P, et al: Failure of ethylene oxide-sterilized cortical allografts in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:181, 1994.
14. Sinibaldi KR, unpublished data.
15. Burchardt H, Enneking WF: Transplantation of bone. Surg Clin North Am. 58:403, 1978.
16. Enneking WF, et al. Physical and biological aspects of repair in dog cortical bone transplants. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 57:237, 1975.

Distraction Osteogenesis as an Alternative to Bone Grafting

1. Aronson, J. Experimental and clinical experience with distraction osteogenesis. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 31: 473-481, 1994.
2. Aronson, J. Temporal and spatial increases in blood flow during distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res. 124-131, 1994.
3. Aronson, J., Good, B., Stewart, C., Harrison, B., Harp, J. Preliminary studies of mineralization during distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. Relat
Res. 43-49, 1990.
4. Aronson, J., Harp, J. H. Mechanical forces as predictors of healing during tibial lengthening by distraction osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res.
73-79, 1994.
5. Aronson, J., Harp, J. H., Jr. Factors influencing the choice of external fixation for distraction osteogenesis. Instr. Course Lect. 39: 175-183, 1990.
6. Aronson, J., Harrison, B. H., Stewart, C. L., Harp, J. H., Jr. The histology of distraction osteogenesis using different external fixators. Clin. Orthop.
Relat Res. 106-116, 1989.
7. Aronson, J., Johnson, E., Harp, J. H. Local bone transportation for treatment of intercalary defects by the Ilizarov technique. Biomechanical and
clinical considerations. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res. 71-79, 1989.
8. Aronson, J., Shen, X. Experimental healing of distraction osteogenesis comparing metaphyseal with diaphyseal sites. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res. 25-
30, 1994.
9. Aronson, J., Shen, X. C., Gao, G. G. et al. Sustained proliferation accompanies distraction osteogenesis in the rat. J. Orthop. Res. 15: 563-569,
1997.
10. Aronson, J., Shen, X. C., Skinner, R. A., Hogue, W. R., Badger, T. M., Lumpkin, C. K., Jr. Rat model of distraction osteogenesis. J. Orthop. Res.
15: 221-226, 1997.
11. Ehrhart, N. Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: technique description and outcome in 9 dogs. Vet. Surg. 34:
24-34, 2005.
12. Ehrhart, N., Eurell, J. A., Tommasini, M., Constable, P. D., Johnson, A. L., Feretti, A. Effect of cisplatin on bone transport osteogenesis in dogs.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 63: 703-711, 2002.
13. Fink, B., Krieger, M., Strauss, J. M. et al. Osteoneogenesis and its influencing factors during treatment with the Ilizarov method. Clin. Orthop.
Relat Res. 261-272, 1996.
14. Fink, B., Pollnau, C., Vogel, M., Skripitz, R., Enderle, A. Histomor-phometry of distraction osteogenesis during experimental tibial lengthening. J.
Orthop. Trauma 17: 113-118, 2003.
15. Frierson, M., Ibrahim, K., Boles, M., Bote, H., Ganey, T. Distraction osteogenesis. A comparison of corticotomy techniques. Clin. Orthop. Relat
Res. 19-24, 1994.
16. Ilizarov, G. A. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue
preservation. Clin. Orthop. 249-281, 1989.
17. Ilizarov, G. A. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin.
Orthop. 263-285, 1989.
18. Ilizarov, G. A. The principles of the Ilizarov method. 1988. Bull. Hosp. Jt. Dis. 56: 49-53, 1997.
19. Lewis, D. D., Bronson, D. G., Cross, A. R., Welch, R. D., Kubilis, P. S. Axial characteristics of circular external skeletal fixator single ring
constructs. Vet. Surg. 30: 386-394, 2001.
20. Lewis, D. D., Cross, A. R., Carmichael, S., Anderson, M. A. Recent advances in external skeletal fixation. J. Small Anim Pract. 42: 103-112,
2001.
21. Welch, R. D., Birch, J. G., Makarov, M. R., Samchukov, M. L. Histo-morphometry of distraction osteogenesis in a caprine tibial lengthening
model. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13: 1-9, 1998.
22. Welch, R. D., Lewis, D. D. Distraction osteogenesis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim Pract. 29: 1187-viii, 1999.
23. Welch, R. D., Lewis, D. D. Distraction osteogenesis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim Pract. 29: 1187-viii, 1999.
24. Yanoff, S. R., Hulse, D. A., Palmer, R. H., Herron, M. R. Distraction osteogenesis using modified external fixation devices in five dogs. Vet. Surg.
21: 480-487, 1992.

Scapula and Shoulder Joint

1. Harari, J, Dunning, D: Fractures of the Scapula in Dogs: A Retrospective Review of 12 Cases. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, 6:105-108, 1993.
2. Cook, JL, Cook CR, Thomlinson JL, et al: Scapular Fractures in Dogs: Epidemiology, classification, and concurrent injuries in 105 cases
(19881994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33:528-532.
3. Piermattei, DL, Flo, GL DeCamp, CE: Brinker Piermattei, and Flo's handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, ed 4, St. Louis,
Elsevier, 2006.
4. Newton, CD: Fractures of the Scapula. In Textbook of Small Animal Orthopedics. Edited by CD Newton and DM Nunamaker. Philadelphia, J.B.
Lippincott, 1985.
5. Peck, J.: Musculoskeletal System - Scapula. In Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. Edited by KM Tobias and SA Johnston, St. Louis, Elsevier,
2012.
6. Ticer, JW: Radiographic Technique in Veterinary Practice. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1984.
7. Straw, RC: Thoracic Limb - Repair of Scapular Fractures. In Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Edited by MJ Bojrab, Philadelphia, Lea
and Febiger, 1990.
8. Roush, JK, Lord, PF: Clinical Application of a Distoproximal (Axial) Radiographic View of the Scapula. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 1990; 26(2): 129-
132.
9. Brinker, WO, Hohn, RB, and Prieur, WD (eds): Manual of Internal Fixation in Small Animals. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
10. Piermattei, DL, Johnson, KA: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat, ed 4. Philadelphia, Saunders/
Elsevier, 2004.
11. McCartney, WT, Garvan, CB: Muscle separation approach to scapular neck fractures in eight dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics
and Traumatology, 5:471-473, 2008.
12. Ocal, MK, Toros, G: A morphometric study on the cross-sections of the scapular spine in dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, 4:281-284, 2007.
13. Mair, JJ, Belkoff SM, Boudrieau RJ: An Ex Vivo Mechanical Evaluation of Single Versus Double Semitubular Plate Fixation of a Transverse
Distal-Third Scapular Osteotomy in the Dog. Vet Surg 2003;32:580-584
14. Acquaviva, AE, Miller, EI, Eisenmann, DJ, Stone, RT, Kraus, KH: Biomechanical testing of locking and nonlocking plates in the canine scapula. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2012; 48: 372-378.
15. Johnston, SA: Articular Fractures of the Scapula in the Dog: A Clinical Retrospective Study of 26 Cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital
Association, 1993; 29(2): 157-164.
16. Olivieri, M, Piras, A, Marcellin-Little, DJ et al: Accessory caudal glenoid ossification centre as possible cause of lameness in nine dogs. Veterinary
and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 3:131-135, 2004.
17. Plesman, RL, French, S, Nykamp, S, Ringwood, PB: Partial scapu-lectomy for treatment of an articular fracture of the scapula in a cat. Veterinary
and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 6:468-473, 2011.
18. Denny, HR: Pectoral Limb Fractures. In Canine Orthopedics. Edited by W.G. Whittick, Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1990.

Surgical Treatment of Shoulder Luxation

Ball DC: A case of medial luxation of the canine shoulder joint and its surgical correction. Vet Rec 83:195, 1968.
Bardet JF: Lesions of the biceps tendon diagnosis and classification. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:188, 1999.
Craig E, et al: Surgical stabilization of traumatic medial shoulder dislocation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 16:93, 1980.
Craig E, et al: Treatment of shoulder joint luxations. In Bojrab MJ (ed): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia, 1990, p 740.
DeAngelis MP: Luxations of the shoulder. In Bojrab MJ (ed): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1975, p 499.
DeAngelis MP, Schwartz A: Surgical correction of the cranial dislocation of the scapulohumeral joint in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:435, 1970.
Evans HE, Christensen GC: Millers Anatomy of the Dog, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1979, p 240.
Fowler D, et al: Scapulohumeral arthrodesis: Results in seven dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:667, 1988.
Franczuski D, Parks LJ: Glenoid excision as a treatment in chronic shoulder disabilities: Surgical technique and clinical results. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 24:637, 1988.
Herron MR: Scapulohumeral arthrodesis: An evaluation of two techniques in 33 cases [abstract] Vet Surg 18:78, 1989. Piermattei DL, Blass CE:
Resection of the glenoid rim and humeral head. In Bojrab MJ (ed): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia,
1990, p 748.
Piermattei DL, Greeley RG: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones of the Dog and Cat, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1979, p 72.
Prostredny JM, et al: Use of polybutester suture to repair medial scapulohumeral luxation in the dog: Three cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:180,
1993.
Vasseur PB: Clinical results of surgical correction of shoulder luxation in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:503, 1983.
Vasseur PB: Effects of tendon transfer on the scapulohumeral joint. Am J Vet Res 44:811, 1983.
Vasseur PB, et al: Stability of the canine shoulder joint: An in vitro analysis. Am J Vet Res 43:352, 1982.

Caudal Approach to the Shoulder Joint for Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans

Gahring, DR: A modified caudal approach to the canine shoulder joint. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:613, 1985.
Gahring, DR: Surgical Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Shoulder. In: Bojrab, MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th
Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1998, p 1069.
Figure 55-28. An absorbable mattress suture is placed to close the caudal shoulder joint capsular incision. (From Gahring, DR. A modified caudal
approach to the canine shoulder joint. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1985:21:613).

Surgical Treatment of Biceps Brachii Tendon Injury

1. Bardet JF. Shoulder diseases in dogs. Vet Med Dec: 909, 2002.
2. Bardet JF. Lesions of the biceps tendon - diagnosis and classification. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12: 188, 1999.
3. Stobiie D, Wallace LJ, Lipowitz AJ, et al: Chronic bicipital tenosynovitis in dogs: 29 cases (1985 - 1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207: 201, 1995.
4. Wall CR, Taylor R: Arthroscopic biceps brachii tenotomy as a treatment for canine bicipital tenosynovitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38: 169, 2002.
5. Cook JL, Kenter K, Fox DB: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: Technique and results in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41: 121, 2005.
6. Gilley RS, Wallace LJ, Hayden DW: Clinical and pathologic analyses of bicipital tenosynovitis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63: 402, 2002.
7. Rivers B, Wallace L, Johnston GR: Biceps tenosynovitis in the dog: Radiographic and sonographic findings. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 5:51,
1992.
8. Lincoln JD, Potter K: Tenosynovitis of the biceps brachii tendon in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20: 385, 1984.
9. Davidson EB, Griffey SM, Vasseur PB, et al: Histopathologic, radiographic and arthrographic comparison of the biceps tendon in normal dogs and
dogs with biceps tenosynovitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36 - 522, 2000.
10. Beale BS, Hulse DA, Schulz KS, Whitney WO: Small Animal arthroscopy. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.
11. Piermattei DL: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993.
12. Kleps S, Hazrati Y, Flatow E: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis. Arthroscopy 18: 1040, 2002.
13. Boileau P, Krishnan SG, Costa JS, et al: Arthroscopic diceps tenodesis: A new technique using bioabsorbable interference screw fixation.
Artrhsocopy 18: 1002, 2002.
14. Osbahr DC, Diamond AB, Speer KP: The cosmetic appearance of the biceps muscle after long-head tenotomy versus tenodesis. Arthroscopy
18:483, 2002.
15. Gill TJ, McIrvin E, Mair SD, et al. Results of biceps tenotomy for treatment of pathology of the long head of the biceps brachii. J Shoulder Elbow
Surg 2001; 10: 247 - 249.
16. Berlemann U, Bayley I. Tendonitis of the long head of biceps brachii in the painful shoulder: improving results in the long term. J Shoulder Elbow
Surg 1995; 4: 429 - 435.
17. Sethi N, Wright R, Yamaguchi K. Disorders of the long head of the biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1999; 8: 644 - 654.
18. Patton WC, McCluskey GM. Biceps tendinitis and subluxation. Clin Sports Med2001; 20: 505 -529.
19. Agnello KA, Puchalski SM, Wisner ER, Schulz KS Kapatkin AS. Effect of positioning, scan plane, and arthrography on visibility of periarticular
canine shoulder soft tissue structures on magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008 Nov - Dec; 49(6): 529 -539.
20. Bergenhuyzen AL, Vermote KA, van Bree H, Van Ryssen B. Long-term follow-up after arthroscopic tenotomy for partial rupture of the biceps
brachii tendon. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010; 23(1): 51 - 5.
21. Cogar SM, Cook CR, Curry SL, Grandis A, Cook JL. Prospective evaluation of techniques for differentiating shoulder pathology as a source of
forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs. Vet Surg. 2008 Feb; 37(2): 132 - 141.
22. Cook JL, Cook CR. Bilateral shoulder and elbow arthroscopy in dogs with forelimb lameness: diagnostic findings and treatement outcomes. Vet
Surg. 2009 Feb; 38(2): 224 - 232.
23. Devitt CM, Neely MR, Vanvetchten BJ. Relationship of physical examination test of shoulder instability to arthroscopic findings in dogs. Vet Surg.
2007 Oct; 36(7): 661 - 668.
24. Hulse D, Young B, Beale B, Kowaleski M, Vannini R. Relationship of the biceps-brachialis complex to the medial coronoid process of the canine
ulna. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010; 23(3): 173 - 176.
25. Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D, Canapp SO Jr. The canine shoulder: selected disorders and their management with physical therapy. Clin Tech
Small Anim Pract. 2007 Nov; 22(4): 171 - 182.
26. Murphy SE, Ballegeer EA, Forres LI, Schaefer SL. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with confirmed shoulder pathology. Vet Surg.
2008 Oct; 37(7): 631 - 638.
27. Schaaf OR, Eaton-Wells R, Mitchell RA. Biceps brachii and brachialis tendon of insertion injuries in eleven racing greyhounds. Vet Surg. 2009
Oct; 38(7): 825 - 833.
28. Schaefer SL, Baumel CA, Gerbig Jr, Forrest LI. Direct magnetic resonance arthrography of the canine shoulder. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010 Jul-
Aug: 51(4): 391 - 396.

Excision Arthroplasty of the Shoulder Joint

Breucker KA, Piermattei DL: Excision arthroplasty of the canine scapulohumeral joint: Report of three cases. Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 3:134, 1988.
Franczuski D, Parkes LJ: Glenoid excision as a treatment in chronic shoulder disabilities: Surgical technique and clinical results. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 14:637, 1988.
Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, 4th ed. Philadelphia.
W. B. Saunders, 2006, p. 273.
Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat, 4th ed. Philadelphia. Saunders, 2004, p.
112.

Shoulder Arthrodesis
Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders.
Philadelphia. 1997.
Lesser: Arthrodesis. In Slatter: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Saunders. Philadelphia. 2003.

Humerus and Elbow Joint

Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL. Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1983.
Egger EL. Complications of external fixation: a problem-oriented approach. Vet Clin North Am 1991;21:705.
Evans HE, Christensen GC. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
Hulse D, Hyman B. Biomechanics of fracture fixation failure. Vet Clin North Am 1991;21:647.
Lipowitz AJ, Caywood DD, Newton CD, et al. Complications in small animal surgery: diagnosis, management, prevention. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1996.
Newton CD, Nunamaker DM. Textbook of small animal orthopaedics. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1985.
Olmstead ML. Complications of fracture repaired with plates and screws. Vet Clin North Am 1991,-21:669.
Piermattei DL, Greely RG. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.

Treatment of Elbow Luxations

1. Evans H, Christensen G. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
2. Bingel SA, Rizer, WH. Congenital elbow luxation in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1977;18:45.
3. Montgomery M, Tomlinson J. Two cases of ectrodactyly and congenital elbow luxation in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985;21:781.
4. Nunamaker DW. Fracture and dislocation of the elbow. In: Small animal orthopedics. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1985.
5. Piermattei DL, Greeley RG. Atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
6. Stayak JW. Elbow luxations. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1975.

Surgical Treatment of Ununited Anconeal Process of the Elbow

1. Breit S, Kunzel W, Seiler S: Variation in the ossification process of the anconeal and medial coronoid processes of the canine ulna. Res Vet Sci
77:9, 2004.
2. Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990, p 502.
3. Cook JL: Forelimb lameness in the young patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31:55, 2001.
4. Cross AR, Chambers JN: Ununited anconeal process of the canine elbow. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 19:349-361, 1997.
5. Denny HR: A guide to canine and feline orthopedic surgery. London: Blackwell, 1993, p 229.
6. Evans HE: Miller's anatomy of the dog. 1993.
7. Fox SM, Burbidge HM, Bray JC, et al: Ununited anconeal process: Lag-screw fixation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:52, 1996.
8. Goring RL, Bloomberg MS: Selected development at abnormalities of the canine elbow: Radiographic evaluation and surgical management. Comp
Cont Ed Pract Vet 5:178-192, 1983.
9. Guthrie S: Some radiographic and clinical aspects of ununited anconeal process. Vet Rec 124:661, 1989.
10. Herron MR: Ununited anconeal process in the dog. Vet Clin North Am 1:417, 1971.
11. Krotscheck U, Hulse DA, Bahr A, et al: Ununited anconeal process: Lag-screw fixation with proximal ulnar osteotomy. Vet Comp Ortho Trauma
13:212, 2000.
12. Kurzbach T: Retrospektive langzeituntersuchung von operativ versorgten ellbogen- und schultergelenkfrakturen bei hund und katze. Vet Med
Diss Munich 2000.
13. Lewis R, Leighton RL: Surgical stabilization of the ununited anconeal process in the dog using cerclage wire. Calif Vet 49:10, 1995.
14. Loeffler K: Der isolierte processus anconaeus beim deutschen schaeferhund. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr71:291, 1963.
15. Matis U. Lag screw fixation of ununited anconeal process, in Surgical Fixation of Fractures, 24th annual advanced canine course in AO/ASIF
Technique 2001.
16. Matis U. Management of the UAP by internal fixation, in 10th ESVOT Congress 2000.
17. Meyer Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Nolte I: Short- and long-term results after surgical treatment of an ununited anconeal process in the dog. Vet Comp
Ortho Trauma 14:101, 2001.
18. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Nolte I: Der isolierte processus anconaeus des hundes - vorkommen, behandlung, und ergebinsse. Kleintierpraxis
36:671, 1991.
19. Olsson SE: Pathophysiology, morphology, and clinical signs of osteo-chondrosis in the dog. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Disease Mechanisms in Small
Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1993, p 778.
20. Olsson SE, Jerre S, Kasstrom H. Pathogenesis of ununited anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process, and OCD of the canine
elbow, in 9th Congress of the Society for Veterinary Radiology 1991.
21. Parrisius A: Detached anconeal process in the dog. treatment and results between 1975 and 1983. 1985.
22. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 2004.
23. Presnall K: Ununited anconeal process of the elbow. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger, 1990, p 778.
24. Preston CA, Schulz KS, Kass PH: In vitro determination of contact areas in the normal elbow joint of dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:1315, 2000.
25. Pritchard DL: Anconeal process pseudoarthrosis: Treated by lag-screw fixation. Canine Pract3:18-23, 1976.
26. Punzet G: Ellbogengelenksdysplasie mit isoliertem processus anconaeus - eine neue moeglichkeit der chirurgischen behandlung. Kleintierpraxis
18:121, 1973.
27. Remy D, Neuhart L, Fau D, et al: Canine elbow dysplasia and primary lesions in german shepherd dogs in france. J Small Anim Pract45:244,
2004.
28. Renegar WR, Farrow CS: OsteochondrosisIn Whittick WG, ed.: Canine orthopedics. Philadelphia: Febiger, 1990, p 620.
29. Roy RG, Wallace LJ, Johnston GR: A retrospective long-term evaluation of ununited anconeal process excision on the canine elbow. Vet Comp
Ortho Trauma 7:94, 1994.
30. Sikkema DA, Roush JK: Unusual presentation of an ununited anconeal process in a 6-year-old great dane. Vet Comp Ortho Trauma 7:177, 1994.
31. Sinibaldi KR: Ununited anconeal process in the dog. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger, 1983, p 719.
32. Sinibaldi KR, Arnoczky SP: Surgical removal of the ununited anconeal process in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:192, 1975.
33. Sjostrom L: Ununited anconeal process in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28:75, 1998.
34. Sjostrom L, Kasstrom H, Kallberg M: Ununited anconeal process in the dog. pathogenesis and treatment by osteotomy of the ulna. Vet Comp
Ortho Trauma 8:170, 1995.
35. Snavely DA, Hohn RB: A modified lateral surgical approach to the elbow of the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:826, 1976.
36. Stevens DR, Sande RD: An elbow dysplasia syndrome in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:1065, 1974.
37. Thomson MJ, Robins GM: Osteochondrosis ot the elbow, a review of the pathogenesis and a new approach to treatment. Aust Vet J 72:375,
1995.
38. Trostel CT, McLaughlin RM, Pool RR: Canine elbow dysplasia: Anatomy and pathogenesis. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet25:754, 2003.
39. Turner BM, Abercromby RH, Innes J, et al: Dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy for the treatment of ununited anconeal process in 17 dogs. Vet
Comp Ortho Trauma 11:76, 1998.
40. van Bree HJJ, van Ryssen B: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in osteochondrosis lesions. Vet Clin North Am, Small Animal Practice 28:161,
1998.
41. Wind AP: Elbow dysplasia. In Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1993, p 1966.
42. Wind AP, Packard ME: Elbow incongruity and developmental elbow diseases in the dog: Part II. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:725, 1986.

Surgical Treatment of Fragmented Coronoid Process

1. Anderson SM, Lippincott CL, Schulman AJ: Longitudinal myotomy of the flexor carpi radialis: A new approach to the medial aspect of the elbow
joint. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:499, 1989.
2. Bardet JF: Arthroscopy of the elbow in dogs. part II: The cranial portals in the diagnosis and treatment of the lesions of the coronoid process.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 10:60, 1997.
3. Beale BS, Hulse DA, Schulz KS, et al: Arthroscopically assisted surgery of the elbow jointIn Small Animal Arthroscopy. Philadelphia: Saunders,
2003, p 51.
4. Bennett D, Duff SR, Kene RO, et al: Osteochondritis dissecans and fragmentation of the coronoid process in the elbow joint of the dog. Vet Rec
109:329, 1981.
5. Berry CR: Evaluation of the canine elbow for fragmented medial coronoid process. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound33:273, 1992.
6. Berzon JL, Quick CB: Fragmented coronoid process: Anatomical, clinical, and radiographic considerations with case analyses. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 16:241, 1980.
7. Bouck GR, Miller CW, Taves CL: A comparison of surgical and medical treatment of fragmented coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans
of the canine elbow. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 8:177, 1995.
8. Boulay JP: Fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in the dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 28:51, 1998.
9. Braden TD, Stickle RL, Dejardin LM, et al: The use of computed tomography in fragmented coronoid disease: A case report. Veterinary and
Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology7:40, 1994.
10. Brunnberg L, Allgoewer I: Age-related results of the treatment of elbow dysplasia (FCP) in the bernese mountain dog. Veterinary and
Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 9:65, 1996.
11. Carpenter LG, Schwarz PD, Lowry JE, et al: Comparison of radiologic imaging techniques for diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process of
the cubital joint in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:78, 1993.
12. Collins KE, Cross AR, Lewis DD, et al: Comparison of the radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch of rottweilers and greyhounds. Am J Vet
Res 62:968, 2001.
13. Denny R: Surgical treatment of osteochondritis dissecans and ununited coronoid process of the ulna in the elbow joint of the dog. Kleintierpraxis
25:343, 1980.
14. Fox SM, Roberts RE: Linear tomography in diagnosing fragemented coronoid process in canine elbows. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 9:60, 1987.
15. Fox SM, Walker AM: Identifying and treating the primary manifestations of osteochondrosis of the elbow. Vet Med 88:132-146, 1993.
16. Goring RL, Bloomberg MS: Selected development at abnormalities of the canine elbow: Radiographic evaluation and surgical management.
Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 5:178-192, 1983.
17. Grondalen J: Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. 1981.
18. Grondalen J: Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. III. ununited medical coronoid process of the ulna and osteochondritis
dissecans of the humeral condyle. surgical procedure for correction and postoperative investigation. Nord Vet Med31:520, 1979.
19. Gutbrod F, Festl D: Surgical treatment of a fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs and the clinical results. Kleintierpraxis 44:405,
1999.
20. Guthrie S: Use of a radiographic scoring technique for the assessment of dogs with elbow osteochondrosis. J Small Anim Pract30:639, 1989.
21. Guthrie S, Pidduck HG: Heritability of elbow osteochondrosis within a closed population of dogs. J Small Anim Pract 31:93, 1990.
22. Guthrie S, Plummer JM, Vaughan LC: Aetiopathogenesis of canine elbow osteochondrosis: A study of loose fragments removed at arthrotomy.
Res Vet Sci52:284, 1992.
23. Haudiquet PR, Marcellin Little DJ, Stebbins ME: Use of the disto-medial-proximolateral oblique radiographic view of the elbow joint for
examination of the medial coronoid process in dogs. Am J Vet Res 63:1000, 2002.
24. Henry WB,Jr: Radiographic diagnosis and surgical management of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:799,
1984.
25. Huibregtse BA, Johnson AL, Muhlbauer MC, et al: The effect of treatment of fragmented coronoid process on the development of osteoarthritis of
the elbow. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:190, 1994.
26. LaFond E, Breur GJ, Austin CC: Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:467, 2002.
27. Lenehan TM, Nunamaker DM: Lateral approach to the canine elbow by proximal ulnar diaphyseal osteotomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:523,
1982.
28. Lewis DD, Parker RB, Hager DA: Fragmented medial coronoid process of the canine elbow. Compendium on Continuing Education for the
Practicing Veterinarian 11:703-715, 734, 1989.
29. Lowry JE, Carpenter LG, Park RD, et al: Radiographic anatomy and technique for arthrography of the cubital joint in clinically normal dogs. J Am
Vet Med Assoc 203:72, 1993.
30. MacPherson GC, Lewis DD, Johnson KA, et al: Fragmented coronoid process associated with premature distal radial physeal closure in four
dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 5:93, 1992.
31. Meij BP, Geertsen KMK,Hazewinkel HAW: Results of FCP [fragmented coronoid process] treatment in retrievers: A follow-up study at the utrecht
university small animal clinic. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 9:64, 1996.
32. Meij BP, Hazewinkel HAW: Treatment of canine elbow dysplasia. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 9:61, 1996.
33. Meyer Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Brunnberg L, et al: Detachment of the medial ulnar coronoid process in dogs. occurrence and results of therapy in
101 cases. Monatsh Veterinarmed48:457, 1993.
34. Meyer Lindenberg A, Langhann A, Fehr M, et al: Prevalence of fragmented medial coronoid process of the ulna in lame adult dogs. Vet Rec
151:230, 2002.
35. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Nolte I: Der isolierte processus anconaeus des hundes - vorkommen, behandlung, und ergebinsse. Kleintierpraxis
36:671, 1991.
36. Miyabayashi T, Takiguchi M, Schrader SC, et al: Radiographic anatomy of the medial coronoid process of dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:125,
1995.
37. Nap RC: Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of canine elbow dysplasia. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 9:58,
1996.
38. Ness MG: Treatment of fragmented coronoid process in young dogs by proximal ulnar osteotomy. J Small Anim Pract 39:15, 1998.
39. Olsson SE: The early diagnosis of fragmented coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans of the canine elbow joint. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
19:616, 1983.
40. Olsson SE: [New type of elbow joint dysplasia in the dog; preliminary report]. Svensk Veterinartidning 26:152, 1974.
41. Padgett GA, Mostosky UV, Probst CW, et al: The inheritance of osteochondritis dissecans and fragmented coronoid process of the elbow joint in
labrador retrievers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:327, 1995.
42. Probst CW, Flo GL, McLoughlin MA, et al: A simple medial approach to the canine elbow for treatment of fragmented coronoid process and
osteochondritis dissecans. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:331, 1989.
43. Read RA, Armstrong SJ, O'Keefe JD, et al: Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs: A study of 109 cases. J Small Anim
Pract 31:330, 1990.
44. Richardson DC, Zentek J: Nutrition and osteochondrosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28:115, 1998.
45. Robbins GM: Some aspects of the radiographic examination of the canine elbow joint. J Sm Anim Pract 21:417, 1980.
46. Snaps FR, Balligand MH, Saunders JH, et al: Comparison of radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with elbow
dysplasia. Am J Vet Res 58:1367, 1997.
47. Snaps FR, Park RD, Saunders JH, et al: Magnetic resonance arthrography of the cubital joint in dogs affected with fragmented medial coronoid
processes. Am J Vet Res 60:190, 1999.
48. Studdert VP, Lavelle RB, Beilharz RG, et al: Clinical features and heritability of osteochondrosis of the elbow in labrador retrievers. J Small Anim
Pract 32:557, 1991.
49. Swenson L. incidence-selection-heritability-sex-age related factors on elbow arthrosis, in Third Int Elbow Working Group Meeting 1991.
50. Swenson L, Audell L, Hedhammar A: Prevalence and inheritance of and selection for hip dysplasia in seven breeds of dogs in sweden and
benefit: Cost analysis of a screening and control program. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:207, 1997.
51. Theyse LFH, Hazewinkel HAW, Brom WEvd: Force plate analyses before and after surgical treatment of unilateral fragmented coronoid process.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13:135, 2000.
52. Tobias TA, Miyabayashi T, Olmstead ML, et al: Surgical removal of fragmented medial coronoid process in the dog: Comparative effects of
surgical approach and age at time of surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:360, 1994.
53. van Bree H, Van Ryssen B. Arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of front leg lameness. Vet Q. 17: sippl. 1:532-534, 1995.
54. Van Ryssen B, van Bree H: Arthroscopic findings in 100 dogs with elbow lameness. Vet Rec 140:360, 1997.
55. Van Ryssen B, van Bree H, Simoens P: Elbow arthroscopy in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:191, 1993.
56. Van Ryssen B, van Bree P. Elbow Arthroscopy, in ECVS Proceedings 1995.
57. Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HAW: Radiographic evaluation of the canine elbow joint with special reference to the medial humeral condyle and the
medial coronoid process. Vet Radiol 28:158, 1987.
58. Wind AP: Elbow dysplasiaIn Slatter D, ed.: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1993, p 1966.
59. Wind AP: Elbow incongruity and developmental elbow diseases in the dog: Part I. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:711, 1986.
60. Wind AP: Incidence and radiographic appearance of fragmented coronoid process. California Veterinarian 36:19, 1982.
61. Wind AP, Packard ME: Elbow incongruity and developmental elbow diseases in the dog: Part II. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:725, 1986.
62. Winhart S: Fracture of the medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs. 1991.
63. Wolschrijn CF, Weijs WA: Development of the trabecular structure within the ulnar medial coronoid process of young dogs. Anat Rec A Discov
Mol Cell Evol Biol278:514, 2004.
64. Wosar MA, Lewis DD, Neuwirth L, et al: Radiographic evaluation of elbow joints before and after surgery in dogs with possible fragmented medial
coronoid process. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:52, 1999.
65. Zentek J, Meyer H, Dammrich K: The effect of a different energy supply for growing great danes on the body mass and skeletal development. 3.
Clinical picture and chemical studies of the skeleton. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 42:69, 1995.

Total Elbow Replacement in the Dog

1. Johnson JA, Austin C, Breur GJ. Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through
1989. Vet Comp Orthop Traumotol 7:56, 1994.
2. Huibregtse BA, Johnson AL, Muhlbauer MC, Pijanowski GJ. The effect of treatment of fragmented coronoid process on the development of
osteoarthritis of the elbow. JAAHA 30:190, 1994.
3. Bouck GR, Miller CW, Taves CL. A comparison of surgical and medical treatment of fragmented coronoid process and osteochondrosis dissecans
of the canine elbow. Vet Comp Orthop Traumotol 8:177, 1995.
4. Read RA, Armstrong SJ, O'Keefe JD, Eger CE. Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs: A study of 109 cases. J Small
An Prac 30:330, 1990.
5. Tobias TA, Miyabayashi T, Olmstead ML, Hedrick LA. Surgical removal of fragmented medial coronoid process in the dog: Comparative effects of
surgical approach and age at time of surgery. JAAHA 30:360, 1994.
6. Caplan E, Conzemius MG, Riedesel E, Miles K. Long term radiographic follow-up of elbow dysplasia treated surgically or non-surgi-cally.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society, Val d'Isere, France, March 2000.
7. Yovich JC, Read RA. Traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in two dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumotol 7:173, 1994.
8. Flo GL. Surgical removal of fragmented coronoid process and fractured anconeal processes in an older dog with evidence of severe degenerative
joint disease. JAVMA 213(12): 1780, 1998.
9. Lewis DD, Elkins AD, Oakes MG. Repair of a Salter IV physeal fracture of the humeral condyle in a Chow-Chow using a cannulated screw. Vet
Comp Orthop Traumotol 4:140, 1991.
10. Marcellin-Little DJ, DeYoung DJ, Ferris KK, Berry CM. Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle in spaniels. Vet Surg 23:475, 1994.
11. O'Brien MG, Boudrieau RJ, Clark GN. Traumatic luxation of the cubital joint (elbow) in dogs: 44 cases (1978-1988). JAVMA 201(11):1760, 1992.
12. MacPherson GC, Lewis DD, Johnson KA, Allen GS, Yovich JC. Fragmented coronoid process associated with premature distal radial physeal
closure in four dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumotol 5:93, 1992.
13. MacPherson GC, Johnson KA. Radio-ulnar synostosis complicating partial mid-diaphyseal ulnar ostectomy in growing dogs. Vet Comp Orthop
Traumatol 5:26, 1992.
14. Gordon WJ, Besancon MF, Conzemius MG, Miles KG, Kapatkin AS, WTN Culp. Frequency of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in dogs after repair of
a humeral condylar fracture. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:1, 2003.
15. Bardet JF. Treatment of elbow degenerative joint disease with arthroscopy. Proceedings from the 1st World Orthopaedic Veterinary Congress,
Munich, Germany. 2002 Pp 44-5.
16. deHann JJ, Roe RC, Lewis DD, et al. Elbow arthrodesis in twelve dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:115, 1996.
17. Cook JL, Payne JT. Surgical Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinical of North America: Small Animal Practice 27(4):931, 1997.
18. Kraay MJ, Figgie MP, Inglis AE, Wolfe SW, Ranawat CS. Primary semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 76-B: 636,
1994.
19. Morrey BF, Adams RA. Semiconstrained elbow replacement for distal humeral nonunion. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 77-B: 67, 1995.
20. Morrey BF, Adams RA. Semiconstrained arthroplasty for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 74-A: 479,
1992.
21. Olmstead ML. The canine cemented modular total hip prosthesis. JAAHA 31:109, 1995.
22. Sumner DR, Berzins A, Turner TM, Igloria R, Natarajan. Initial in vitro stability of the tibial component in a canine model of cementless total knee
replacement. J. Biomechanics 27(7):929, 1994.
23. Rumph PF, Lander JE, Kincaid SA, Baird DK, Kammermann JR, Visco DM. Ground reaction force profiles form force platform analyses of
clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot. Am J Vet Res 55(6):756, 1994.
24. DeCamp CE, Soutas-Little RW, Hauptman J, Oliver B, Braden T, Walton A. Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy greyhounds. Am J Vet
Res 54(4):627, 1993.
25. Woods DA, Williams JR, Gendi NST, Mowart AG, Berge PD, Carr AJ. Surgery for rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow: A comparison of radial-head
excision and synovectomy with total elbow replacement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 8:291, 1999.
26. Lewis G. The elbow joint and its total arthroplasty. Part I. A state-of-the-art review. Medical Materials and Engineering 6:353, 1996.
27. Lewis RH: Development of elbow arthroplasty (Canine) clinical trials. Proceedings from the 6th Annual ACVS Symposium. San Francisco, CA,
p.110, October 1996.
28. Conzemius MG, Aper RL. Development and evaluation of semiconstrained arthroplasty for the treatment of elbow osteoarthritis in the dog. Vet
Comp Orthop Traumatol, 11(4):54A, 1998.
29. O'Driscoll SW, An KN, Korinek S, Morrey BF. Kinematics of semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 74-B:297, 1992.
30. Cameron HU, Hu C, Vyamont D. Hinge total knee replacement revisited. Can J Surg 40(4):278, 1997.
31. Fisher DA, Tsang AC, Paydar N, Milionis S, Turner CH. Cement-mantle thickness affects strains in total hip replacement. J Biomech 30(11-
12):1173, 1997.
32. Mann FA, Tangner CH, Wagner-Mann C, Read WK, Hulse DA, Puglisi TA, Hobson HP: A comparison of standard femoral head and neck
excision and femoral head and neck excision using a biceps femoris muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 16(3):223, 1987.
33. Manley PA, Vanderby R, Dogan S, Kohles SS, McBeath AA: Ground reaction force comparison of canine cemented and cementless total hip
replacement. Clin Biomech 5:199, 1990.
34. Conzemius MG, Aper RL, Hill CM. Evaluation of a canine total elbow arthroplasty system. A preliminary study in normal dogs. Vet Surg, 30:11,
2001.
35. Conzemius MG, Aper RL, Corti LB. Total elbow arthroplasty in dogs with severe naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Vet Surg, 32:545, 2003.
36. Zafiropoulos G, Amis AA. Fixation strength of the ulnar component of total elbow replacement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 5:97, 1996.
37. Zafiropoulos G, Attfield SF. An intramedullary aligned bone cutting jig for elbow replacement. Med Eng Phys 17:111, 1995.

Elbow Arthrodesis
Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders.
Philadelphia. 1997.
Lesser: Arthrodesis. In Slatter: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Saunders. Philadelphia. 2003 Humerus and Elbow Joint p 929.

Radius and Ulna

Boltz WH, Chiguet C, Niederer PG: Der fixateur externe (Rohrsystern) Stabilitatspriifung. AO Bulletin, Friihling, 1978.
Boudrieau RJ: Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia. WB Saunders, 2003, 1953.
Brinker WO, Hohn RB, Prieur WD: Manual of internal fixation in small animals. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984.
Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997, 321.
Brinker WO, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW: Stiffness studies on various configurations and types of external fixators. JAm Anim Hosp Assoc
21:801, 1985.
Dieterich HF: Repair of a lateral radial head luxation by radial head ostectomy. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:671, 1973.
Egger EL: Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985, 1736.
Egger EL: Static strength of six external skeletal fixation configurations. Vet Surg 12:130, 1983.
Johnson AL, Kneller SK, Weigel RM: Radial and tibial fracture repair with external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 18:367, 1989.
Lewis DD, Radash RM, Beale BS, Stallings JT, et al: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX circular external skeletal fixation system. Part I. Use in
fractures and arthrodeses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:108, 1999.
Phillips JR: A survey of bone fractures in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 20:661, 1979.
Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2004. Putnam RW,
Archibald J: Excision of canine radial head. Mod Vet Pract 49:32, 1968.
Sardinas JC, Montavon PM: Use of a medial bone plate for repair of radius and ulna fractures in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 26:108. 1997.
Walla ce MK, Boudrieau RJ, Hyodo K, Torzilli PA: Mechanical evaluation of three methods of plating distal radial osteotomies. Vet Surg 21:99, 1992.
Welch JA, Boudrieau RJ, Dejardin LM, Spodnick GJ: The itraosseous blood supply of the canine radius: implications for healing of distal fractures in
small dogs. Vet Surg 26:57, 1997.

Correction of Radial and Ulnar Growth Deformities Resulting from Premature Physeal Closure
Johnson AL: Corrective osteotomies. In: Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R Eds: AO Principles of Fracture Management in the Dog and Cat. New
York: Thieme, 2005, p374.
LatteY: Anomalies de croissance et leur traitement par fixateurs externes classiques. In Latte Y, Meynard JA Eds : Manuel de Fixation Externe. Paris
: Editions PMCAC, 1997, p191.
LatteY: Traitement des anomalies de croissance par fixateurs externes circulaire. In Latte Y, Meynard JA Eds : Manuel de Fixation Externe. Paris
:Editions PMCAC, 1997, p 466.
Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, et al.: Hinged Ilizarov external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg; 27:231, 1998.
Marcellin-Little DJ: Treating bone deformities with circular external skeletal fixation. Comp Cont Ed 21:481, 1999.
Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al.: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX TM circular external skeletal fixation system, Part II: Use in bone
lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol, 12:118, 1999.
Quinn MK, Ehrhart N, Johnson AL, et al.: Realignment of the radius in canine antebrachial growth deformities treated with corrective osteotomy and
bilateral (Type II) external fixation. Vet Surg; 29:558, 2000.
Toombs JP: Acute correction of distal antebrachial growth deformities with hybrid ESF. Small Animal Hybrid Circular ESF Course, American College
of Veterinary Surgeons Symposium, Washington DC, October 11, 2003.
Dismukes DI, Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, Essman SC: Use of radiographic measures and three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging in surgical
correction of an antebrachial deformity in a dog.J Am Vet Med Assoc, 232(1):68-73, 2008.
Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Breshears LM. Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the
center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg, 35(1):67-77, 2006.
Crosse KR, Worth AJ. Computer-assisted surgical correction of an antebrachial deformity in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol, 23(5):354-61, 2010.

Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges

1. Johnson KA: Accessory carpal bone fractures in the racing greyhound: Classification and pathology. Vet Surgery 17:60, 1987.
2. Johnson KA, Dee JF, Piermattei DL: Screw fixation of accessory carpal bone fractures in racing greyhounds Twelve cases (1981 1986). J Am Vet
Med Assoc 194:1618, 1989.
3. Guilliard MJ: Accessory carpal bone displacement in two dogs. J Small Anim Pract 42:603, 2001.
4. Johnson KA and Piras A (2005) Fractures on the carpus. In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, eds.: AO Principles of Fracture Management in
the Dog and Cat. Davos Platz: AO Publishing, 2005, p 341.
5. Chico AC: Characteristics of accessory carpal bone fractures: 25 cases. Proceedings 12th European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and
Traumatology, Munich, 2004.
6. Boemo CM: Fracture of the accessory carpal lateral articular prominence in a racing ground. Aust Vet Pract 24:70, 1994.
7. Johnson KA, Piermattei DL, Davis PE, et al.: Characteristics of accessory carpal bone fractures in 50 racing greyhounds. Vet Comp Orthop
Traumatol; 2:104, 1988.
8. Johnson KA: Carpal injuries. In Bloomberg MS, Dee JF, Taylor RA, editors. Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders
1998, p 100.
9. Piermattei DL and Johnson KA: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat. Fourth edition. Philadelphia:
Saunders, 2004.
10. Chico AC: Accessory carpal bone fracture in greyhounds: assessment of prognostic indicators and outcome following surgical management by
fragment removal. M Vet Med thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992.
11. Lenehan TM, Tarvin GB: Carpal accessorioulnar joint fusion in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1598, 1989.

Surgical Treatment of Injuries to the Antebrachial Carpal Joint and Carpus

Johnson KA: Carpal Injuries. In: Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Bloomberg MS, Dee JF, and Taylor RA eds. W.B. Saunders Company, 1998,
100-119.
Johnson KA, Piras A: Fractures of the Carpus. In: AO Principles of Fracture Management in the Dog and Cat. Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, and Vannini
R eds. AO Publishing 2005, 341-348.
Li A, Bennett D, Gibbs C, Carmichael S, et al: Radial carpal bone fractures in 15 dogs. JSAP 41(2):74, 2000.
Tomlin JL, Pead MJ, Langley-Hobbs SJ, et al: Radial carpal bone fracture in dogs. JAAHA 37(2):173, 2001.
Boemo CM: Chip fractures of the dorsal carpus in the racing greyhound: 38 cases. Aus Vet Practit 23:139, 1993.

Pancarpal Arthrodesis
Chambers JN, Bjorling DE: Palmar surface plating for arthrodesis of the canine carpus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:1875. 1982.
Ehrhart, N: Longitudinal Bone Transport for Treatment of Primary Bone Tumors in Dogs: Technique Description and Outcome in 9 Dogs. Vet Surg.
34: 24-34, 2005.
Gambardella PC, Griffiths RC: Treatment of hyperextension injuries of the canine carpus. Comp Cont Educ 4:127.1982.
Johnson KA: Carpal arthrodesis in dogs. Aust Vet J 1 56:515.1980.
Johnson KA, Bellenger CB: The effects of autologous bone grafting on bone healing after carpal arthrodesis in the dog. Vet Rec 107:126. 1980.

Repair of Fractures Involving Metabones and Phalanges

Waibl H, Mayrhofer E, Matis U, Brunnberg L and Kostlin R: Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy of the Dog, Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 82-83 & 112-113.
Brinker, Piermattei and Flo: Fractures of Carpus, Metacarpus and Phalanges in: Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair, 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 1997, 344-389.
Boemo C M: Injuries of the Metacarpus and Metatarsus in: Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Bloomberg M S, Dee J F and Taylor R A. eds. W.B.
Saunders 1998, 150-173.
Dee JF: Fractures of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones in: AO Principles of Fracture Management in the Dog and Cat. Johnson AL, Houlton JEF and
Vannini R. eds. AO Publishing 2005, 361-369.

Amputation of the Forelimb

Evans, H.E., Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
Johnson, A.L., Hulse, D.A. Other Diseases of Bones and Joints. In Fossum, T.W. ed. Small Animal Surgery. 2nd ed. St.Louis, MO, Mosby, 2002, p
1173.

Sacroiliac Joint, Pelvis and Hip Joint

1. Miller ME: Ligaments and joints of the pelvic limb. In Evans HE, ed.: Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993, p.
244.
2. Piermattei, DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the wing of the ilium and dorsal aspect of the sacrum. An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones of
the Dog and Cat, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2004.
3. Piermattei, DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the ventral aspect of the sacrum. An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones of the Dog and Cat, 4th
ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2004.
4. DeCamp CE, Braden TD: The surgical anatomy of the canine sacrum for lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Vet Surg; 14:131, 1985.
5. Shales CJ, Langley-Hobbs SJ: Canine sacroiliac luxation: anatomic study of dorsoventral articular surface angulation and safe corridor for
placement of screws used for lag fixation. Vet Surg; 34(4):324-331, 2005.
6. DeCamp CE, Braden TD: Sacroiliac fracture-separation in the dog: A study of 92 cases. Vet Surg; 14:127, 1985.
7. Kaderly RE: Stabilization of bilateral sacroiliac fracture-luxations in small animals with a single transsacral screw. Vet Surg; 20(2):91-96, 1991.
8. Olmstead ML, Matis U: Fractures of the pelvis. In Brinker WO, Olmstead ML, Sumner-Smith G, Prieur WE, eds.: Manual of Internal Fixation in
Small Animals, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998, pp. 148-154.
9. Tomlinson JL, et al: Closed reduction and lag screw fixation of sacroiliac luxations and fractures. Vet Surg; 28(3):188-193, 1999.
10. Radasch RM, Merkley DF, et al: Static strength evaluation of sacroiliac fracture-separation repairs. Vet Surg; 19(2):155-161, 1990.

Trans-ilial/Trans-sacral Pinning of Sacral Fractures

Averill SM, Johnson AL, Schaeffer DJ. Risk factors associated with development of pelvic canal stenosis secondary to sacroiliac separation: 84
cases (1985-1995).
J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:75, 1997. DeCamp CE, Braden TD. Sacroiliac fracture-separation in the dog. A study of 92 cases. Vet Surg 14:127, 1985.
DeCamp CE, Braden TD. The surgical anatomy of the canine sacrum for lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Vet Surg 14:131, 1985.
Hulse DA, Shires P, Waldron D, Hedlund C. Sacroiliac luxations. Comp Contin Ed Pract Vet7:493, 1985.
Jacobson A, Schrader SC. Peripheral nerve injury associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in dogs and cats: 34 cases (1978-
1982). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:569, 1987.
Kuntz CA, Waldron D, Martin RA, Shires PK, Moon M, Shell L. Sacral fractures in dogs: a review of 32 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:142, 1995.
Pare B, Gendreau CL, Robbins MA. Open reduction of sacral fractures using transarticular implants at the articular facets of L7-S1: 8 consecutive
canine patients (1995-1999). Vet Surg 30:476, 2001.
Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Payne JT, Anderson CC, Johnson JC. Closed reduction and lag screw fixation of sacroiliac luxations and fractures. Vet Surg
28:188, 1999.
Ullman SL, Boudrieau RJ. Internal skeletal fixation using a Kirschner apparatus for stabilization of fracture/luxations of the lumbosacral joint in six
dogs. A modification of the transilial pin technique. Vet Surg 22:11, 1993.

Repair of Ilial Fractures

1. Verstraete FJM, Lambrechts NE: Diagnosis of soft tissue injuries associated with pelvic fractures, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14: 921, 1992.
2. Breshears LA, Fitch RB, Wallace LJ, et al: The radiographic evaluation of repaired canine ilial fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17: 64, 2004.
3. Jacobson A, Schrader, SC: Peripheral nerve injury associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in dogs and cats: 34 cases (1978-
1982) J Am Vet Med Assoc 190: 569, 1987.
4. Messmer M, Montavon PM: Pelvic fractures in the dog and cat: a classification system and review of 556 cases Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:
167, 2004.
5. Hohn RB, Janes JM: Lateral approach to the canine ilium, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2: 111, 1966.
6. Montavoin PM, Bouchieau RJ, Hohn RB: Ventrolateral approach for the repair of sacroiliac fracture-dislocation in the dog and cat. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 186: 1198. 1985.
7. Vangundy TE, Hulse DA, Nelson JK, et al: Mechanical evaluation of two canine iliac fracture fixation systems. Vet Surg 17: 321, 1988.
8. Brown SG, Biggart JF: Plate fixation of ilial shaft fractures in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167: 472, 1975.

Surgical Repair of Acetabular Fractures

Boudrieau, RJ, Kleine, LJ: Nonsurgically managed caudal acetabular fractures in dogs: 15 cases (1979-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:701, 1988.
Hulse, DL: Acetabular Fractures. In Fossum T, ed.: Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002, p 971.
Olmstead ML. Surgical repair of acetabular fractures. In Bojrab, MJ,ed: CurrentTechniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1990, p 1036.
Olmstead, ML: Fractures of the Bones of the Hind Limb. In Olmstead, ML, ed: Small Animal Orthopedics. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995, p 219.
Piermattei DL., Johnson, KA: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches of the Bones of the Dog and Cat:. (4th ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2004, p. 290.
Slocum B, Hohn RB: A surgical approach to the caudal aspect of the acetabulum and body of the ischium in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 65:167,
1975.
Tomlinson, JL: Fractures of the Pelvis. In Slatter, D, ed. Textbook ofSmall Animal Surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2003, p 1989.

Treatment of Coxofemoral Luxations

1. Bone DL, Walker M. Cantwell RD. Traumatic coxofemoral luxation in the dog. Vet Surg l3:263, 1984.
2. Dobbelaar MJ. Dislocation of the hip in dogs. J small Anim Pract 4:101, 1963.
3. Pierrnattei DL, Greeley RG. An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
4. Beckham HP, Smith MM, Kern DA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208(1):81-84, 1996
5. Slocum B, Devine T. Dislocation of the canine hip: treatment of the normal and dysplastic hip. Am Anim Hosp Proc 372, 1987.
6. Allen SW, Chambers JN. Extracapsular suture stabilization of canine coxofemoral luxation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:457, 1986.

Diagnostic Tests
Bardens JW. Palpation for the detection of joint laxity. In: Proceedings of the Canine Hip Dysplasia Symposium and Workshop. St. Louis: Orthopedic
Foundation for Animals, 1972:105-109.
Bardens JW, Hardwick H. New observations in the diagnosis and cause of hip dysplasia. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1968:63:238.
Belkoff SM, Padgett G, Soutas-Little RW. Development of a device to measure canine coxofemoral joint laxity. VCOT 1989;1:31-36.
Slocum B, AVORE. Pelvic osteotomy: the results of 285 pelvic osteotomies (abstract). Vet Surg 1986; 15:134.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy in the dog as treatment for hip dysplasia. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987;2:107.
Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening for hip dysplasia in the dog. Vet Surg 1989; 18:81.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy. In: Whittock W, ed. Canine orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:471.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy for axial rotation of the acetabular segment. Vet Clin North Am 1992,22:645.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Slope of the dorsal acetabular rim for hip evaluation in the dog. In: 17th annual conference of the Veterinary Orthopedic
Society. Jackson Hole, WY: Veterinary Orthopedic Society, 1990:12.
Smith G, Biery D, Gregor T. New concepts of coxofemoral joint stability and the development of a clinical stress-radiographic method for quanti-
tiating hip joint laxity in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:59-70.
Wright PJ, Masson TA. The usefulness of palpation of joint laxity in puppies as a predictor of hip dysplasia in a guide dog breeding programme. J
Small Anim Pract 1977; 18:513.

Radiographic Characteristics of Hip Dysplasia

1. Bardens J. Joint laxity as hip dysplasia. In: Canine Hip Dysplasia Symposium. St. Louis:, 1972:71.
2. Belkoff SM, Padgett G, Soutas-Little RW. Development of a device to measure canine coxofemoral joint laxity. Vet Compar Orthop Traumatol
1989;1:31-36.
3. Stoll S. Femoral neck lengthening using distraction measurements. In: American College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgical Forum.: American
College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1996.
4. Smith G, Biery D, Gregor T. New concepts of coxofemoral joint stability and the development of a clinical stress-radiographic method for quanti-
tating hip joint laxity in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990,196:59-70.
Corley EA. Hip dysplasia: a report from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987;2:141.
Henry J, Park R. Wedge technique for demonstration of coxofemoral joint laxity in the canine. In: Canine Hip Dysplasia Symposium. St. Louis: Arthur
Freeman, 1972:117.
Laming F. Canine hip dysplasia and other orthopedic problems. Loveland, CO: Alpine Publications, 1981.
Morgan JP, Stephens M. Radiographic diagnosis and control of canine hip dysplasia. Davis, CA: Venture Press, 1985.
Pappas AM. Congenital hip dysplasia. In: Tronzo R, ed. Surgery of the hip joint. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1973.
Rendano V, Ryan G. Canine hip dysplasia evaluation: a positioning and labeling guide for radiographs to be submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation
for Animals. Vet Radiol 1985:26:170.
Rettenmaier J, Constantinescu G. Canine hip dysplasia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1991;13:643.
Riser WH. The dog as model for the study of hip dysplasia. Vet Pathol 1975:12:229.
Riser WH, Shirer JF. Hip dysplasia: coxofemoral abnormalities in neonatal German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1966:7:7.
Riser WH, Rhodes WH, Newton CD. Hip dysplasia. In: Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, eds. Textbook of small animal orthopedics. Philadelphia: JB
Lippincott, 1985.
Sage FP. Campbell's operative orthopedics 4th ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1963:1708-1709.
Slocum B, AVORE. Pelvic osteotomy: the results of 285 pelvic osteotomies (abstract). Vet Surg 1986,15:134.
Slocum B, Devine TM. Dorsal acetabular rim radiographic view for evaluation of the canine hip. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990:26:289-296.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy in the dog as treatment for hip dysplasia. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987:2:107.
Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening for hip dysplasia in the dog. Vet Surg 1989; 18:81.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy. In: Whittick W, ed. Canine orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:471.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Slope of the dorsal acetabular rim for hip evaluation in the dog. In: 17th annual conference of the Veterinary Orthopedic
Society. Salt Lake City, UT: Veterinary Orthopedic Society, 1990:12.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Examination of the canine hip. Canine Pract 1991;15:5-10.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Pelvic osteotomy for axial rotation of the acetabular segment in dogs with hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract
1992;22:645-682.
Snavely JG. The genetic aspects of hip dysplasia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1959;135:201.
Wallace L. Canine hip dysplasia: past and present. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987;2:92.

Treatment of Hip Dysplasia

Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy in the dog as treatment for hip dysplasia. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987,2:107.
Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening for hip dysplasia in the dog. Vet Surg 1989; 18:81.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy. In: Whittick W, ed. Canine orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:471.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Pelvic osteotomy for axial rotation of the acetabular segment. Vet Clin North Am 1992;22:645.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Femoral neck lengthening: the cutting edge. 1988.
Stoll S. Femoral neck lengthening. San Francisco, CA: American College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1996.

Pelvic Osteotomy
Slocum B. AVORE. Pelvic osteotomy: the results ol 285 pelvic osteotomies (abstract). Vet Surg 1986;15:134.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy in the dog as treatment for hip dysplasia. Semin Vet Med Surg 1987,2:107.
Slocum B, Devine T. Femoral neck lengthening for hip dysplasia in the dog. Vet Surg 1989; 18:81.
Slocum B, Devine T. Dorsal acetabular rim radiographic view for evaluation of the canine hip. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990,26:289.
Slocum B, Devine T. Pelvic osteotomy. In: Whittock W, ed. Canine orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:471.
Slocum B, Slocum TD. Slope of the dorsal acetabular rim for hip evaluation in the dog. In: 17th annual conference of Veterinary Orthopedic Society.
Jackson Hole, WY: Veterinary Orthopedic Society, 1990:12.

Three Plane Intertrochanteric Osteotomy

1. Brinker WO: Corrective osteotomy procedures for treatment of canine hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am 1:467, 1971.
2. Archibold J, Ballatyne JH: A practical prosthesis for the canine and feline femoral head. North Am Vet 34:496, 1953.
3. Prieur WD: Coxarthrosis in the dog. Part 1: Normal and abnormal biomechanics of the hip joint. Vet Surg 9:145, 1980.
4. Pauwels F: Uber eine Kausale Behandlung der coxa valgu luxans. Z Orthop 79:305-315, 1950.
5. Hey Groves EW: Surgical treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. Br Med J 1:3, 1933.
6. Kirmission E: De l'osteotomie sous trochanterienne applique a certains cas de luxation congenitale de la hauche: Rev Orthop 5:137, 1984.
7. Knodt H: Pressure-reducing effects of hip osteotomies. Clin Orthop 77:105, 1971.
8. Prieur WD: Intertrochanteric osteotomy in the dog: theoretical consideration and operative technique. J Small Anim Pract 28:3, 1987.
9. Prieur WD, Scartazzini R: Die Grundlagen und Ergebrisse der intertro-chanteren variationsosteotome bei huftdysplasia. Kleintur-Prax 25:393,
1980.
10. Dueland DJ: Femoral torsion and its possible relationship to canine hip dysplasia. Vet Surg 9:48, 1980.
11. Walker T, Prieur WD: Intertrochanteric femoral osteotomy: Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Animal) 2:117, 1987.
12. Belkoff SM, Padgett G, Soutas-Little RW: Development of a device to measure canine coxofemoral laxity. Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 1:31-36,
1989.
13. Montavon PM, Hohn RB, Olmstead ML, et al: Inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in the dog. Vet Surg 14:277, 1985.
14. Braden TD, Prieur WD, Kaneene JB: Clinical evaluation of intertrochanteric osteotomy for treatment of dogs with early-stage hip dysplasia: 37
cases (1980-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:337, 1990.
15. Salter RB: Innominate osteotomy in the treatment of a congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 43:518, 1961.
16. Salter RB: Role of innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip in the older child. J Bone Joint Surg
(Am) 48:1413, 1966.
17. Goldie MD, Dumbleton JH: Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur. Clinical Biomechanics: A case history approach. New York, Churchill
Livingstone, 1981, p 72.
18. Reigstad A, Gronmark T: Osteoarthritis of the hip treated by intertrochanteric osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1, 1984.

DARthroplasty: Another Treatment for Hip Dysplasia

Slocum, B. & Slocum, T.D. “DARthroplasty”. In: Bojrab, M.J., ed. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 4th Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
1998: 1168-1170.

Total Hip Arthroplasty

DeYoung, DJ, DeYoung BA, Aberman Ha, et al: Implantation of an uncemented total hip prosthesis: Technique and initial results of 100
arthroplasties. Vet Surg 21: 168, 1992.
Hoefle, WD: a surgical procedure for prosthetic total hip replacement in the dog. J Am Animal Hosp Assoc 10:269, 1974.
Leighton, RL: The Richard's II canine hip prosthesis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15:73, 1979.
Lewis RG, Jones JP: A clinical study of canine total hip replacement. Vet Surg 9:20, 1980.
Olmstead, ML, Hohn RB: Ergbisse mt der hufltoltal-prostheses bei 103 klinischen fallen an der Ohio State University. Klin Prox25; 407, 1980.
Olmstead, ML, Hohn, RB, Turner, TM: A five year study of 221 total hip replacements in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:191, 1983.
Olmstead, ML: Total hip replacement. VetClin N Am 17:943, 1987.
Olmstead, ML: The canine cemented modular total hip prosthesis: surgical technique and preliminary clinical results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:109,
1995.
Parker, RB, Bloomberg, MS, Bitetto, W et al: Canine total hip replacement: a clinical review of 20 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:97, 1984.
Paul HA, Bargar WL: A modified Technique for canine total hip replacement. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:13, 1987.

Excision Arthroplasty of the Femoral Head and Neck

Lippincott CL: Excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck. Vet Clin North Am [Small Anim Pract] 17:857, 1987.
Berzon JL, Howard PE, Covell SJ, et al.: A retrospective study of the efficacy of femoral head and neck excisions in 94 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 9:88,
1980.
Tarvin G, Lippincott CL: Excision arthroplasty for treatment of canine hip dysplasia using the biceps femoris muscle sling: An evaluation of 92 cases.
Semin Vet Med Surg [Small Anim] 2:158, 1987.
Mann FA, Tanger CH, Wagner-Mann C, et al.: A comparison of standard femoral head and neck excision and femoral head and neck excision using
a biceps femoris muscle flap in the dog. Vet Surg 16:223, 1987.
Lippincott CL: Improvement of excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck utilizing a biceps femoris muscle sling. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
17:668, 1981.
Lippincott CL: Excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck utilizing a biceps femoris muscle sling. Part two: The caudal pass. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 20:377, 1984
Gendreau C, Cawley AJ: Excision of the femoral head and neck: the long-term results of 35 operations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:605, 1977.
Lewis DD, Bellah JR, McGavin MD, Gaskin JM: Postoperative examination of the biceps femoris muscle sling used in excision of the femoral head
and neck in dogs. Vet Surg 17:269, 1988.
Prostredny, JM, Toombs, JP, Van Sickle, DC: Effect of two muscle techniques on early morbidity after femoral head and neck excision in dogs. Vet
Surg 20:298, 1991.
Bjorling DE, Chambers JN: The biceps femoris flap and femoral head and neck excision in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet8:359, 1986
Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat:. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 2004, 290.
Hosgood G, Toombs JP: The suture snare technique for passage of tissue strips or flaps. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:322, 1990.
Millis DL. Levine D, Taylor RA: Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 1st ed. Saint Louis: Saunders 2004.

Femur and Stifle Joint

Aron DN, et al. A review of reduction and internal fixation of proximal femoral fractures in the dog and man. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1979;15:455.
Daly WR. Femoral head and neck fractures in the dog and cat: a review of 115 cases. Vet Surg 1978;7:29.
Frey AJ, Olds R. A new technique for repair of comminuted diaphyseal fractures. Vet Surg 1981; 10:51.
Gambardella PC. Full cerclage wires for fixation of long bone fractures. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1980,11:665.
Gilmore DR. Application of the lag screw. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1983;5:217.
Grauer GF, Banks WJ, Ellison GW, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of distal femoral physeal fractures in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1981; 17:579.
Hauptman J, Butler HC. Effect of osteotomy of the greater trochanter with tension band fixation on femoral conformation in beagle dogs. Vet Surg
1979;8:13.
Hulse DA, Abdelbaki YZ, Wilson J. Revascularization of femoral capital physeal fractures following surgical fixation. J Vet Or-thop 1981,2:50.
Hulse DA, et al. Use of the lag screw principle for stabilization of femoral neck and femoral capital epiphyseal fractures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1974; 10:29.
Kaderly RE, Anderson WD, Anderson BG. Extraosseous vascular supply to the mature dog's coxofemoral joint. Am J Vet Res 1982;43:1208.
Kagan KG. Multiple intramedullary pin fixation of the femur of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 182:1251, 1983.
Milton JL, Home RD, Goldstein GM. Crosspinning: a simple technique for treatment of certain metaphyseal and physeal fractures of the long bones. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980; 16:891.
Milton JL, Newman ME. Fractures of the femur. In : Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.
Nunamaker DM. Repair of femoral head and neck fractures by interfragmentary compression. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973,162:569.
Renegar WR, Leeds EB, Olds RB. The use of the Kirschner-Ehmer splint in clinical orthopedics. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1982,4:381.
Rhinelander FW, Wilson JW. The blood supply of developing mature and healing bone. In: Sumner-Smith G, ed. Bone in clinical orthopedics.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1982.
Rivera LA, Aldelbaki YZ, Hulse DA. Arterial supply to the canine hip joint. J Vet Orthop 1979; 1:20.
Shires PK, Hulse DA. Internal fixation of physeal fractures using the distal femur as an example. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1980; 11:854.
Stone EA, Betts CW, Rowland GN. Effect of Rush pins on the distal femoral growth plate of young dogs. Am J Vet Res 1981 ;42:261.

Repair of Patellar Fractures

Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB: Surgery of the stifle: the patella. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2:200, 1980.
Betts CW, Walker M: Lag screw fixation of a patellar fracture. J Small Anim Pract.. 16:21, 1975.
Howard PE, Wilson JW, Robbins TA et al.: Normal blood supply of the canine patella. Am J Vet Res 47:401, 1986.
McLaughlin R: Intra-articular stifle fractures and arthrodesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 23:877, 1993.
Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Fractures of the Femur and Patella In Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL, eds.: Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and
Fracture Repair, Third edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997, p 469.

Surgical Repair of Patellar Luxations

1. L'Eplattenier H, Montavon P: Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: pathogenesis and Diagnosis. Compend Contin Educ Prac Vet24:234, 2002.
2. L'Eplattenier H, Montavon P: Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: management and prevention. Compend Contin Educ Prac Vet 24:292, 2002.
3. Evans HE: Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
4. Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB: Surgery of the stifle: patella. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2:20001980.
5. Rudy RL: Stifle joint. In: Archibald J, ed.: Canine surgery. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, Ca: American Veterinary Publications, 1974.
6. Harrison JW: Patellar dislocation. In: Bojrab MJ, ed.: Current techniques in small animal surgery. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1975, 714.
7. Trotter E: Medical Patellar luxation in the dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2:58, 1980.
8. Priester WA: Sex, size, and breed as risk factors in canine patellar dislocation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:740, 1973.
9. Hobday F: Congenital malformation and displacement of the patella. Vet J 60:216, 1905.
10. Lacroix JV: Recurrent luxation of the patella in dogs. North Am Vet 2:47, 1930.
11. Putman RW: Patellar luxation in the dog. Master's thesis, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1968
12. Brinker WO, Keller WE: Rotation of the tibial tuberosity for correction of luxation of the patella. Mich State Univ Vet22:92, 1962.
13. DeAngelis MP: Patellar luxations in dogs. Vet Clin North Am 1:403, 1971.
14. Flo G, Brinker WO: Fascia lata overlap procedure for surgical correction of recurrent medial luxation of the patella in the dog. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 156:595, 1970.
15. Singleton WB: Transplantation of the tibial crest for treatment of congenital patellar luxation. In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the
American Animal Hospital Association.: American Animal Hospital Association, 1967.
16. Vierheller, RC: Grooving the femoral trochlea. In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Animal Hospital Association.:
American Animal Hospital Association, 1970.
17. O'Brian TR: Developmental deformities due to arrested epiphyseal growth. VetClin North Am 1:441, 1971.
18. Slocum B, Slocum DB, Devine T, et al.: Wedge recession for treatment of recurrent luxations of the patella. Clin Orthop 164:48, 1982.
19. Boone EG Jr, Hohn RB, Weisbrode SE: Trochlear recession wedge technique for patellar luxation: an experimental study. J Am Anim Hosp
Assoc 19:735, 1983.
20. Talcott KW, Goring RL, de Haan JJ: Rectangular recession trochleo-plasty for treatment of patellar luxation in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Orthop
Traumatol 13:39, 2000.
21. Johnson AL, Probst CW, DeCamp, et al.: Comparison of trochlear block recession and trochlear wedge recession for canine patellar luxation
using a cadaver model. Vet Surg 30:140, 2001.

Fabellar Suture Stabilization Technique for Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
1. Flo G: Modification of the lateral retinacular imbrication technique for stabilizing cruciate ligament injuries. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:570, 1975.
2. Flo G: Meniscal Injuries. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Prac 23:831, 1993.
3. Ralphs SC, Whitney WO: Arthroscopic evaluation of menisci in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries: 100 cases (1999-2000). J Am Vet Med
Assoc 221:1602, 2002.
4. Roe SC: Optimizing the attachment sites of an extracapsular suture used for stabilizing a cruciate deficient stifle. Proceedings of the 10th Annual
American College of Veterinary Surgeons Symposium, Washington DC,:19, 2000.
5. Roe SC: Personal Communication, July 2005.
6. Marsolais GS, Dvorak G, Conzemius MG: Effects of Postoperative Rehabilitation on Limb Function after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair in Dogs.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1325, 2002.

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy for Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
1. Slocum B, Slocum TD. Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine. VetClin North Am-Small Anim
Pract 23:777, 1993.
2. Dejardin LM. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002; p 2133-
2143.
3. Palmer R. Understanding tibial plateau leveling osteotomies in dogs. Vet Med 100:426, 2005.
4. Reif U, Hulse DA, Hauptman JG. Effect of tibial plateau leveling on stability of the canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifle joint: an in vitro study. Vet
Surg 31:147, 2002.
5. Wa rzee CC, Dejardin LM, Arnoczky SP, et al. Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient
stifles: an in vitro experimental study. Vet Surg 30:278, 2001.
6. Caylor KB, Zumpano CA, Evans LM, et al. IntraÖ¾ and interobserver measurement variability of tibial plateau slope from lateral radiographs in
dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:263, 2001.
7. Reif U, Dejardin LM, Probst CW, et al. Influence of limb positioning and measurement method on the magnitude of the tibial plateau angle. Vet
Surg 33:368, 2004.
8. Reif U, Probst CW. Comparison of tibial plateau angles in normal and cranial cruciate deficient stifles of Labrador retrievers. Vet Surg 32:385,
2003.
9. Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Gingrich W. In vitro effects of osteotomy angle and osteotomy reduction on tibial angulation and rotation during the tibial
plateau-leveling osteotomy procedure. Vet Surg 32:371, 2003.
10. Kowaleski MP, McCarthy R.J. Geometric analysis evaluating the effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy position on postoperative tibial plateau
slope. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:30, 2004.
11. Kowaleski MP. Technique and indications for TPLO/CCWO. ACVS Veterinary Symposium 449, 2005.
12. Palmer R. Postoperative TPLO Complications. ACVS Veterinary Symposium 2004; p 378.
13. Apelt D, Kowaleski MP, Dyce J. Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog. Vet
Surg 34:457, 2005.
14. Pozzi A, Kowaleski MP, Apelt, D, Johnson KA. Motion of the caudal pole of the medial meniscus after meniscal release. ACVS Veterinary
Symposium 2005; p 20.
15. Pozzi A, Litzky AS, Field J, Apelt, D, Meadows C, Johnson KA. In vitro effect of meniscal release on load transmission in stifles with and without
tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. ACVS Veterinary Symposium 2005; p 21.
16. Slocum B, Devine-Slocum, T. Meniscal release In: Bojrab M, ed. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1998; p 1197.
17. Slocum B, Devine-Slocum, T. Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament rupture In: Bojrab MJ EG, Slocum B, ed. Current
techniques in small animal surgery. 4 ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998; p 1209.
18. Pacchiana PD, Morris E, Gillings SL, et al. Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with
cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:184, 2003.
19. Priddy NH, 2nd, Tomlinson JL, Dodam JR, et al. Complications with and owner assessment of the outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for
treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: 193 cases (1997-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1726, 2003.
20. Boudrieau RJ. Corrosion of the Slocum TPLO plate. ACVS Veterinary Symposium 2005; p 324.
21. Boudrieau RJ, McCarthy RJ, Sisson RD, Jr. Sarcoma of the proximal portion of the tibia in a dog 5.5 years after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1613-1617, 2005.
22. Punke J. Clinical occurence of sarcoma post tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). ACVS Veterinary Symposium 2005; p 318.
“Over-the-Top” Patellar Tendon Graft for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair
1. Arnoczky SP, Marshall JL: The cruciate ligaments of the canine stifle: an anatomical and functional analysis. Am J Vet Res 38:1807, 1977.
2. Arnoczky SP, Marshall JL: Pathomechanics of cruciate and meniscal injuries. In Bojrab MJ, ed.: Pathophysiology of small animal surgery.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1981, p 590.
3. Arnoczky SP: Surgery of the stifle: the cruciate ligaments. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2:106, 1980.
4. Vasseur PB, Pool RR, Arnoczky SP, et al.: Correlative biomechanical and histologic study of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs. Am J Vet res
46:1842, 1985.
5. Hulse DA, Michaelson F, Johnson C. et al.: A technique for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog: preliminary report. Vet Surg
9:135, 1980.
6. Strande A.: Repair of the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in the dog. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1967.
7. Vasseur PB: Stifle joint. In Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1993, 1817.
8. Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB, Marshall JL, et al. The over-the-top procedure: a technique for anterior cruciate ligament substitution in the dog. J Am
Anim Hosp Assoc 15:283, 1979.
9. Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB, Marshall JL.: Anterior cruciate ligament replacement using patellar tendon: an evaluation of graft revascularization in the
dog. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]64A:217, 1982.
10. Boudrieau RJ, Kaderly RE, Arnoczky SP, et al.: Vascularized patellar tendon graft technique for cranial cruciate ligament substitution in the dog:
vascular evaluation. Vet Surg 14:196, 1985.
11. Butler DL, Grood ES, Noyes FR, et al.: Mechanical properties of primate vascularized vs. nonvascularized patellar tendon grafts: changes over
time. J. Orthop Res 7:68-79, 1989.
12. Shires PK, Hulse DA, Liu W: The under-and-over fascial replacement technique for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: a retrospective
study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 20:69, 1984.
13. Denny HR, Barr ARS: An evaluation of two “over the top” techniques for anterior cruciate ligament replacement in the dog. J Small Anim Pract
25:759, 1984.

Treatment of Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture by Lateral and Medial Imbrication

1. Reinke JD. Cruciate ligament avulsion injury in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982; 18: 257 - 264.
2. Schulz K. Caudal cruciate ligament injury. In Fossum TW, Small Animal Surgery. 4th ed. St. Louis. Mosby/Elsevier, 2013; 1344 - 1345.
3. Abate J. Dislocations and soft tissue injuries of the knee. In: Brouner BD. Sletel Trauma. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA. Saunders/Elsevier. 2009; 2167 -
2201.
4. Pournaras J, Symeonides PP, Karkavalas G. The significance of the posterior cruciate ligaqment in the stability of the dog's knee. J Bone Joint
Surg Br 1983; 65: 204 - 209.
5. Harari J, Johnson AL, Stein LE, Evaluation of experimental transection of the caudal cruciate ligament in dogs. Vet Surg 1987, 16: 151 - 154.
6. Johnson AL, Olmstead ML. Caudal cruciate ligament rupture: a retrospective analysis of 14 dogs. Vet Surg 1987; 16: 202; 16: 202 - 206.
7. Sumner JP, Markel MD, Muir P. Caudal cruciate ligament damage with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet Surg 2010; 39: 936 - 941.

Treatment of Collateral Ligament Injuries

1. Evans HE, Christensen CG. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979.
2. Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB, Vasseur P. Surgery of the stifle: the menisci and collateral ligaments. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1980;2:395.
3. Griffiths RC. Collateral ligament injuries. In: Proceedings of the 7th annual surgical forum.: American College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1979.
4. Berg RJ, Egger EL. In vitro comparison of the three loop pulley and locking loop suture patterns for repair of canine weightbearing tendons and
collateral ligaments. Vet Surg 1985; 15:107.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Canine Stifle

Kramer M, Stengel H, Gerwing M., et al: Sonography of the canine stifle. Vet Rad & Ultrasound 40:282, 1999.
Necas A, Dvorak M, Zatloukal J: Incidence of osteochondrosis in dogs and its late diagnosis. Acta Veterinaria Brno 68:131, 1999.
Montgomery RD, Milton JL, Henderson RA, Hathcock JT: Osteochondritis dissecans of the canine stifle. Compendium on Continuing Education for
the Practicing Veterinarian 11:1199, 1989.
Morgan JP, Wind A, Davidson AP: Bone dysplasias in the Labrador retriever: a radiographic study. J Am Animal Hosp Assoc 35:332, 1999.
Shealy PM, Milton JL: Limited arthrotomy of the canine stifle for osteochondritis dissecans. VetComp Ortho & Trauma 4:134, 1991.

Tibia and Tarsus

1. Johnson JA, Austin C, Breur GJ: Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through
1989. VetComp Orthop Traumatol7:56, 1994.
2. Johnson AL: Fundamentals of orthopedic surgery and fracture management, decision making in fracture management, in Fossum TW (ed) Small
Animal Surgery, 4th edition St. Louis, Mosby 2013, p 1055.
3. Johnson AL: Fundamentals of orthopedic surgery and fracture management, perioperative patient management in Fossum TW (ed) Small Animal
Surgery, 4th edition St. Louis, Mosby 2013, p 1044.
4. Johnson KA and Piermattei DL: Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat:, 4th edition, Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co,
2004, p 366.
5. Johnson AL, Dunning D. Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in the Dog and Cat:. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2005, p 196.
6. Johnson AL. Current concepts in fracture reduction. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:59, 2003.
7. Aron DN, Palmer RH, Johnson AL: Biologic strategies and a balanced concept for repair of highly comminuted long bone fractures, Compend Cont
Educ Pract Vet 17:35, 1995.
8. Johnson AL, Johnson K, Houlton J, et al: AO-ASIF Small Animal Preoperative Planning Guide: Synthes (USA); 1999.
9. Johnson AL, Fracture planning website, University of Illinois http:// vetmed.illinois.edu/fractureplanning/ January 2014
10. Johnson AL: Fundamentals of orthopedic surgery and fracture management, perioperative patient management in Fossum TW (ed) Small Animal
Surgery, 4th edition St. Louis, Mosby 2013, p 1201.
11. Johnson AL, Dunning D. Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in the Dog and Cat. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2005, p 202.
12. Dueland RT, Johnson KA, Roe SC, et al: Interlocking nail treatment of diaphyseal long bone fractures in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:59,
1999.
13. Johnson AL, Dunning D. Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in the Dog and Cat. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2005, p 206.
14. Johnson AL, Dunning D. Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in the Dog and Cat. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2005, p 204.
15. Schwarz G: Fractures of the tibia. In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vaninni R.(editors) AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, New
York, Thieme for AO Publishing, 2005, p 310 .
16. Johnson KA and Piermattei DL: Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat, 4th edition, Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co,
2004, p 370.
17. Johnson AL, Dunning D. Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Procedures in the Dog and Cat. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2005, p 198.

Prosthetic Ligament Repair for Severe Tarsocrural Joint Instability

Aron DN: Luxation, subluxation, and shearing injuries of the tarsal joint. In Birchard SJ, Sherding RG, eds.: Saunders Manual of Small Animal
Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2000, p 1168.
Piermattei DL, Flo GL: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo's Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders, 1997, p 610.
1. Aron DN, Purinton PT: Collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joint. An anatomic and functional study. Vet Surg 14:173, 1985.
2. Aron DN: Prosthetic ligament replacement for severe tarsocrural joint instability. Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:41, 1987.
3. Rytz U, Aron DN, Foutz L, Thompson SA: Mechanical evaluation of soft cast (scotchcast, 3m) and conventional rigid and semirigid coaptation
methods. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:14, 1996.

Repair of Fractures of the Tarsus

1. Gielen I, De Rycke L, van Bree H, Simoens P: Computed tomography of the tarsal joint in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1911, 2001.
2. Matis, U. Complex fractures of the tarsus - cats. In: Lecture abstracts: advanced techniques in small animal fracture management course.
Arbeitsgemeinshaft fur Osteosynthesefragen. Columbus, Ohio, 2007.
3. McCartney WT, Carmichael S. Talar neck fractures in five cats. J SmallAnim Pract41:204, 2000.
4. Muir P, Johnson KA, Ruaux-Mason CP. In vivo matrix microdamage in a naturally occurring canine fatigue fracture. Bone 25: 571, 1999.
5. Boudrieau RJ, Dee JF, Dee LG. Central tarsal bone fractures in the racing greyhound: a review of 114 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1486,
1984.
6. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE. Fracture-luxation of central tarsal bone. In: Piermattei, DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, eds. Brinker, Piermattei and
Flo's handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Inc, 2006 p698.
7. Boudrieau RJ, Dee JF, Dee LG. Treatment of central tarsal bone fractures in the racing greyhound. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1492, 1984.
8. Marshall WG, Dee JF, Spencer CP. What is your diagnosis? Tarsometatarsal subluxation. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Dec 15;231(12):1809-10.
Beale B. Surgical treatment of talus fractures. In: Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B, eds. Current techniques in small animal surgery. 4th ed.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1998 p1264.
Dee JF, Dee LG, Eaton-Wells RD. Injuries of high performance dogs. In: Whittick WG, ed. Canine Orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger, 1990 p519.
Dee JF. Tarsal injuries. In: Bloomberg MS, Dee JF, Taylor RA, eds. Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1998
p120.
Evans HE: Millers’anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1993.
Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2004.

Tibiotarsal Arthrodesis and other Tarsal Arthrodesis Procedures

Gorse MJ, Early TD, Aron DN: Tarsocrural arthrodesis: Long term functional results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:231, 1991.
Ehmer Sling (Figure-of-Eight Sling)
1. Tomlinson JL. Reduction of coxofemoral luxations. In Bojrab MJ (ed), Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery (4th ed). Philadelphia 1998;
Lea & Febiger, pp 1180-1182.
2. Herron AJ. Fracture disease. In Bojrab MJ (ed), Pathophysiology in Small Animal Surgery (2nd ed). Philadelphia 1981; Lea & Febiger, pp 697-699.

90°-90° Flexion Splint for Femoral Fractures

Aron DN, Crowe DT: The 90-90 flexion split for prevention of stifle joint stiffness with femoral fracture repairs. Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:447, 1987.
1. Aron DN, Crowe DT: The 90-90 flexion split for prevention of stifle joint stiffness with femoral fracture repairs. Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:447, 1987.
2. Gebhard JS, Kabo JM, Meals RA: Passive motion: the dose effects on joint stiffness, muscle mass, bone density, and regional swelling. A study in
an experimental model following intra-articular injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75:1636, 1993.
3. Muller ME, Allgower M, Schneider R, Willenegger H: Manual of internal fixation: Techniques recommended by the A-O-groups. 2nd ed. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 1979, 246.

Commonly Used Splinting and Casting Techniques

1. Tomlinson J. Complications of fractures repaired with casts and splints. Vet Clin North Am 1991;21:735-744.
2. Leighton RL. Principles of conservative fracture management: splints and casts. Semin Vet Med Surg 1991;6:39-51.
3. Manziaro CF, Manziaro JR. Walking plaster cast for repair of tibial fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1970;156:581.
4. Nunamaker DM. Methods of closed fixation. In: Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, eds. Textbook of small animal orthopedics. Philadelphia: JB
Lippincott, 1985.
5. DeCamp CE. External coaptation. In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
6. Holm RB. Principles and application of plaster casts. Vet Clin North Am 1975;5:291-303.
7. Leighton RL. Complications from mismanagement of fixation devices. Vet Clin North Am 1975:5:273.
8. Knecht CD, Allen AR, Williams DJ, et al. Casts and splints for small animals. In: Fundamental techniques in veterinary surgery. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1981.
9. Robinson GW, McCoy L, Gili M. Feline bandaging and splinting. Feline Pract 1977:7:41.
10. Swaim SF, Vaughn DM, Spalding PJ, et al. Evaluation of the dermal effects of cast padding in coaptation casts on dogs. Am J Vet Res
1992:53:1266-1272.
11. Tobias TA. Slings, padded bandages, splinted bandages, and casts. In: Oimstead ML, ed. Small animal orthopedics. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1995.
12. Knecht CD. Principles and applications of traction and coaptation splints. Vet Clin North Am 1975:5:177.
13. Seim HB, Creed JE, Smith K W. Restraint techniques for prevention of self-trauma. In: Bojrab MJ, ed. Current techniques in small animal surgery.
2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1983.
Arnoszky SP, Blass CE, McCoy L. External coaptation and bandaging. In: Slatter DH, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 1985.
Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL, eds. Principles of joint surgery. In: Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 1983.
Leighton RL. Principles of conservative fracture management: splints and casts. Semin Vet Med Surg 1991:6:39-51.
Tobias TA. Slings, padded bandages, splinted bandages, and casts. In: Oimstead ML, ed. Small animal orthopedics. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1995.

Principles and Application of Synthetic and Plaster Casts in Small Animals

1. DeCamp CE. External coaptation. In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
2. Nunamaker DM. Methods of closed fixation. In: Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, eds. Textbook of small animal orthopedics. Philadelphia: JB
Lippincott, 1985.
3. Marshall PD, Dibble AK, Walters TH, et al. When should a synthetic casting material be used in preference to plaster of Paris? A cost analysis and
guidance for casting departments. Injury 1991;23:542-544.
4. Bartels KE, Penwick RC, Freeman LJ, et al. Mechanical testing and evaluation of eight synthetic casting materials. Vet Surg 1985,14:310.
5. Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL, eds. Principles of joint surgery. In: Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 1983.
6. Vet Cast Veterinary Casting Tape: Comparative study of commonly used cast materials. St. Paul, MN: Animal Care Products/ 3M, 1984.
7. Lane PL, Lee MM. New synthetic casts: what nurses need to know. Orthop Nurs 1982,1:13.
8. Bowker P, Powell ES. A clinical evaluation of plaster of Paris and eight synthetic fracture splinting materials. Injury 1992; 23:13-20.
9. Wilson DG, Vanderby R. An evaluation of six synthetic casting materials: strength of cylinders in bending. Vet Surg 1995; 24:55-59.
10. Tobias TA. Slings, padded bandages, splinted bandages, and casts. In: Olmstead ML, ed. Small animal orthopedics. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1995.
11. Swaim SF, Vaughn DM, Spalding PJ, et al. Evaluation of the dermal effects of cast padding in coaptation casts on dogs. Am J Vet Res
1992;53:1266-1272.
12. Hohn RB. Principles and application of plaster casts. Vet Clin North Am 1975;5:291.
DeCamp CE. External coaptation. In: Slatter D, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
Leighton RL. Principles of conservative fracture management: splints and casts. Semin Vet Med Surg 1991;6:39-51.
Tobias TA. Slings, padded bandages, splinted bandages, and casts. In: Olmstead ML, ed. Small animal orthopedics. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1995.