CSC430 L3 Sum
CSC430 L3 Sum
67) ipconfig: is a Windows command-line tool used to display and configure the network interfaces
on a system.
68) ipconfig command without any parameters provides basic information about the network
configuration, including:
69) IPv4 Address: The IP address assigned to the system (e.g., 192.168.3.252).
70) Subnet Mask: Specifies the subnet mask (e.g., 255.255.255.0).
71) Default Gateway: Indicates the IP address of the router (e.g., 192.168.3.1).
72) This command is useful for obtaining quick information about the system's network
configuration.
73) ipconfig /all: provides more detailed information about the network interfaces, including:
74) Physical (MAC) address.
75) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) settings.
76) DNS (Domain Name System) settings.
77) Additional configuration details.
78) It's a comprehensive view of the system's network configuration.
79) ping: is a Windows command used to test the reachability of a host on a network using the
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
80) ping www.google.com checks if the specified domain (www.google.com) is reachable, providing
round-trip time statistics.
81) ping -t -l 65500 www.google.com: The provided command continuously pings www.google.com
with unusually large packet size (65500 bytes), potentially causing disruption and resembling a
form of network attack.
82) Application layer protocols define the types of messages exchanged between applications.
83) Types of Messages Exchanged: Application layer protocols determine the types of messages
exchanged, such as requests and responses. For example, in the HTTP protocol, a client sends a
request to a server, and the server responds with the requested data.
84) Message Syntax: Message syntax involves specifying the structure of messages, including fields
and how they are delineated. For instance, in HTTP, the syntax defines the headers, body, and
other components of a request or response message.
85) Fields in Messages: Protocols define the fields within messages, indicating the information they
contain. For example, an email protocol may have fields for sender, recipient, subject, and
message body.
86) Message Semantics: Message semantics define the meaning of information in fields. It specifies
the purpose and interpretation of each field, ensuring that communicating entities understand the
significance of the data being exchanged.
87) Rules for Sending and Responding: Protocols establish rules for when and how processes send
and respond to messages. These rules govern the timing, sequencing, and acknowledgment of
messages, ensuring orderly communication.