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Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms

Article in Water Environment Research · October 2013

DOI: 10.2175/106143013X13698672322949

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 Effects of Pollution on Marine
Organisms
Alan J. Mearns1*, Donald J. Reish2, Philip S. Oshida3, Thomas Ginn4,
Mary Ann Rempel-Hester5, Courtney Arthur6 and Nicolle Rutherford1

on effects of oil spills and marine debris due in part to

ABSTRACT: This review covers selected 2012
the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout in the Gulf
articles on the biological effects of pollutants and
of Mexico and the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Several
human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine
topical areas reviewed in the past (ballast water and
plants, animals, ecosystems and habitats. The review,
ocean acidification) were dropped this year. The
based largely on journal articles, covers field and
focus of this review is on effects, not pollutant fate
laboratory measurement activities (bioaccumulation of
and transport. There is considerable overlap across
contaminants, field assessment surveys, toxicity
subject areas (e.g. some bioaccumulation papers may
testing and biomarkers) as well as pollution issues of
be cited in other topical categories). Please use
current interest including endocrine disrupters,
keyword searching of the text to locate related but
emerging contaminants, wastewater discharges,
distributed papers. Use this review only as a guide
dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed
and please consult the original papers before citing

1*
Emergency Response Division, National Oceanic and them.

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 7600 Sand Point Way KEYWORDS: Tissue residues, toxicity,

NE, Seattle, WA 98115; Tel.206-526-6336; email: bioaccumulation, biomagnification, biomarkers,

2
[email protected]; Professor Emeritus, Department of
sediment quality, ecological risk assessment,
Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach,
endocrine disrupters, nano particles, POPs, PCBs,
CA; 3Lives in Virginia, works at the U.S. Environmental
PAHs, PBDEs, radionuclides, pharmaceuticals,
Protection Agency. 4Exponent, Inc, Sedona, AZ; 5
Partner,
personal care products, trace metals, pesticides,
Aquatic Toxicology Support, Bremerton, WA.. 6IM Systems
biomarkers, marine biocides, oil spills, dispersants,
Group and NOAA Marine Debris Program, Silver Spring,

MD. We once again thank NOAA Librarian Mr. Brian Voss, sewage, debris, dredging, eutrophication, human

NOAA NESDIS, for his considerable help in locating papers. disturbance, Arctic, Antarctic.

doi: 10.2175/106143013X13698672322949

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
Reviews of mercury in the Gulf of Mexico were reviewed by

An extensive review of the past decade of Harris et al. (2012). Atmospheric deposition of

oil and chemical spill fate and effects monitoring and mercury was greater in the Gulf than elsewhere. Since

assessment was published by Radovic et al. (2012): fish are important receptors of mercury and since the

they cite several hundred papers and further reading Gulf of Mexico accounted for over 40% of the

materials. In addition to remote sensing detection of recreational fish caught, more study is needed to

spills, the review covers numerous biological subjects determine concentrations in the water column,

ranging from seafood fisheries assessments to use of sediments, food web and fish.

biomarkers, bioassays and genomic and proteomic Wu et al. (2012) exposed fish for 28 days in

tools for assessing injury and monitoring recovery.. mercury concentrations ranging from 5 to 160 µg/L.

Price et al. (2012) conducted a major review of a grim Growth was significantly reduced, dose related and

outlook for the health of the Persian Gulf: bioconcentration of mercury was greatest in kidneys

recommendations were offered for restoration. and liver followed by gills, bone and muscle. Total

mercury and methylmercury were measured in field-

Toxicants in Marine Organisms collected fish by Dang and Wang (2012): there was a

Table 1 lists examples of the concentrations direct relationship between fish size and mercury

of contaminants in tissues of marine animals reported accumulations but not with methylmercury.

in 2012. Following are reviews of selected additional Sary and Mohammadi (2012) measured

papers that report on body burdens, bioaccumulation levels of Pb in liver and muscle tissue of several river

and biomagnification. and marine fish from the Khouzestan, Iran area.

Metals. Literature on bioaccumulation of Acanthopagrus latus, Platycephalus indicus, and

mercury on the Alaskan environment was reviewed by Otolithes ruber, had levels of Pb (lead) in their liver

Douglas et al. (2012). The authors took into account and muscle tissues that ranged from 5 to 31 mg/kg ww

the extreme variability of the Arctic environment. The and 8 to 60 mg/kg ww, respectively.

identified gaps in our knowledge included the rate of Laboratory studies were used to determine

mercury entering the Arctic and its bioavailability and the uptake and depuration of metals bound to sediment

accumulation by biota. Stern et al. (2012) also and plants on the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus

addressed what effect climate change would influence (Dutton and Fisher, 2012). Assimilations efficiency

the concentration of mercury in the Arctic Ocean. was highest with methylmercury and lowest with

They posed the problem in a series of eight questions chromium. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and

then proceeded to answer them. Sources and receptors mercury was primarily in viscera, whereas arsenic and

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
methylmercury was distributed throughout the body. the byssal threads then digestive glands and gills.

Adeyemi and Denton (2012) exposed eastern oysters Concentrations were lowest in the kidney and

to different concentrations of cadmium: cadmium adductor muscles (Millward et al., 2012). Pan et al.

exposure reduced the production of digestive (2012) exposed the marine bivalve to various sizes of

enzymes. Won et al. (2012) conducted a study to gold nanoparticles under laboratory conditions.

determine if the metallothionein gene (MT) played a Burrowing and feeding rates were measured over 16

role in the detoxification and/or sequestering of lead days. All sizes of the particles reduced the

and cadmium. The polychaete Perinereis nuntia was effectiveness of burrowing activity but there were no

exposed to several different metals. Modulation of changes in feeding ability when compared to control.

essential metals did not occur, but it did with lead and An excess of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS)

cadmium suggesting that MT has the potential as a reduced the toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead

biomarker. The presence of fluvic acid reduced the and zinc to the surface dwelling amphipod Melita

uptake of copper both in whole mussels and excised plumulosa (Simpson et al.2012). AVS is important in

gill tissue. Gills had a higher concentration of copper binding metals with sediments. An excess of

and retained it longer than lead. The non-essential lead dissolved oxygen releases the metals into more

was rapidly transferred to other tissues in mussels bioavailable forms thus increasing toxicity to

(Sánchez-María et al.2012). Devas et al. (2012) amphipods.

investigated the effect of chronic exposure of zinc to Very little data exist on bioaccumulation of

oyster spat. They studied nine stressed target genes, trace elements in sponges. Genta-Jouve et al. (2012)

but only metallothionein responded to high levels of conducted laboratory experiments with eight element

zinc. isotopes on several species of Mediterranean sponges.

Cultivated oysters in southern China have Encrusting species had higher levels of

extremely high levels of copper and zinc. Pan and bioconcentration than erect species, suggesting that

Wang (2012) conducted transplantation experiments the morphological characteristics were the key factor

to determine how they were able to cope with the high in these differences

concentrations. Oysters initially were stressed by the Radionuclides. Bluefin tuna (Thunnus

higher concentrations but were then able to sequester orientalis) migrate across the Pacific Ocean between

the metals into subcellular nontoxic forms. Mussels Japan and North America. Tuna caught off California

were exposed to radioactive metals in the laboratory to showed elevated levels of radioactive cesium one year

measure the uptake and depuration in different tissues. after the Fukushima earthquake of March 11, 2011.

The highest concentrations of activity were found in Cesium levels were one order of magnitude less than

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
the post earthquake collected fish (Madigan et al, of pyrene in the tissues of oysters were studied under

2012). Seasonal accumulation of radioactive cesium experimental conditions by Bustamante et al. (2012).

was measured in red and green algae and the sea grass Oysters were exposed to pyrene for one day then

Zostera off the coast of Poland by Zalewska (2012b). allowed to depurate for 15 days. These animals did

Greater amounts of cesium were found in red algae not display a high capacity to metabolize pyrene

regardless of water depth than green algae or Zostera. making it a good organism to monitor its

The red alga Polysiphonia fucoides was considered to contamination in coastal shores. Ansari et al. (2012)
137
be the best indicator of cesium because of its high collected baseline data on the level of total petroleum

efficiency of bioaccumulation. Fish and intertidal hydrocarbons (TPH) in 27 different species of fish,

pelecypods and gastropods were collected near a crustacean, and cephalopods in the Bay of Bengal,

nuclear electrical generating station in India (Khan India. There were significant differences in TPH

and Wesley 2012a,b). The uptake of 210

polonium was concentration among the species with the cephalopod

greater in the filter feeding pelecypods compared to Loligo displaying the maximum average TPH

the algal feeding gastropods, but the level in the tissue recorded (av. 14.87 μg g-1), while among the fish,

in both was less than the global benchmark dose Carangoides malabaricus was the highest with an

(Khan and Wesley 2012b). average TPH of av. 13.70 μg g-1and Metapenaeus

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons dobsoni was the highest of the crustaceans with an

(PAHs). The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an average TPH of av. 13.18 μg g-1. The authors suggest

important zooplanktonic organism in the Arctic that the species with the highest concentrations and

Ocean. With increase in oil exploration and significant correlation coefficients might be useful as

development in that region, laboratory experiments indicator species of marine oil pollution. Camacho et

were conducted to measure the accumulation and al. (2012) measured the concentrations of 16 PAHs in

depuration of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the blood plasma collected from 162 juvenile

(PAH). The lighter PAHs were accumulated faster loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles stranded in the

than the heavier compounds, but the bioaccumulation Canary Islands and 205 adult female loggerhead

factor was higher in the heavier PAHs (Jensen et turtles that were nesting in the Cape Verde

al.2012). Oysters were exposed to diesel fuel to Archipelago. All samples collected showed some

determine if any genes involved in protein regulation detectable level of PAHs with phenanthrene observed

were altered. Luchmann et al. (2012) found that diesel in over 90% of the samples and at the highest

fuel affected those genes regulating innate immune concentrations. Canary Island turtles had median

and stress response. The bioaccumulation and kinetics ΣPAHs of 5.5 ng/ml, increasing in animals sampled in

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
the last few years. Cape Verde Archipelago turtles Biocides. Yi et al. (2012) reviewed

ΣPAH levels were similar at 4.6 ng/ml. Low- organotins in the environment. Xianliang et al. (2012)

molecular-weight-PAHs were the most commonly reviewed the effect of triphenytin (TPT) on the marine

detected, suggesting petrogenic rather than urban environment and the risks to human health. There

sources of PAHs. were indications that the levels posed risks to marine

Please see the oil spill section for additional life but negligible effects to most humans; however,

PAH information. fishermen who eat greater amounts of seafood should

Persistent Organic Pollutants. Trends in be monitored for the presence of TPT in blood.

organochlorines in the Arctic ring seals were studied Personal Care Products. The accumulation

in relation to sea ice break up from 1993 to 2008. of common UV filter compounds was analyzed in

Many of these compounds decreased during the period mussels collected seasonally from French marine areas

of 15 years. However, DDE and PCB were higher (Bachelot et al.2012). Concentrations ranged from 3 to

when the ice break up occurred earlier in the season. 256 ngg-1 and increased with air temperatures. The

Gaden et al. (2012) attributed the higher levels due to authors indicated that is the first report on the

the longer feeding period. This situation has the bioaccumulations of UV compounds in mussels. Data

potential for increased bioaccumulation in seals if the dealing with the effect of UV absorbing compounds

Arctic warming period should continue. The effect of (sunscreens) on marine and fresh water biota were

PCB bioaccumulation on the health of the bottlenose summarized by Gago-Ferrero et al. (2012). The

dolphin off Georgia USA was studied by Schwacke et principal compounds, benzophenones and camphors,

al. (2912). Health effects noted include anemia are estimated to biomagnify, for example in bird-fish

(26%), reduced amounts of thyroid hormone, and predator pairs. Triclosan is an antimicrobial

increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, which compound found in such consumer products as

are at least partially mediated through the endocrine toothpaste and anti-bacterial soaps. Perron et al.

system. Harbor seals migrate through polluted water (2012) found that Triclosan in the sediment was

which the authors (Weijs et al.2012) used to construct present in the polychaete Nereis virens after a 28-day

models to predict how fast polybrominated diphenyl exposure. Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and

esters (PBDE) decrease after they move into clean personal care products was studied in mussels either

waters. PBDE 99 decreased the fastest followed by directly or attached to food: uptake was rapid followed

isomers 1253, 47 and 100. Please see “Emerging by the elimination some of the compounds within 24

Contaminants” section, below for more on PBDEs hours (Gomez et al.2012).

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Nonylphenol. Diehl et al. (2012) measured Bioluminescence at 30-minute exposures, I. galbana

4-nonylphenol (4-NP) concentrations in seawater, growth, and A. lixula development were sensitive to

sediment, and organisms {sea lion liver (Zalophus these effluents. In addition to the standard

californianus), seabird livers [grebes (Aechmorphus development parameters for the sea urchin

sp.), Pacific loon (Gavia pacifica)], harbor porpoise (Paracentrotus lividus) embryo-larval development

liver (Phocoena phocoena), sea otter livers (Enhydra bioassay, Carballeira, De Orte, Viana, and Carballeira

lutris nereis), fish [arrow gobies (Clevelandia ios), (2012) utilized a new criterion that considers detailed

staghorn sculpins (Leptocottus armatus), Pacific skeletal characteristics. The skeletal criterion was

sanddabs (Citharichthys sordidus), shrimp more sensitive than the standard parameters and may

(Neotrypaea californiensis), oysters (Crassostrea be useful to test effluents with relatively low toxicity.

gigas), and mussels (Mytilus californianus)} from Carballeira, Ramos-Gomez, Martin-Diaz, and Del

Morro Bay, California, and examined Valls (2012) also exposed sea urchin embryos

biomagnification of 4-NP using stable isotope (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) to

abundances to quantify trophic position. 4-NP levels antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, flumequine,

generally showed a pattern of trophic dilution, with oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfadiazine) and

exceptions of biomagnifications between three trophic disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde).

links: mussel to sea otter, oyster to sea otter, and arrow Both species exhibited similar sensitivities to all the

goby to staghorn sculpin. substances, with the disinfectants being more toxic

than the antibiotics. Ebenezer et al. (2012) used “in-

Toxicity Testing use concentrations” of chlorine and microalgae,

Reviews are organized by media or Chlorella salina, to demonstrate that low dose

contaminant. Reviews of oil and dispersant toxicity chlorination causes decreases in chlorophyll

follow oil spill sections at end of this paper. autofluorescence, intracellular esterase activity, and

Wastewater. Land-based aquaculture primary productivity in Chlorella cells. Among the

facilities may have effects on nearshore ecosystems. end points examined, esterase activity appeared to be

Carballeira, De Orte, Viana et al. (2012) studied the sensitive to chlorination impact.

toxicity of land-based aquaculture effluents on Maas et al. (2012) investigated ammonia

microalgal growth (Phaeodactyllum tricornutum and tolerance and effects of elevated exogenous ammonia

Isochrysis galbana), bacterial luminescence (Vibrio on the physiology and biochemistry of the pteropod

fischeri), and larval sea urchin development mollusk Clione limacine antarctica. They determined

(Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula). the 96-h LC50 value is 7.465 mM total ammonia or

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
0.51 mg/L as unionized ammonia. Total ammonia crustaceans, diuron the most toxic pesticide to algae,

levels of 0.1 mM elevated the activity of the ammonia and chlorothalonil the most toxic to early life stages of

detoxification enzyme glutamine synthetase. Van molluscs and other invertebrates.

Bussel et al. (2012) showed that nitrate negatively Personal Care Products. Perrone et al.

influences the production performance of juvenile (2012) examined the toxicity of triclosan to sediment

turbot (Psetta maxima) at low concentrations. They dwelling estuarine amphipods, Ampelisca abdita, and

exposed juvenile turbot to 125 mg/L NO3-N and 250 epibenthic mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, and the

mg/L NO3-N for six weeks and noted that biomass biota-sediment accumulation factor in polychaete

yield, length, weight, and specific growth rate were (Nereis virens) tissue. For the 7-day whole sediment

reduced. toxicity test, LC50 values were 303 and 257 mg/kg

Pesticides. Mochida et al. (2012) conducted (dry wt) for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. In

acute (96-h) and early life stage (50-days) toxicity a 28-day bioaccumulation study, Perrone et al. (2012)

tests with the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus, found triclosan accumulates in polychaete tissue with

fish) exposed to 2,2’-dipyridyldisulfide, a metal a biota-sediment accumulation factor of 0.23 kg

pyrithione photodegradation product. Growth was the organic carbon/kg lipid.

most sensitive endpoint. The LOEC and NOEC were Chlorophenols. Erturk and Sacan (2012)

17 µg/L and 5.8 µg/L, respectively, and the calculated determined the toxicities of 14 phenolic compounds to

concentrations that should protect 95 percent and 99 the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta in a static algal

percent of the species were 31 and 10 µg/L, growth inhibition bioassay. They calculated the

respectively. concentrations that decreased the growth by 50

DeLorenzo and Fulton (2012) compared the percent (IC50), IC20, NOEC, and LOEC at 48, 72,

use of two different risk assessment methods and 96 hours. They found a strong correlation

(comparative risk assessment approach and total between their chlorophenol toxicity data and the

assessment approach) for three different classes of corresponding hydrophobicity values, expressed by

pesticides, the herbicide diuron, the fungicide the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition

chlorothalonil, and the insecticide permethrin for coefficient. They used the following compounds:

marine and estuarine species. They concluded that in phenol, 2 chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-

most cases the use of combined species data in risk chlorophenol, 2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol,

assessment should result in protection of the most 2,6-dichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol, 2,3,4-

sensitive species. They found permethrin to be the trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-

most toxic pesticide to marine and estuarine

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6- activity, biliary metabolites, sorbitol dehydrogenase

tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorphenol. (SDH) activity, DNA damage, and heat shock

Bisphenol A. Huang et al. (2012b) exposed protein]. They found the primary emulsifier and fluid

medaka (Oryzias melastigma, fish) embryos to 200 loss agent to cause the strongest biochemical response

µg/L bisphenol A (BPA). They monitored heart rate in the fish.

and measured sinus venosus-bulbous arteriosus PAHs. Vieira and Guilhermino (2012)

distance. The mRNA expression levels were investigated the effects of temperature (20°C and

quantified by SYBR real-time RT-PCR, and they 25°C) on the toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic

examined the histology of the fish larvae hearts. hydrocarbons, anthracene, phenanthrene, and

Neither the heart rate nor sinus venosus-bulbous naphthalene, to algae Tetraselmis chuii under

arteriosus distance were affected, but the mRNA laboratory conditions. They found 20 percent

expression levels of Na+-K+-ATPase, BMP4, COX-1, inhibition of culture growth at concentrations between

FGF8, GATA4, and NKX2.5 were all downregulated 0.048 and 0.831 mg/L at 25°C, that the 5°C increase in

at the critical developmental stages (6 and 10 dpf). temperature increased toxicity, and that the order of

The mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and LERP decreasing toxicity is phenanthrene> naphthalene>

were upregulated at 10 dpf. anthracene.

PBDEs. Mhadhbi, Fuenga, Boumaiza and Almeida et al. (2012a) exposed European

Bieras (2012) examined the effects polybrominated seabass, Dicentrachus labrax, to pyrene in 96-h

diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; BDE-47 and BDE-99) on toxicity tests and found increased levels of bile pyrene

embryo-larval stages of flatfish (Psetta maxima) and metabolites, pyrene-type compounds in the brain, and

found BDE-47 to be more toxic than BDE-99, and pyrene-type compounds in liver and muscle, and

LC50 values for larvae to be 14.13 µg/L and 29.64 inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity and

µg/L for BDE-47 and BDE-99, respectively. impairment of swimming velocity. In a related

Petroleum Industry Chemicals. Bakhtyar paper, Almeida et al. (2012b) observed changes in a

and Gagnon (2012) evaluated the impact of exposure suite of biomarkers involved in biotransformation

to individual ingredients (base oil, primary emulsifier, pathways, oxidative stress and damage,

secondary emulsifier, viscosifier, fluid control agent, neurotransmission and energetic metabolism. Among

fluid loss agent, lime, barite, calcium carbonate) of the parameters analyzed were cytochrome P450

synthetic-based drilling muds to pink snapper, Pagrus associated monoxygenases (CYP), O-dealkylation of

ayratus, exposed for 21 days by examining suite of 7-ethoxyresorufin catalyzed by ethoxyresorufin-O-

biomarkers [ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) deethylase (EROD), conjugation step using

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
glutathione and catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (NOEC) on growth rates of the algae T. chuii was

(GST) enzymes, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) enzyme determined for three PAHs at 20 C (anthracene (0.180

deactivation. mg/L; naphthalene, 0.18 mg/L and phenanthrene,

Luis and Guilhermino (2012) exposed 0.035 mg/L) and 35 C (.090, .180 and .035

prawns (Palaemon serratus) to naphthalene (exposure respectively) leading Vieria et al. (2012) to conclude

range 0.13 – 8 mg/L) and pyrene (exposure range that toxicity of these PAHs increases with

0.006 – 0.4 mg/L) for 96 hours and observed that both temperature. Jensen et al. (2012) exposed non-feeding

toxicants impaired swimming velocity, induced Arctic copepods, Calanus finmarchicus, to low

oxidative stress and damage, and changed the activity concentrations of phenanthrene or benzo(a)pyrene

of lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate (B(a)p), documenting uptake (8-day exposure) and

dehydrogenase. depuration (4-days in clean water) rates. Steady state

Ben Othman et al. (2012) present toxicity accumulation was reached in 48 hours for

data from their work with seven marine algae species phenanthrene but not in 168 hours for B(a)p. half-lives

(belonging to pico- (Nannochloris sp., Picochlorum were 11 to 80 hours for phenanthrene and 85 hours for

sp.), nano- (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros B(a)p and there was evidence of PAH metabolism.

muelleri, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana), Rates and consequences for Arctic oil spills are

and microphytoplankton (Alexandrium catenella) with discussed.

benz(α)anthracene and fluoranthene. For the Glycols. Tornambe et al. (2012) used ten

population endpoint EC50s, species sensitivity was species to examine the toxicity of diethylene glycol as

negatively correlated with cell biovolume. The a single toxicant and four of these species were also

population endpoint EC50s for fluoranthene varied used to test the toxicity of diethylene glycol in

from 54 µg/L for Picochlorum sp. to 418 µg/L for the combination with produced waters from an offshore

larger diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. gas platform. The ten species tested were Vibrio

Mu et al. (2012) found that embryos of fischeri (bacteria), Phaeodactylum tricornutum

marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) suffered EROD (algae), Dunaliella tertiolecta (algae), Brachionus

elevations, other abnormalities, and decreased plicatilis (rotifers), Artemia franciscana (brine

hatching when exposed for 18 days to concentrations shrimp), Tigropus fulvus (copepods), Mytilus

of phenanthrene and pyrene above 25 ug/L (ppb) and galloprovincialis (mussels), Crassostrea gigas

benzo(a)pyrene concentrations above 2 ug/L. (oysters), Tapes philippinarum (clams), and

Implications for risk assessment are discussed. The Dicentrarchus labrax (fish). An EC50 of 2.9 g/L for

96-hour lowest observable effect concentrations the copepod Tigropus was found, while the other toxic

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
effects were found at levels higher than 9 g/L. The pH levels ranged from 5.5 o 8.0 and were

Diethylene glycol in combination with produced water maintained at their respective pH by a bubbling CO2

may have synergistic effects. Gomiero et al. (2012) system. Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) and early

examined lethal and sublethal effects of exposure to life stages of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were

organic and inorganic pollutants to the marine ciliate, exposed for 10 days to acidified clean seawater.

Euplotes crassus. They found endocytosis rate Polychaetes (Hediste diversicolor) and clams (R.

demonstrated the highest sensitivity with lysosomal philippinarum) were exposed for 10 days to whole

membrane stability also showing reactions. sediment, and larval S. aurata were exposed to

Perfluorooctane. The transcriptone of acidified sediment elutriate. In the fish larvae test,

marine medaka embryos (Oryzias melastigma) was 100 percent mortality was observed at pH 6.0 after 48

sequenced using Illumina RNA-seq technology. hours, and the other organisms showed significant

Huang et al. (2012a) examined the transcriptional mortality at pH lower than 6.0.
response of Oryzias embryos after perfluorooctane
Trace Metals. Howe et al. (2012)
sulfonate (PFOS) exposure from 2 days post
investigated the utility of Aiptasia pulchella, a tropical
fertilization to 6 days post fertilization by gene
symbiotic sea anemone, for use as a sensitive and
expression technology and found the differentially
reliable organism for ecotoxicological testing. They
expressed genes were related to neurobehavioral
demonstrated that laboratory rearing produced enough
defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the
recruits to run routine toxicity tests, and found that
metabolism of proteins and fats. There was a down-
chronic assessment of inhibited asexual reproduction
regulation of ATP synthase and an up-regulation of
may be promising with results showing a 12-day EC50
uncoupling protein 2. Mhadhbi, Funega and Bieras
of 15 µg/L Cu. Owen et al. (2012) identified a gene
(2012) exposed Isochrysis galbana (microalgae),
encoding a putative 14-3-3 protein in a multicellular
Paracentrotus lividus (sea urchin gametes and
algae (Fucus vesiculosus) and provided preliminary
embryos), Siriella armata (mysids), and Psetta
evidence to link the induction of this 14-3-3 gene to
maxima (fertilized fish eggs) to perfluorooctanoic acid
copper exposure in this alga. Zheng et al. (2012)
(PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS).
developed a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip
The predicted no effect concentration for PFOA and
for the estimation of toxic metals based on
PFOS are 118 µg/L and 1.1 µg/L, respectively.
measurement of mobility of marine microalgae
pH. Basalotte et al. (2012) exposed marine
(Platymonas subcordiformis, Platymonas
organisms to various pH treatments via three exposure
helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis). The processes of
routes (seawater, sediment, and sediment elutriate).
toxic liquid dilution and diffusion, microalgal

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
culturing, cell stimulation, and online screening can be sequestration of Pb and Cd in P. nuntia and has

integrated in this chip. The biotic ligand model (BLM) potential as a molecular biomarker in marine

is a tool to predict metal availability and toxicity in environmental monitoring. Chandurvelan et al. (2012)

aquatic environments. The BLM accounts for the exposed mussels (Perna canaliculus) to acute (96

effects of water chemistry on Cu speciation, but does hours at 2000 and 4000 µg Cd/L) and subchronic (28

not consider the influence of water chemistry on the days at 200 and 2000 µg Cd/L) concentrations of Cd

physiology of the organism. De Polo and Scrimshaw and examined the impact on physiological responses

(2012) discuss how chemistry affects the (e.g., feeding rate, absorption efficiency, oxygen

osmoregulatory physiology of organisms, which vary uptake, ammonia production, oxygen to nitrogen

with salinity. They explore the hypothesis that the ration, scope for growth, and accumulation of Cd in

common factor linking the main toxic effects of Cu is the tissues). Feeding rates declined during acute and

the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, because it is a Cu chronic exposures at or above 2000 µg Cd/L and these

target with multiple functions and salinity-dependent clearance rates were strongly correlated with

expression and activity. Using this hypothesis, the site accumulation of Cd in the tissues. Mahmoud et al.

of Cu action in marine fish may not only be the gill, (2012) exposed pre-spawning and post-spawning

but also the intestine, because in this tissue carbonic gastropods, Hexaplex trunculus, for 48 or 96 hours to

anhydrase plays a key role in ion transport and water cadmium and permethrin. Post-spawning gastropods

adsorption. were more sensitive than pre-spawning gastropods as

Hariharan et al. (2012) exposed post-larval measured by catalase activity in digestive glands, with

tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) to acute and chronic increased catalase activities at 100 µg Cd/L and 100

concentrations of Pb and Zn and examined LC50s, µg permethrin/L.

LOECs, NOECs, and antioxidant biomarker responses Roberts (2012) provides information that

(lipid peroxidation, catalase activity). Their estimated suggests that resuspension of contaminated sediments

Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) values is a frequently recurring ecological threat in marine

for were 0.029 mg/L and 0.022 mg/L for Pb and Zn, habitats, and proposes that further consideration of

respectively. how marine communities respond to temporally

Won et al. (2012) report a metallothionein variable exposures to resuspended contaminated

gene and measure the expression levels in the metal sediments should be given, as well as research into the

exposed polychaete Perinereis nuntia. Their findings relative importance of various disturbances under field

indicate that the metallothionein gene of P. nuntia conditions. Simpson et al. (2012a) demonstrated the

plays an important role in the detoxification and/or technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to

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make in situ measurements of Cu concentrations in measurements of acid-volatile sulfides and

waters and fluxes from sediment porewaters. They simultaneously extracted metals should target the

used the DGT technique to measure the bioavailability materials to which the organisms are being exposed.

of Cu to Tellina deltoidalis (bivalve) in sediments of Ndungu (2012) compared Cu speciation

various properties contaminated with Cu-based measurements from typical coastal waters (Stockholm

antifouling paint particles. DGT probes were used to Archipelago, Bullando Marina, and a reference site)

measure Cu fluxes to the overlying water, at the made using Competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive

sediment-water interface, and in deeper sediments. In cathodic stripping voltammetry with results from

the toxicity tests, the overlying water Cu model calculations using Visual MINTEQ. He found

concentrations and DGT-Cu fluxes were shown to that current Cu-dissolved organic matter interaction

provide excellent exposure concentration-response models may need to be parametrized with Cu-

relationships relative to lethal effects on the Tellina. dissolved organic matter stability constants measured

Compana et al. (2012) set up sediment at Cu to dissolved organic matter ratios typical of

exposure bioassays and used Melita plumulosa coastal and estuarine marine waters.

(amphipod) and Nitocra spinipes (copepod) to Dang et al. (2012a) exposed juvenile fish,

examine the properties of sediments and sediment- Terapon jurbua terepon, to different metal

bound Cu on reproduction. They found the sediment concentrations through their food. These fish were fed

properties, especially fine particles (<63 µm sediment) a commercial diet supplemented with polychaetes

or particulate organic carbon, and the sediment-bound (Nereis diversicolor) or clams (Scrobicularia plana)

Cu to be the major contributors to toxicity. For Melita collected from four metal-impacted estuaries in

and Nitocra, the 10 percent effect concentrations southwest England. Fish fed the commercial diet

(EC10s) were 5.2 and 4.8 mg<63 µm Cu/g, supplemented with clams showed mortality after 21

respectively. Simpson et al. (2012b) examined the days. Differences in metal doses rather than

role of oxidation of acid-volatile sulfides (i.e., Cu subcellular metal distributions between polychaetes

sulfide phases) in surface sediments in the toxicity to and clams appeared to be the cause of such different

juvenile amphipods, Melita plumulosa. In the 10-day mortalities. Brix et al. (2012) tested echinoderm

tests, no toxicity was observed for sediments with larvae (Lytechinus variegatus) in an 18-day study in

excess acid-volatile sulfides over simultaneously which larvae were continuously exposed to silver-

extracted Cu concentrations throughout the tests. laden algae (Isochrysis galbana). After 7 days of

They suggested the need to consider changes in acid- exposure, no effects were observed in the highest test

volatile sulfide concentrations during tests, and that concentration (10.68 µg/g dw Ag). Yet, after 18 days,

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effects were observed in all Ag treatments with a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) developed from

lowest observable effect concentration of 0.68 µg/g at least 10 chronic data points representing at least 8

dw Ag. The dose response relationship was quite flat different taxonomic groups. They found PNECs of

with similar growth inhibition in all Ag treatments. 12.7 mg/L and 1.9 mg/L for freshwater and marine

Dang et al. (2012b) exposed juvenile blackhead environments, respectively. They also calculated

seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) to Cu in a sediment PNECs of 22.6 gMo/kg dw and 1.98 gMo/kg

commercial fish diet or in seawater. They found that dw for freshwater and marine sediment, respectively.
Cu influx rate was not a good indicator of mortality
Antifouling Biocides. Guardiola et al.
across both diet and waterborne pathways, as
(2012) provides an overview of the effects of
waterborne Cu caused considerably higher mortality
antifouling biocides on aquatic organisms, including
than dietary Cu at a given influx rate. They show that
insights into the effects and risks of these compounds
the use of gill Cu accumulation, irrespective of
on non-target organisms. Onduka et al. (2012)
exposure route provided a clear relationship between
conducted acute toxicity tests on algae (Skeletonema
accumulation and toxicity.
costatum), crustaceans [(Tigriopus japonicas,
Heijerick et al. (2012a) exposed
copepods), (Marsupenaeus japonicas, prawns)], and
nine species to molybdate to examine chronic toxicity.
fish (Pagrus major, red sea bream) with the anti-
The test organisms were microalgae/diatoms
fouling biocide 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-
(Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta),
benzenedicarbonitrile (chlorothalonil, TPN). They
macroalgae (Ceramium tenuicorne), mysids
also conducted acute toxicity and early life stage tests
(Americamysis bahia), copepods (Acartia tonsa), fish
with TPN using mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus,
(Cyprinodon variegatus), echinoderms (Dendraster
fish). The LOEC and NOEC were 32 and 11 µg/L,
excentricus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), and
respectively. Cahill et al. (2012) tested five
molluscs (Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas). The
allelochemicals using a larval metamorphosis bioassay
NOEC/EC50 values ranged from 4.4 mg Mo/L in
with ascidians (Ciona savignyi) to determine their
Mytilus to 1174 mg Mo/L in Crassostrea. They used
potential as a remedy for ascidian fouling in bivalve
a statistical extrapolation approach to calculate a
aquaculture. Three of the compounds inhibited
median hazardous concentration affecting 5 percent of
ascidian larval metamorphosis and increased mortality
the species (HC5.50%) of 5.74 mg Mo/l. Heijerick et al.
at low concentrations: radicicol (99 percent inhibition
(2012b) generated predicted no-effect concentrations
of metamorphosis (IC99) at 0.8 µg/mL, polygodial
(PNECs) for molybdenum in freshwater, marine, and
(IC99, 0.003 µg/mL), and ubiquinone-10 (IC99,
sediment environments using a method based on a
µg/cm2). Feng et al. (2012) studied the effects of eight

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model polysiloxane and three commercial foul-release in sediment dwelling clams (Scrobicularia plana) and

coatings on embryonic development of sea urchins polychaetes (Hediste diversicolor). During 16-day

(Arbacia punctulata) and fish (Oryzias latipes). Fresh exposure to 3 mg/kg sediment ZnO NPS, both clams
67
model polysiloxane coatings had no effect on urchin and polychaetes accumulated Zn, ZnO NPS

development while commercial foul-release coatings exposure induced increased glutathione-S-transferase

inhibited development. Fish embryos exhibited activity in polychaetes and catalase activity in clams,

delayed hatching, increased mortality of hatchlings, and burrowing and feeding rate were impaired.

decreased ability of hatchlings to inflate the swim Griffitt et al. (2012) exposed adult and juvenile

bladder, and reduced hatching success with all sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegates) to

coatings. chronic, sublethal concentrations of nanoparticulate

Nano Materials. Canesi et al. (2012) found silver (AgNP). They assessed growth and

that bivalve mollusks (e.g., mussels) represent a development, global gene expression, histopathology,

particularly suitable model for investigating the effects and tissue metal burden endpoints, and found that

and mechanisms of action underlying the potential sheepshead minnows exposed at 10 µ/L AgNP showed

toxicity of nanoparticles in marine invertebrates. Due adverse effects. Adverse effects observed were

to the physiological mechanisms involved in the increased tissue burdens, thickening of gill epithelia,

feeding process, nanoparticle agglomerates/aggregates and altered gene expression profiles.

taken up by the gills are directed to the digestive Phytoplankton Toxins. Gorbi et al. (2013)

system, and during that process, collected mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis during

disaggregation/disagglomeration can occur, and different phases of harmful blooms of dinoflagellates

nanosized particles can be transferred from the (Ostreopsis cf. ovate), confirmed that dinoflagellate

digestive system to the hemolymph, and to circulating toxins were present in mussel tissues, and measured

hemocytes. The application of lysosomal, oxidative osmoregulation, neurotoxic alterations (Na+/K+-

stress, immunotoxicity and physiological biomarkers, ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities), oxidative

together with nanoparticle effects and mechanisms of stress responses (anti-oxidant defenses and total

action of different nanoparticles in aquatic oxyradical scavenging capacity), lipid peroxidation

invertebrates may help identify possible common processes (level of malondialdehyde), peroxisomal

biological responses between invertebrate and proliferation, organelle dysfunctions (lysosomal

mammalian systems. Buffet et al. (2012) used a stable membrane stability, accumulation of lipofuscin and

isotope labeling approach to trace the fate of zinc neutral lipids), and immunological impairment

oxide nanoparticles (NPS) in sediments and the uptake (granulocytes percentage) in mussel tissue. The

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
mussels showed inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity a sampling of the biomarker research published in

and alterations of immunological, lysosomal and 2012.

neurotoxic responses. Field Studies: Mammals. Kanerva et al.

Other materials. Sanchez-Lazo and (2012) measured the activities of catalase (CAT),

Martinez-Pita (2012) examined the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase

acetylcholine, γ-aminobutiric acid, 3-isobutyl-1- (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-

methylxanthine, potassium chloride, and potassium phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and glutathione-

sulfate on mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) S-transferase (GST), and the concentrations of

settlement. All the substances induced settlement and glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LP), and

peak responses were above 90 percent at 10-2mol/L vitamin E to determine the level of oxidative stress in

acetylcholine, 10-3 γ-aminobutiric acid, and 20 mM ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in the Baltic Sea. Only GR

potassium chloride and GPx activities were increased above those found

Toxicity Methods. Using the circumpolar in seals from a reference location, and positively

amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus and 52 fractions related to contaminant levels.

from 31 species (including sponges, cnidarians, Field Studies: Fish. Field studies with fish

ascidians, a bryozoans, an echinoderm, a included a study performed by Barhoumi et al. (2012)

hemichordate, and algae) in a feeding preference off Tunisia with Salaria basilisca. Total, oxidized, and

assay, Nunez-Pons et al. (2012) demonstrated that reduced metallothionein (MT) and labile zinc (Zn)

chemical defenses may be broadly used among increased during summer and autumn at a known

Antarctic benthic organisms to avoid predation by the polluted site, but remained low during all seasons at a

opportunistic amphipod and that chemical ecology is a reference location, possibly indicating an increase in

key aspect in the functioning of Antarctic ecosystems. bioavailable heavy metals during the warmer months.

There was also an increase in LP and DNA strand

Biomarkers breaks in autumn at the polluted site, indicating that

The use of biomarkers to measure exposure damage may be occurring at the cellular level despite

to and effects of pollution in the aquatic environment the increase in MT. There was no effect seen on 7-

has been increasing. In a review of articles published ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) levels, which

on estuary aquatic ecosystems, the keyword would indicate exposure to polycyclic aromatic

“biomarker” has increased in rank from 112th in 1991- hydrocarbons (PAHs). There did appear to be

1995 to 13th in 2006-2010 (Sun et al., 2012). Below is exposure to PAHs in a study performed with the

mudskipper (Boleophthalmus dussumieri) in the

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
Persian Gulf (Sinaei et al., 2012). The authors found a with a decrease in sediment redox potential, pH, and

strong, significant positive correlation between both interstitial dissolved oxygen and an increase in total

tissue and sediment PAH levels and liver GST organic matter. The activity of GST, GR and EROD

activity, lysosomal membrane destabilization and red did not correlate with proximity to the fish farm.

cell membrane fragility. The use of activity and Benthic biodiversity indices were lower near the fish

protein content of CYP1A as a biomarker of PAHs farm. Catalase, SOD, GPx and GST activities were all

exposure was examined in the scribbled rabbitfish significantly inhibited in shrimp (Litopenaeus

(Siganus spinus) of Guam (Emborski et al., 2012). In vannamei) caged for 7 days in metal-contaminated

the laboratory, levels responded rapidly with injection areas of Maluan Bay, China (Wang et al., 2012).

of β-napthoflavone, and protein content outlasted Hepatopancreas burdens of cadmium (Cd) were

activity. Enzyme activity in wild populations was significantly correlated with SOD and GST activity,

higher than in the laboratory control in eight out of but CAT activity did not correlate with metal

nine sites, but there was no difference in protein bioaccumulation. Scallops (Argopecten purpuratus)

content. Kodoma et al. (2012b) cloned and collected from areas in San Jorge Bay, Chile with high

characterized hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and anthropogenic input of contaminants had higher

HIF-2α in the dragonet (Callionymus valenciennei). copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and Cd tissue concentrations,

They found that HIF-2α mRNA levels started along with increased MT concentration and GST and

increasing in fish from hypoxic areas of Tokyo Bay in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression (Zapata et

early August, but HIF-1α mRNA levels did not al., 2012). There was no effect on GPx expression.

increase until late August. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected near the polluted

Field Studies: Invertebrates. Invertebrate Patos Lagoon in Brazil had lower CAT activity (in

field studies included another study examining the muscle), higher SOD activity (mantle) and expression

expression of HIF-1α, this time in mantis shrimp (gills and muscle), higher GST activity (mantle) and

(Oratosquilla oratoria) (Kodama et al., 2012a). They expression (gills), and higher HSP70 expression (gills

found that transcript levels in the heart and cerebral and muscle) than those mussels collected from a

ganglion were upregulated several fold in mantis reference station (Rola et al., 2012). A study with mud

shrimp from hypoxic areas of Tokyo Bay, compared snails (Bullacta exarata) in Bohai Bay, China

with shrimp from normoxic areas. Silva et al. (2012) demonstrated an increase in SOD activity and MT

demonstrated an increase in GPx, LP, and DNA strand concentration, but no effect on GST and CAT activity

breaks in clams (Scrobicularia plana) collected close and vitellin-like protein levels in areas where metal

to a fish farm outfall in SW Spain, which correlated and PAH contamination were higher than the

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
reference station (An et al., 2012). The genetic believed to be alteration of the Na+/K+-ATPase

distance in mud snails was higher between the pump. The biomarker parameters that best

reference site and the two polluted sites than between distinguished mussels that tested positive for PITX

the two polluted sites themselves, indicating possible during an algal bloom were Na+/K+-ATPase activity

genetic damage. A study in Jiaozhou Bay, China (decrease), Acyl CoA-oxidase activity (decrease),

indicated significant impacts on biomarkers in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (decrease),

scallop, Chlamys farreri, in areas where metal and lysosomal latency period (temporary decrease), and

PAH contamination were higher than at a reference GR activity (decrease).

location (Liu, Pan, Wang et al., 2012). Aryl Several papers were concerned with the

hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was elevated and effects of contaminated sediment resuspension on

GST activity was significantly reduced at the most bivalves. Martins et al. (2012) found that though

polluted area. Integrity of DNA was reduced, and sediment quality guidelines indicated that sediments

DNA-protein crosslinks, protein carbonyl content were just moderately impacted by contaminants,

(PC), and LP were elevated with increased pollution. resuspension during dredging operations caused

Scope for growth (SFG), a calculation of the energy significant bioaccumulation of PAHs, polychlorinated

available for growth, was examined as a potential biphenyls (PCBs), nickel (Ni) and Pb in mussels (M.

biomarker in a large scale field study with mussels edulis), along with an increase in DNA strand breaks

(Mytilus galloprovincialis) off the North-Atlantic and a decrease in the reduced/oxidized glutathione

coast of Spain (Albentosa et al., 2012). Significant ratio. Won et al. (2012a), concerned with the potential

differences in SFG were established between mussels increase in suspended contaminated sediment caused

from different areas, and chlordanes and by the installation of a tidal power plant to increase

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) appeared to flushing of a contaminated lake, exposed Manila

have negative effects on SFG, but the effects were of clams (Ruditapes philippinarium) to resusupended

lesser magnitude than those associated with condition sediment from the area. They found significant uptake

index and mussel age. The effects of harmful algal of nonylphenol but not metals. Despite the lack of

blooms on a suite of biomarkers in M. metal bioaccumulation, MT-like protein levels

galloprovincialis off of Italy in the Adriatic Sea was increased, along with GST and CAT activity.

examined by Gorbi et al. (2012). Dinoflagellates of the Husmann et al. (2012) were concerned with the effects

family Ostreopsidaceae produce palytoxin-like of increased scouring caused by glacial melt due to

compounds (PITX) that have caused mortality of rapid climate warming in Antarctica. Metal content

several marine species. The mechanism of action is was actually higher in Antarctic soft shell clams

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
(Laternula elliptica) from a less exposed station than crystalloid, but the effect was not seen at 4˚C, or in

one with higher exposure. Protein carbonyl longer exposure durations at (2-14 days). There was a

concentrations were also higher in the clams from the temperature-dependent acute decrease in cellular

less exposed station, though lipofuscin density was adhesion and cellular spreading.

higher at the more exposed station. Studies on metal effects included a study

Field Studies: Algae and Forams. The with marine diatoms (Thalassiosira weissflogii)

green alga Ulva intestinalis and the brown alga exposed to sediment elutriates from Italian sites

Sargassum angustifolium were collected from sites off influenced by industry, agriculture and mining

the coast of Iran with varying anthropogenic inputs to (Frassinetti et al., 2012). The diatoms had significantly

investigate potential effects of metal accumulation on induced levels of phytochelatins, the algal equivalent

chlorophyll content (Alahverdi and Savabieasfahani, of MT, which seemed to correlate with Cd levels in

2012). There were stronger negative correlations the sediment. Kamel et al. (2012) examined metal

between metal burdens and chlorophyll concentrations accumulation and biochemical effects in the clam

and ratios in S. angustifolium than in U. intestinalis. Ruditapes decussatus exposed to varying

The strongest negative correlation was between Ni and concentrations of treated municipal effluent. There

the ratio of chlorophyll c/a in S. angustifolium. was a significant uptake of Cu, Cd and Zn, along with

Prazeres et al. (2012) used a suite of oxidative stress an increase in CAT activity, LP and MT levels, a

biomarkers, and MT-like protein concentration, to decrease in cholinesterase (ChE), and a bell-shaped

evaluate populations of the symbiont-bearing response in GST activity. Liu, Wang and Wang

foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii. In areas under (2012a) looked at the effects of a 15-day Cd exposure

human influence they found visual alterations such as on the uptake of other metals and proteomics of four

spotted, broken, deformed and bleached shells, as well bivalve species, the scallop Chlamys nobilis, the clam

as lower antioxidant capacity and higher LP and PC. Ruditapes philippinarum, the mussel Perna viridis,

There was no effect on MT-like protein concentration. and the oyster Saccostrea cucullata. The exposed

Laboratory Studies. The potential effects bivalves tended to have higher body burdens of Zn,

of global warming on the immune system of the Cu, and selenium, and lower burdens of cobalt. There

Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) were was no effect on iron or arsenic (As) uptake, and

examined by Branco et al. (2012). One day of changes in silver, Ni, and Pb were species specific.

exposure to a 2˚C increase in temperature caused an The differential expression pattern of proteins was

increase in the percentage of red sphere cells, composed of three to eight proteins, depending upon

phagocytic capacity, and percentage of iron the species, and could be used to statistically identify

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
clean from exposed clams and mussels, but could not organic contaminants included a study exposing great

differentiate between clean and exposed scallops and sturgeon, Huso huso, to the water-soluble fraction

oysters. Identified proteins that were differentially (WSF) of diesel oil, which resulted in a decrease in

expressed included actin in clam and mussel and hematocrit and hemoglobin content, a hyperglycemic

galectin, tubulin and extracellular SOD in oysters. response, an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in

Thirty-day exposures of post larval tiger prawns lymphocytes, indicating effects on both hematological

(Penaeus monodon) to Pb and Zn each led to a lower and immunological parameters (Hedayati and

LOEC for survival than for protein content, LP, or Jahanbakhshi, 2012). Bakhtyar and Gagnon (2012)

CAT activity (Hariharan et al., 2012). The muricid assessed the toxicity of the individual components of

gastropod Hexaplex trunculus had a dose-dependent synthetic-based drilling muds to juvenile pink snapper,

increase in CAT activity upon exposure to Cd for 48 Pagrus auratus. The WSF of barite caused a

and 96 hours (Mahmoud et al., 2012). The effect was significant effect on liver somatic index (LSI) and the

greater in post-spawning animals versus pre-spawing, highest DNA damage, making it the most toxic of the

and in animals collected from a contaminated site components examined. Rheosyn 1416 had no effect on

versus a clean site. A similar response was seen in EROD, bilary metabolites, DNA damage, LSI, HSP

animals exposed to the pesticide permethrin, except 70, or serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, making it the

that CAT activity abruptly dropped to control levels at most inert of the ingredients tested.

the highest concentration tested.

Another study with a pyrethroid pesticide, Biomarker Method Development

this time deltamethrin, interestingly showed that A number of authors developed methods

swimming velocity in the common prawn Palaemon either for new biomarkers or established biomarkers in

serratus was reduced even though AChE in the eye new species. A protocol for a micronucleus cytome

and ChE in the muscle was induced (Oliveira et al., assay was outlined to measure genotoxicity in mussels

2012). Lactate dehydrogenase was induced at lower (Mytilus spp.)(Bolognesi and Fenech, 2012). They

concentrations, and isocitrate dehydrogenase was suggested using the assay in both hemocytes and gill

induced at higher concentrations suggesting a change cells, as the sensitivity of response in each cell type

from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. Glutathione-S- seems to vary by study. Albertsson et al. (2012)

transferase activity was induced at the higher examined the potential of carbonyl reductase (CBR) as

concentrations, and CAT activity was briefly induced, a biomarker of oxidative stress in field studies with

followed by an increase in LP, perhaps indicating a eelpout (Zoarces viviparous). While CBR mRNA

failure in the antioxidant system. Other studies on abundance and activity were increased by PAHs and

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
pro-oxidants in the laboratory, there was no evidence Fricke et al. (2012) provided a detailed description of

of CBR induction in fish from chronically polluted Baltic eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) liver histopathology

locations off Sweden. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) to be used as a baseline for monitoring studies.

catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, Cubero-Leon et al. (2012) recognized a key issue in

and its isozymes are involved in a number of different the use of metabolomics in toxicology studies is the

physiological processes including physiological and lack of baseline data, including in this case sex

biosynthetic reactions in animals and photosynthesis specific metabolites in the mussel Mytilus edulis. They

in algae, plants and some bacteria. Lionetto et al. found clear differences in eicosanoid and peptide

(2012) reviewed the potential of CA activity as a metabolites in developing, but not ripe, male and

pollution biomarker and found that though it is female gonads. Glycerophosphocholine metabolites

sensitive to chemical pollutants, found in many trophic and possible steroid/sterol conjugates were also

levels, and easy to measure, little is known about its significantly different between the sexes. Slattery et al.

natural variability between species, or its link to (2012) reviewed the use of proteomics in marine

higher order effects, therefore more research is studies. While the field shows promise, more study

needed. Zacchino et al. (2012) looked into the use of needs to be done on confounding factors (e.g. sex, age,

the protein Diablo as a biomarker in the European exposure time, salinity, temperature) and how they

flounder, Platichthys flesus. The protein, also known affect the variability of protein response to pollutant

as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase, exposure. Work also needs to be performed to link

or SMAC, is released by the mitochondria following protein response to higher-order effects.

an apoptotic stimulus. Two distinct genes were

identified, pfDiablo1, which was expressed primarily Emerging Contaminants

in the liver, and pfDiablo2, which was expressed The presence of emerging contaminants in

throughout various tissues. Expression of pfDiablo2 the aquatic environment is becoming ubiquitous. A

mRNA in the liver increased upon exposure to a review by Thomaidis et al. (2012) reported that

model PAH and PCB, and was elevated in fish from antibiotics, steroids, perfluorochemicals, synthetic

known contaminated sites, but there appeared to be no musks, antimicrobial agents, bisphenol A, artificial

effect on pfDiablo1 expression. Won et al. (2012b) sweeteners, and anticorrosives all are incompletely

cloned and sequenced the MT gene in the polychaete removed during wastewater treatment and thus enter

Perinereis nuntia. They found that protein content and the environment. Bay and Vidal-Dorsch (2012)

mRNA expression increased upon exposure to some introduced a special issue of Environmental

metals, but the expression pattern varied by metal. Toxicology and Chemistry devoted to emerging

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
contaminants in the Southern California Bight. Studies action of imposex formation is still under debate, so

performed using specimens from the Environmental Stange et al. (2012) designed an experiment with

Specimen Bank at Ehime University in Japan reported dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus) to determine the possible

brominated flame retardants, synthetic musks, and role of retinoid X receptor (RXR) versus androgen

perfluorochemicals in tissues of mussels, fish, birds, receptor (AR) signaling. While exposure to an RXR

and marine mammals throughout the western Pacific, agonist did increase imposex markers, co-exposure to

with concentrations increasing over time (Tanabe and tributyltin (TBT) and an RXR antagonist did not

Ramu, 2012). Though in general tissue burdens were decrease the imposex caused by TBT, indicating that

higher in industrialized areas, animal tissue from TBT was not acting through the RXR signaling

remote areas still contained contaminants. Below is an pathway. Co-exposure to TBT and an androgen

overview of the studies published in 2012 on the receptor antagonist however did decrease the imposex

occurrence and effects of emerging contaminants. caused by TBT, indicating that TBT may be acting

Antifoulant Biocides. Up until a phase out through the androgen receptor pathway. Previous

in 2003, followed by a worldwide ban in 2008, studies have determined that TBT can alter RXR gene

organotins (OTs) had been commonly used to prevent expression and downregulate alcohol dehydrogenase

the growth of fouling organisms on boat hulls. One class III (Adh3), so Coelho et al. (2012) decided to

reason for the ban was the induction of imposex in characterize the effects of both TBT and retinol

female gastropods, and eventual gastropod population exposure on Adh3 expression in dogwhelks. They

collapse, in areas with high OT concentrations. Thirty- found that though imposex was induced upon TBT

two gastropod species have exhibited imposex in exposure, Adh3 expression was not altered, though

South America, alongside high OT concentrations in Adh3 was downregulated by retinol exposure.

sediment and dolphin livers (de Castro et al., 2012). Tributyltin has also been shown to be toxic

One hundred percent of Stramonita haemastoma to species besides gastropods. Equilateral venus clams

females caged near a repair shipyard in Brazil in 2005 (Gomphina veneriformis) exposed to TBT in the

demonstrated imposex after 30 days (Castro et al., laboratory for 28 weeks had significantly higher

2012). Stramonita rustica females reached 100% intersex gonads, along with changes in gonad index,

imposex at 90 days. The incidence of imposex was sex ratio, and vitellogenin expression (Park et al.,

16% in Morula granulata females collected in the 2012). In addition, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)

Manora Channel in Pakistan from 2003 to 2006, and lipid peroxidase were upregulated, gill histology

though there was no imposex in females collected at a changed, and the filtration rate and overall growth was

reference location (Afsar et al., 2012). The mode of reduced. A study by Droguet et al. (2012) with oysters

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(Crassostrea gigas), both in vivo and in vitro with of TBT and TPhT were measured in North Sea brown

cultured oyster heart cells, found effects of TBT on shrimp (Crangon crangon) collected from locations

ionic conductance, cytoplasmic Ca2+, ATP level, between Belgium and Denmark in 2009 (Verhaegen et

apoptosis, necrosis, heart beat rhythm, and mortality. al., 2012). The TBT concentration decreased more

Rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) embryos exposed than 10-fold in 6 years, the landings per unit effort

to TBT had craniofacial skeletal deformities (Zhang, increased since 2007, and safe total daily intake of

Zuo, Sun et al., 2012). The defects coincided with shrimp, based on TBT levels, increased from 169

depressed expression of retinoic acid receptor, sonic g/day in 2003 to 5.22 kg/day in 2009 for a 60 kg

hedgehog and proliferating cell nuclear antigen person, indicating a recovery of the shrimp population

(PCNA), decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity, and and a decrease in the human health risk since the ban

increased expression of vitamin D receptor, which took effect. The TBT concentration decreased in

might effect the proliferation and differentiation of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) tissues around

cartilage cells and disturb calcium homeostasis, the United Kingdom (UK) during the phase out and

thereby disorganizing craniofacial skeletal ban of OTs, from a high of 0.4 mg/kg in 2004, to 0.23

development. Triphenyltin (TPhT), TBT and a mixture mg/kg in 2005, to 0.12 mg/kg in 2009 (Law et al.,

of the two caused a decrease in DNA integrity in 2012). The number of samples with detectable levels

rockfish livers (Zuo et al., 2012). The DNA damage fell from 100% in the 1990s, to 61-72% from 2003-

may have been due to altered transcription of 2005, to 4.3% in 2009. Dogwhelk have spread rapidly

nucleotide excision repair genes, as the authors found into areas off the UK which have never supported

decreased expression of XPB, ERCC1 and DNA populations, or where they have been extinct for thirty

polymerase ε and increased expression of PCNA, years (Bray et al., 2012). The population increase,

HR23B, XPG and DNA ligase III. which coincided with a decrease in the relative penis

Since the implementation of the OT ban, a size index (females compared to males), may have

number of studies have been performed to examine been facilitated by an increase in man-made hard

removal of the compounds from the environment. substrates. Despite the ban, sediments near shipping

Sampath et al. (2012) evaluated the TBT-degrading lanes and shipyards will act as a potential source of

potential of five marine pseudomonad bacteria. The OTs for years to come. Lilley et al. (2012) in 2009

consortium of the five bacteria grew better in TBT determined that reed beds near high impact areas in

medium than any individual species, and all of the Finland contained TBT, and that chironomids

isolates produced siderophores which likely act as inhabiting the reed beds were accumulating the TBT,

biocatalysts in the breakdown of TBT. Concentrations

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potentially facilitating transport to terrestrial was antifouling paints on boats. The mode of action of

ecosystems. another potential new antifouling compound,

With the ban on OTs, a number of isocyanide 1, was examined in the fouling organisms

alternative antifouling biocides have come on to the Balanus amphitrite (barnacle) and Bugula neritina

market. They include copper oxide along with (bryozoan) and the non-target species Danio rerio

inorganic zinc, booster biocides including Irgarol (zebrafish) (Zhang, Kitano, Nagata et al., 2012b). The

1051®, Sea Nine 211® (DCOIT), diuron, isocyanide binding proteins in the fouling organisms,

dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, TCMS pyridine, zinc which could be the molecular targets of the

pyrithione (ZnPT), Zineb, and the emerging biocides compound, were mitochondrial proteins involved in

capsaicin, Econea and medetomidine (Guardiola et al., cell respiration and energy maintenance, among other

2012). As they come into use the environmental fate things. Zebrafish exposed to isocyanide 1 developed

and risks to non-target species must be analyzed. “wavy” notochords, hydrocephalus, eye pigmentation

Johansson et al. (2012) studied the effects of seven defects and hematopoiesis, which may have been

antifouling compounds on photosynthesis and caused through induction of copper deficiency.

inorganic carbon use in the sugar kelp (Saccharina Endocrine Disrupting Compounds.

latissima). Chlorothalonil, DCOIT, dichlofluanid and Besides TBT, a number of endocrine disrupting

to some extent tolylfluanid inhibited photosynthesis compounds have been found in the marine

and the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), used environment. Alkylphenols (APs) and their

by the kelp to provide inorganic carbon for ethoxylates, known endocrine disruptors which are

photosynthesis. The inhibition of photosynthesis used as surfactants among other things, were found in

increased after the end of exposure for chlorothalonil seawater, sediment and mussel (Mytilus

and tolylfluanid indicating irreversible effects. Diuron galloprovincialis) tissues in Thermaikos Gulf, Greece

and Irgarol inhibited photosynthesis but had little to no (Arditsoglou and Voutsa, 2012). The concentrations of

effect on the CCM, consistent with the expectation 4-nonylphenol (4NP) in the sediments were high

that their main target is photosystem II. Zinc enough to suggest significant risk to sediment biota.

pyrithione had no effect on photosynthesis. Diuron, Diehl et al. (2012) assessed the bioaccumulation and

and to a lesser extent Irgarol, were found in seawater, biomagnification of 4NP in the Morro Bay estuary,

sediment and plankton off Japan (Balakrishnan et al., including potential sources, and compared values to

2012). The source of Diuron may have been those obtained in other estuaries on the west coast of

agricultural use, as the highest concentrations were the U.S. They found that 4NP levels increased from

found near a river mouth. The likely source of Irgarol seawater to sediment to biota. Even though 4NP was

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detected in all biological samples, from plankton to demonstrated that diatoms (Navicula incerta) can

birds and mammals, biomagnification up trophic bioaccumulate the synthetic estrogen 17α-

levels was mixed. 4-nonylphenol was detected in all of ethinylestradiol from water, and abalone (Haliotis

the estuaries sampled. Likely sources appeared to be diversicolor supertexta) embryos who fed on the

septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants, and it exposed diatoms had higher effects on growth than

was detected in toilet paper, especially recycled toilet through aqueous exposure alone. The ecdysone-

paper. Jacobs et al. (2012) found APs in the mediated steroid pathway is involved in development,

hemolymph of lobsters (Homarus americanus) from molting and sexual maturation in arthropods. Gaertner

every season and every region sampled off southern et al. (2012) identified the ecdysone receptor in the

New England, USA and adjacent offshore areas. copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis, and found that its

Alkylphenol concentrations in hemolymphs of lobster expression was significantly induced upon exposure to

held in the laboratory disappeared after 20 to 40 days, fipronil, which may explain the insecticide’s ability to

indicating that the lobsters in the wild must have been inhibit development and reproduction. Cytochrome

repeatedly exposed to APs to maintain the hemolymph P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation

concentrations observed. While de los Ríos et al. of testosterone. Cubero-Leon et al. (2012) isolated two

(2012) found APs, bisphenol A, phthalates (all known CYP3A-like genes from the mussel (Mytilus edulis)

to cause endocrine disruption) in sediment and water and examined their mRNA expression upon exposure

samples off a wastewater treatment plant outfall in to E2, TBT and a 10% concentration of sewage

northern Spain, there were no relevant differences effluent. One of the isoforms identified was

between levels at the outfall and a control site. This significantly downregulated by E2 and TBT, while the

was reflected in the lack of effects observed in caged other isoform was upregulated, but not significantly,

male mussels (M. galloprovincialis), including alkali- by the effluent. Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters,

labile phosphate levels (vitellogenin-like proteins), commonly used as sunscreen agents, and their effects

gamete development, gonad index, and lysosomal on aquatic animals have been the subject of an

membrane stability. Similarly, though there were increasing number of studies, as reviewed by Gago-

spatial differences in testosterone, 17β-estradiol (E2), Ferrero et al. (2012). The estrogenic activity of some

gonadosomatic index and vitellogenin in hornyhead of these agents is in the range of other estrogenic

turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) sampled off of chemicals, but generally at concentrations higher than

southern California, US, the differences were not found in the environment. However, there is the

correlated with proximity to wastewater outfalls potential for mixture effects as well as

(Reyes et al., 2012). Liu, Tam, Guab et al. (2012) bioaccumulation of some of the compounds, therefore

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more studies need to be performed on long-term Hagenbuch and Pinckney (2012) examined the effects

effects of multicomponent exposure. of three antibiotics, tylosin (T), lincomysin and

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care ciprofloxacin (C), both individually and in mixtures,

Products. Besides UV filters, a number of other on the population density of two benthic diatoms,

personal care products and pharmaceuticals have been Cylindrotheca closterium and Navicula ramosissima.

found in the marine environment, and several studies Alone, T was the most toxic and C was the least toxic

were reported in 2012 examining exposure and effect to both species. In C. closterium, all of the mixtures

in marine biota. Matozzo et al. (2012b) looked at the elicited a synergistic response, with the exception of T

effects of ibuprofen on immune function in the clam + C, which were additive. However in N.

Ruditapes philippinarum. They found that ibuprofen ramosissima, all of the mixtures elicited an additive

decreased cell membrane stability in hemocytes, as response. Emamectin, an anti-sea lice pharmaceutical

measured by a decrease in total hemocyte count, a used in aquaculture and agriculture, had no clear

decrease in neutral red uptake and a significant release effects on a marine microcosm exposed for four days,

of lactate dehydrogenase, but it did not seem to affect either administered alone or in combination with

the rate of apoptosis, as there were no changes in the mineral oil (Vestheim et al., 2012). An investigation

diameter or volume of hemocytes, and no effect on of sediment contaminant loads and biomarker levels in

DNA fragmentation. A similar study with the fish at two aquaculture facilities in southern China

antibacterial agent Triclosan found evidence of both found correlations between biomarkers, particularly

decreased membrane stability and increased apoptosis GST, and concentrations of PCBs, PAHs, and

in clam hemocytes (Matozzo et al., 2012a). Membrane antibiotics (He et al., 2012). There was also a positive

destabilization was also demonstrated via a neutral red correlation between norfloxacin in liver tissue

retention assay in hemolymph cells from adult mussels (antibiotic, reported in a related study) and GST, and

(Perna perna) exposed to Triclosan (Cortez et al., negative correlations between norfloxacin and CYP1A

2012). The effect occurred at environmentally relevant and CYP3A activity. A study off southern California,

levels, though it took higher concentrations to cause US, found diazepam (Valium) in every hornyhead

significant effects on fertilization and embryo-larval turbot (P. verticalis) liver sample collected, regardless

development. Triclosan also affected in vitro cell of proximity to wastewater outfalls (Mayura et al.,

metabolism of both the hemocytes and gill cells of the 2012). Concentrations were higher in males than in

abalone Haliotis tuberculata, though its degradation females. The synthetic polycyclic musks Galaxolide®

product, methyl-triclosan, was only toxic to hemocytes (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN) and the nitro musk,

at the concentrations tested (Gaume et al., 2012). musk ketone were found in almost all blubber and

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liver samples of minke whales (Balanoptera (Leptonychotes weddellii) sampled in 2006 in

acutorostrata) and long-beaked common dolphins Antarctica, but were unable to detect the congener in

(Delphinus capensis) collected off Korea (Moon et al., the blubber of juvenile males, or the muscle of any age

2012). Musk xylene and musk moskene (synthetic seal. Common noddy (Anous stolidus) and sooty tern

nitro musks) were not detected in any of the samples. (Sterna fuscata) eggs, collected in 2008 from a remote

The synthetic musk found in the highest concentration island in Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, had low

was HHCB, which was also true for another study levels of BDE47 and BDE100 (Bouwman et al.,

performed with mussels (Perna viridis and Mytilus 2012). Dinn et al. (2012) found that though ΣPBDEs

edulis) collected throughout the coastal waters of Asia were lower in the wastewater and sediment of one

as well as off the US (Nakata et al., 2012). The musk wastewater treatment plant outfall, the ΣPBDEs in the

AHTN was also detected, along with several benthic invertebrates at that outfall were 2.4 times

benzotriazole UV stabilizers used as plastic additives. higher than at another outfall. Tissue concentrations

Flame Retardants. Numerous studies correlated with total organic carbon (TOC)-

throughout the world examined the presence of flame normalized sediment concentrations but not dry

retardants in marine organisms. Until recently the weight-normalized sediment concentrations,

dominant flame retardants used in manufacturing were emphasizing the importance of TOC in determining

the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Though biological uptake. Bioaccumulation of PBDEs was

some classes of PBDEs are being phased out due to correlated with lipid content in organisms in an

their persistence in the environment, they are still estuary, but trophic transfer seemed to vary by site,

being detected in biological samples. In the late 1980s likely due to variance in feeding behaviors and/or

and 1990s, ΣPBDEs were measurable in blubber from carbon and nitrogen sources (Ashley et al., 2012).

ringed seals (Phoca hispida), pilot whales Harmelin-Vivien et al. (2012) found an increase in

(Globicephala melas), white-sided dolphins BDE47 muscle concentration with increasing trophic

(Lagenorhynchus acutus) and hooded seals level in the European hake (Merluccius merluccius)

(Cystophora cristata) from the north Atlantic food web. The bioaccumulation rate was higher than

(Rotander et al., 2012a). The concentrations peaked in for radiocesium, similar to PCB congener 153, and

the late 1990s/early 2000s, and then dropped by lower than mercury. Weijs et al. (2012) developed a

2006/7. The congener distribution pattern varied by pharmacokinetic model for the bioaccumulation of

species, but the most abundant congener was BDE47. PBDEs in harbor porpoises.

Trumble et al. (2012) also detected BDE47 in the A few studies measured the occurrence of

blubber of adult male and female Weddell seals methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), compounds

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naturally found in some species of algae, sponges, and though PBDEs were highly biomagnified from prey

cyanobacteria, in addition to the anthropogenic fish to harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor), the

PBDEs. Rosenfelder et al. (2012) found that the biomagnification of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-

relative abundance of PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in HBCD, newer to market but likely to be phased out)

liver varied by species in two rays, Gymnura altavela was relatively weak. The level of α-HBCD in pups

and Zapteryx brevirostris, and the variation seemed to was higher than in adults, indicating that maternal

be linked to their different habitats. Rotander et al. transfer plays a strong role in its bioaccumulation. The

(2012b) found that all of the fin whales (Balaenoptera most quantifiable flame retardants found in sea gull

physalus), 90% of the white-sided dolphins, and 50% eggs sampled throughout southern Canada were

of the pilot whales, harbor porpoises (Phocoena PBDEs, α-HBCD, and Dechlorane Plus® (DP)

phocoena) and minke whales (Balaenoptera isomers (Chen et al., 2012). The brominated biphenyl

acutorostrata) sampled in the north Atlantic had congener 101 was detected in 40% of gull colonies,

blubber concentrations of 6-MeO-BDE47 which and all other flame retardants measured, including

exceeded those of BDE47. As there was a weak DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

correlation between the two compounds, it was (BTBPE), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-

believed that the main source of 6-MeO-BDE47 was dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were not

from natural sources and not metabolism of BDE47. detected. Eleven species of mollusks in the Chinese

Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) sampled Bohai Sea were sampled for PBDE, HBCD, and a

off a relatively pristine tropical coast in Brazil had newer flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)

MeO-PBDE concentrations in liver 28 times higher isocyanurate (TBC) (Zhu, Li, Wang et al., 2012). TBC

than PBDE concentrations, but dolphins from more was detected in 76.9% of samples, ΣPBDE in 100%

industrialized areas had a higher ratio of PBDEs and ΣHBCD in 99.2%. Concentrations of ΣHBCD

(Alonso et al., 2012a). were several times higher than ΣPBDE or TBC.

In the same study Alonso et al. measured the Klosterhaus et al. (2012) reported flame retardant

occurrence of some of the new flame retardants levels in sediment and biota in San Francisco Bay, US.

coming in to use to replace the phased-out PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs in biota were at least an

Hexabromobenzene (HBB) was detected in 25% of order or magnitude higher than any other flame

the liver samples, decabromodiphenylethane retardant. HBCD was detected in several species, with

(DBDPE) was detected in 21% of the liver samples, the highest levels in cormorant (Phalacrocorax

and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was detected in auritus) eggs. DP was detected in wildlife at lower

8% of the samples. Shaw et al. (2012) found that levels than HBCD. PBEB was detected in harbor seals

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but not fish or cormorant eggs, and BTBPE, HBB, much higher doses than found in the environment. Ye

DBDPE, 2,4,3,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis(2- et al. (2012) found differential expression of immune

ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) were not system complement genes in the different sexes of the

detected in any wildlife samples. A review by Wu, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) upon exposure

Zhang, Luo et al. (2012) indicated that PBDE levels in to BDE47. Transcription of all six major complement

wildlife from China were higher than other parts of system genes were downregulated in males, but in

Asia but comparable to Europe and lower than North females the genes were either upregulated or remained

America. Though the levels of PBDEs decreased from unchanged. The authors believed that the differential

the mid-2000s then stabilized, HBCDs continuously effect might have something to do with the weak

rose. In addition, TBPH and TBB were detected in estrogenicity of BDE47.

cetaceans. Other Industrial Compounds. In addition

There were fewer papers on the effects of to the alylphenol ethoxylates, benzotriazoles and

flame retardant exposure. Su et al. (2012) measured flame retardants described above, a few other

the arylhydrocarbon receptor activity of MeO-PBDEs industrial compounds have been found to affect

and hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs, believed to be marine organisms. Villaverde-de-Sáa et al. (2012)

biotransformation products of PBDEs and/or MeO- developed a method for measuring perflourinated

PBDEs) to derive relative potencies. Forty percent of compounds, used as surfactants, surface protectors,

the MeO-PBDEs and 68% of the HO-PBDEs had and fire-fighting foams, in mollusks. Perfluorooctane

significant potency relative to dioxin. A hazard sulphonate, perfluorohexanoic acid,

quotient for human consumption, calculated using the perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and

relative potencies and concentrations of the analogues perfluoroundecanoic acid were detected in tissue from

in marine fish, was lower than tolerance limits. The mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), cockles

IC50 for growth of the marine algae Isochrysis (Cerastoderma edule) and clams (Ruditapes

galbana was reduced as a function of higher exposure philippinarum) from northern Spain. The acute

time and lower brome number for BDE47, BDE99, toxicity of three surfactants to fish (Cyprinus carpio),

and BDE154 (Mhadhbi, Fumega and Beiras (2012). crustaceans (Daphnia magna), algae (Selenastrum

BDE47 and BDE99 caused teratogenic effects in capricornutum, aka Rhaphidocelis subcapitata) and

turbot (Psetta maxima) embryos and larvae, and again marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) was determined by

the lower brominated congener was more toxic Gheorghe et al. (2012). The cationic standard

(Mhadhbi, Fumega, Boumaiza and Beiras (2012). The surfactant Hyamine® 1622 had an effect on all

effects on both the algae and the turbot were seen at organisms, especially the crustacean and algal species.

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The cationic surfactant raw material Tetranyl® AT- with the shift towards more pollutant-tolerant species

7590 was also toxic to all test organisms, especially V. in the community. Van Dam et al. (2012) investigated

fischeri. And the amphoteric surfactant raw material the effects of diuron on thirteen species of tropical

Amfodac LB was moderately to highly toxic to all benthic formaminifera hosting a range of symbionts

organisms except V. fisheri. including diatoms, dinoflagellates, red and green

Current Use Pesticides. Alanso et al. algae. The authors found that diatom- and

(2012b) reviewed the threat of pyrethroids to marine chlorophyte-hosting foraminifera were the most

mammals. Mhadhbi and Beiras (2012) investigated the sensitive to diuron, and that porcelaneous species of

effects on early life stage turbot (Psetta maxima) of foraminifera had slower uptake, reduced sensitivity

three current-use herbicides (alachlor, atrazine and and lengthier recovery compared to hyaline species.

diuron), three current-use insecticides (pirimiphos- The toxicity of diuron was significantly enhanced by

methyl, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon) and one legacy- increased light intensities. DeLorenzo and Fulton

contaminant insecticide (dieldrin). The order of (2012) compared the use of combined species in a risk

toxicity based on LC10 values for embryos was assessment versus separating species into groups for a

dieldrin > chlorpyrifos >> primiphos-methyl >> comparative risk assessment for three pesticides, the

diazinon > > diuron > alachlor >> atrazine, and for herbicide diuron, the fungicide chlorothalonil, and the

larvae was dieldrin > chlorpyrifos >> primiphos- insecticide permethrin. For diuron and permethrin the

methyl >> diazinon >> alachlor > diuron > atrazine. use of combined species data resulted in protection of

The most common morphological abnormality for the the most sensitive species. However, for chlorothalonil

insecticides was abnormal skeletal formation and for there was orders of magnitude difference between the

the herbicides it was pericardial edema. Magnusson et sensitivity of the mollusk life stages, and a

al. (2012) examined the effects of chronic exposure to comparative risk assessment approach worked better

the herbicide diuron on tropical marine periphyton for protection of sensitive species, and was thought to

community structure. Significant dose-dependent be essential in identifying needed mitigation action to

changes in community composition were evident after protect sensitive organisms.

7 days exposure, and by four weeks all treatments Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (NMs) are

were significantly different from control. The main among the fastest growing classes of compounds

driver for the treatment differences was the change in being developed today. They are used in cosmetics,

abundance of diatom taxa. An increased tolerance to personal care products, medicine, clothing, renewable

diuron exposure, as measured by photosynthetic energies, electronic devices, and environmental

response, was evident at later time points, consistent remediation, to name a few applications. According to

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Matranga and Corsi (2012) there are three main dioxide (nTiO2) on the growth rate of four

sources of NMs into marine ecosystems: 1) personal phytoplankton species with and without UV exposure.

care products such as cosmetics and sunscreens; 2) While there was no effect on Skeletonema costatum

sewage; 3) anti-fouling applications in paints on vessel with or without UV exposure, there was a significant

hulls. As there are a wide variety of NMs, from suppression in growth rate with UV exposure for

metallic to carbon based, and a wide variety of Isochrysis galbana, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and

coatings on the NMs, their behavior in the Dunaliella teriolecta. Production of hydroxyl radicals

environment, uptake and toxicity in organisms is at low nTiO2 concentration in simulated sunlight was

poorly understood. Key aspects to be considered when around 10-20 times higher than natural hydroxyl

evaluating ecotoxicology are: 1) the marine ecosystem radical generation in temperate coastal waters. .

can act as a potential sink for nanomaterials; 2) Montes et al. (2012) demonstrated that M.

nanocomposites and byproducts may behave galloprovincialis was able to package large amounts

differently depending on the nature of the body of of NMs into pseudofeces (a mucus-based substance

water, which can in turn affect bioavailability and rejected by mussel gills prior to ingestion), with a

toxicity; 3) NMs may bioaccumulate and biomagnify; higher proportion of the less soluble nCeO2 than

4) NMs may deteriorate or remediate the quality of the nZnO. Conversely, more Zn than Ce was accumulated

marine environment (Matranga and Corsi, 2012). in tissue. A review by Canesi et al. (2012) indicated

Handy et al. (2012) provided practical guidance on that once aggregated NMs are taken up by the gills of

toxicity test methods with NMs. Tips included mussels they are directed to the digestive system,

glassware and probe cleaning, how to maintain where disaggregation can occur. Nanosized particles

consistent, and environmentally relevant, exposure to can then be transferred to the hemolymph and

NMs, relevant test metrics (e.g. particle size, particle circulating hemocytes. Ciacci et al. (2012)

number, mass concentration), dispersing agents, and demonstrated stimulation of total extracellular reactive

critical variations in standard test protocols to ensure oxygen species in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

interlaboratory reproducibility in NM research. One hemocytes exposed to nano-oxides in vitro, with nZnO

such variation was special emphasis on the rate of > nSiO2 > nTiO2 = nCeO2. There were concomitant

shaking and intensity and wavelength of lighting used decreases in lysosomal membrane stability, with nZnO

in microalgae tests, as they can have a large effect on > nSiO2 = nTiO2 > nCeO2. All nano-oxides induced

the toxicity of photoactivated NMs. Miller et al. nitrate accumulation. There was an increase in

(2012) demonstrated the importance of light phagocytosis at low concentrations and a decrease at

wavelength by measuring the effects of nano-titanium high concentrations for nZnO and nTiO2, a small

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increase in phagocytosis a low concentrations for outfall-related changes (de-la-Ossa-Carretero et al.,

nSiO2, and a decrease in phagocytosis at all 2012b) Biological effects near the outfalls were

concentrations for nCeO2. Only nZnO elicited effects associated primarily with reduced abundances of

on mitrochondria and induction of apoptosis. Nano- amphipods and tanaids. Eichler et al. (2012) found

zero valent iron (nZVI) is an electron donor that is that benthic foraminifera were useful as pollution

being considered for use in environmental indicators in coastal Brazil. Analyses of foraminifera

remediation, and it comes in a variety of coated and in conjunction with sediment characteristics enabled

uncoated forms. Keller et al. (2012) found that the the assessment of impacted areas associated with

aggregation rate of nZVI was dependent on the relatively complex hydrology and sediment transport

presence and type of coating, as well as the type of in an estuarine and coastal beach system. The

water to which it was added. The smaller aggregate concordance of two benthic indices (MEDOCC and

size was more toxic to the marine phytoplankton I. BOPA) used in the European Water Framework

galbana. Directive (WFD) was found to vary according to the

area being assessed and the degree of pollution

(Pinedo et al., 2012). The low concordance between

Field Assessment Methods and Pollution
the two indices for some areas resulted from
Indicators
differences in the assignment of taxa to pollution
The calculation of benthic biotic indices
sensitivity categories, especially for amphipods. In a
such as BENTIX using family-level taxonomy was
study of amphipod assemblages near gas production
found to provide acceptable correspondence to
platforms in the Ionian Sea, Fiorentino et al. (2012)
pollution gradients associated with sewage discharges
concluded that spatial autocorrelation accounted for
in the Mediterranean Sea (de-la-Ossa-Carretero et al.,
most of the observed community variance. The
2012a). However, there is a potential for error in
authors recommend that analyses of spatial
classifying pollution sensitivities to higher taxa, and
autocorrelation be included in studies of benthic fauna
the family-level method should be restricted to areas
near pollution sources, thereby reducing the rate of
with relatively homogeneous communities and where
false positives that may result from application of
families have similar species composition across study
traditional statistical techniques.
areas. A study of seven sewage discharges in the
Based on laboratory experiments, the
western Mediterranean Sea indicated that benthic
macroalgae Cladophora valonioides was selected as a
community analyses detected effects near the outfalls,
bioindicator species for use in mapping the spatial
although physical/chemical analyses of sediments (pH,
extent of eutrophication in coastal areas of South
metals, organic matter and grain size) did not show

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Australia (Fernandes et al., 2012). Translocation of C. aggregate dredging area. The study demonstrated the

valonioides to 246 sites in an area of about 445 km2 value of incorporating functional analysis into these

enabled the detailed mapping of land-derived nutrient kinds of assessments; however, it was recommended

plumes based on δ15N signatures. A new index based that these metrics should be used in combination with

on algal and faunal characteristics was proposed for traditional structural assessment techniques.

assessing the ecological quality of rocky intertidal A survey at 53 beaches in California

habitats on the northern Spanish coast (Díez et al., documented the widespread presence of fecal

2012). The Rocky Intertidal Community Quality indicators and bacterial pathogens in beach sand,

Index (RICQI) compared favorably with the current although these two groups of indicators were poorly

index used in the WFD and provided a more accurate correlated to each other (Yamahara et al., 2012). A

characterization of pollution response by incorporating persistence study using microcosms indicated that

both macroalgal and invertebrate metrics. Atalah and beach sands may contain pathogenic bacteria for up to

Crowe (2012) reported that studies of molluscan 3 weeks following contact with sewage discharges. A

assemblages on rocky shores of the west coast of study of several sewage discharges on the Spanish

Ireland enabled detection of changes in community Mediterranean coast revealed that amphipods and

structure associated with nutrient enrichment. tanaids had decreased abundances near the outfalls.

Multivariate statistical analyses enabled the However, sediment characteristics such as particle

identification of both tolerant and sensitive molluscan size, organic content, and metals concentrations did

species that occupy the intertidal habitat. The not show clear relationships to the outfall locations.

combined use of data on metal concentrations in Based on studies near the Marseilles outfall,

sediments and invertebrate assemblages in kelp tryptophan fluorescence was proposed as a useful

holdfasts was advocated as a reliable method to assess indicator of the spatial extent of sewage materials in

effects of sewage discharges on the Chilean coast coastal marine waters (Tedetti et al., 2012).

(Saéz et al., 2012). The diverse holdfast communities Fluorescence was a more useful indicator of the

of Lessonia trabeculata (Phaeophyta) consisted of 56 presence of sewage when compared with

individual species belonging to five phyla. Hussin et measurements of organic carbon or nutrients. Field

al. (2012) described the results of using various deployment of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea

traditional (abundance, biomass, and diversity) and glomerata) near a sewage outfall indicated that this

functional (e.g., production, infaunal trophic index, organism may be a useful indicator for assessment of

and Rao’s quadratic entropy) metrics to monitor estrogenic exposure and associated reproductive

recovery of macrofaunal assemblages at a marine effects (Andrew-Priestley et al., 2012). Following a 6-

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week deployment near the outfall during the summer, assemblages, and selected metrics of the seagrass

the oysters displayed an increase in female Posidonia oceanica) were useful for assessing effects

vitellogenin and a shift to female individuals when of pollution in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

compared to reference locations. Deployment of However, vagile macrofaunal assemblages associated

caged mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) near a with P. oceanica meadows did not display significant

sewage outfall on the Bay of Biscay (Spain) revealed differences between disturbed and reference sites and

no significant responses for a variety of biomarkers, were not useful indicators in this study. For Todos

including indicators of endocrine disruption (de los Santos Bay (Baja California, Mexico), the

Ríos et al., 2012). Both outfall and reference relationships between a biological effects index and a

organisms show some evidence of stress following metal enrichment index were described and used to

transplantation, as indicated by reductions in estimate adverse-effects thresholds (Muñoz-Barbosa et

lysosomal membrane stability. al., 2012). The relationship for copper indicated that

Frassinetti et al. (2012) described a an enrichment above 0.74 (compared to average

multidisciplinary method involving chemical analyses copper concentrations in shale) could represent

and elutriate toxicity tests (bioavailability and adverse effects on benthic biota.

genotoxicity biomarkers) for assessing marine

sediments contaminated by metals. Sediments Other Field Survey Assessments

collected in 2007 from the Gulf of Follonica (Italy) Croxall et al. (2012) published a

displayed elevated concentrations of metals and comprehensive review of the conservation status and

increases in phytochelatins in diatoms and DNA threats to seabirds on a worldwide basis. The primary

damage in yeast cells. A new indicator of seabed threats to seabirds are associated with commercial

integrity was proposed that combines two metrics that fisheries, pollution, invasive predators at breeding

are associated with the bioturbation potential of areas, and human disturbance. Recommended

sediment assemblages and the sediment redox research topics and action plans are also presented. A

boundary (Birchenough et al., 2012). When plotted review of four decades of monitoring studies in San

together in two dimensions, the indices provide useful Francisco Bay documented the environmental effects

information for characterizing study areas based on of six drivers that shape the overall water quality and

sediment functions such as carbon and nutrient biota of the bay: water consumption and diversion,

cycling. Bedini and Piazzi (2012) concluded that modification of sediment inputs, nonnative species,

multiple environmental measurements (i.e., chemical sewage discharges, environmental policy, and climate

analyses of sediments, soft-bottom benthic change (Cloern and Jassby 2012). This

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comprehensive review indicates that abrupt shifts dredging; however, one benthic index has shown

occur in response to the environmental drivers and that improvement in some areas during the most recent

long-term monitoring is essential for documenting sampling event. The waters around Hong Kong have

important environmental changes to estuarine systems. different responses to nutrient inputs that result from

Karydis and Kitsiou (2012) reviewed the historical seasonal changes in discharges from the Pearl River,

information that documents areas of coastal sewage discharges and local hydrodynamic conditions

eutrophication in the Mediterranean Sea. Various (Xu et al., 2012). Eutrophication in Victoria Harbor is

legal and regulatory policies are also described in limited by turbulence, vertical mixing, and flushing

relation to the need for an integrated framework for during most of the year. Polybrominated diphenyl

protection of the coastal zones of the sea. The goods ethers (PBDEs) were found in sediments and wildlife

and services, environmental sensitivity, and in San Francisco Bay at higher concentrations than

conservation status of 56 types of European seabed replacement flame retardants such as

biotopes were reviewed and summarized by Salomidi hexabromocyclobenzene (HBCD) and Dechlorane

et al. (2012). Overall, the main threats to seabed Plus® (DP) (Klosterhaus et al., 2012). The

biotopes were identified as fishing activities by concentrations of PBDEs in wildlife in the Bay were

benthic trawls and pollution. Roberts (2012) reviewed comparable to, or higher than, other monitored

the natural and anthropogenic processes that can result locations. A long-term monitoring study from 2001 to

in the remobilization of contaminated sediments in 2008 in Kenting National Park (Taiwan) revealed

marine environments. Although existing laboratory declining water quality and adverse effects on coral

studies indicate the potential for adverse effects from communities resulting from increased sewage

such resuspension events, few field studies have been discharges in the popular tourist area (Liu, Meng, Liu

conducted that address biological effects under actual et al., 2012). Increasing numbers of skin divers in the

field conditions. Park also resulted in adverse effects on coral cover

Based on a long-term monitoring program during the study period. Nakata et al. (2012) reported

from 1993 to 2009, Nelson and Bergen (2012) found the results of a large-scale monitoring study of

that sediment remedial activities at the New Bedford concentrations of synthetic polycyclic musks and

Harbor superfund site (Massachusetts) have benzotriazole UV stabilizers in mussels from the

corresponded with decreased PCB concentrations in Pacific coasts of Asia and the U.S. The highest

sediments throughout the harbor. Changes in benthic concentrations of musks were measured in mussels

macroinvertebrate assemblages and bioaccumulation from Japan and Korea, where levels were higher than

in mussels have been slow to respond to sediment

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
concentrations of traditional pollutants such as PCBs Jones et al. (2012b) described the construction design

and DDTs. and ecological characteristics of Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea

Construction of an offshore wind farm in the City in Kuwait, which was developed by excavating

North Sea off Denmark resulted in short-term (1 year) saline desert habitat to create a series of marine

positive impacts on the abundances of three species of waterways. Monitoring of the many intertidal and

sand eels, which were consistent with post-operational subtidal habitats indicates that, within 5 years of

reductions in the amount of silts and clays in the construction, the abundance and taxa richness were

sediment (van Deurs et al., 2012). However, at 7 similar to natural marine habitats in the area.

years after construction, there was a significant Evaluation of various materials used for

reduction in the abundance of one species of sand eel thin-layer capping of contaminated sediments in

(Hyperoplus lanceolatus) that was not associated with mesocosm experiments demonstrated that such

a corresponding change in sediment grain size. A materials may result in significant adverse effects on

survey of pristine and urbanized rocky intertidal benthic fauna and sediment nutrient cycling (Näslund

habitats in southern Brazil revealed distinct et al., 2012). When compared to natural materials,

differences in the structure of macroalgal assemblages capping by industrial mineral products such as CaCO3

(Martins et al., 2012b). Urbanized areas were and CaSO4 had the largest adverse effects on

characterized by Cladophora and Ulva spp., while the macrofauna. A field study in a Norwegian fjord site

more pristine areas displayed higher taxa richness and contaminated by dioxins and furans indicated that

were dominated by Rhodophyta species. Pitanga et al. thin-layer capping (2.5 cm) with activated carbon and

(2012) reported that seagrass meadows (Halodule clay materials had limited effectiveness in reducing

wrightii) in northeastern Brazil were affected by contaminant concentrations in overlying waters

several anthropogenic factors, including the discharge (Cornelissen et al., 2012). These tests indicated that a

of untreated sewage, coastal development, vessel 5.0-cm cap of limestone and clay was as effective as

anchoring, trawling/shellfishing, and solid waste the activated carbon in reducing sediment-to-water

disposal. Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages near fluxes of dioxins/furans. Qian et al. (2012) reported

two fish-processing plant discharges in New on a combined hydrodynamic and biochemical

Brunswick (Canada) showed reduced taxa richness transport model used to predict the assimilative

and density when compared with areas away from the capacity of Jiaozhou Bay (China) for petroleum

outfalls (Lalonde and Ernst 2012). Benthic effects hydrocarbons. The model can be used to evaluate

near the discharges were attributed to increased total loads of hydrocarbons for individual point

ammonia and sulfide concentrations in the sediments. sources to attain the quality criterion for seawater.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
Coggan et al. (2012) used a combination of northern Spain revealed significant improvement in

hydrodynamic modeling and sediment surveys to rocky subtidal macrofaunal assemblages following

characterize the spatial variability of gravel habitats in implementation of secondary treatment (Bustamante,

the central and eastern parts of the English Channel, Bevolacqua, Tajadura et al., 2012). Following

areas that are potentially important for bottom effluent improvements, the suspension-feeding

trawling and marine aggregate extraction. The results polychaete Spriorbis pagenstecheri decreased in

demonstrated that the area should not be treated as a percent cover, while the herbivorous mollusc Patella

large homogeneous substrate, but that future ulyssiponensis increased in relative abundance. At a

management and monitoring decisions should be sewage outfall in Argentina, Garaffo et al. (2012)

based on the apparent spatial variability of gravel reported very rapid re-colonization of dense reefs

habitats. formed by the tubiculous polychaete Boccardia

proboscidia following small-scale physical

Effects of Wastewater Discharges. disturbance. The conspecific recovery occurred

Burd et al. (2012) reported on a 10-year within 5 days following disturbance and was mediated

study of sediment and benthic conditions near a large primarily by the migration of larval and juvenile

sewage outfall in the Strait of Georgia near worms into the disturbed areas. A 5-year study of

Vancouver, Canada. Localized declines in black band disease (BBD) in corals in Bermuda found

abundances of ophiuroids, bivalves, and crustaceans no relationship between areas of sewage pollution and

were exacerbated near the outfall, but the regional the prevalence of BBD (Jones et al., 2012a). The

declines of these taxa were likely the result of regional highest prevalence of BBD occurred on the outer rim

changes in circulation patterns, long-term warming reefs, which are characterized by very high water

trends, or freshwater discharge rates from the nearby quality.

Frasier River. A study of mesozooplankton in a Dinn et al. (2012) reported that the

eutrophic estuary receiving sewage discharges in bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Argentina indicated an enhanced abundance of (PBDEs) in benthic invertebrates near two sewage

detritivorous crab larvae (Neohelice granulata) when outfalls in British Columbia (Canada) was determined

compared to a reference estuary (Dutto et al., 2012). by the organic content and particle size of sediments.

The eutrophic estuary was also characterized by Comparison of the two sewage discharges indicated

having lower abundances of the common estuarine that increased removal of organic carbon from an

copepod Acartia tonsa. A BACI sampling design effluent may actually increase the relative

used over a 9-year period at a sewage discharge in bioaccumulation of PBDEs. Detailed forensic

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) micro-floral symbionts in the sponges. Based on

in sediments near two marine outfalls in British water quality modeling, Bryhn (2012) concluded that

Columbia indicated that the predominant sources are improvements in urban sewage treatment, at costs of

wood combustion, coal, and coke (Yunker et al., €468 to €1,118 million, per year would be required to

2012). These kinds of PAHs are predicted to have substantially improve the trophic state of the Gulf of

much lower bioavailability than the PAHs typically Riga (Baltic Sea). However, the approximate 50

associated with urban runoff, which are associated percent reduction in chlorophyll concentrations would

with emissions from vehicle combustion. Sediment be associated with a predicted 42 percent reduction in

studies near the Marseille sewage outfall indicated that the total fish biomass for the Gulf. The costs and

concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs biological benefits of 21 years of sewage treatment

have declined when compared with historical levels improvements in the polluted Nervión Estuary (Spain)

(Syakti et al., 2012). However, concentrations of were described by Pascual et al. (2012). Application

these substances continue to exceed available of a biological valuation (BV) method enabled the

sediment quality guidelines in some areas, indicating calculation of a single biodiversity value that

potential risks associated with benthic community demonstrated the significant improvements that have

exposure. Fang et al. (2012) described the distribution occurred in the inner estuary. Penha-Lopes et al.

of four pharmaceutical compounds in the waters near a (2012) described a model for predicting the

large sewage discharge in northern Taiwan. Risk effectiveness of constructed mangrove wetlands in

quotients for ibuprofen always exceeded 1, although treating sewage discharges. Using caged mussels, De

the risk quotients for the other pharmaceutical los Rios et al. (2012) were unable to detect the

compounds (clofibric acid, diclofenac, and contribution of a Bay of Biscay outfall to endocrine-

ketoprofen) were less than 1 based on measured disrupting contaminants.

concentrations in coastal areas.

Although water and sediment concentrations Effects of Dredging and Extraction

of metals were elevated near a sewage discharge in Drabble (2012a) summarized reductions in

Darwin Harbor (Australia), the levels of metals in the the abundances of demersal fishes such as plaice and

sponge Spheciospongia vagabunda were not elevated sole following aggregate dredging in the Eastern

when compared to a reference site (Padovan et al., English Channel, U.K. Impacts to demersal fishes

2012). X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis of were apparently caused by entrainment in the

sponge tissue indicated that sequestration of iron, hydraulic dredges, and a conceptual design was

nickel, and zinc in sponge tissue may be mediated by recommended for a dredge that would reduce such

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
impacts on nekton and plankton. Theoretical Channel of the Niger Delta (Agunwamba et al., 2012).

entrainment rates for individual fish species in The major water quality factors that would be

hydraulic dredges were calculated for the Eastern influenced by the project include dissolved oxygen,

English Channel by Drabble (2012b). The conduct of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids (TSS),

fish entrainment surveys is recommended as part of and metals. Predicted impacts to the water column

monitoring assessments at marine aggregate dredging associated with a dredging project in the Ulla River

sites. Cooper (2012) described a statistical method Estuary (Spain) were estimated using sediment

based on macrofaunal/sediment relationships that elutriate toxicity tests and a dilution model (Rial and

could be used to specify compliance limits for Beiras 2012). For these sediments, clam and sea

acceptable change following marine aggregate urchin embryo/larval toxicity tests were more sensitive

dredging. The limits would be expressed as ranges in than tests using phytoplankton or mysids. Evaluation
210
sediment particle size distributions that could be of foraminifera assemblages and Pb dated cores in

monitored at the end of a dredging license period. Mobile Bay (Alabama) indicated that channel

Dredging and dredged material disposal resulted in dredging and dredged material disposal over a 100-

only localized effects on fish assemblages near the year period have altered circulation, mixing patterns,

mouth of the Caravelas River, Brazil (da Silva et al., and sedimentation in the Bay (Osterman and Smith

2012). Enhanced abundances and diversity of fishes 2012). During this period, foraminfera show a shift

at the disposal site may have resulted from increased from low density agglutinated and calcareous

availability of food organisms. Dredging operations in assemblages to high-density assemblages of

the Tagus Estuary (Portugal) resulted in increases in agglutinated taxa. Zainal et al. (2012) reviewed the

bioaccumulation of PAHs and PCBs and significant historical dredging and land reclamation projects in

biomarker responses in caged mussels (Martins et al., Bahrain and summarized marine impacts of those

2012a). The sediments had been classified as only activities. The results of a survey of issues facing the

“trace contaminated” prior to dredging; however, the marine dredging industry in Malaysia were presented

results indicated the need for monitoring during by Manap et al. (2012). These authors concluded that

dredging to evaluate potential remobilization of legislation concerning dredging in Malaysia should be

sediment contaminants and corresponding effects on strengthened and proposed a framework for more

marine biota at the dredged site. efficient management of dredging alternatives.

Information from water/sediment quality Studies of hydraulically dredged sediments

surveys and public questionnaires was used to identify in coastal Louisiana indicated that organic content is

potential impacts of a dredging project in the Bonny an important factor affecting the aggregation and

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compaction of deposited dredged materials (Land et benthic fauna when compared with an otter trawl

al., 2012). Effects of organic matter on particle (Hinz et al., 2012). If catch efficiency and relative by-

aggregation over time are therefore an important catch are considered, the new queen dredge and otter

consideration in the design of coastal restoration trawl are of comparable efficiency when compared to

projects in the Mississippi River delta. Studies of the traditional scallop dredge. Strain et al. (2012)

macroinvertebrate assemblages near the Port of Sidi documented long-term changes in the epifaunal

Youssef (Tunisia) revealed that the main assemblages in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland)

anthropogenic stress was associated with during periods of trawling for A. opercularis and

dredging/harbor activities near the harbor entrance following designation of the area as a marine nature

(Aloui-Bejaoui and Afli, 2012). To assess potential reserve and Special Area of Conservation. There were

effects of dredging on corals, Flores et al. (2012) measurable declines in sessile and slow-moving

conducted laboratory studies of the effects of fine invertebrates and increases in highly mobile scavenger

sediment exposures on Montipora aequituberculata (a and predator species. A study of benthic macrofaunal

foliaceous species) and Acropora millepora assemblages in the Sackville Spur closed area

(a branching species). M. aequituberculata was more (fisheries) in the Northwest Atlantic showed that the

sensitive to sediment accumulation on the coral exclusion zone had greater abundances, biomass,

colony, with an exposure of 30 mg/L TSS for 12 diversity, and taxa indicative of vulnerable marine

weeks resulting in complete colony mortality. Studies ecosystems than nearby areas outside the zone (Froján

of macrobenthic assemblages at 14 dredged material et al., 2012). Based on these results, the authors

disposal sites around England and Wales indicated recommended that the closed area be maintained in its

significant reductions in total secondary production at current form. Bloomfield et al. (2012) reported that

seven of the sites (Bolam 2012). The sites with fish abundance and size at two North Sea prohibited

reduced secondary production also displayed trawling areas (PTAs) was not different from control

significant changes in one or more indicators of sites. The absence of protection effects on mobile fish

benthic community structure. species was attributed to a combination of factors,

including fish mobility relative to the size of the

Effects of Fishing Activities PTAs, noncompliance with the no-trawl provisions,

A comparative study of the impacts of three and exploitation of fish stocks by static gear methods.

fishing methods used for queen scallops (Aequipecten

opercularis) revealed that both a new dredge design

Effects of Marine Debris
and traditional dredges had negative impacts on

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 Physical impacts. Marine debris may cause rate for affected seals. Fishing materials were the

entanglement of aquatic organisms and may be cause of 14/15 entanglements, though authors note

ingested by indiscriminate feeders as well as that gear could be operational or discarded (Allen et

organisms that mistake debris for natural prey. The al. 2012). A similar situation with potential derelict

research community published several papers detailing gear was noted by Wegner and Cartamil (2012), in

the effects of these physical debris interactions on which a single male shortfin mako shark (Isurus

marine species. As part of push from the scientific and oxyrinchus) was entangled in rope and exhibited

policy communities to understand the physical impacts severe abrasions; scoliosis of the back indicated the

of marine debris (entanglement, ingestion, and alien rope had been in place for longer than 150 days. The

and invasive species transport), a wide-ranging report shark was disentangled and tagged; tracking over 54 d

investigated and synthesized the impacts of debris on showed the shark exhibited a diel depth distribution

marine biodiversity (STAP 2012). Entanglement in similar to healthy individuals.

debris, especially discarded or lost fishing nets and Researchers investigating abundance and

traps (derelict fishing gear, or DFG), is a significant impact of derelict fishing traps in the US Virgin

problem posed by marine debris. Related to this, Islands (USVI) found low (5%) mortality of fish

Marine Pollution Bulletin published a special issue entrapped in simulated derelict traps at shallow (18 m

focused on the at-sea detection of derelict fishing gear or less) depth (Clark et al. 2012). Annual economic

(see Morishige and McElwee 2012), which aims to cost to the fishery was estimated at approximately

mitigate impacts to ecosystems and safe navigation $191,340 and traps remained in good condition after

through preemptive detection and removal of DFG. A one year which suggests prolonged fishery impacts,

strategy is described that includes (1) characteristics though a positive impact was noted as some traps

and behavior of DFG, (2) indirect detection of DFG, attracted marine communities (Clark et al. 2012).

and (3) direct detection of DFG (Morishige and Rechen et al. (2012) noted behavior of fish in

McElwee 2012). experimental fishing traps in USVI coral reef

Allen et al. (2012) determined entanglement environments. Entrapment did not last long (15 min

rates of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) varied from before escape) but 15% trapped fish exhibited

3.6-5% between 2004 and 2008 in a haul out site in abrasions near the snout. In the Chesapeake Bay,

southwest England, and categorized 64% of injuries as Bilkovic et al. (2012) conducted a pilot project where

dangerous. Recapture period was significantly shorter commercial fishermen tested biodegradable panels on

with entangled seals (1210 ± 160 d vs. 1529 ± 156 d), blue crab traps. Results did not show differences in

which authors suggest indicates an increased mortality catch rates (crab number, biomass, and size) between

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experimental and standard traps, and thus authors science. Avery-Gomm et al. (2012) found in 2009-

suggest these degradable panels as a solution to 2010, 67 beached fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis

adverse effects of derelict traps, namely indiscriminate rodgersii) in the North Pacific had ingested an average

“ghost fishing” (Bilkovic et al. 2012). of 0.385 g plastic (~36.8 pieces/bird). Compared to

Pham et al. (2012) developed methods for other studies using fulmars as biomonitors, these

assessing the capability of debris objects to transfer findings are some of the highest global accounts of

viruses. Typical debris items were sterilized and plastic ingestion in the fulmar in terms of both

submitted to an assay with viral haemorrhagic incidence and mass; results show a shift from industry

septicaemia virus (VHSV), and results indicated glass plastics to user plastics (Avery-Gomm et al. 2012).

beverage bottles, plastics, and fishing lines retained Effects of debris ingestion were noted in

the infectious virus for at least ten days when wet several marine species. Atcheson et al. (2012)

(Pham et al. 2012). This and studies by Goldstein et al. analyzed a long-term data set of climate and steelhead

(2012) and Majer et al. (2012) produced information (Oncorhynchus mykiss) dietary patterns in the North

on a less-studied consequence of marine debris: the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska, and showed lower-

alteration of marine ecosystems by debris acting as energy diets enriched in debris items in an unusually

additional hard substrate in what are sometimes warm summer. In 1997 the diet of North Pacific

substrate-limited marine habitats. In the North Pacific steelhead consisted of 26% debris by volume and

Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), microplastic concentration squid abundance was reduced; 1997 also saw

in surface waters has increased two orders of maximum high temperature in the presence of a strong

magnitude in four decades (0 particles/m3 to 0.116 El Nino when evaluated over the course of 1991-2009

particles/m3), and this increase is correlated with (Atcheson et al. 2012). The study points to variation in

increased egg densities and mature individuals of the climate (and indirectly, marine debris) as a driver of

marine insect Halobates sericeus (Goldstein et al. steelhead productivity. Ramos et al. (2012) assessed

2012). Majer et al. (2012) showed that hard surfaces 425 individuals of the family Gerreidae for ingestion

provided by microplastic debris are used as of plastic fragments, which were present in 13.4% of

oviposition sites for the marine insect Halobates fish guts and were correlated with lower mean total

micans. Twenty-four percent of plastic particles on weight of gut contents. The only debris item was

southern Bahia, Brazil, beaches were observed hosting fragmented blue nylon, which suggests a specific

H. micans eggs. source of debris in the artisanal fishing community

Ingestion reports are prevalent in the (Ramos et al. 2012). In contrast, Rodriguez et al.

literature and can be useful in advancing marine debris (2012) found no correlation between number of food

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
items and number of plastic particles in 71 dead h) (von Moos et al. 2012). Authors showed that

Cory’s shearwater fledglings from a site in the Canary standard cytochemical biomarkers are useful for

Islands that contained an average 2.97 ± 3.97 mg studying the cellular effects of micro- and nano-plastic

plastic in the gut. Body condition and size were also uptake in marine organisms. Wegner et al. (2012)

not explained by plastic number, mean length, exposed mussels to 30 nm polystyrene particles (0-0.3

maximum length, or mass; but the study is one of the g/L) and algae (Pavlova lutheri; 0-120,000 cells/ml).

first to show parental transfer of plastic debris and Effects on the mussel included production of

more than 50% of items were related to shipping or pseudofeces in all treatments containing polystyrene;

fishing activities (Rodriguez et al. 2012). To increasing weight of feces and pseudofeces with

investigate breakdown of ingested debris material, increasing polystyrene (and algae); and reduced

Muller et al. (2012) extracted gastrointestinal fluid filtering activity in the presence of polystyrene

from two recently stranded turtles (Chelonia mydas (Wegner et al. 2012). Future long-term experiments

and Caretta caretta) used it to test degradation of investigating bioavailability and effects of nano-

standard, degradable, and biodegradable plastic bags. plastics were suggested as important next steps.

Biodegradable material decomposed faster than the Chemical impacts of marine debris. Two

other tested materials (3-9% decomposition by mass) papers (Fossi et al. 2012; Kelly et al. 2012) focus on

over 49 d, which represents a much slower rate than the chemical effects of marine debris and are

digestion of natural matter/prey; no significant described in this section. In addition, several notable

changes in mass were observed for degradable or papers investigated sorption of contaminants of

standard bags (Muller et al. 2012). concern to marine debris, namely various plastic

Von Moos et al. (2012) and Wegner et al. polymers found in the environment. A short review

(2012) investigated the uptake and effects of will introduce these papers, as results will underpin

microplastic particles on the blue mussels (Mytilus future studies that determine the polymer- and

edulis). Von Moos et al. (2012) exposed mussels to contaminant-specific chemical impacts of marine

high-density polyethylene particles (0-80 um) for up debris on the environment. Note a review paper

to 96 h. Uptake into gills and digestive gland was focused on plastic debris and its ability to attract toxic

noted using polarized light microscopy, and exposure chemicals from water or sediments (Engler 2012).

effects included an inflammatory response Kelly et al. (2012) showed isolated atoll

characterized by granulocytoma formation and environments in the central Pacific Ocean are affected

lysosomal membrane destabilization; all were affected by iron introduced by shipwreck debris in these

significantly by exposure duration (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 typically iron-limited areas. Multiple lines of evidence

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point to the impact of iron on shifts in reef phenomena will be important in location-specific risk

productivity; these include benthic surveys of cover, assessment of contaminated sites. Fries and Zarfl

bio-available iron concentration in tested algae tissue (2012) investigated the sorption process of PAHs to

(633 µmol Fe:mol C; 6x higher than in nearby LDPE and HDPE in batch sorption laboratory

reference sites), genomic sequencing of microbial experiments, and determined LDPE had higher

communities showing iron-associated virulence genes, diffusivity and shorter time to reach equilibrium;

and microcosm experiments showing coral mortality authors conclude that polymer density is an important

through microbial action upon introduction of black variable to consider in risk assessments of

reef rubble (Kelly et al. 2012). Fossi et al. (2012) microplastic particles. Heskett et al. (2012) developed

approach their cetacean health and conservation background concentrations for International Pellet

research indirectly by studying the toxicological Watch on remote islands in the Pacific, Atlantic, and

effects of microplastic ingestion on the Mediterranean Indian Oceans and the Caribbean, and noted large

fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) through variation in pellet concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and

quantification of microplastic particles in the Pelagos HCHs. Rochman et al. (2012) initiated sorption

Sanctuary (a known site for these animals), detection experiments for twelve months in San Francisco Bay

of phthalates in surface plankton samples, and to quantify PAHs and PCBs on PET, HDPE, PVC,

detection of phthalates in stranded whales. LDPE, and PP polymers; PET and PVC reached

Concentration of phthalate MEHP (mono-(2- equilibrium faster and sorbed lower concentrations of

ethylhexyl) phthalate) found in the blubber suggests these two classes of chemicals. Van et al. (2012)

use of this chemical as a tracer for microplastics collected 2453 plastic particles (range: <5-50 mm)

ingestion, given the difficulty in measuring actual from eight beaches in California and analyzed for

microplastic ingestion in this species (Fossi et al. PCBs, PAHs, DDT, and chlordates; higher

2012). concentrations of PAHs were noted in polystyrene

Bakir et al. (2012) investigated competitive foam particles. Ryan et al. (2012) collected

sorption onto plastic debris by exposing particles of polyethylene pellets on three South African beaches

PVC and PE to a mixture of phenanthrene and DDT, and show a temporal decline in concentration of (sum)

and showed presence of DDT had an antagonistic PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs over the past two decades.

effect of phenanthrene sorption. This study, like many Holmes et al. (2012) analyzed polyethylene

in this line of research, shows that local contaminant pellets from southwest England which varied in trace

concentrations will determine particle concentration metal concentration (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and

and understanding this and related interaction occasionally exceeded local estuarine sediment metal

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concentrations. Nakashima et al. (2012) conducted Calculator Science and Engineering Team,

beach surveys for plastic litter and quantified Cr, Cd, Operational Science Advisory Team, Joint Analysis

Sn, Sb, and Pb in litter items; PVC floats contained the Group, etc.). They outlined the major questions

highest levels of Pb (284 ± 247 g) and experiments including where the oil went, whether chemical

confirmed that lead from these floats could leach into dispersants should have been used, how much of the

surrounding seawater. oil remained in the environment, whether seafood was

contaminated, and how to assess environmental

Oil Spills: 2010 Gulf of Mexico damage from the spill and best implement restoration.

There was a surge of oil spill papers in 2013. The authors outlined lessons learned and research

Effects were reported for past and recent spills in the priorities.

Gulf of Mexico, Alaska, Estonia, Lithuania, Russian Peterson et al. (2012) critiqued the 2010

Black Sea, Russian Arctic, South Korea, Spain, Brazil, DWH response and discussed the need for a new oil

Argentina, and Australia. The commanding subjects spill response model. They compared and contrasted

were 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of “traditional” surface oil spills and associated impacts

Mexico and effects of dispersants and dispersed oil. to the unknowns associated with a deep sea release of

Overviews. On April 20, 2010 the drilling highly pressurized, hot oil and gas to which chemical

rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH) experienced a well dispersants were added, suggesting that the chemical

blowout from the seafloor at a depth of 1400 meters dispersion was largely ineffective and unnecessary.

42 miles off the Louisiana coast. Oil flowed for 86 The authors argued that because existing

days totaling an estimate 4.9 million gallons, governmental policies and legislation had not

contamnating a layer of deep water (1300-1400 m) as anticipated a deep-sea release of oil and associated

well as the surface and shorelines of Louisiana, impacts, there were adverse impacts to response

Alabama, Mississipi and west Florida. Responses decision making, natural resource damage assessment,

included booming, skimming, dispersants, in situ preparation of litigation, and development of

burning and shoreline cleanup. Lubchenco et al. restoration plans. The authors pointed out that the

(2012) outlined the role that science played in the lack of immediately accessible funding for assessment

response, describing the response structure and of the relative benefits and harm associated with

process and associated statutory responsibilities, as response actions was the single largest impediment to

well as the various interdisciplinary teams that were furthering the understanding of the benefits and

established to address specific questions and concerns potential harm, argued that there weren’t enough

(e.g. Flow Rate Technical Group, Oil Budget resources dedicated to determining the fate and effects

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of the oil in the deep sea water column, benthos, or Anderson et al. (2012) responded that without

basic ecosystem processes and that this represents a quantitative data, no rigorous scientific conclusions

significant missed opportunity to assess impacts and can be drawn from the photos. They disputed Rorick

learn for future response efforts. According to the et al’s (2012) interpretation of the data from the

authors, traditional NRDA approach was not equipped Johansen study and restated the need for increased

to implement large-scale, multi-year research or to research into the fate and effects of hydrocarbons

handle the scientific uncertainties associated with the released from deepwater blowouts.

magnitude of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. They Martinez et al. (2012) reviewed the

also pointed out that strong incentives exist in the construction of barrier sand berms, the blocking or

NRDA process to reach a quick settlement, limiting restricting of coastal inlets, and the use of freshwater

the ability to determine, develop, and implement diversion efforts to mitigate potential shoreline

effective restoration plans, and called for changes in impacts of the DWH spill, concluding that these large

policy and legislation that will allow more flexibility scale efforts were poorly conceived, politically

within the NRDA process in light of increased drilling motivated ideas, with no basis in scientific knowledge

in areas for which there is little understanding of or experience, that may cause greater longer-term

ecological processes (e.g. deep and arctic drilling). impacts to coastal ecosystems than if no action had

Rorick et al. (2012) challenged Peterson et al’s (2012) been taken. Barron (2012) reviewed response data and

assertion that chemical dispersion at the well head was natural resource damage assessment concluding the

ineffective, citing aerial photos taken during and after review by speculating that immunotoxic effects on

a 24-hour test application of the dispersants that aquatic organisms and wildlife are likely based on

showing there was less surface expression of oil reported effects from other oils. If immunotoxic

during the dispersant application test, and that it was effects occur, slower population recovery may occur

not due to changes in physical conditions (e.g. wind, due to impaired disease resistance and increased

currents). They also suggested a different parasitism.

interpretation of the study by Johansen et al. (2003, Concentrations of Oil and Dispersants in

cited in Peterson et al. (2012), Rorick et al. (2012), the Water. Using special passive sampling devices

Anderson et al. (2012)) which described a field release (PSDs) Allan et al. (2012) found significant increases

of hydrocarbons at a depth of ~800 m, and concluded in bioavailable (dissolved) PAHs in four nearshore

that the use of dispersants reduced surface oil, thus locations in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and

exposing responders to less oil and reducing the Florida during and in the immediate aftermath of the

amount of oil that reached sensitive shorelines. DWH spill. Pre-spill water concentrations of the total

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of 33 PAHs were in the range of 5 to 10 ng/L (parts September 2010, two months post-spill. Some

per trillion) increasing to 170 ng/L at the most samples collected tested positive for dispersant

impacted site (Grande Isle, LA, June 2010). All levels constituents, specifically propylene glycol, DOSS, and

returned to pre-oiling conditions by March 2011. 2-butoxyethanol. The authors suggested that the

Offshore, Zhou et al. (2012) analyzed water samples positive were not from the DWH response because 1)

collected at various depths and locations during and these chemicals are highly soluble in water, and thus

after the spill to describe the oil’s influence on the quickly dissolved, mixed, and diluted and 2) the

optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). observed transport behavior of the dispersants suggest

They found clear influence of oil in both surface and that their components would be undetectable in

deep waters during the months of the spill. Three Alabama’s nearshore waters. The authors suggested

months after the spill ended, surface water DOM had that the positive results were associated with point and

returned to more natural levels with no obvious non-point pollution discharges into Perdido Bay.

influence of oil. However, in deep water samples, Microbial Response in Open Water. Open

DOM showed a strong presence of oil, even fifteen ocean microbial communities played major roles in

months after the spill ended. The authors suggested the fate and effects of the 2010 DWH spill. Lu et al.

that their approach could be used to track the fate and (2012) analyzed changes in the functional composition

transformation of oil in the water column. and structure of the microbial community of the

Dispersants were applied to oil both at the deepwater oil plume. Functional gene analysis

surface and at the blow-out site in deep water. revealed that deepwater oil plume samples were

Mathew et al. (2012) describe the analytical method enriched with diverse microbial functional groups

they developed in order to assess the presence of compared to the non-oil plume samples. They found

dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), a disperant significantly higher number of hydrocarbon-degrading

component. They quantified DOSS to a reporting functional genes in the deepwater oil plume samples,

level of 20 ug/L, which is below the U.S. as well as a variety of other metabolic genes important

Environmental Protection Agency’s 40 ug/L DOSS to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and iron

Aquatic Life Benchmark. Over 600 samples collected cycling, metal resistance, and bacteriophage

from the Gulf of Mexico nearshore waters were replication. Redmond and Valentine (2012)

analyzed; none had concentrations higher than the 20 characterized the microbial community of the

ug/L reporting limit. Hayworth and Clement (2012) deepwater oil plume and tested the effects of

evaluated the results of a water sampling program temperature on the oil degrading communities by

initiated by the City of Orange Beach, Alabama in adding oil to a deepwater sample and then incubating

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at 4°C and 20°C, and conducted stable isotope probing currents and mixing processes during and after the

analysis with 13C-labeled methane, ethane, propane, or DWH blowout. They found that mixing processes and

benzene to identify the bacteria consuming specific current oscillations served to reintroduce water parcels

hydrocarbon components of the deepwater plume. to the source area, resulting in autoinoculation and

They found that the microbial community of the enhanced hydrocarbon biodegradation. They suggest

deepwater plume was distinct from surface waters and that this dynamic autoinoculation and the associated

was dominated by three groups of mixing processes is important to the microbial ecology

gammaproteobacteria – Oceanospirillales, Colwellia, of the deep sea, particularly around areas like

and Cycloclasticus. Temperature appeared to strongly hydrothermal vents, natural seeps, organic rich

influence the microbial community with Colwellia sediment deposits, suboxic water masses, flushing of

species in much greater abundance in samples silled basins, and regions receiving high-export flux.

incubated at 4°C, and appeared to be the dominant Passow et al. (2012) suggested that the

consumers of ethane and propane. Du and Kessler interaction of three possible mechanisms was

(2012) investigated dissolved oxygen (DO) anomalies responsible for the formation of unusually large and

at depths >700m and used those anomalies to illustrate mucus-rich marine snow particles observed during the

the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon DWH spill. Their experiments indicated that

respiration, as well as to calculate the total hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria associated with

environmental release of hydrocarbons, and to surface oil slicks produced mucus webs that ultimately

determine the date of the peak of hydrocarbon collapsed upon themselves, that oily aggregates

respiration. The authors found that the hydrocarbon developed from collisions of the polar components of

plume generally moved to the southwest of the oil with suspended sediments and bacterial secretions,

wellhead, but had occasional reversals closer to the and that oil was incorporated into phytoplankton

well. From the DO data, the authors estimate the total aggregates that coagulated, promoting more rapid

environmental release of hydrocarbons at 0.47±0.09 biodegradation. Ziervogel et al. (2012) examined oil

Tg. The authors also suggest that methane controlled aggregates that formed in roller bottles after 21 day

the bulk hydrocarbon respiration rate, with respiration incubation of surface water contaminated with oil

rates peaking on July 11, 2010, and that dispersant from the DWH spill. The oil aggregates contained

application increased the hydrocarbon respiration rate. dense bacterial colonies and exhibited high enzymatic

Valentine et al. (2012) examined how the microbial activity associated with oil degradation. They also

ecology and hydrocarbon degradation in the deep found that the microbial community in the water

waters of the Gulf of Mexico were influenced by around the oil aggregate showed enhanced activity,

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likely from two-fold increase in dissolved organic abundance and TPH levels, and a significant increase

carbon (DOC). The authors suggest that oil in the indigenous microbial population which

aggregates transfer hydrocarbons to the deep sea via contained known hydrocarbon degrading bacteria.

two mechanisms – sedimentation of the oil aggregates They also found that rhizosphere microbial

themselves, as well as by increasing the amount of populations may have contributed to hydrocarbon

DOC in the ambient water column from the microbial degradation. Horel et al. (2012a) enumerated aerobic

activity associated with the oil aggregate. alkane degraders, total hydrocarbon degraders, and

Turner et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of PAH-degrader microbial communities, recorded

the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the environmental conditions, and analyzed hydrocarbon

development of the annual hypoxic zone in the content of sediment cores collected from transects that

northern Gulf of Mexico: the spill appeared to have no encompassed unvegetated areas, seagrass, and marsh

impact on the size of the hypoxic zone, but Tropical vegetation in an oiled Alabama marsh ecosystem. All

Storm Bonnie may have reduced the size. sampling locations contained alkane and total

Microbial Response on Oiled Shorelines. hydrocarbon degraders, but PAH-degraders were

Beach and marsh microbial communities also below detection limits at all sites. Seasonal

responded to stranded oil. Bik et al. (2012) examined differences in nutrient concentrations in pore waters

microbial communities of beaches heavily oiled by the were observed, but there was no seasonal change to

DWH oil spill on Dauphin Island, AL. and Mobile the alkane and total hydrocarbon degrading microbial

Bay, AL, as well as those of Grand Isle, LA using communities. Hydrocarbon levels were low in all

marker genes and morphological studies. Pre-spill environments sampled, averaging 100.4±52.4 mg/kg

sediments were dominated by nematode species while in January 2011 and 141.9±57.5 mg/kg in July 2011.

post-spill sediments were dominated by fungal and oil Horel et al. (2012b) also evaluated whether the

tolerant species. The authors stressed the need for addition of inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and

additional temporal sampling to determine if the shifts phosphorus) resulted in enhanced hydrocarbon

in community structure would be maintained or if the biodegradation in mesocosm systems contaminated

community was recovering to pre-spill assemblages. with unweathered oil from the Deepwater Horizon

Beazley et al. (2012) characterized the microbial well or diesel. They found that hydrocarbon

communities of a coastal salt marsh on the Point Aux degradation was approximately two to four times

Pins peninsula, southwest of Bayou La Batre, AL greater in the treatments amended with inorganic

during and after oiling. They found a positive nutrients verses those without amendment. They also

relationship between hydrocarbon degrading gene found that hydrocarbon degrading microbial

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populations increased by five orders of magnitude and implemented in response to the 2010 DWH oil

within seven days of the oil/diesel contaminated spill. Sampling and analysis occurred on a weekly

mesocosoms as compared to uncontaminated ones. basis from May 27, 2010 until October 10, and then on

In response to concerns that the DWH spill a monthly basis until August 2011. A total of 278

could have lead to an increase in the PAH-degrading, seafood samples consisting of fish, shrimp, crabs, and

pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vibrio) oysters collected from the fishing ground closure areas

which frequently cause diseases when consumed in off the Mississippi coast. In all samples, the 25 target

shellfish, Smith et al. (2012) studied 17 potentially PAH concentrations were at least two orders of

pathogenic Vibrio isolates collected from two sites in magnitude below the defined levels of concern, and

coastal Louisiana. None of the isolates were able to the majority of the samples had PAH levels below 10

grow on or oxidize naphthalene or phenanthrene. The μg kg-1. The authors compared the fresh seafood to

authors concluded that an increase in Vibrio smoked fish and meat products. Ylitalo et al. (2012)

pathogenesis as a result of an oil spill was highly describe the collaborative process of developing and

unlikely. implementing sampling and analysis plans to ensure

PAHs in Plankton. Mitra et al. (2012) seafood safety during and after the DWH spill. They

analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in explained the sampling and analysis protocols, the

mesozooplankton samples collected in the northern criteria for the re-opening of federal waters to fishing,

Gulf of Mexico in August and September 2010, after and discuss results of the seafood sampling effort.

the DWH oil spill. Mesozooplankton collected as far Over 8,000 seafood samples were collected from the

as 180 km distant from the DWH well head contained federally controlled fishing waters. Six out of 3,810

PAHs that were indicative of exposure to oil from (0.16%) samples failed sensory testing. Chemical

spill. Mezoplankton total PAHs concentrations ranged analysis for carcinogenic PAHs and non-carcinogenic

from 0.03-97.9 ng g-1. They found it surprising that PAHs found quantities of these chemicals at least two

source PAHs in mesozooplankton were documenred orders of magnitude below the defined levels of

so long after the well was capped due to their rapid concern or below the limit of quantification. Dioctyl

turnover times, but suggested that this supported the sulfate sulfosuccinate (DOSS), a component of the

spatial, temporal and patchy extent of the oil. dispersants used as part of the spill response was

Seafood Quality. Xia et al. (2012) found only at low levels or below the levels of

documented the state of Mississippi seafood safety quantification. By April 19, 2011 all federally

sampling and analysis program which followed the controlled fishing areas had been reopened to fishing.

joint Federal and State protocol that was developed Rotkin-Ellman et al. (2012) suggest that the levels of

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concern (LOCs) established by the U.S. Food and coastal waters to the carbon isotope levels in plankton

Drug Administration (FDA) were not protective collected approximately 100 km from the Deepwater

enough of vulnerable populations, specifically high Horizon well head. They found that plankton had less

consumer pregnant women and fetuses, that the C14 than did the DIC collected from both off-shore and

consumption rates used by the FDA in their risk coastal waters, and that there was a significant linear

calculation were inappropriately low, that the FDA correlation between Δ14C and δ13C in plankton,

should have included naphthalene as one of the indicating that carbon from the Deepwater Horizon oil

assessment parameters, that the chosen exposure spill was incorporated into the off-shore planktonic

duration was too short, and that the cancer risk food web and more methane was incorporated than

benchmark was too high. Dickey (2012) responded to oil. Carmichael et al. (2012) compared stable isotope

each of the concerns outlined by Rotkin-Ellman et al. composition in suspended particle matter (SPM), fresh

(2012) by presenting the rationale behind each of the and weathered oil with shell and adductor muscle

risk levels assigned by the collaborative, multi-agency stable isotope levels of oysters grown before, during,

group that developed the risk analysis. Dickey and after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In

concluded that the LOC values proposed by Rotkin- contrast to the open water plankton response (Chanton

Ellman et al. (2012) would exclude many food items et al, above) these researchers found the stable isotope

where the nutritional benefits far outweigh the risks of levels in the shell and adductor muscle levels to be

minor PAH exposures. Rotkin-Ellman and Solomon most consistent with the levels of SPM from the local

(2012) countered Dickey’s (2012) discussion by materials that oysters normally consume. Although

refuting the rationale presented and called for oysters may have been exposed to oil there was no

increased dialogue regarding how to incorporate the evidence that it was consumed and incorporated into

best available science into risk assessments for the the shells or muscle or that there was a trophic transfer

most vulnerable populations. Despite minimal levels of oil-derived carbon or nitrogen.

of contamination, Sumaila et al. (2012) estimated that Effects on Bottom Communities and

the event could, result in “lost revenue, profit, wages, Organisms. Wei et al. (2012) developed a model to

and total economic impact with a present value of predict the pre-spill spatial distribution of deep benthic

US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 billion, macrofuna using a data from 669 cires from 170

respectively.” loctions from six deep-sea surveys conducted between

Oil Carbon in Gulf Food Webs. Chanton 1983 to 2003. Under non-stress conditions, themodel

et al. (2012) authors compared C13 and C14 ratios in predicts a decline in biomass with an increase in water

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from off-shore and and mixed layer depth, and a decline in animal size as

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a result of a change in the dominant taxa from large to reference other data that placed the lower limit of the

small animals. The model reflects biological hotspots, plume at 1,400 m just 2 km from the well, and that

which are likely related to deepwater slumps or PAH concentrations known to be toxic to marine

downslope movement of sediments, areas of organisms were recorded up to 13 km southwest of the

upwelling onto the slope, or entrainment of nutrient- well at depths between 1,000 and 1,400 m. They

rich Mississippi River water. They did not report provide additional information to illustrate that their

conditions following the spill. method can differentiate between closely related oils.

White et al. (2012a) assessed the health of Effects of Tar Balls. Urakawa et al. (2012)

11 deep-water coral communities approximately 3-4 subjected gram positive and gram negative bacteria to

months after the Deepwater Horizon well was capped. serial dilution extracts from a DWH oil spill tar ball

Ten of the coral communities had no visible adverse and recorded dose-response related effects on

impacts. However, there were severe impacts to a inhibition of nitrite production. Unfortunately

coral community located 11 km southwest of the well exposure concentrations were not reported.

at a depth of 1,370 m, in the path of the deepwater Effects on Marsh Ecosystems. Lin and

plume of hydrocarbon-enriched waters recorded at Mendelsson (2012) conducted both field and

approximately 1,100 m. Oil droplets and floc on the mesocosm studies to explore the impacts of the 2010

corals matched the DWH source oil. Boehm and DWH oil on two saltmarsh plants – Spartina

Carragher (2012) disputed this conclusion, remarking alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus. Both species

that the coral community in question was located suffered nearly complete mortality in areas that were

approximately 21 m downslope and 350 m southwest heavily oiled. Under moderate oiling conditions, S.

of active gas and probable oil seeps, that the observed alterniflora was more resilient than J. roemerianus,

lower limit of the deepwater hydrocarbon plume was with no significant changes in live above ground

at 1,230 m (140 m above the coral community), and biomass and live stem densities as compared to the

that the recorded oil concentrations were between 0.1 reference sites. In contrast, J. roemerianus had

and 1 mg/l (ppm). Finally, they suggested that the significantly less live above ground biomass and live

analysis method used for the hydrocarbon stem densities. In mesocosm studies, S. alterniflora

fingerprinting did not allow differentiation between oil was more tolerant to and recovered much faster to oil

from the nearby seeps and the DWH oil. White et al. exposures. Soil oiling significantly impacted both

(2012b) replied that the statistical probability of species. The authors concluded that shoot oiling,

coincidental damage to the coral community at this repeated oil exposures, and exposure to oil stranded on

time and place is approximately 0.0001. They and in the soil were the likely cause of the severe

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marsh vegetation impacts. Wu, Biber, Peterson et al. also much higher. Analysis of the oil showed

(2012) developed a hierarchical Bayesian model in an significant biodegradation, with only the heavier

effort to understand the impacts of the DWH oil spill components remaining and high numbers of sulfate

on marsh plant photosynthesis. They measured the reducing bacteria.

photosynthesis rates of oiled Spartina alterniflora at Silliman et al. (2012) surveyed heavily-oiled

three locations in Davis Bayou, Mississippi, marsh sites in North Barataria Bay, Louisiana,

representing heavy, moderate, and no oiling conditions reporting that oiling was primarily limited to the

from July 2010 to November 2011. The model marsh fringe, extending on average 10-15 m in from

predicted that in the heavily oiled site, the rate of the edge of the marsh platform. Plant death occurred

photosynthesis recovered to that of the control site with >65% stem oiling, and subsequently, erosion

after 140 days, and that in the moderately oiled site, rates increased by 125%, with oiled sites eroding at
-1 -1
the rate of photosynthesis was never significantly ~3.0 m·y verses ~1.38 m·y for the reference sites.

lower than that of the control site. Leaf stress Approximately 18 months post-spill, marsh plants in

negatively affected the rates of photosynthesis, and the areas that were oiled, but not eroded, had fully

level of photosynthetic active radiation and air recovered, most likely from lateral clonal growth.

temperature had a positive effect. Mishra et al. (2012) They also determined that erosion rates in the oiled

combined satellite data with ground-truthing, sites had returned to background levels. Using a field

comparing canopy chlorophyll content and above randomized block treatment deign in a Louisiana

ground green cover data collected from 2009 to data marsh, Tate et al. (2012) were unable to confirm that

collected from oiled areas in the growing season of nutrient amendments accelerated hydrocarbon

2010. Their data analysis suggests an extensive degradation beyond that which was alreaduy

reduction in biomass and canopy chlorophyll in the occurring.

2010 growing season, with particularly high McCall and Pennings (2012) assessed the

reductions in photosynthetic activity in Plaquemines impacts of the DWH oil spill on terrestrial arthropods,

and St. Bernard parishes. Natter et al. (2012) as well as intertidal crabs and snails (Littoraria) in oil

evaluated the spatial distribution and degradation of impacted salt marshes in Louisiana and Mississippi in

oil in Gulf of Mexico salt marshes, finding that August 2010 and 2011. The authors sampled in stands

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in pore waters of Spartina alterniflora that appeared healthy, but with

from the heavily oiled sites were one to two orders of oil sheen on the soil surface. In 2010 terrestrial

magnitude higher than those in unoiled sites, and that arthropod communities were suppressed by 50%, and

total organic carbon (TOC) levels in the soils were the numbers of crab burrows were also reduced

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compared to control sites. By 2011, the terrestrial Bluefin tuna habitat was likely impacted by oil, and

arthropod community had essentially recovered and less than 12% of the tuna larvae were in oil

the density of crab burrows in oiled sites was higher contaminated waters. They also suggest that there was

than in 2010. There was no significant difference in a high abundance of tuna larvae in the uncontaminated

Littoraria numbers between oiled and control sites or waters of the western Gulf of Mexico. Grosser et al.

between years. The authors concluded that the (2012) were unable to detect a differences in heavy

presence of healthy salt marsh vegetation does not metal content of tuna (species and locations not

preclude impacts to the associated fauna, and that identified) captured before and after the Deepwater

while terrestrial arthropod communities are vulnerable Horizon oil spill. Rooker et al. (2012) present data

to oil effects, they are also resilient with fairly rapid collected from 2006-2008 on the spatial distribution,

recovery times. abundance, and habitat associations of billfish and

Finally, Mendelssohn et al. (2012) swordfish larvae in the northern Gulf of Mexico, data

summarize the body of scientific knowledge regarding which may serve as valuable baseline data in

the impacts of oil spills on salt marshes, including oil evaluating potential effects of the 2010 DWH oil spill

chemistry and toxicity, microbial degradation, on these populations. Whitehead et al. (2012)

responses of marsh vegetation, benthic organisms, and examined gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) collected

marsh-dependent fish and fisheries, and impacts to from northern Gulf of Mexico saltmarshes before,

ecological services. In this context, they discuss the during, and two months after the 2010 DWH oil spill

known and potential impacts of the Deepwater for genomic and morphological changes. Using

Horizon oil spill, and conclude that quantifying long- remote sensing and analytical chemistry, the authors

term impacts specific to the spill will be very difficult identified oil exposures and found that despite low

due to the already degraded state of the coastal levels of remaining hydrocarbons in water and tissues,

ecosystem and the large number of other natural and fish exhibited biological responses, including changes

human-induced disturbances, both past and on-going. in gene expression, high CYP1A expression, and

Effects on Fish. Muhling et al. (2012) increased hyperplasia of the lamellae and interlamellar

examined the overlap between Atlantic Bluefin tuna space on the gill filament.

(Thunnus thynnus) spawning grounds and the extent of Effects on Marine Mammals. Bottlenose

Deepwater Horizon spill surface oil contamination. dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the northern Gulf of

Comparing satellite derived estimates of oil cover and Mexico began suffering unusually high mortalities

spawning habitat models, they determined that in any several months prior to the 2010 DWH oil spill.

given week of the spill duration, less than 10% of Carmichael et al. (2012) hypothesized that a large

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
spring freshet in the upper Mobile Bay water shed in characterize a subset of the population of Green Sea

early January 2011 contributed to the on-going Turtles (Chelonia mydas) that were killed during the

cetacean unusual mortality event (UME). Dolphin January 2010 cold stunning event (see Carmichael et

strandings peaked 2-3 weeks following unusual low al, above) in Florida, USA. The data will be

water temperature events. Other factors may have incorporated into population models of the species,

been at play in the UME such as nutritive stress that and may be useful for evaluating the effects of the

resulting from impacts to the food web caused by the spill on the turtle population.

harsh winter of 2009-2010 and/or the oil spill, as well Effects on Birds. Selman et al. (2012)

as potential disease, toxic algal blooms, and direct successfully translocated 182 rehabilitated Brown

exposure to oil from the DWH spill. They stressed the Pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) from areas in

importance of considering the interplay of southeastern Louisiana that were impacted by the

environmental variables and biological stressors in 2010 DWH oil spill to Rabbit Island in Cameron

evaluating UMEs. Using multi-year acoustic survey Parish, an unoiled area. The birds easily integrated

data Ackleh et al. (2012) assess activity and into the local population, and suffered no known

abundance of the Sperm whales (Physeter mortality. The birds received supplemental feeding

macrocephalus)in locations 9, 25, and 50 miles away for the first four weeks post-translocation. Once

from the Deepwater Horizon spill source. Sperm supplemental feeding ceased, local and translocated

whale activity decreased at the site closest to the pelicans departed the island. The authors offered

source, but increased at the 25 mile location. The advice for future translocation efforts. Henkel et al.

authors presented several reasons for the shift (2012) explained various effects that exposure to oil

including food shortages associated with high oil can have on shorebird populations, ranging from acute

contamination in the water or increased acoustic noise mortality to long-term direct and indirect effects, and

from the high response vessel traffic, but there may be put this in the context of the 2010 DWH oil spill.

other explanations for the whale relocation, including There are numerous potential contamination exposure

potential seasonal shifts in range use. Middlebrook et pathways for shorebirds, putting them at particular risk

al. (2012) documented air contamination from the spill from oil spill contamination. The authors also

and rsponse vessels: mammals and other air-breathing discussed the potential for impacts from the oil spill to

animals may have been exposed but this was not distant ecosystems as a result migratory connectivity.

mentioned. Potential impacts could include indirect effects to

Effects on Marine Turtles. Avens et al. predators of contaminated shorebirds via PAH

(2012) used necropsy and skeletochronology data to

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exposure and alterations in local food webs as a result increased. The authors suggested that use of

of reduced shorebird presence. dispersants may have disrupted coastal food webs by

Experimental Studies. Glide and Pinckey adversely impacting the microzooplankton, a critical

(2012) enclosed North Inlet South Carolina, estuarine link for the trophic transfer of carbon, and that this

water in plastic carboys, added Deepwater Horizon oil may have resulted in subsequent impacts to

and a Texas crude at several concentrations and then zooplankton and fish production. De Soysa et al.

examined phytoplankton Chlorophyll A and whole (2012) exposed embryonic zebra fish (Danio rerio) to

phytoplankton community structure after two-day a 100% concentration, vortex-mixed 1:10 oil:embryo

exposures. Nominal but unconfirmed oil medium water accommodated (WAF) fraction stock

concentrations were 10, 50 and 100 ul/L (ppm). Total solution. The oil was obtained from the riser insertion

phytoplankton biomass decreased with increasing oil tube associated with the Deepwater Horizon well. Gas

concentrations. The most abundant alga, a chromatograph/mass spectrometer analysis of the

Prasinophyte, was unaffected. Other taxa of algae WAF documented the presence of the monoaromatic

either increased or decreased in relative abundance, hydrocarbons benzene (4.24 – 12 ppm), toluene (3.19

suggesting oil, under the given exposure conditions, – 7.87ppm), ethylbenzene (0.43 – 0.70 ppm), and

could alter phytoplankton community composition. xylene (1.22 – 3.05 ppm), as well as other aromatics

Ortmann et al. (2012) conducted mesocosm and alkanes in the four WAF solutions sampled. The

experiments to evaluate how the influx of oil, authors documented three broad categories of

dispersant, and dispersed oil from the DWH oil spill phenotypic changes: visible reductions in embryo size

may have influenced the microbial food web off the and morphological changes to the heads and trunks,

coast of Alabama. The authors added 3.0 mM glucose compromised cardiovascular systems, and reduced

as a carbon addition control, the dispersant Corexit touch sensitivity resulting in impaired swimming

9500A at 0.7 mM of carbon, MC 252 (Deepwater behavior.

Horizon) oil at 30 mM of carbon, and both oil and

dispersant together at 30.7mM carbon. Ciliate Other Oil Spills

populations increased in the oil and glucose Alaska. Pearson et al. (2012) reviewed

treatments, but significantly decreased in the various hypotheses concerning the decline and poor

dispersant and dispersed oil treatments. They recovery of herring (Clupea pallasii) in Prince

determined that in the oil and glucose treatments, William Sound in the years following the Exxon

grazing exceeded growth, while in the dispersant and Valdez oil spill of 1989. Hypotheses included

dispersed oil treatments, prokaryote biomass potential impacts to the population from oil exposure,

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harvest effects, poor nutrition, spawning habitat loss, Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s sampling

disease, the spawn-on-kelp fishery, predation by protocol, that laboratory bioassays used by the Agency

humpback whales, and feeding competition with scientists used oil levels far in excess of those actually

juvenile pink salmon, among others. The authors experienced by pink salmon embryos in oiled streams,

concluded that poor nutrition was the most likely and that marine survival estimates did not include the

cause of the population decline and that poor nutrition, observed increases in plankton productivity and

oceanic conditions, and competition with juvenile pink decreases in bird predation post-spill, which if

salmon were the most likely contributors to the lack of accounted for, would eliminate the reduced estimates

population recovery. They found no evidence that oil of numbers of returning adult pink salmon.

exposure from the Exxon Valdez oil spill, harvest Bodkin et al. (2012) questioned whether sea

effects, spawning habitat loss, the spawn-on-kelp otters (Enhydra lutris) in Western Prince William

fishery, or disease led to the decline of Pacific herring Sound (WPWS) were still being exposed to lingering

or it poor recovery. Pacific herring in Prince William oil in the intertidal zone that remains from the Exxon

Sound, exposed to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, Valdez oil spill. They found that sea otters were

were found to be one of 5 genetically distinct North indeed being exposed to lingering oil in 2008. 44% of

Pacific populations (Roberts et al. 2012). the sea otter foraging pits sampled in the intertidal

Brannon et al. (2012) reviewed the evidence zone contained oil above background levels.

regarding the effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil Estimated oil encounter rates ranged from 2 to 24

spill on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in times/year for females and 2 to 4 times/year for males,

Prince William Sound, Alaska, recounting findings of with the encounter rate increasing in the spring when

both state and federal (Agency) scientists and those of foraging in the intertidal increased and females were

non-agency scientists and how the findings conflict. with pups. Miles et al. (2010), using gene transcript

For example, Agency scientists determined that oil profiles from blood leucocytes found that 20 years

exposure increased mortality of pink salmon eggs and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, sea otters from two

reduced growth, reproductive success, and resulted in previously oiled Prince William Sound locations had

higher long-term mortality. The authors reviewed all gene expressions indicating continued effects of the

of the studies that were conducted, pointed out oil, especially when compared to similar data from

perceived flaws in the Agency studies and refuted populations in the Alaska Aleutian Islands and in

alleged flaws in the non-agency scientist studies. The captive animals.

authors conclude that the observed increase in pink Following an abrupt decline in the number

salmon egg mortality in oiled streams was a result of of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the AT1 pod,

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associated with the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, the Spain. Romero et al. (2012) reported that

pod continued to loose members and is expected to the diet of coastalriver otter (Lutra lutra) in several

become extinct. Matkin et al. (2012) explored the Galacian lagoons shifted after the November 2003

possibility that whales from Gulf of Alaska 59,00 tonne Prestige oil spill. The spill also may have

populations may replace the AT1 group but there was had a significant effect of razor clam (Ensis siliqua)

no evidence that is yet happening. populations. Using a before-and-after study design,

Harwell et al. (2010) conducted an Fernandez-Tajes et al. (2012) assessed the temporal

ecological risk assessment to evaluate whether stability of genetic diversity of razor clams (Ensis

Harlequin ducks (Histronicus histronicus) were at risk siliqua) from two populations impacted by the

from lingering oil two decades after the March 1989 Prestige spill. Although no massive mortality of razor

Exxon Valdez oil spill. They evaluated all plausible clams was observed following the spill, the authors

pathways for exposure and oil accumulation, hypothesize that reduced population size and indirect

concluding that doses to maxium exposed individuals effects of the spill caused the temporal genetic

were 400 to 4000 times lower than chronic reference variation observed, ie., a genetic “bottleneck” was

values established by the US Environmental proposed for explaining the results. Varela et al.

Protection Agency. (2012) used microsatellite markers to quantify the

In December, 2004, the bulk carrier genetic diversity of razor clams (Ensis siliqua) at five

Selendang Ayu broke up in high seas releasing 1.3 different sites in Europe, including before-and-after

million liters (340 thousand gallons) of IFO 180 samples at two sites impacted by the 2003 Prestige oil

bunker oil onto the shores of Unalaska Island, Alaska. spill. There was a slight but non-significant loss of

Flint et al. (2012) measured hepatic-7- alleles and heterozygosity in 2005, 2 years after the

ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylae (EROD) activity in livers spill and recovery, leading the authors to conclude that

of harlequin ducks (Histronicus histronicus) from despite the spill, larvae from a much broader

three sites in 2005, 2006, and 2008. The results geographic population source populate razor clams at

indicate that Harlequin ducks, which maintain high the two sites. Crego-Prieto et al. (2012) reported

site fidelity, at oiled sites, were exposed to lingering evidence, supported by genomic analysis as well as

hydrocarbons for more than three years after the spill. morphology, of hybridization between two species of

France. Quiroz-Martinez et al. (2012) flatfishes (Lepidorhombus boscii and L. whifflagonis)

explored 20 years of polychaete data in bays impacted living on the coastal shelf impacted by sunken Prestige

by the Amoco-Cadiz spill. oil. The authors suggested that avoidance of oil

caused the two species to come into contact and

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produce hybrids. Vinas et al. (2012) monitored that hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were the

mussels (M. galloprovincialis) in the Ria de Vigo, predominant microbes. The authors could not

Spain, for 16 EPA PAH’s. One of the sites, Cabo establish whether there is a symbiotic relationship

Home, was impacted by the November 2002 Prestige between they hydrocarbon degrading microbes and the

oil spill. PAH concentrations were low compared to mussels, or if the higher concentrations of

inshore sites, but there was a spike in 2002 and key hydrocarbon degrading microbes was a result of filter

PAH ratios confirmed a petrogenic source similar to feeding.

mussels at sites greatly impacted by the spill. North Sea. Based on three decades of

Albentosa et al. (2012) used Scope For Growth (SFG) continuous aerial surveys Lagring et al. (2012) note

and contaminant concentrations to evaluate the effects there has finally been a significant and substantial

of pollutants (including PAHs, metals and decrease in the number and volume of oil discharges

organochlorines) in mussels (Mytilus along shipping routes off the Belgian North Sea coast,

galloprovincialis) along the entire northern coast of due largely to two policies: the 1999 IMO designation

Spain. The research was conducted in 2006 and 2007, of the North Sea as MARPOL special area and the EU

three to four years following the Prestige Oil Spill, but Directive on Port Reception facilities. Lagring et al.

the article did not indicate whether SFG or PAH (2012) reviewed the monitoring results and then noted

concentrations were legacies of the spill. The article that while the numbers of oil seabirds have decreased,

does review the history of using biometric and energy they are far from a target goal of less than 10% oiling

indices for evaluating pollutant effects in mussels. of the indicator bird species. Sea birds continue to be

France. Quiroz-Martinez et al.explored 20 oiled by “minor” slicks that led to progressive sea bird

years of polychaete data in bays impacted by the mortality through starvation and debilitation (rather

Amoco-Cadiz spill. than the popularized acute mortality from well-

Italy. Cappello et al. (2012) exposed publicized spills. Increased government vigilance is

mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to chronic oil needed to reduce impacts of these otherwise abundant

pollution (~13 mg/l) in a mesocosm study that lasted and minor infractions.

for five weeks. At the end of the exposure period, the China. Heavy metals in spilled crude oil

authors collected gill samples and evaluated microbial may be of concern in shellfish harvest areas. Zhao,

abundance. The authors report that microbial Yang, Yan et al. (2012) measured concentrations of

abundance was significantly higher in the gills of the seven trace elements in manila clams (Ruditapes

mussels that were sampled from the polluted samples philippinarum) and associated sediments at three sites

than of those sampled from the unpolluted waters and 50 km “downstream” of a July 2010 Dalian Port oil

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spill, China. Zinc and cadmium were the primary and the use of aerial photography and other remote

trace elements with elevated concentrations near the sensing techniques to monitor longterm recovery of

spill source. Only arsenic, which was apparently wetland vegetation following spills.

unrelated to the spill, exceeded national seafood safety Focusing on sediments in Guanabara Bay,

criteria Brazil, Wagener et al. (2012) challenged the concept

Korea. The December 2006 T/V Hebei of relying only on the 16 USEPA PAH priority

Spirit oil spill near Taean, on the west coast of the pollutants to evaluate hydrocarbon contamination.

Republic of South Korea, released 10,900 tonnes of a Much work has been published about the success of

mix of four crude oils, contaminating 375 km of rehabilitation of penguins in South Africa, but little

coastline. Yim et al. (2012) reviewed the response about penguins in southern South America. Ruoppolo

and monitored water, sediment pore water and oysters et al. (2012) reviewed rehabilitation efforts of

for parent and alkylateds PAHs. Concentrations in Magellanic penguins oiled by 8 South American spills

oysters were initially 40 to 500 times background and between 200 and 2010, and also oil penguins stranding

decreased rapidly for the first six months. A unique from unknown oil sources. Rehabilitated and banded

aspect of the shoreline monitoring was use of sediment Magellenic penguins were observed 2 or more years

pore water fluorimetry to rapidly assess contaminated after release, hinting at successful rehabilitation.

beaches by shoreline assessment teams (SCAT). The Yoshimine et al. (2012) reported relatively

paper reviews the forensic approach that identified low concentrations of PAH’s in brown mussels (Perna

relative contributions of each oil source as well as perna) along the southeast coast of Brazil, except

describing efforts that confirmed that the oil did not inside Guanabara Bay, where PAH histograms

sink en masse as claimed by the media. indicated petroleum contamination dominated over

South America. Santos et al. (2012) used an pyrolytic sources. Lowest concentrations were in

longterm series of GIS-based aerial photographs, animals from two coastal mussel farms with total

coupled with ground truth, to monitor lingering effects PAHs ranging from 32.1 to 70.1 ng/g dry weight

of a 3.5 million L (875,000 gal) October, 1983 crude compared to total PAH concentrations in the range of

oil pipeline spill on 300 ha of a mixed mangrove forest 166 to 1410 ng/g in Guanabara Bay.

on the southeast cost of Brazil. Before the spill (1962) Twenty-nine years following a 1983 35

the forest had a homogenous canopy. Two decades million liter (9 million gallon) oil spill into Bertioga,

(2003) after the spill dead trees covered 10.5 ha Brazil mangrove, sediment samples were collected

surrounded by zones of recovering trees. The study and examined for fungal biodiversity (Fasanella et al.

emphasized the longterm effects of a mangrove spill 2012). Compared to an unoiled site, the fungi at the

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oiled site were very abundant and diverse, yet variability or display poor correlation to

distinctly different from the unoiled area. The environmental stressors or that are similar to other

observations suggest fungi as good candidate for metrics. The remaining measurements are integrated

bioremediation. into a MMI that assists in assessing whether a

Australia. Stevens et al. (2012) monitored restoration project is underperforming. The MMI can

the effects of a 270t (86,000 gallon) Bunker spill on help identify where adaptive management actions

sub-tropical rocky intertidal communities at Moreton should occur.

Island, eastern Australia, using repeated quadrat Corals thrive on a on an oil seep reef at Qaro

counts. Initial effects were highly significant in the Island, Kuwait. Al-Dahash and Mahmoud (2012)

upper intertidal, less so at lower elevations, and there isolated petroleum-degrading bacteria from mucus and

was little recovery after the first five months post spill. tissues Acropora and Porites from both the seep-reef

Persian Gulf. Joydas et al. (2012) and a nearby reef without seeps. The corals harbored

conducted a benthic infaunal sampling survey of 29 several hundred types of bacteria. Isolated bacteria

stations off the northern coast of Saudi Arabia in (Vibrio, Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas) from

spring 2005, fourteen years following the 1991 Gulf corals at both sites grew on media containing aliphatic

Oil Spill. A moderate level of petroleum and aromatic hydrocarbons, implying that coral

hydrocarbons (mean 72 ug/g) was present in the microbial assemblages at both reefs were actively

sediments. However, biodiversity (218 polychaete processing low and chronic hydrocarbon exposure.

species), richness and a polychaete/amphipod index Mediterrnean and Black Seas. Using

(BOPA) indicated a healthy fauna comparable to that MODIS and SAR satellite images, Pan, Tang and

documented prior to the large oil spill. The paper Zhang (2012) found no effect of the July 2006, 15,000

reports correlations with sediment properties and ton, Lebanon Jiyeh power plant oil spill on coastal

trophic relationships. Langman et al. (2012) are phytoplankton within the first few months of the spill.

developing multimetric indices (MMI) for evaluating However, a large bloom was monitored 10 months

restoration effectiveness using on-going restoration later. The authors reviewed use of these satellite

projects in Saudi Arabia in coastal areas that were methods for other spills in the Galapagos and

impacted by the Gulf War oil spill. Their MMI Australia.

framework is presented in the context of current In November 2007 the tanker Volgoneft-139

restoration theory including restoration targets and wrecked in a storm in the Kerch Straits, between the

trajectories. As part of the MMI, a filtering process is Black and Azov Seas, releasing 1.5 thousand tones

employed to eliminate measurements that exhibit high (abut 477,000 gallons) of residual oil. Kolyuchkina et

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al. (2012) sampled sediments at 39 sites in March and 4 bile and urine fluorescent aromatic metabolites

July 2008, and July 2009, and also collected mussels (FACs). PAHs were not elevated in muscle, but PAHs

(Mytilus galloprovincialis) for histological, and FACs decreased with time in liver bile and urine.

micronucleus and shell abnormality assessment. Two aspects were unique in this study: presence of

Sediment hydrocarbons (gravimetric) in 2008 were FACs in urine and muscle PAH concentrations

extremely high and variable across three bays, with decreased with fish size. Six months after an oil spill

values ranging from 0.009 to 1.106 mg/g (9 to 1106 in the Baltic Sea along the Lithuanian coast, Baršienė

ppm) inarch and up to 1.564 mg/g (1564 ppm) in July. et al. (2012) found genotoxicity and cytotoxity levels

In 2009 concentrations had declined to an average of in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from oiled sites

0.55 mg/g (55 ppm) with a peak of 0.104 mg/g (104 were still significantly elevated. The increased

ppm). Mussels collected in March 2008 emaciated frequencies of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and

and with connective tissue inflammation and 21% fragmented-apoptotic cells can serve as biomarkers in

incidence of shell abnormalities. By July 2009, mussel the assessment of spill damage

health was considerably improved along with United Kingdom. Langston et al. (2012)

declining sediment hydrocarbon concentrations. The measured PAHs in mussels, polychaetes and

surveys also noted hydrocarbon pollution unrelated to sediments in Milfordhaven, Wales, a decade after the

the spill. February 1966 72,000 tonne (23 million gallon) Sea

Reciprocal transplants of mussels (Mytilus Empress light crude oil spill. PAH concentrations had

galloprovincialis) between a clean site and a declined to background within several years of the

marina/tourist site in the Algarve of Portugal indicated spill, and concentrations were now typical of other

that tissue PAHs came into equilibrium at each new urban and industrial sources.

site in 3 to 4 weeks and, further, that the

Toxicity of Oils and Fuels
concentrations were in synchrony with CYP1A (P450)
Diesel. There is considerable disagreement
activity (Lopes et al. 2012)
in the literature about the extent to which oil spills
Baltic Sea. On January 2006 a 40-ton
enhance or inhibit phytoplankton blooms. Using step-
(13,000 gallon) spill of heavy fuel oil was discovered
wise (ratchet) increases in water-accommodated diesel
covering 35 km of the central coast of Estonia
oil fractions, Romero-Lopez et al. (2012) were able to
southeast of Tallinn. Concerned about effects of
select for diesel-adapted populations of microalgae,
sunken oil, on bottom fish Kreitsberg et al. (2012)
including the marine chlorophyte Dunaliella
sampled flounders (Platichthys flesus trachurus) on
tertiolecta. After examining recolonization of
five separate occasions to monitor 15 tissue PAHs and
seaweed (Sargassum) epi-fauna following exposure of
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seaweeds to diesel, Grande et al.2012 concluded that Heavy Fuel Oils. There is a rapid increase

short-term contamination of intertidal Sargassum of fuel oil transport in China. Chao et al. (2012)

resulted in mortality of seaweed invertebrates but their determined the toxicity of serial dilutions water

populations recovered within 12 days. The seaweed accommodated fractions (WAF) of four fuel oils to

did not retain levels of diesel subsequently toxic to growth rates of the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, and

recolonizing invertebrate communities, including the chlorophyte, Chlorela sp. (sic). Skeletonema was

sensitive amphipods. Ryzhik (2012) found that thallus more sensitive than Chlorela (sic) The 96 H

apical cells of the cold-water intertidal seaweed Fucus Skeletonema EC50’s for WAFs of F120, F180 and

vesciculosus growing in petroleum-contaminated bay F380 were 12.7, 9.41 and 16.1 mg/L, respectively.

0.26 mg/l petroleum products) near Murmansk, Fuel oil No.-20 WAF was not toxic. At the highest

Russia, had 4-fold elevated metabolic activity concentration achieved. Zhu, Kitamura, Maruyama et al.

(increased respiration) compared to plants from a (2012) subjected C-Heavy oil to degradation

clean bay (0.004 mg/L). Upon exposure to 0.2 mg/L of microorganisms, subjected the degradation material to

diesel fuel, plants from the cleaner area quickly endocrine disruption assays (cell proliferation and

increased their metabolic activity. The study sheds DNA microassay) and found that the biodegradation

light on the both the rapidity, and possibly products were estrogenic but did not stimulate cell

adaptability, of macro-algae to be impacted by, and proliferation. Geonotoxicity of No. 6 Fuel oil and

possibly (over generations) be adapted to low chronic styrene was studied by Ruiz et al. (2012). Exposure of

petroleum concentrations. Denoyelle et al. (2013) juvenile turbot (Scophthalamus maximus) for 14 days

developed a chronic bioassay with foraminifera to low levels (4.4 to 35 ppb) of PAH’s, leached from a

(Ammonia tepida) where foraminifera are incubated in No. 6 fuel oil, resulted in up-regulation of p53 and

natural seawater with different levels of toxicant and gadd45a but not of several other transcripts. The

activity is evaluated using observations of both latter transcript product returned to pre-exposure

pseudopodal activity after 30 days and quantification levels after fish were in clean water for 14 days. Gene

of newly built chambers. Using this format, they responses were different in mussels (Mytilus edulis),

conducted experiments with cadmium, Fuel Oil no. 2, and different for styrene than fuel oil.

and two types of drilling muds. Lindgren et al. (2012) On November 7, 2007, the cargo vessel

documented microbial response to diesel- Cosco Busan stuck a San Francisco Bay, California,

contaminated sediments over a range of expected bridge piling releasing 54,000 gallons of IFO 180

environmental concentrations. heavy fuel oil which impacted Pacific herring Clupea

pallasii spawning sites on gravel shores and pilings. .

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Incardona et al. (2012) exposed herring (Clupea The authors also monitored microbial degradation

pallasi) embryos to trace levels of Cosco Busan noting a continuous decline and Total PAHs (below

bunker oil and sunlight, with and without protection detection in 30 days) commensurate with microbial

from ultraviolet light. Exposure to the bunker oil and activity, leading them to speculate that un-measure

UV co-exposure induced an acutely lethal necrotic toxicants or toxic metabolites may have persisted or

syndrome in hatching stage embryos that closely even increased during the second month. Embryos of

mimicked the condition of dead embryos sampled capelin (Mallotus villosus) an important arctic

from oiled sites in San Francisco Bay. By contrast, intertidal-spawning forage fish, were exposed to

similar Alaska North Slope crude oil UV and non-UV water-accommodated oil effluent from gravel coated

exposures resulted in cardiac edema but little with Kobbe crude oil (Goliat oil field, Barents Sea) for

mortality. The authors concluded that heavy fuel oils 29 days and measured survival, hatching success,

spilled in sunlit waters have a much greater potential development rate and histopathology (Frantzen et al.

for embryo mortality than do crude oils. Kawaguchi et 2012). The embryos were exposed to declining

al. (2012) exposed larvae of puffer fish (Takifugu concentrations following peak (Day 1) levels of 14, 40

rubrites) to a 50 mg/L loading of heavy (Bunker C) oil and 81 ug/L (ppb) total PAH concentrations. Survival

for 8 days then examined 2-day post hatching decreased with concentration. However, unlike

swimming performance, nervous system deformities reported in other studies, there was no significant

and immunochemistry anomalies. The authors did not adverse effects on physical characteristics of the

detect abnormal body morphology, but did quantify embryos. Jiang et al. (2012) conducted static-renewal

abnormal swimming behavior and disorganized mid- toxicity tests, (LC50s up to 72 hours) on 15 species of

brain morphology. The authors did not report actual south China marine copepods using mechanically-

in-water hydrocarbon concentrations. created water accommodated fractions (WAF) of

Crude oils. Della Torre et al. (2012) used a Lufeng crude oil over a wide range of temperatures.

large (10,000L) recirculating mesocosms to create a .24-, 48, and 72 hour LC50s were calculated based on

spill system using 0.25g/L of a light crude oil. measured TPA concentrations. LC50s ranged from

Juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) about 2 to 30 mg/L (ppm), decreased with exposure

were placed in aquaria exposed to the effluent from time (24, 48 and 72 H) and temperature (between 8.5

the mesocosm spill and monitored for effects for up to and 31.2 C) and increased (less toxic) with sizes of

60 days. Cyp1A transcription increased within 48 H in copepods. Visual observations of the animals were

both controls and exposed fish, then declined, then, in reported.

the exposed fish, increased again at 30 and 60 days.

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 Biofuels. Bluhm et al. (2012) conducted a 48 hours to butadiene soot particles, which polycyclic

literature review to determine the research activity on aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) absorb to. The

the ecotoxicological relevance of biofuels. The embryos were exposed to 0, 6, 30, or 60 ug/l soot

authors found that there while research into the effects particles that were sprinkled on the surface of the

of biofuels has been increasing, particularly over the water. PAHs were retained in lipids in the yolk sacs

last four years, there are conflicting conclusions on the and hatching gland cells for up to eight days after the

toxicity of biofuels, and the use of different biofuels exposure ended. Developmental impacts occurred at

and reference fossil fuels make it difficult to compare 6, 30, and 60 ug/ml exposures. The authors conclude

results. The authors conclude that additional studies that zebrafish embryos should be useful for assessing

are necessary, not only to create more comparable toxicity associated with PAH residues left over from

data, but to fill significant gaps in understanding of activities like in-situ burning of oil as a removal action

subchronic and chronic toxicity impacts. Leme et al. during oil spill responses.

(2012) used current molecular assays to document the Please see Toxicity section, above, for

genotoxicity and mutagenicity of water-soluble additional papers on effects of PAHs.

fractions of diesel fuel, soy-derived biodiesel fuels and

diesel/biodiesel blends. Toxic effects did not appear to Toxicity of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil

be due to biodiesel per se but to the presence of The use of large amounts of dispersants

secondary contaminants from sources used in soybean during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf

processing. of Mexico resulted in a sharp increase in research on

In Situ Burn Products. Faksness et al. the effects of dispersants and dispersed oils. Agamy

(2012) compared the chemical composition and (2012) examined the effects of acute exposure to

toxicity of a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil verses Arabian light crude oil, dispersed oil, and the

the water below an in-situ burn before and after an in- dispersant Maxi-Clean 2 on liver development in

situ burn. The authors found no significant reduction rabbit fish. The study found that dispersed oil is not

in the water soluble components after the in-situ more toxic than crude oil or dispersant, but all

burns. Acute toxicity tests with the marine copepod treatments resulted in significant histopathologic

Calanus finmarchicus showed there was no increase in alterations as compared to control fish. Bandele et al.

toxicity of the water underlying the in-situ burn as (2012) used cultured human liver cells (hepatocytes)

compared to the toxicity of the water accommodated to evaluate the cytotoxicity and metabolic effects of

fraction associated with unburned weathered oil. Bui three oil dispersants - Corexit EC9500A and

et al. (2012) exposed 1-day old zebrafish embryos for EC9527A and ZI-400 and the surfactant DOSS. All of

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the dispersants displayed cytotoxity and affected oil droplets when exposed to the two other dispersed

cellular processes, although ZI-400 was significantly oil solutions. Fecal pellets contained oil droplets, and

less toxic with an LC50 of >400 ppm for a 24 hour based on concentrations of oil in doliolids, fecal

exposure than the two Corexit dispersants with LC50s production rates, and oil concentrations in the fecal

of ~300 ppm. DOSS alone had a LC50 of ~65ppm for pellets, the authors suggest that fecal pellets may

a 24-hour period, and the authors note that their deliver up to 200 μg oil/m3-day to the benthos,

findings suggest that DOSS is an important providing an important pathway for oil to reach the

contributor to the effects observed. benthos.

Zuijdgeest and Huettel (2012) conducted a Finch et al. (2012) examined the effects of

set of laboratory column experiments to examine mixtures of weathered oil and Corexit 9500 on the

whether the addition of the chemical dispersant hatching success of mallard duck (Anas

Corexit 9500a increases the mobility of polycyclic platyrhynchos) eggs. They found that higher oil to

aromatic hydrocarbons in permeable saturated dispersant ratio (50:1) was more toxic than an

sediments. They found that the addition of Corexit oil:dispersant ratio of 10:1, but that both were toxic to

increases PAH mobility and penetration into the mallard embryos. Interestingly, previous work by this

sediments by up to two orders of magnitude. author (Finch et al., 2011) and cited in this paper

Hydrophobicity influence the mobility of the PAHs, shows that the mixture with the higher oil:dispersant

and that mobility is also species specific in the ratio is more toxic to mallard embryos than weathered

presence of dispersant. Lee et al. (2012) exposed oil, but that weathered crude oil is more toxic than the

doliolids (Dolioletta gegenbauri) to oil contaminated 10:1 oil:dispersant mixture, suggesting that Corexit

water to evaluate their ingestion and defecation of 9500 decreased the toxicity of weathered crude to the

dispersed oil droplets. Four oil/water/phytoplankton mallard embyros. Wooten et al. (2012) applied

mixtures were used: one dispersant free solution, and Corexit 9500 to mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

three solutions containing dispersed oil - one solution eggs on day 3 of incubation at volumes ranging from 0

at 31 mg oil/ml (75,000 dispersed oil droplets/ml), 7.1 uL to 100 uL using 10 uL increments. Of 159 eggs

mg oil/ml (17,000 dispersed oil droplets/ml), and 0.6 treated with Corexit, only those treated with ≤30 uL

mg oil/ml (1,200 oil droplets/ml). At the highest Corexit (17) hatched. Adjusting for control survival,

concentration of oil droplets, doliolid feeding was the authors determined that the lethal application 50

suspended, and no oil droplets were ingested. There (LA50) was 15.5 uL. Embryo development as

were also no oil droplets ingested in the dispersant measured at embryo death was also significantly

free solution. However, doliolids ingested numerous delayed at applications ≥ 40 uL.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Using a new continuous dispersion the lower. Effects of the dispersed oil on planktonic

generator, Hansen et al. (2012) reported that the 96 H community were significantly greater than from the

LC50 for the dispersant Dasic NS to the copepod slicks alone. Notable was a rapid increase in in

Calanus finmarchicus at 8-10C was 24.4 mg/L with a bacteria followed by a longterm decrease, the decrease

no observable effect concentration of 11.1 mg/L. At possibly due to predation by increases in heterotrophic

high and low concentrations of dispersed weathered flagellates. Phytoplankton community abundance and

Troll crude oil, there was do difference in LC50s chlorophyll decreased in the dispersed oil mesocosms.

between chemically- and physically dispersed weather Zooplankton were eliminated in several days at all

Troll crude oil, but at medium concentrations, depths in the dispersed-oil mesocosms and there were

chemically dispersed oil was slightly more toxic. The lag responses for several biological parameters. Hook

authors also observed that the contribution of oil and Osborn (2012) examined the effects of the

droplets to observed effects was low, but copepods did kerosene-based oil dispersant Slickgone NS® on the

ingest and eliminate (in fecal pellets) oil droplets, toxicity and transcriptomic profiles of the diatom

suggesting the contribution of ingested toxicants was Phaeodactylum tricornutum exposed to the water-

low. The authors also noted that “many older studies accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil. The diatom was

and some new ones relate KC50s to oil loading insensitive to the WAF but the dispersant inhibited

without giving any chemical or physical growth and caused membrane damage, and the

characterization of the exposure media” and that when combination of the WAF and dispersant was more

measurements are made, there only “small differences toxic than either component alone. The toxicity did

were found between the LC50 of WAF and not correlate well with either PAH or total petroleum

CEWAFs.” hydrocarbon concentrations. Transcriptomic profiles

Jung et al. (2012) used nine field-deployed were similar between treatments.

5-meter deep clear plastic mesocosms to study the Wilson and Ralph (2012) developed a

effects of oil Iranian crude oil slicks alone and Hi- simple assay to examine the effect of physically- and

Clean-dispersed oil on microbial and planktonic chemically-dispersed oil on sea grasses, using Zostera

communities and processes over a period of nine days. muelleri. Leaf blade sections were exposed to Tapis

During the first day, in the dispersed oil mesocosms crude oil or IFO 180 heavy fuel oil, with and without

TPH decreased from 3687 ug/L (ppb) in the upper each of four dispersants, for 5 hours and then

meter to 1349 ug/L in the lowest meter whereas examined for changes in effective quantum yield of

comparable concentrations in the oil slick-only the plant Photosystem II. Exposure TPH

mesocosm were 61 ug/L at the upper m and 24 ug/L at concentrations ranged from 3 to 522 mg/L (ppm) and

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
declined with exposure time, depending on oil or fuel embryos below about 25 ppm, but there were subtle

type and brand of dispersant. These TPH longer term effects independent of whether dispersant

concentrations were within the ranges of water was used or not. Milinkovitch et al. (2012) exposed

concentrations observed during oil spills. Oil alone juvenile Golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) to

produced minimal effects. Because the method is physically-dispersed (range 14.2 to 29.2 mg/L, ppm)

simple and fast, it may have practical use in spill and chemically dispersed (38.2 to 44 mg/L) weathered

response decision-making. Arabian crude oil for 48 hours, transferred the fish to

Van Scoy et al. (2012) exposed both adults clean water and then monitored their performance and

and embryos of top smelt (Atherinopsis affinis) to oxygen consumption in a swimming respirometer.

spike exposures of water-accommodated fractions Swimming performance, active metabolic rates and

(WAFs) of physically- dispersed and Corexit 9500 oxygen consumption in recovering fish was not

chemically enhanced (CEWAF) weathered Prudhoe affected by either dispersed oil exposure, and

Bay crude oil (PBCO). Survival of both adult fish and dispersant application did not increase PAH

embryos was not affected by 96H spike exposures to bioavailability above that on non-chemically dispersed

either WAF or CEWAF up to total hydrocarbon oil as measured by bile PAH metabolites. Greer et al.

concentrations of about 25 mg/L (ppm). There was no (2012) compared the toxicities of chemically-

longterm effect on growth of adult fish that survived dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope and Arabian

exposures to either formation. However, the shorterm Light Crude oil to fertilized and developing Atlantic

exposure at the higher concentrations did reduce herring (Clupea harengus) larvae using both

longer-term fecundity (egg production) of offish held laboratory systems (0.1 to 24 H exposures) and also a

for 5 months in clean water. There were slight large outdoor wave tank exposure (14 day) to simulate

alterations, unrelated to treatment (WAF or CEWAF), actual ocean conditions. Both oils readily dispersed

of metabolite classes as measured by metabolic with Corexit 9500. Endpoints included mortality and

extraction Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) a suite of developmental abnormalities. Regardless of

techniques for metabolomics. There was evidence of exposure time or condition, embryo LC50s were

THC dose-dependent maternal transfer effects on above 1mg/L (ppm). However, developmental

embryos produced by spawners. Embryos exposed abnormalities occurred at high concentrations and

directly to both WAF and CEWAF experienced short (15 min) exposure times. The author s discussed

developmental effects. In summary, spike exposures to the results in light of the actual initial and longterm

both physically-dispersed and chemically dispersed spike-decay of dispersing oil under natural conditions.

oils resulted in no effects on survival of adults or Exposure of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax)

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
to mechanically-dispersed Arabian light crude oil for King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis), examined the

48 hours and 96 hours, followed by 26-28 day growth underlying population dynamic processes, and

in clean water, resulted in no mortalities but did affect manipulated the model to evaluate the potential effects

growth rates, physiological conditions and molecular of a hypothetical oil spill in the eastern Chukchi Sea, a

biomarker responses (Kerambrun et al. 2012). The main spring migration staging area. The model

fish were exposed to realistic TPH concentrations predicted that a catastrophic event like an oil spill

fluctuating between about 10 and 20 mg/L and TPAH during migration that killed 1,000 breeding age

(19) concentrations fluctuating between 10.9 and 48.7 females would result in a severe population decline of

ng/L (parts per trillion). The fish accumulated, then 2.1%/year, reducing the population to approximately

depurated the PAHs. Exposure for 96 hours lead to 3,500 individuals 50 years after the spill. Increasing

more effects than the 48-hour exposures. the death toll to breeding age females to 5,000

individuals increased the rate of population decline to

Pre-Spill Background Studies 3.4%, leaving only 1,587 individuals 50 years later.

In anticipation of an oil spill, Lance et al. Mocklin et al. (2012) analyzed aerial photographs to

(2012) measured PAHs in samples of mussels, examine the feeding habits of the

sediments and semi-permeable membrane devices Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort population of bowhead

(SPMDs) in Nelson lagoon, Alaska, a remote site but whales (Balaena mysticetus). They found that

not far from a major shipping route. PAH epibenthic feeding is common, putting these whales at

concentrations were low and comparable to those from risk of exposure to oil potentially entrained in

other remote areas. The authors demonstrated that the sediments in the event of an oil spill. They also

three media each partition PAHs differently and that determined that under certain oceanographic

mussels revealed the largest diversity of compounds. conditions, an area near Barrow is an important

Leiger et al. (2012) surveyed subtidal habitats off feeding ground, whereas it was previously thought that

Talinn, Estonia, and developed indices for the whales used it solely for migration.

categorizing shore and subtidal habitat sensitivity to

oil spills. Subtidal habitat sensitivity was high on Disclaimer

shallow coastal areas adjoining sea cliffs, intermediate Reference herein to any specific commercial products,

on tilled shores and low on sandy shores but there was process, or service by trade name, trademark,

a mismatch between subtidal habitat and shoreline manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily

Environmental Sensitivity indexing(ESI). Bentzen constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,

and Powell (2012) developed a population model for or favoring by the United States Government. The

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not Albentosa, M.; Vinas, L.; Besada, V.; Franco, A.Gonzalez-

necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Quijano, A. (2012) First Measurements of the Scope

for Growth (SFG) in Mussels from a Large Scale

Government, and shall not be used for advertising or
Survey in the North-Atlantic Spanish Coast. Science
product endorsement purposes.
of the Total Environment, 435, 430-445.

Albertsson, E.; Rad, A.; Sturve, J.; Larsson, D.G.J.Forlin, L.

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Biological Monitors of Trends of Plastic Pollution in Marine Oil Terminal in the Baltic Sea. Environmental

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Bilkovic, D.M.; Havens, K.J.; Stanhope, D.M.Angstadt, K.T. Production) Changes at Disposal Sites Around

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Macrobenthic Invertebrate Communities: A Abatement Costs in Connection with Improved Urban

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 Sewage Treatment in the Gulf of Riga. Journal of and Benthic Organisms of San Jorge Bay,

Environmental Engineering-Asce, 138, 663-672. Antofagasta, Chile. Revista De Biologia Marina Y

Buffet, P.E.; Amiard-Triquet, C.; Dybowska, A.; Risso-de Oceanografia, 47, 121-133.

Faverney, C.; Guibbolini, M.; Valsami-Jones, Camacho, M.; Boada, L.D.; Oros, J.; Calabuig, P.; Zumbado,

E.Mouneyrac, C. (2012) Fate of Isotopically Labeled M.Luzardo, O.P. (2012) Comparative Study of

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Sediment and Effects on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Plasma

Two Endobenthic Species, the Clam Scrobicularia of Eastern Atlantic Juvenile and Adult Nesting

plana and the Ragworm Hediste diversicolor. Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta Caretta). Marine

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84, 191- Pollution Bulletin, 64, 1974-1980.

198. Campana, O.; Simpson, S.L.; Spadaro, D.A.Blasco, J. (2012)

Bui, A.; Xiao, R.; Perveen, Z.; Kleinow, K.Penn, A. (2012) Sub-Lethal Effects of Copper to Benthic Invertebrates

Zebrafish Embryos Sequester and Retain Explained by Sediment Properties and Dietary

Petrochemical Combustion Products: Developmental Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology, 46,

and Transcriptome Consequences. Aquatic 6835-6842.

Toxicology, 108, 23-32. Canesi, L.; Ciacci, C.; Fabbri, R.; Marcomini, A.; Pojana,

Burd, B.; Bertold, S.Macdonald, T. (2012) Responses of G.Gallo, G. (2012) Bivalve Molluscs as A Unique

Infaunal Composition, Biomass and Production to Target Group for Nanoparticle Toxicity. Marine

Discharges from a Marine Outfall over the Past Environmental Research, 76, 16-21.

Decade. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 1837-1852. Caplat, C.; Mottin, E.; Lebel, J.M.; Serpentini, A.; Barillier,

Bustamante, M.; Bevilacqua, S.; Tajadura, J.; Terlizzi, D.Mahaut, M.L. (2012) Impact of a Sacrificial Anode

A.Saiz-Salinas, J.I. (2012) Detecting Human as Assessed by Zinc Accumulation in Different

Mitigation Intervention: Effects of Sewage Treatment Organs of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas: Results from

Upgrade on Rocky Macrofaunal Assemblages. Marine Long- and Short-Term Laboratory Tests. Archives of

Environmental Research, 80, 27-37. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62,

Bustamante, P.; Luna-Acosta, A.; Clemens, S.; Cassi, R.; 638-649.

Thomas-Guyon, H.Warnau, M. (2012) Cappello, S.; Russo, D.; Santisi, S.; Calogero, R.; Gertler, C.;

Bioaccumulation and Metabolisation of C-14-Pyrene Crisafi, F.; De Domenico, M.Yakimov, M.M. (2012)

by the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Exposed Via Presence of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in the

Seawater. Chemosphere, 87, 938-944. Gills of Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a

Cahill, P.; Heasman, K.; Jeffs, A.; Kuhajek, J.Mountfort, D. Contaminated Environment: A Mesoscale Simulation

(2012) Preventing Ascidian Fouling in Aquaculture: Study. Chemistry and Ecology, 28, 239-252.

Screening Selected Allelochemicals for Anti- Carballeira, C.; De Orte, M.R.; Viana, I.G.Carballeira, A.

Metamorphic Properties in Ascidian Larvae. (2012) Implementation of A Minimal Set of

Biofouling, 28, 39-49. Biological Tests to Assess the Ecotoxic Effects of

Calderon, C.; Valdes, J. (2012) Metals Content in Sediments Effluents from Land-Based Marine Fish Farms.

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 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 78, 148- Chanton, J.P.; Cherrier, J.; Wilson, R.M.; Sarkodee-Adoo, J.;

161. Bosman, S.; Mickle, A.Graham, W.M. (2012)

Carballeira, C.; De Orte, M.R.; Viana, I.G.; DelValls, Radiocarbon Evidence That Carbon from the

T.A.Carballeira, A. (2012) Assessing the Toxicity of Deepwater Horizon Spill Entered the Planktonic Food

Chemical Compounds Associated With Land-Based Web of the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Research

Marine Fish Farms: The Sea Urchin Embryo Bioassay Letters, 7.

With Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. Chao, M.; Shen, X.Q.; Lun, F.X.; Shen, A.L.Yuan, Q. (2012)

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicity of Fuel Oil Water Accommodated Fractions

Toxicology, 63, 249-261. on Two Marine Microalgae, Skeletonema costatum

Carballeira, C.; Ramos-Gomez, J.; Martin-Diaz, L.DelValls, and Chlorela spp. Bulletin of Environmental

T.A. (2012) Identification of Specific Malformations Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 712-716.

of Sea Urchin Larvae for Toxicity Assessment: Chen, D.; Letcher, R.J.; Burgess, N.M.; Champoux, L.;

Application to Marine Pisciculture Effluents. Marine Elliott, J.E.; Hebert, C.E.; Martin, P.; Wayland, M.;

Environmental Research, 77, 12-22. Weseloh, D.V.C.Wilson, L. (2012) Flame Retardants

Carmichael, R.H.; Graham, W.M.; Aven, A.; Worthy, in Eggs of Four Gull Species (Laridae) from Breeding

G.Howden, S. (2012) Were Multiple Stressors a Sites Spanning Atlantic to Pacific Canada.

'Perfect Storm' for Northern Gulf of Mexico Environmental Pollution, 168, 1-9.

Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in 2011? Ciacci, C.; Canonico, B.; Bilanicova, D.; Fabbri, R.; Cortese,

Plos One, 7. K.; Gallo, G.; Marcomini, A.; Pojana, G.Canesi, L.

Carmichael, R.H.; Jones, A.L.; Patterson, H.K.; Walton, (2012) Immunomodulation by Different Types of N-

W.C.; Perez-Huerta, A.; Overton, E.B.; Dailey, Oxides in the Hemocytes of Marine Bivalve Mytilus

M.Willett, K.L. (2012) Assimilation of Oil-Derived galloprovincialis. Plos One, 7.

Elements by Oysters Due to the Deepwater Horizon Clark, R.; Pittman, S.J. et al. (2012). Survey and impact

Oil Spill. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, assessment of derelict fish traps in St. Thomas and St.

12787-12795. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. N. N. C. f. C. O. Science.

Castro, I.B.; Rocha-Barreira, C.D.; Fernandez, M.A.Bigatti, Silver Spring, MD, U.S. Department of Commerce:

G. (2012) Transplant Bioassay Induces Different 51.

Imposex Responses in Two Species of the Genus Cloern, J.E.; Jassby, A.D. (2012) Drivers of Change in

Stramonita. Marine Biology Research, 8, 397-404. Estuarine-Coastal Ecosystems: Discoveries from Four

Chandurvelan, R.; Marsden, I.D.; Gaw, S.Glover, C.N. Decades of Study in San Francisco Bay. Reviews of

(2012) Impairment of Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna Geophysics, 50.

canaliculus) Physiology by Waterborne Cadmium: Coelho, I.; Lima, D.; Andre, A.; Melo, C.; Ruivo, R.; Reis-

Relationship to Tissue Bioaccumulation and Effect of Henriques, M.A.; Santos, M.M.Castro, L.F.C. (2012)

Exposure Duration. Aquatic Toxicology, 124, 114- Molecular Characterization of ADH3 from the

124. Mollusc Nucella lapillus: Tissue Gene Expression

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 After Tributyltin and Retinol Exposure. Journal of 150.

Molluscan Studies, 78, 343-348. Crego-Prieto, V.; Martinez, J.L.; Roca, A.Garcia-Vazquez, E.

Coggan, R.; Frojan, C.; Diesing, M.Aldridge, J. (2012) (2012) Interspecific Hybridization Increased in

Spatial Patterns in Gravel Habitats and Communities Congeneric Flatfishes after the Prestige Oil Spill. Plos

in the Central and Eastern English Channel. Estuarine One, 7.

Coastal and Shelf Science, 111, 118-128. Croxall, J.P.; Butchart, S.H.M.; Lascelles, B.; Stattersfield,

Cooper, K.M. (2012) Setting Limits for Acceptable Change A.J.; Sullivan, B.; Symes, A.Taylor, P. (2012) Seabird

in Sediment Particle Size Composition Following Conservation Status, Threats and Priority Actions: A

Marine Aggregate Dredging. Marine Pollution Global Assessment. Bird Conservation International,

Bulletin, 64, 1667-1677. 22, 1-34.

Copat, C.; Brundo, M.V.; Arena, G.; Grasso, A.; Conti, G.O.; Cubero-Leon, E.; Minier, C.; Rotchell, J.M.Hill, E.M. (2012)

Ledda, C.; Fallico, R.; Sciacca, S.Ferrante, M. (2012) Metabolomic Analysis of Sex Specific Metabolites in

Seasonal Variation of Bioaccumulation in Engraulis Gonads of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis. Comparative

encrasicolus (Linneaus, 1758) and Related Biochemistry and Physiology D-Genomics &

Biomarkers of Exposure. Ecotoxicology and Proteomics, 7, 212-219.

Environmental Safety, 86, 31-37. Cullon, D.L.; Yunker, M.B.; Christensen, J.R.; Macdonald,

Copat, C.; Maggiore, R.; Arena, G.; Lanzafame, S.; Fallico, R.W.; Whiticar, M.J.; Dangerfield, N.J.Ross, P.S.

R.; Salvatore, S.A.Ferrante, M. (2012) Evaluation of (2012) Biomagnification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

A Temporal Trend Heavy Metals Contamination in in A Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Food Web from the

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, (1813) along the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada.

Western Coastline of Sicily (Italy). Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 2445-

Environmental Monitoring, 14, 187-192. 2455.

Cornelissen, G.; Amstaetter, K.; Hauge, A.; Schaanning, M.; da Silva, D.R.; Santos, S.R.; Travassos, M.Vianna, M. (2012)

Beylich, B.; Gunnarsson, J.S.; Breedveld, G.D.; Oen, Impact on A Fish Assemblage of the Maintenance

A.M.P.Eek, E. (2012) Large-Scale Field Study on Dredging of a Navigation Channel in A Tropical

Thin-Layer Capping of Marine PCDD/F- Coastal Ecosystem. Brazilian Journal of

Contaminated Sediments in Grenlandfjords, Norway: Oceanography, 60, 25-32.

Physicochemical Effects. Environmental Science & Dang, F.; Rainbow, P.S.Wang, W.X. (2012) Dietary Toxicity

Technology, 46, 12030-12037. of Field-Contaminated Invertebrates to Marine Fish:

Cortez, F.S.; Pereira, C.D.S.; Aldo, R.S.B.; Cesar, A.; Effects of Metal Doses and Subcellular Metal

Choueri, R.B.; Martini, G.D.Bohrer-Morel, M.B. Distribution. Aquatic Toxicology, 120, 1-10.

(2012) Biological Effects of Environmentally Dang, F.Wang, W.X. (2012) Why Mercury Concentration

Relevant Concentrations of the Pharmaceutical Increases With Fish Size? Biokinetic Explanation.

Triclosan in the Marine Mussel Perna perna Environmental Pollution, 163, 192-198.

(Linnaeus, 1758). Environmental Pollution, 168, 145- Dang, F.; Wang, W.X.Rainbow, P.S. (2012) Unifying

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 Prolonged Copper Exposure, Accumulation, and Perra, G.; Giuliani, S.; Amato, E.; Falugi, C.; Crisari,

Toxicity from Food and Water in a Marine Fish. A.; Yakimov, M.M.Magaletti, E. (2012) Modulation

Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 3465-3471. of CYP1A and Genotoxic Effects in European

de Castro, I.B.; Perina, F.C.Fillmann, G. (2012) Organotin Seabass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) Exposed to

Contamination in South American Coastal Areas. Weathered Oil: A Mesocosm Study. Marine

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, Environmental Research, 76, 48-55.

1781-1799. DeLorenzo, M.E.; Fulton, M.H. (2012) Comparative Risk

de los Rios, A.; Juanes, J.A.; Ortiz-Zarragoitia, M.; de Alda, Assessment of Permethrin, Chlorothalonil, and Diuron

M.L.; Barcelo, D.Cajaraville, M.P. (2012) Assessment to Coastal Aquatic Species. Marine Pollution Bulletin,

of the Effects of A Marine Urban Outfall Discharge 64, 1291-1299.

on Caged Mussels Using Chemical and Biomarker Denoyelle, M.; Geslin, E.; Jorissen, F.J.; Cazes, L.Galgani, F.

Analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 563-573. (2012) Innovative Use of Foraminifera in

de Polo, A.; Scrimshaw, M.D. (2012) Challenges for the Ecotoxicology: A Marine Chronic Bioassay for

Development of A Biotic Ligand Model Predicting Testing Potential Toxicity of Drilling Muds.

Copper Toxicity in Estuaries and Seas. Environmental Ecological Indicators, 12, 17-25.

Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 230-238. Dickey, R.W. (2012) FDA Risk Assessment of Seafood

de Soysa, T.Y.; Ulrich, A.; Friedrich, T.; Pite, D.; Compton, Contamination after the BP Oil Spill. Environmental

S.L.; Ok, D.; Bernardos, R.L.; Downes, G.B.; Hsieh, Health Perspectives, 120, A54-A55.

S.; Stein, R.; Lagdameo, M.C.; Halvorsen, K.; Kesich, Diehl, J.; Johnson, S.E.; Xia, K.; West, A.Tomanek, L.

L.R.Barresi, M.J.F. (2012b) Macondo Crude Oil from (2012) The Distribution of 4-Nonylphenol in Marine

the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disrupts Specific Organisms of North American Pacific Coast Estuaries.

Developmental Processes During Zebrafish Chemosphere, 87, 490-497.

Embryogenesis. Bmc Biology, 10. Diéz, I.; Bustamante, M.; Santolaria, A.; Tajadura, J.;

de-la-Ossa-Carretero, J.A.; Del-Pilar-Ruso, Y.; Gimenez- Muguerza, N.; Borja, A.; Muxika, I.; Saiz-Salinas,

Casalduero, F.Sanchez-Lizaso, J.L. (2012a) Assessing J.I.; Gorostiaga, J.M. (2012) Development of a Tool

Reliable Indicators to Sewage Pollution in Coastal for Assessing the Ecological Quality Status of

Soft-Bottom Communities. Environmental Monitoring Intertidal Coastal Rocky Assemblages, within Atlantic

and Assessment, 184, 2133-2149. Iberian Coasts. Ecological Indicators, 12, 58–71.

de-la-Ossa-Carretero, J.A.; Simboura, N.; Del-Pilar-Ruso, Y.; Dinn, P.M.; Johannessen, S.C.; Ross, P.S.; Macdonald, R.W.;

Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Gimenez-Casalduero, Whiticar, M.J.; Lowe, C.J.van Roodselaar, A. (2012)

F.Sanchez-Lizaso, J.L. (2012) A Methodology for PBDE and PCB Accumulation in Benthos Near

Applying Taxonomic Sufficiency and Benthic Biotic Marine Wastewater Outfalls: The Role of Sediment

Indices in Two Mediterranean Areas. Ecological Organic Carbon. Environmental Pollution, 171, 241-

Indicators, 23, 232-241. 248.

Della Torre, C.; Tornambe, A.; Cappello, S.; Mariottini, M.; Douglas, T.A.; Loseto, L.L.; Macdonald, R.W.; Outridge, P.;

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 Dommergue, A.; Poulain, A.; Amyot, M.; Barkay, T.; 409.

Berg, T.; Chetelat, J.; Constant, P.; Evans, M.; Ferrari, Dutton, J.Fisher, N.S. (2012) Bioavailability of Sediment-

C.; Gantner, N.; Johnson, M.S.; Kirk, J.; Kroer, N.; Bound and Algal Metals to Killifish Fundulus

Larose, C.; Lean, D.; Nielsen, T.G.; Poissant, L.; heteroclitus. Aquatic Biology, 16, 85-96.

Rognerud, S.; Skov, H.; Sorensen, S.; Wang, F.Y.; Ebenezer, V.; Nancharaiah, Y.V.Venugopalan, V.P. (2012)

Wilson, S.Zdanowicz, C.M. (2012) The Fate of Chlorination-Induced Cellular Damage and Recovery

Mercury in Arctic Terrestrial and Aquatic in Marine Microalga, Chlorella Salina. Chemosphere,

Ecosystems, A Review. Environmental Chemistry, 9, 89, 1042-1047.

321-355. Ebrahimzadeh, H.; Tavassoli, N.; Sadeghi, O.; Amini, M.M.;

Drabble, R. (2012a) Monitoring of East Channel Dredge Vahidi, S.; Aghigh, S.Moazzen, E. (2012) Extraction

Areas Benthic Fish Population and Its Implications. of Nickel from Soil, Water, Fish, and Plants on Novel

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 363-372. Pyridine-Functionalized MCM-41 and MCM-48

Drabble, R. (2012b) Projected Entrainment of Fish Resulting Nanoporous Silicas and Its Subsequent Determination

from Aggregate Dredging. Marine Pollution Bulletin, by FAAS. Food Analytical Methods, 5, 1070-1078.

64, 373-381. Eichler, P.P.B.; Eichler, B.B.; Sen Gupta, B.Rodrigues, A.R.

Droguet, M.; Devauchelle, N.; Pennec, J.P.; Quinn, (2012) Foraminifera as Indicators of Marine Pollutant

B.Dorange, G. (2012) Cultured Heart Cells from Contamination on the Inner Continental Shelf of

Oyster: An Experimental Approach for Evaluation of Southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 22-30.

the Toxicity of the Marine Pollutant Tributyltin. Emborski, C.; Reyes, A.Biggs, J.S. (2012) Effect of Beta-

Aquatic Living Resources, 25, 185-194. Naphthoflavone on Hepatic Cytochrome P4501A

Du, M.R.Kessler, J.D. (2012) Assessment of the Spatial and Activity in the Scribbled Rabbitfish (Siganus spinus)

Temporal Variability of Bulk Hydrocarbon from Tropical Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs.

Respiration Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Ecotoxicology, 21, 2153-2162.

Spill. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, Erturk, M.D.Sacan, M.T. (2012) First Toxicity Data of

10499-10507. Chlorophenols on Marine Alga Dunaliella tertiolecta:

Duarte, C.A.; Giarratano, E.Gil, M.N. (2012) Trace Metal Correlation of Marine Algal Toxicity With

Content in Sediments and Autochthonous Intertidal Hydrophobicity and Interspecies Toxicity

Organisms from Two Adjacent Bays Near Ushuaia, Relationships. Environmental Toxicology and

Beagle Channel (Argentina). Marine Environmental Chemistry, 31, 1113-1120.

Research, 79, 55-62. Fair, P.A.; Houde, M.; Hulsey, T.C.; Bossart, G.D.; Adams,

Dutto, M.S.; Abbate, M.C.L.; Biancalana, F.; Berasategui, J.; Balthis, L.Muir, D.C.G. (2012) Assessment of

A.A.Hoffmeyer, M.S. (2012) The Impact of Sewage Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Plasma of

on Environmental Quality and the Mesozooplankton Bottlenose Dolphins from Two Southeast US

Community in A Highly Eutrophic Estuary in Estuarine Areas: Relationship With Age, Sex and

Argentina. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 69, 399- Geographic Locations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64,

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 66-74. Finch, B.E.; Wooten, K.J.; Faust, D.R.Smith, P.N. (2012)

Fang, T.H.; Nan, F.H.; Chin, T.S.; Feng, H.M. (2012) The Embryotoxicity of Mixtures of Weathered Crude Oil

Occurrence and Distribution of Pharmaceutical Collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Corexit 9500

Compounds in the Effluents of a Major Sewage in Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Science of the

Treatment Plant in Northern Taiwan and the Total Environment, 426, 155-159.

Receiving Coastal Waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Fiorentino, D.; Caruso, T.Terlizzi, A. (2012) Spatial

64, 1435–1444 Autocorrelation in the Response of Soft-Bottom

Faksness, L.G.; Hansen, B.H.; Altin, D.Brandvik, P.J. (2012) Marine Benthos to Gas Extraction Activities: The

Chemical Composition and Acute Toxicity in the Case of Amphipods in the Ionian Sea. Marine

Water After in Situ Burning - A Laboratory Environmental Research, 79, 79-85.

Experiment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 49-55. Flint, P.L.; Schamber, J.L.; Trust, K.A.; Miles, A.K.;

Fasanella, C.C.; Dias, A.C.F.; Rigonato, J.; Fiore, M.D.; Henderson, J.D.Wilson, B.W. (2012) Chronic

Soares, F.L.; Melo, I.S.; Pizzirani-Kleiner, A.A.; van Hydrocarbon Exposure of Harlequin Ducks in Areas

Elsas, J.D.Andreote, F.D. (2012) The Selection Affected by the Selendang Ayu Oil Spill at Unalaska

Exerted by Oil Contamination on Mangrove Fungal Island, Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and

Communities. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223, Chemistry, 31, 2828-2831.

4233-4243. Flores, F.; Hoogenboom, M.O.; Smith, L.D.; Cooper, T.F.;

Feng, D.Q.; Rittschof, D.; Orihuela, B.; Kwok, K.W.H.; Abrego, D.Negri, A.P. (2012) Chronic Exposure of

Stafslien, S.Chisholm, B. (2012) The Effects of Model Corals to Fine Sediments: Lethal and Sub-Lethal

Polysiloxane and Fouling-Release Coatings on Impacts. Plos One, 7.

Embryonic Development of A Sea Urchin (Arbacia Fossi, M.C.; Panti, C.; Guerranti, C.; Coppola, D.; Giannetti,

Punctulata) and A Fish (Oryzias Latipes). Aquatic M.; Marsili, L.Minutoli, R. (2012) Are baleen whales

Toxicology, 110, 162-169. exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of

Fernandes, M.; Benger, S.; Sharma, S.K.; Gaylard, S.; the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus).

Kildea, T.; Hoare, S.; Braley, M.Irving, A.D. (2012) Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2374-2379.

The Use of Delta N-15 Signatures of Translocated Foster, K.L.; Stern, G.A.; Pazerniuk, M.A.; Hickie, B.;

Macroalgae to Map Coastal Nutrient Plumes: Wallcusz, W.; Wang, F.Y.Macdonald, R.W. (2012)

Improving Species Selection and Spatial Analysis of Mercury Biomagnification in Marine Zooplankton

Metropolitan Datasets. Journal of Environmental Food Webs in Hudson Bay. Environmental Science &

Monitoring, 14, 2399-2410. Technology, 46, 12952-12959.

Fernandez-Tajes, J.; Arias-Perez, A.; Fernandez-Moreno, Frantzen, M.; Falk-Petersen, I.B.; Nahrgang, J.; Smith, T.J.;

M.Mendez, J. (2012) Sharp Decrease of Genetic Olsen, G.H.; Hangstad, T.A.Camus, L. (2012)

Variation in Two Spanish Localities of Razor Clam Toxicity of Crude Oil and Pyrene to the Embryos of

Ensis siliqua: Natural Fluctuation Or Prestige Oil Spill Beach Spawning Capelin (Mallotus villosus). Aquatic

Effects? Ecotoxicology, 21, 225-233. Toxicology, 108, 42-52.

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Frassinetti, S.; Pitzalis, E.; Mascherpa, M.C.; Caltavuturo, Overview of UV-Absorbing Compounds (Organic UV

L.Morelli, E. (2012) A Multidisciplinary Approach for Filters) in Aquatic Biota. Analytical and Bioanalytical

Assessing the Toxicity of Marine Sediments: Analysis Chemistry, 404, 2597-2610.

of Metal Content and Elutriate Bioassays Using Metal Galvao, P.; Henkelmann, B.; Longo, R.; Lailson-Brito, J.;

Bioavailability and Genotoxicity Biomarkers. Torres, J.P.M.; Schramm, K.W.Malm, O. (2012)

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Distinct Bioaccumulation Profile of Pesticides and

Toxicology, 62, 13-21. Dioxin-Like Compounds by Mollusk Bivalves Reared

Fricke, N.F.; Stentiford, G.D.; Feist, S.W.Lang, T. (2012) in Polluted and Unpolluted Tropical Bays:

Liver Histopathology in Baltic Eelpout (Zoarces Consumption Risk and Seasonal Effect. Food

viviparus) - A Baseline Study for Use in Marine Chemistry, 134, 2040-2048.

Environmental Monitoring. Marine Environmental Garaffo, G.V.; Jaubet, M.L.; Sanchez, M.D.; Rivero, M.S.;

Research, 82, 1-14. Vallarino, E.A.Elias, R. (2012) Sewage-Induced

Fries, E.Zarfl, C. (2012) Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Polychaete Reefs in A SW Atlantic Shore: Rapid

Hydrocarbons (Pahs) to Low and High Density Response to Small-Scale Disturbance. Marine

Polyethylene (PE). Environmental Science and Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective, 33, 272-279.

Pollution Research, 19, 1296-1304. Gaume, B.; Bourgougnon, N.; Auzoux-Bordenave, S.; Roig,

Froján, C.; MacIsaac, K.G.; McMillan, A.K.; Cuadrado, B.; Le Bot, B.Bedoux, G. (2012) in Vitro Effects of

M.D.S.; Large, P.A.; Kenny, A.J.; Kenchington, E.; Triclosan and Methyl-Triclosan on the Marine

Gonzalez, E.D. (2012) An Evaluation of Benthic Gastropod Haliotis tuberculata. Comparative

Community Structure in and around the Sackville Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology &

Spur Closed Area (Northwest Atlantic) in Relation to Pharmacology, 156, 87-94.

the Protection of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Ices Genta-Jouve, G.; Cachet, N.; Oberhansli, F.; Noyer, C.;

Journal of Marine Science, 69, 213–222. Teyssie, J.L.; Thomas, O.P.Lacoue-Labarthe, T.

Gaden, A.; Ferguson, S.H.; Harwood, L.; Melling, H.; (2012) Comparative Bioaccumulation Kinetics of

Alikamik, J.Stern, G.A. (2012) Western Canadian Trace Elements in Mediterranean Marine Sponges.

Arctic Ringed Seal Organic Contaminant Trends in Chemosphere, 89, 340-349.

Relation to Sea Ice Break-Up. Environmental Science Gheorghe, S.; Lucaciu, I.; Grumaz, R.Stoica, C. (2012) Acute

& Technology, 46, 4427-4433. Toxicity Assessment of Several Cationic and

Gaertner, K.; Chandler, G.T.; Quattro, J.; Ferguson, Amphoteric Surfactants on Aquatic Organisms.

P.L.Sabo-Attwood, T. (2012) Identification and Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 13,

Expression of the Ecdysone Receptor in the 541-552.

Harpacticoid Copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis, in Gilde, K.; Pinckney, J.L. (2012) Sublethal Effects of Crude

Response to Fipronil. Ecotoxicology and Oil on the Community Structure of Estuarine

Environmental Safety, 76, 39-45. Phytoplankton. Estuaries and Coasts, 35, 853-861.

Gago-Ferrero, P.; Diaz-Cruz, M.Barcelo, D. (2012) An Goldstein, M.C.; Rosenberg, M.Cheng, L.N. (2012)

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 Increased Oceanic Microplastic Debris Enhances Chemistry, 31, 160-167.

Oviposition in An Endemic Pelagic Insect. Biology Grosser, Z.A.; Bass, D.; Foglio, L.Davidowski, L. (2012)

Letters, 8, 817-820. Determination of Metals as Markers Oil

Gomez, E.; Bachelot, M.; Boillot, C.; Munaron, D.; Chiron, Contamination in Seafood by ICP-MS. Agro Food

S.; Casellas, C.Fenet, H. (2012) Bioconcentration of Industry Hi-Tech, 23, 24-26.

Two Pharmaceuticals (Benzodiazepines) and Two Guardiola, F.A.; Cuesta, A.; Meseguer, J.Esteban, M.A.

Personal Care Products (UV Filters) in Marine (2012) Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Under Controlled Aquaculture. International Journal of Molecular

Laboratory Conditions. Environmental Science and Sciences, 13, 1541-1560.

Pollution Research, 19, 2561-2569. Hagenbuch, I.M.Pinckney, J.L. (2012) Toxic Effect of the

Gomiero, A.; Sforzini, S.; Dagnino, A.; Nasci, C.Viarengo, Combined Antibiotics Ciprofloxacin, Lincomycin,

A. (2012) The Use of Multiple Endpoints to Assess and Tylosin on Two Species of Marine Diatoms.

Cellular Responses to Environmental Contaminants in Water Research, 46, 5028-5036.

the Interstitial Marine Ciliate Euplotes crassus. Handy, R.D.; Cornelis, G.; Fernandes, T.; Tsyusko, O.;

Aquatic Toxicology, 114, 206-216. Decho, A.; Sabo-Attwood, T.; Metcalfe, C.; Steevens,

Gorbi, S.; Bocchetti, R.; Binelli, A.; Bacchiocchi, S.; Orletti, J.A.; Klaine, S.J.; Koelmans, A.A.Horne, N. (2012)

R.; Nanetti, L.; Raffaelli, F.; Vignini, A.; Accoroni, Ecotoxicity Test Methods for Engineered

S.; Totti, C.Regoli, F. (2012) Biological Effects of Nanomaterials: Practical Experiences and

Palytoxin-Like Compounds from Ostreopsis Cf. Recommendations from the Bench. Environmental

Ovata: A Multibiomarkers Approach With Mussels Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 15-31.

Mytilus galloprovincialis. Chemosphere, 89, 623-632. Hansen, B.H.; Altin, D.; Olsen, A.J.Nordtug, T. (2012) Acute

Grande, H.; Reis, M.Jacobucci, G.B. (2012) Small-Scale Toxicity of Naturally and Chemically Dispersed Oil

Experimental Contamination With Diesel Oil Does on the Filter-Feeding Copepod Calanus finmarchicus.

Not Affect the Recolonization of Sargassum (Fucales) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 86, 38-46.

Fronds by Vagile Macrofauna. Zoologia, 29, 135-143. Hariharan, G.; Kumar, C.S.; Priya, S.L.; Selvam, A.P.;

Greer, C.D.; Hodson, P.V.; Li, Z.K.; King, T.Lee, K. (2012) Mohan, D.; Purvaja, R.Ramesh, R. (2012) Acute and

Toxicity of Crude Oil Chemically Dispersed in A Chronic Toxic Effect of Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) on

Wave Tank to Embryos of Atlantic Herring (Clupea Biomarker Response in Post Larvae of Penaeus

harengus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, monodon (Fabricus, 1798). Toxicological and

31, 1324-1333. Environmental Chemistry, 94, 1571-1582.

Griffitt, R.J.; Brown-Peterson, N.J.; Savin, D.A.; Manning, Harmelin-Vivien, M.; Bodiguel, X.; Charmasson, S.;

C.S.; Boube, I.; Ryan, R.A.Brouwer, M. (2012) Loizeau, V.; Mellon-Duval, C.; Tronczynski, J.Cossa,

Effects of Chronic Nanoparticulate Silver Exposure to D. (2012) Differential Biomagnification of PCB,

Adult and Juvenile Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon PBDE, Hg and Radiocesium in the Food Web of the

variegatus). Environmental Toxicology and European Hake from the NW Mediterranean. Marine

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 Pollution Bulletin, 64, 974-983. Total Environment, 430, 260-269.

Harris, R.; Pollman, C.; Landing, W.; Evans, D.; Axelrad, D.; Helaleh, M.I.H.; Al-Rashdan, A.Ibtisam, A. (2012)

Hutchinson, D.; Morey, S.L.; Rumbold, D.; Simultaneous Analysis of Organochlorinated

Dukhovskoy, D.; Adams, D.H.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Pesticides (OCPs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Holmes, C.; Atkinson, R.D.; Myers, T.Sunderland, E. (PCBs) from Marine Samples Using Automated

(2012) Mercury in the Gulf of Mexico: Sources to Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and Power Prep

Receptors. Environmental Research, 119, 42-52. (TM) Clean-Up. Talanta, 94, 44-49.

Harwell, M.A.; Gentile, J.H.; Parker, K.R.; Murphy, S.M.; Henkel, J.R.; Sigel, B.J.Taylor, C.M. (2012) Large-Scale

Day, R.H.; Bence, A.E.; Neff, J.M.Wiens, J.A. (2012) Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Can

Quantitative Assessment of Current Risks to Local Disturbance Affect Distant Ecosystems through

Harlequin Ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Migratory Shorebirds? Bioscience, 62, 676-685.

from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Human and Heskett, M.; Takada, H.; Yamashita, R.; Yuyama, M.; Ito,

Ecological Risk Assessment, 18, 261-328. M.; Geok, Y.B.; Ogata, Y.; Kwan, C.; Heckhausen,

Hayworth, J.S.; Clement, T.P. (2012) Provenance of Corexit- A.; Taylor, H.; Powell, T.; Morishige, C.; Young, D.;

Related Chemical Constituents Found in Nearshore Patterson, H.; Robertson, B.; Bailey, E.Mermoz, J.

and Inland Gulf Coast Waters. Marine Pollution (2012) Measurement of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Bulletin, 64, 2005-2014. (POPs) in Plastic Resin Pellets from Remote Islands:

He, X.T.; Nie, X.P.; Yang, Y.F.; Liu, X.Y.; Pan, D.B.; Toward Establishment of Background Concentrations

Cheng, Z.Liang, X.M. (2012) Multi-Biomarker for International Pellet Watch. Marine Pollution

Responses in Fishes from Two Typical Marine Bulletin, 64, 445-448.

Aquaculture Regions of South China. Marine Hinz, H.; Murray, L.G.; Malcolm, F.R.Kaiser, M.J. (2012)

Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2317-2324. The Environmental Impacts of Three Different Queen

Hedayati, A.; Jahanbakhshi, A. (2012) The Effect of Water- Scallop (Aequipecten Opercularis) Fishing Gears.

Soluble Fraction of Diesel Oil on Some Marine Environmental Research, 73, 85-95.

Hematological Indices in the Great Sturgeon Huso Holmes, L.A.; Turner, A.Thompson, R.C. (2012) Adsorption

huso. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 1753- of Trace Metals to Plastic Resin Pellets in the Marine

1758. Environment. Environmental Pollution, 160, 42-48.

Heijerick, D.G.; Regoli, L.Carey, S. (2012a) The Toxicity of Hook, S.E.; Osborn, H.L. (2012) Comparison of Toxicity and

Molybdate to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. II. Transcriptomic Profiles in A Diatom Exposed to Oil,

Effects Assessment of Molybdate in the Aquatic Dispersants, Dispersed Oil. Aquatic Toxicology, 124,

Environment Under REACH. Science of the Total 139-151.

Environment, 435, 179-187. Horel, A.; Mortazavi, B.Sobecky, P.A. (2012a) Responses of

Heijerick, D.G.; Regoli, L.Stubblefield, W. (2012b) The Microbial Community from Northern Gulf of Mexico

Chronic Toxicity of Molybdate to Marine Organisms. Sandy Sediments Following Exposure to Deepwater

I. Generating Reliable Effects Data. Science of the Horizon Crude Oil. Environmental Toxicology and

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 Chemistry, 31, 1004-1011. Comparative Analysis Using Traditional and Novel

Horel, A.; Mortazavi, B.Sobecky, P.A. (2012b) Seasonal Approaches. Ecological Indicators, 12, 37-45.

Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Degraders in Alabama Incardona, J.P.; Vines, C.A.; Anulacion, B.F.; Baldwin, D.H.;

Marine Ecosystems Following the Deepwater Horizon Day, H.L.; French, B.L.; Labenia, J.S.; Linbo, T.L.;

Oil Spill. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223, 3145- Myers, M.S.; Olson, O.P.; Sloan, C.A.; Sol, S.;

3154. Griffin, F.J.; Menard, K.; Morgan, S.G.; West, J.E.;

Howe, P.L.; Reichelt-Brushett, A.J.Clark, M.W. (2012) Collier, T.K.; Ylitalo, G.M.; Cherr, G.N.Scholz, N.L.

Aiptasia pulchella: A Tropical Cnidarian (2012) Unexpectedly High Mortality in Pacific

Representative for Laboratory Ecotoxicological Herring Embryos Exposed to the 2007 Cosco Busan

Research. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. Proceedings of the

31, 2653-2662. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

Huang, Q.S.; Dong, S.J.; Fang, C.; Wu, X.L.; Ye, T.Lin, Y. America, 109, E51-E58.

(2012b) Deep Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Incardona, J.P.; Vines, C.A.; Linbo, T.L.; Myers, M.S.;

Profiling Analysis of Oryzias melastigma Exposed to Sloan, C.A.; Anulacion, B.F.; Boyd, D.; Collier, T.K.;

PFOS. Aquatic Toxicology, 120, 54-58. Morgan, S.; Cherr, G.N.Scholz, N.L. (2012) Potent

Huang, Q.S.; Fang, C.; Chen, Y.J.; Wu, X.L.; Ye, T.; Lin, Phototoxicity of Marine Bunker Oil to Translucent

Y.Dong, S.J. (2012a) Embryonic Exposure to Low Herring Embryos after Prolonged Weathering. Plos

Concentration of Bisphenol A Affects the One, 7.

Development of Oryzias melastigma Larvae. Jacobs, M.; Laufer, H.; Stuart, J.; Chen, M.Pan, X.J. (2012)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, Endocrine-Disrupting Alkylphenols Are Widespread

2506-2514. in the Blood of Lobsters from Southern New England

Huang, W.; Cao, L.; Ye, Z.J.; Lin, L.S.; Chen, Q.Z.Dou, S.Z. and Adjacent Offshore Areas. Journal of Shellfish

(2012) Tissue-specific bioaccumulation and oxidative Research, 31, 563-571.

stress responses in juvenile Japanese flounder Jensen, L.K.; Honkanen, J.O.; Jaeger, I.Carroll, J. (2012)

(Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to mercury. Chinese Bioaccumulation of phenanthrene and benzo a pyrene

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 30, 569-579. in Calanus finmarchicus. Ecotoxicology and

Husmann, G.; Abele, D.; Monien, D.; Monien, P.; Kriews, Environmental Safety, 78, 225-231.

M.Philipp, E.E.R. (2012) The Influence of Jiang, Z.B.; Huang, Y.J.; Chen, Q.Z.; Zeng, J.N.Xu, X.Q.

Sedimentation on Metal Accumulation and Cellular (2012) Acute Toxicity of Crude Oil Water

Oxidative Stress Markers in the Antarctic Bivalve Accommodated Fraction on Marine Copepods: The

Laternula elliptica. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Relative Importance of Acclimatization Temperature

Science, 111, 48-59. and Body Size. Marine Environmental Research, 81,

Hussin, W.; Cooper, K.M.; Frojan, C.; Defew, E.C.Paterson, 12-17.

D.M. (2012) Impacts of Physical Disturbance on the Johansson, P.; Eriksson, K.M.; Axelsson, L.Blanck, H.

Recovery of A Macrofaunal Community: A (2012) Effects of Seven Antifouling Compounds on

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 Photosynthesis and Inorganic Carbon Use in Sugar Kamel, N.; Jebali, J.; Banni, M.; Ben Khedher, S.; Chouba,

Kelp Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus). Archives of L.Boussett, H. (2012) Biochemical Responses and

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, Metals Levels in Ruditapes decussatus After Exposure

365-377. to Treated Municipal Effluents. Ecotoxicology and

Joksimovic, D.Stankovic, S. (2012) Accumulation of Trace Environmental Safety, 82, 40-46.

Metals in Marine Organisms of the Southeastern Kanerva, M.; Routti, H.; Tamuz, Y.; Nyman, M.Nikinmaa,

Adriatic Coast, Montenegro. Journal of the Serbian M. (2012) Antioxidative Defense and Oxidative Stress

Chemical Society, 77, 105-117. in Ringed Seals (Pusa hispida) from Differently

Jones, D.A.; Nithyanandan, M.Williams, I. (2012a) Sabah Polluted Areas. Aquatic Toxicology, 114, 67-72.

Al-Ahmad Sea City Kuwait: Development of A Karydis, M.; Kitsiou, D. (2012) Eutrophication and

Sustainable Man-Made Coastal Ecosystem in A Saline Environmental Policy in the Mediterranean Sea: A

Desert. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 15, Review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,

84-92. 184, 4931-4984.

Jones, R.; Johnson, R.; Noyes, T.Parsons, R. (2012b) Spatial Kawaguchi, M.; Sugahara, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Irie, K.; Ishida,

and Temporal Patterns of Coral Black Band Disease M.; Kurokawa, D.; Kitamura, S.I.; Takata, H.;

in Relation to A Major Sewage Outfall. Marine Handoh, I.C.; Nakayama, K.Murakami, Y. (2012)

Ecology Progress Series, 462, 79-+. Nervous System Disruption and Concomitant

Josefsson, S.; Schaanning, M.; Samuelsson, G.S.; Behavioral Abnormality in Early Hatched Pufferfish

Gunnarsson, J.S.; Olofsson, I.; Eek, E.Wiberg, K. Larvae Exposed to Heavy Oil. Environmental Science

(2012) Capping Efficiency of Various Carbonaceous and Pollution Research, 19, 2488-2497.

and Mineral Materials for in Situ Remediation of Keller, A.A.; Garner, K.; Miller, R.J.Lenihan, H.S. (2012)

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and

Contaminated Marine Sediments: Sediment-to-Water Marine Organisms. Plos One, 7.

Fluxes and Bioaccumulation in Boxcosm Tests. Kelly, L.W.; Barott, K.L.; Dinsdale, E.; Friedlander, A.M.;

Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 3343-3351. Nosrat, B.; Obura, D.; Sala, E.; Sandin, S.A.; Smith,

Joydas, T.V.; Qurban, M.A.; Al-Suwailem, A.; J.E.; Vermeij, M.J.A.; Williams, G.J.; Willner,

Krishnakumar, P.K.; Nazeer, Z.Cali, N.A. (2012) D.Rohwer, F. (2012) Black Reefs: Iron-Induced Phase

Macrobenthic Community Structure in the Northern Shifts on Coral Reefs. Isme Journal, 6, 638-649.

Saudi Waters of the Gulf, 14 Years After the 1991 Oil Kerambrun, E.; Le Floch, S.; Sanchez, W.; Guyon, H.T.;

Spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 325-335. Meziane, T.; Henry, F.Amara, R. (2012) Responses of

Jung, S.W.; Kwon, O.Y.; Joo, C.K.; Kang, J.H.; Kim, M.; Juvenile Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, Exposed to

Shim, W.J.Kim, Y.O. (2012) Stronger Impact of Acute Concentrations of Crude Oil, as Assessed by

Dispersant Plus Crude Oil on Natural Plankton Molecular and Physiological Biomarkers.

Assemblages in Short-Term Marine Mesocosms. Chemosphere, 87, 692-702.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 217, 338-349. Kerkeni, A. (2012) Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Some

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Biomarkers in Salaria Basilisca (Pisces: Blennidae): 1339-1347.

Implication for Biomonitoring in Tunisian Coasts. Kodama, K.; Rahman, M.S.; Horiguchi, T.Thomas, P. (2012)

Ecological Indicators, 14, 222-228. Assessment of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha

Khan, M.F.; Wesley, S.G. (2012a) Biomonitoring Fallout Cs- Mrna Expression in Mantis Shrimp as a Biomarker of

137 in Resident and Migratory Fishes Collected Along Environmental Hypoxia Exposure. Biology Letters, 8,

the Southern Coast of India and Assessment of Dose. 278-281.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, Kolyuchkina, G.A.; Belyaev, N.A.; Spiridonov,

2993-3011. V.A.Simakova, U.V. (2012) Long-term Effects of

Khan, M.F.; Wesley, S.G. (2012b) Radionuclide Monitoring Kerch Strait Residual Oil-Spill: Hydrocarbon

in Molluscs Inhabiting Intertidal Region Near a Concentration in Bottom Sediments and Biomarkers

Nuclear Installation, Gulf of Mannar, India. Marine in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819). Turkish

Pollution Bulletin, 64, 436-444. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 461-

Kibria, G.; Lau, T.C.Wu, R. (2012) Innovative 'Artificial 469.

Mussels' Technology for Assessing Spatial and Kreitsberg, R.; Tuvikene, A.; Barsiene, J.; Fricke, N.F.;

Temporal Distribution of Metals in Goulburn-Murray Rybakovas, A.; Andreikenaite, L.; Rumvolt,

Catchments Waterways, Victoria, Australia: Effects of K.Vilbaste, S. (2012) Biomarkers of Environmental

Climate Variability (Dry Vs. Wet Years). Contaminants in the Coastal Waters of Estonia (Baltic

Environment International, 50, 38-46. Sea): Effects on Eelpouts (Zoarces viviparus). Journal

Kim, E.; Kim, H.; Shin, K.H.; Kim, M.S.; Kundu, S.R.; Lee, of Environmental Monitoring, 14, 2298-2308.

B.G.Han, S. (2012) Biomagnification of Mercury Kumar, B.; Sajwan, K.S.Mukherjee, D.P. (2012) Distribution

Through the Benthic Food Webs of a Temperate of Heavy Metals in Valuable Coastal Fishes from

Estuary: Masan Bay, Korea. Environmental North East Coast of India. Turkish Journal of

Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 1254-1263. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 77-84.

Klosterhaus, S.L.; Stapleton, H.M.; La Guardia, M.J.Greig, Lagring, R.; Degraer, S.; de Montpellier, G.; Jacques, T.; Van

D.J. (2012) Brominated and Chlorinated Flame Roy, W.Schallier, R. (2012) Twenty Years of Belgian

Retardants in San Francisco Bay Sediments and North Sea Aerial Surveillance: A Quantitative

Wildlife. Environment International, 47, 56-65. Analysis of Results Confirms Effectiveness of

Knott, K.K.; Boyd, D.; Ylitalo, G.M.O'Hara, T.M. (2012) International Oil Pollution Legislation. Marine

Lactational Transfer of Mercury and Polychlorinated Pollution Bulletin, 64, 644-652.

Biphenyls in Polar Bears. Chemosphere, 88, 395-402. Lailson-Brito, J.; Dorneles, P.R.; Azevedo-Silva, C.E.; Bisi,

Kodama, K.; Rahman, M.S.; Horiguchi, T.Thomas, P. (2012) T.L.; Vidal, L.G.; Legat, L.N.; Azevedo, A.F.; Torres,

Upregulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 J.P.M.Malm, O. (2012) Organochlorine Compound

Alpha and HIF-2 Alpha Mrna Levels in Dragonet Accumulation in Delphinids from Rio de Janeiro

Callionymus valenciennei exposed to Environmental State, Southeastern Brazilian Coast. Science of the

Hypoxia in Tokyo Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, Total Environment, 433, 123-131.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
Lalonde, B.A.; Ernst, W. (2012) Analysis of Benthic 1063.

Invertebrate Communities as a Function of Distance Leiger, R.; Aps, R.; Kotta, J.; Orviku, U.K.; Parnoja,

from Two Fish-Processing Plant Effluent Discharges M.Tonisson, H. (2012) Relationship Between

in New Brunswick, Canada. Archives of Shoreline Substrate Type and Sensitivity of Seafloor

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, Habitats at Risk to Oil Pollution. Ocean & Coastal

45-53. Management, 66, 12-18.

Lance, E.W.; Matz, A.C.; Reeves, M.K.Verbrugge, L.A. Leme, D.M.; Grummt, T.; de Oliveira, D.P.; Sehr, A.; Renz,

(2012) Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in S.; Reinel, S.; Ferraz, E.R.A.; de Marchi, M.R.R.;

Nelson Lagoon, Alaska, Sampling Three Different Machado, M.C.; Zocolo, G.J.Marin-Morales, M.A.

Matrices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2129-2134. (2012) Genotoxicity Assessment of Water Soluble

Land, L.E.; Kolker, A.S.Gambrell, R.P. (2012) Biotic and Fractions of Biodiesel and its Diesel Blends using the

Abiotic Controls on Sediment Aggregation and Salmonella Assay and the in Vitro Microflow (R) Kit

Consolidation: Implications for Geochemical Fluxes (Litron) assay. Chemosphere, 86, 512-520.

and Coastal Restoration. Marine Environmental Lilley, T.M.; Meierjohann, A.; Ruokolainen, L.; Peltonen, J.;

Research, 79, 100-110. Vesterinen, E.; Kronberg, L.Nikinmaa, M. (2012)

Langman, O.C.; Hale, J.A.; Cormack, C.D.; Risk, Reed Beds May Facilitate Transfer of Tributyltin from

M.J.Madon, S.P. (2012) Developing Multimetric Aquatic to Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Insect

Indices for Monitoring Ecological Restoration Vectors in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland.

Progress in Salt Marshes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 1781-

64, 820-835. 1787.

Langston, W.J.; O'Hara, S.; Pope, N.D.; Davey, M.; Lin, Q.X.; Mendelssohn, I.A. (2012) Impacts and Recovery

Shortridge, E.; Imamura, M.; Harino, H.; Kim, of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Vegetation

A.Vane, C.H. (2012) Bioaccumulation Surveillance in Structure and Function of Coastal Salt Marshes in the

Milford Haven Waterway. Environmental Monitoring Northern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Science &

and Assessment, 184, 289-311. Technology, 46, 3737-3743.

Law, R.J.; Bolam, T.; James, D.; Barry, J.; Deaville, R.; Lindgren, J.F.; Hassellov, I.M.Dahllof, I. (2012) Meiofaunal

Reid, R.J.; Penrose, R.Jepson, P.D. (2012) Butyltin and Bacterial Community Response to Diesel

Compounds in Liver of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena Additions in a Microcosm Study. Marine Pollution

phocoena) from the UK Prior to and Following the Bulletin, 64, 595-601.

Ban on the Use of Tributyltin in Antifouling Paints Lionetto, M.G.; Caricato, R.; Giordano, M.E.; Erroi,

(1992-2005&2009). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, E.Schettino, T. (2012) Carbonic Anhydrase as

2576-2580. Pollution Biomarker: An Ancient Enzyme with a New

Lee, R.F.; Koster, M.; Paffenhofer, G.A. (2012) Ingestion Use. International Journal of Environmental Research

and Defecation of Dispersed Oil Droplets by Pelagic and Public Health, 9, 3965-3977.

Tunicates. Journal of Plankton Research, 34, 1058- Liu, F.J.; Wang, D.Z.Wang, W.X. (2012) Cadmium-Induced

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 Changes in Trace Element Bioaccumulation and Kennedy, D.M.; Anastas, P.T.; Chu, S.Hunter, T.

Proteomics Perspective in Four Marine Bivalves. (2012) Science in Support of the Deepwater Horizon

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 1292- Response. Proceedings of the National Academy of

1300. Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 20212-

Liu, N.; Pan, L.Q.; Wang, J.; Yang, H.Z.Liu, D. (2012) 20221.

Application of the Biomarker Responses in Scallop Luis, L.G.Guilhermino, L. (2012) Short-Term Toxic Effects

(Chlamys farreri) to Assess Metals and PAHs of Naphthalene and Pyrene on the Common Prawn

Pollution in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Marine (Palaemon serratus) Assessed by a Multi-Parameter

Environmental Research, 80, 38-45. Laboratorial Approach: Mechanisms of Toxicity and

Liu, P.J.; Meng, P.J.; Liu, L.L.; Wang, J.T.Leu, M.Y. (2012) Impairment of Individual Fitness. Biomarkers, 17,

Impacts of Human Activities on Coral Reef 275-285.

Ecosystems of Southern Taiwan: A Long-Term Study. Maas, A.; Seibel, B.A.Walsh, P.J. (2012) Effects of Elevated

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 1129-1135. Ammonia Concentrations on Survival, Metabolic

Liu, Y.; Tam, N.F.Y.; Guan, Y.T.Gao, B.Y. (2012) Influence Rates, and Glutamine Synthetase Activity in the

of a Marine Diatom on the Embryonic Toxicity of 17 Antarctic Pteropod Mollusk Clione limacina

alpha-Ethynylestradiol to the Abalone Haliotis antarctica. Polar Biology, 35, 1123-1128.

diversicolor supertexta. Water Air and Soil Pollution, Madigan, D.J.; Baumann, Z.Fisher, N.S. (2012) Pacific

223, 4383-4395. Bluefin Tuna Transport Fukushima-Derived

Lopes, B.; Ferreira, A.M.Bebianno, M.J. (2012) Responses of Radionuclides from Japan to California. Proceedings

CYP450 Dependent System to Aliphatic and of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Body Burden in Transplanted States of America, 109, 9483-9486.

Mussels from South Coast of Portugal. Ecotoxicology, Magnusson, M.; Heimann, K.; Ridd, M.Negri, A.P. (2012)

21, 730-749. Chronic Herbicide Exposures Affect the Sensitivity

Lu, B.; Ke, C.H.Wang, W.X. (2012) Importance of and Community Structure of Tropical Benthic

Waterborne Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in the Microalgae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 65, 363-372.

Suspension-Feeding Amphioxus Branchiostoma Mahmoud, N.; Dellali, M.; Aissa, P.Mahmoudi, E. (2012)

belcheri. Aquatic Biology, 16, 137-147. Acute Toxicities of Cadmium and Permethrin on the

Lu, Z.M.; Deng, Y.; Van Nostrand, J.D.; He, Z.L.; Pre-Spawning and Post-Spawning Phases of Hexaplex

Voordeckers, J.; Zhou, A.F.; Lee, Y.J.; Mason, O.U.; trunculus from Bizerta Lagoon, Tunisia.

Dubinsky, E.A.; Chavarria, K.L.; Tom, L.M.; Fortney, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184,

J.L.; Lamendella, R.; Jansson, J.K.; D'Haeseleer, P.; 5851-5861.

Hazen, T.C.Zhou, J.Z. (2012) Microbial Gene Majer, A.P.; Vedolin, M.C.Turra, A. (2012) Plastic Pellets as

Functions Enriched in the Deepwater Horizon Deep- Oviposition Site and Means of Dispersal for the

Sea Oil Plume. Isme Journal, 6, 451-460. Ocean-Skater Insect Halobates. Marine Pollution

Lubchenco, J.; McNutt, M.K.; Dreyfus, G.; Murawski, S.A.; Bulletin, 64, 1143-1147.

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Manap, N.B.; Voulvoulis, N.Zulkifli, N.B. (2012) The Analysis in Near-Shore Gulf of Mexico Water by

Application of Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact- Direct-Injection Liquid Chromatography-Tandem

Response (DPSIR) in Malaysia's Dredging Industry. Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A,

Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 10, 1231, 46-51.

1031-1038. Matkin, C.O.; Durban, J.W.; Saulitis, E.L.; Andrews, R.D.;

Martinez, M.L.; Feagin, R.A.; Yeager, K.M.; Day, J.; Straley, J.M.; Matkin, D.R.Ellis, G.M. (2012)

Costanza, R.; Harris, J.A.; Hobbs, R.J.; Lopez- Contrasting Abundance and Residency Patterns of

Portillo, J.; Walker, I.J.; Higgs, E.; Moreno-Casasola, Two Sympatric Populations of Transient Killer

P.; Sheinbaum, J.Yanez-Arancibia, A. (2012) Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Northern Gulf of

Artificial Modifications of the Coast in Response to Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, 110, 143-155.

the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Quick Solutions Or Matozzo, V.; Devoti, A.C.Marin, M.G. (2012) Immunotoxic

Long-Term Liabilities? Frontiers in Ecology and the Effects of Triclosan in the Clam Ruditapes

Environment, 10, 44-49. philippinarum. Ecotoxicology, 21, 66-74.

Martins, C.D.L.; Arantes, N.; Faveri, C.; Batista, M.B.; Matozzo, V.; Rova, S.Marin, M.G. (2012) the Nonsteroidal

Oliveira, E.C.; Pagliosa, P.R.; Fonseca, A.L.; Nunes, Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Ibuprofen, Affects the

J.M.C.; Chow, F.; Pereira, S.B.Horta, P.A. (2012b) Immune Parameters in the Clam Ruditapes

The Impact of Coastal Urbanization on the Structure philippinarum. Marine Environmental Research, 79,

of Phytobenthic Communities in Southern Brazil. 116-121.

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 772-778. Matranga, V.; Corsi, I. (2012) Toxic Effects of Engineered

Martins, M.; Costa, P.M.; Raimundo, J.; Vale, C.; Ferreira, Nanoparticles in the Marine Environment: Model

A.M.Costa, M.H. (2012a) Impact of Remobilized Organisms and Molecular Approaches. Marine

Contaminants in Mytilus edulis During Dredging Environmental Research, 76, 32-40.

Operations in a Harbour Area: Bioaccumulation and McCall, B.D.; Pennings, S.C. (2012) Disturbance and

Biomarker Responses. Ecotoxicology and Recovery of Salt Marsh Arthropod Communities

Environmental Safety, 85, 96-103. following BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Plos One,

Maruya, K.A.; Vidal-Dorsch, D.E.; Bay, S.M.; Kwon, J.W.; 7.

Xia, K.Armbrust, K.L. (2012) Organic Contaminants McKinley, A.C.; Taylor, M.D.Johnston, E.L. (2012)

of Emerging Concern in Sediments and Flatfish Relationships Between Body Burdens of Trace Metals

Collected Near Outfalls Discharging Treated (As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Se, and Zn) and the Relative

Wastewater Effluent to the Southern California Bight. Body Size of Small Tooth Flounder (Pseudorhombus

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 2683- jenynsii). Science of the Total Environment, 423, 84-

2688. 94.

Mathew, J.; Schroeder, D.L.; Zintek, L.B.; Schupp, C.R.; Mendelssohn, I.A.; Andersen, G.L.; Baltz, D.M.; Caffey,

Kosempa, M.G.; Zachary, A.M.; Schupp, R.H.; Carman, K.R.; Fleeger, J.W.; Joye, S.B.; Lin,

G.C.Wesolowski, D.J. (2012) Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Q.X.; Maltby, E.; Overton, E.B.Rozas, L.P. (2012) Oil

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 Impacts on Coastal Wetlands: Implications for the Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,

Mississippi River Delta Ecosystem after the 109, 20280-20285.

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Bioscience, 62, 562- Miles, A.K.; Bowen, L.; Ballachey, B.; Bodkin, J.L.; Murray,

574. M.; Estes, J.L.; Keister, R.A.Stott, J.L. (2012)

Mhadhbi, L.; Beiras, R. (2012) Acute Toxicity of Seven Variations of Transcript Profiles Between Sea Otters

Selected Pesticides (Alachlor, Atrazine, Dieldrin, Enhydra lutris from Prince William Sound, Alaska,

Diuron, Pirimiphos-Methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon) and Clinically Normal Reference Otters. Marine

to the Marine Fish (Turbot, Psetta maxima). Water Air Ecology Progress Series, 451, 201-212.

and Soil Pollution, 223, 5917-5930. Milinkovitch, T.; Lucas, J.; Le Floch, S.; Thomas-Guyon,

Mhadhbi, L.; Fumega, J.Beiras, R. (2012) Toxicological H.Lefrancois, C. (2012) Effect of Dispersed Crude Oil

Effects of Three Polybromodiphenyl Ethers (BDE-47, Exposure upon the Aerobic Metabolic Scope in

BDE-99 and BDE-154) on Growth of Marine Algae Juvenile Golden Grey Mullet (Liza aurata). Marine

Isochrysis galbana. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223, Pollution Bulletin, 64, 865-871.

4007-4016. Miller, R.J.; Bennett, S.; Keller, A.A.; Pease, S.Lenihan, H.S.

Mhadhbi, L.; Fumega, J.; Boumaiza, M.Beiras, R. (2012) (2012) TiO2 Nanoparticles Are Phototoxic to Marine

Acute Toxicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Phytoplankton. Plos One, 7.

(PBDEs) for Turbot (Psetta maxima) Early Life Millward, G.E.; Kadam, S.Jha, A.N. (2012) Tissue-specific

Stages (ELS). Environmental Science and Pollution Assimilation, Depuration and Toxicity of Nickel in

Research, 19, 708-717. Mytilus edulis. Environmental Pollution, 162, 406-

Mhadhbi, L.; Rial, D.; Perez, S.Beiras, R. (2012) Ecological 412.

Risk Assessment of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Mishra, D.R.; Cho, H.J.; Ghosh, S.; Fox, A.; Downs, C.;

and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) in Marine Merani, P.B.T.; Kirui, P.; Jackson, N.Mishra, S.

Environment Using Isochrysis galbana, Paracentrotus (2012) Post-spill State of the Marsh: Remote

lividus, Siriella armata and Psetta maxima. Journal of Estimation of the Ecological Impact of the Gulf of

Environmental Monitoring, 14, 1375-1382. Mexico Oil Spill on Louisiana Salt Marshes. Remote

Middlebrook, A.M.; Murphy, D.M.; Ahmadov, R.; Atlas, Sensing of Environment, 118, 176-185.

E.L.; Bahreini, R.; Blake, D.R.; Brioude, J.; de Gouw, Mitra, S.; Kimmel, D.G.; Snyder, J.; Scalise, K.;

J.A.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Frost, G.J.; Holloway, J.S.; McGlaughon, B.D.; Roman, M.R.; Jahn, G.L.;

Lack, D.A.; Langridge, J.M.; Lueb, R.A.; McKeen, Pierson, J.J.; Brandt, S.B.; Montoya, J.P.; Rosenbauer,

S.A.; Meagher, J.F.; Meinardi, S.; Neuman, J.A.; R.J.; Lorenson, T.D.; Wong, F.L.Campbell, P.L.

Nowak, J.B.; Parrish, D.D.; Peischl, J.; Perring, A.E.; (2012) Macondo-1 Well Oil-Derived Polycyclic

Pollack, I.B.; Roberts, J.M.; Ryerson, T.B.; Schwarz, Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mesozooplankton from the

J.P.; Spackman, J.R.; Warneke, C.Ravishankara, A.R. Northern Gulf of Mexico. Geophysical Research

(2012) Air Quality Implications of the Deepwater Letters, 39.

Horizon Oil Spill. Proceedings of the National Mochida, K.; Amano, H.; Ito, K.; Ito, M.; Onduka, T.;

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 Ichihashi, H.; Kakuno, A.; Harino, H.Fujii, K. (2012) Observed Deepwater Horizon Surface Oil in the

Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach to Primary Northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin,

Risk Analysis of the Metal Pyrithione 64, 679-687.

Photodegradation Product, 2,2 '-Dipyridyldisulfide in Muller, C.; Townsend, K.Matschullat, J. (2012) Experimental

the Inland Sea and Induction of Notochord Undulation Degradation of Polymer Shopping Bags (Standard and

in Fish Embryos. Aquatic Toxicology, 118, 152-163. Degradable Plastic, and Biodegradable) in the

Mocklin, J.A.; Rugh, D.J.; Moore, S.E.Angliss, R.P. (2012) Gastrointestinal Fluids of Sea Turtles. Science of the

Using Aerial Photography to Investigate Evidence of Total Environment, 416, 464-467.

Feeding by Bowhead Whales. Marine Mammal Munoz-Barbosa, A.; Gutierrez-Galindo, E.A.; Daessle, L.W.;

Science, 28, 602-619. Orozco-Borbon, M.V.Segovia-Zavala, J.A. (2012)

Montes, M.O.; Hanna, S.K.; Lenihan, H.S.Keller, A.A. Relationship Between Metal Enrichments and a

(2012) Uptake, Accumulation, and Biotransformation Biological Adverse Effects Index in Sediments from

of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by a Marine Todos Santos Bay, Northwest Coast of Baja

Suspension-Feeder. Journal of Hazardous Materials, California, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64,

225, 139-145. 405-409.

Moon, H.B.; An, Y.R.; Choi, S.G.; Choi, M.Choi, H.G. Na, C.K.Park, H.J. (2012) Distribution of Heavy Metals in

(2012) Accumulation of Pahs and Synthetic Musk Tidal Flat Sediments and Their Bioaccumulation in

Compound in Minke Whales (Balanoptera the Crab Macrophthalmus japonicas in the Coastal

acutorostrata) and Long-Beaked Common Dolphins Areas of Korea. Geosciences Journal, 16, 153-164.

(Delphinus capensis) from Korean Coastal Waters. Nakata, H.; Shinohara, R.I.; Nakazawa, Y.; Isobe, T.;

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 477- Sudaryanto, A.; Subramanian, A.; Tanabe, S.; Zakaria,

485. M.P.; Zheng, G.J.; Lam, P.K.S.; Kim, E.Y.; Min,

Morishige, C.; McElwee, K. (2012) At-Sea Detection of B.Y.; We, S.U.; Viet, P.H.; Tana, T.S.; Prudente, M.;

Derelict Fishing Gear in the North Pacific: An Frank, D.; Lauenstein, G.Kannan, K. (2012) Asia-

Overview. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 65, 1-6. Pacific Mussel Watch for Emerging Pollutants:

Mu, J.L.; Wang, X.H.; Jin, F.; Wang, J.Y.Hong, H.S. (2012) Distribution of Synthetic Musks and Benzotriazole

The Role of Cytochrome P4501A Activity Inhibition UV Stabilizers in Asian and US Coastal Waters.

in Three- to Five-Ringed Polycyclic Aromatic Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2211-2218.

Hydrocarbons Embryotoxicity of Marine Medaka Näslund, J.; Samuelsson, G.S.; Gunnarsson, J.S.;

(Oryzias melastigma). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, Nascimento, F.J.A.; Nilsson, H.C.; Cornelissen, G.;

1445-1451. Schaanning, M.T. (2012) Ecosystem Effects of

Muhling, B.A.; Roffer, M.A.; Lamkin, J.T.; Ingram, G.W.; Materials Proposed for Thin-layer Capping of

Upton, M.A.; Gawlikowski, G.; Muller-Karger, F.; Contaminated Sediments. Marine Ecology Progress

Habtes, S.Richards, W.J. (2012) Overlap Between Series, 449, 27–U46.

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Spawning Grounds and Natter, M.; Keevan, J.; Wang, Y.; Keimowitz, A.R.; Okeke,

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 B.C.; Son, A.Lee, M.K. (2012) Level and Degradation Ouellet, J.F.; Champoux, L.Robert, M. (2012) Metals, Trace

of Deepwater Horizon Spilled Oil in Coastal Marsh Elements, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Organochlorine

Sediments and Pore-Water. Environmental Science & Pesticides, and Brominated Flame Retardants in

Technology, 46, 5744-5755. Tissues of Barrow's Goldeneyes (Bucephala

Ndungu, K. (2012) Model Predictions of Copper Speciation islandica) Wintering in the St. Lawrence Marine

in Coastal Water Compared to Measurements by Ecosystem, Eastern Canada. Archives of

Analytical Voltammetry. Environmental Science & Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63,

Technology, 46, 7644-7652. 429-436.

Nelson, W.G.; Bergen, B.J. (2012) The New Bedford Harbor Owen, J.R.; Morris, C.A.; Nicolaus, B.; Harwood, J.L.Kille,

Superfund Site Long-Term Monitoring Program P. (2012) Induction of Expression of a 14-3-3 Gene in

(1993-2009). Environmental Monitoring and Response to Copper Exposure in the Marine Alga,

Assessment, 184, 7531-7550. Fucus vesiculosus. Ecotoxicology, 21, 124-138.

Nunez-Pons, L.; Rodriguez-Arias, M.; Gomez-Garreta, A.; Padovan, A.; Munksgaard, N.; Alvarez, B.; McGuinness, K.;

Ribera-Siguan, A.Avila, C. (2012) Feeding Parry, D.Gibb, K. (2012) Trace Metal Concentrations

Deterrency in Antarctic Marine Organisms: Bioassays in the Tropical Sponge Spheciospongia vagabunda at

With the Omnivore Amphipod Cheirimedon a Sewage Outfall: Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging

femoratus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 462, 163- Reveals the Micron-Scale Distribution of

174. Accumulated Metals. Hydrobiologia, 687, 275-288.

Oliveira, C.; Almeida, J.; Guilhermino, L.; Soares, Pan, J.F.; Buffet, P.E.; Poirier, L.; Amiard-Triquet, C.;

A.Gravato, C. (2012) Acute Effects of Deltamethrin Gilliland, D.; Joubert, Y.; Pilet, P.; Guibbolini, M.; de

on Swimming Velocity and Biomarkers of the Faverney, C.R.; Romeo, M.; Valsami-Jones,

Common Prawn Palaemon serratus. Aquatic E.Mouneyrac, C. (2012) Size Dependent

Toxicology, 124, 209-216. Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity of Gold

Onduka, T.; Kakuno, A.; Kono, K.; Ito, K.; Mochida, K.Fujii, Nanoparticles in An Endobenthic Invertebrate: The

K. (2012) Toxicity of Chlorothalonil to Marine Tellinid Clam Scrobicularia plana. Environmental

Organisms. Fisheries Science, 78, 1301-1308. Pollution, 168, 37-43.

Ortmann, A.C.; Anders, J.; Shelton, N.; Gong, L.M.; Moss, Pan, K.Wang, W.X. (2012) Reconstructing the Biokinetic

A.G.Condon, R.H. (2012) Dispersed Oil Disrupts Processes of Oysters to Counteract the Metal

Microbial Pathways in Pelagic Food Webs. Plos One, Challenges: Physiological Acclimation.

7. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 10765-

Osterman, L.E.; Smith, C.G. (2012) Over 100 Years of 10771.

Environmental Change Recorded by Foraminifers and Pan, G.; Tang, D.;Zhang, Y. (2012) Satellite Monitoring of

Sediments in Mobile Bay, Alabama, Gulf of Mexico, Phytoplankton in the East Mediterranean Sea after the

USA. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 115, 345- 2006 Lebanon Oil Spill. International Journal of

358. Remote Sensing. 33,7482-7490.

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Park, K.; Kim, R.; Park, J.J.; Shin, H.C.; Lee, J.S.; Cho, H.S.; Spills: Novel Science and Policy Implications of an

Lee, Y.G.; Kim, J.Kwak, I.S. (2012) Ecotoxicological Emerging New Oil Spill Model. Bioscience, 62, 461-

Evaluation of Tributyltin Toxicity to the Equilateral 469.

Venus Clam, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Pethybridge, H.; Butler, E.C.V.; Cossa, D.; Daley, R.Boudou,

Veneridae). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 32, 426- A. (2012) Trophic Structure and Biomagnification of

433. Mercury in An Assemblage of Deepwater

Pascual, M.; Borja, A.; Franco, J.; Burdon, D.; Atkins, Chondrichthyans from Southeastern Australia. Marine

J.P.Elliott, M. (2012) What Are the Costs and Benefits Ecology Progress Series, 451, 163-174.

of Biodiversity Recovery in a Highly Polluted Pham, P.H.; Jung, J.; Lumsden, J.S.; Dixon, B.Bols, N.C.

Estuary? Water Research, 46, 205-217. (2012) The Potential of Waste Items in Aquatic

Passow, U.; Ziervogel, K.; Asper, V.Diercks, A. (2012) Environments to Act as Fomites for Viral

Marine Snow Formation in the Aftermath of the Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus. Journal of Fish

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Diseases, 35, 73-77.

Environmental Research Letters, 7. Pinedo, S.; Jordana, E.; Salas, F.; Subida, M.D.; Adiego,

Pearson, W.H.; Deriso, R.B.; Elston, R.A.; Hook, S.E.; E.G.Torres, J. (2012) Testing MEDOCC and BOPA

Parker, K.R.Anderson, J.W. (2012) Hypotheses Indices in Shallow Soft-Bottom Communities in the

Concerning the Decline and Poor Recovery of Pacific Spanish Mediterranean Coastal Waters. Ecological

Herring in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Reviews in Indicators, 19, 98-105.

Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22, 95-135. Pitanga, M.E.; Montes, M.J.F.; Magalhaes, K.M.Reis, T.N.V.

Penha-Lopes, G.; Flindt, M.R.; Ommen, B.; Kristensen, E.; (2012) Quantification and Classification of the Main

Garret, P.Paula, J. (2012) Organic Carbon Dynamics Environmental Impacts on a Halodule wrightii

in a Constructed Mangrove Wastewater Wetland Seagrass Meadow on a Tropical Island in

Populated With Benthic Fauna: A Modelling Northeastern Brazil. Anais Da Academia Brasileira

Approach. Ecological Modelling, 232, 97-108. De Ciencias, 84, 35-42.

Perron, M.M.; Ho, K.T.; Cantwell, M.G.; Burgess, Polak-Juszczak, L. (2012) Bioaccumulation of mercury in the

R.M.Pelletier, M.C. (2012) Effects of Triclosan on trophic chain of flatfish from the Baltic Sea.

Marine Benthic and Epibenthic Organisms. Chemosphere, 89, 585-591.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 1861- Prazeres, M.D.; Martins, S.E.Bianchini, A. (2012)

1866. Assessment of Water Quality in Coastal Waters of

Peterson, C.H.; Anderson, S.S.; Cherr, G.N.; Ambrose, R.F.; Fernando De Noronha, Brazil: Biomarker Analyses in

Anghera, S.; Bay, S.; Blum, M.; Condon, R.; Dean, Amphistegina lessonii. Journal of Foraminiferal

T.A.; Graham, M.; Guzy, M.; Hampton, S.; Joye, S.; Research, 42, 56-65.

Lambrinos, J.; Mate, B.; Meffert, D.; Powers, S.P.; Price, A.R.G.; Donlan, M.C.; Sheppard, C.R.C.Munawar, M.

Somasundaran, P.; Spies, R.B.; Taylor, C.M.; (2012) Environmental Rejuvenation of the Gulf by

Tjeerdema, R.Adams, E.E. (2012) A Tale of Two Compensation and Restoration. Aquatic Ecosystem

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 Health & Management, 15, 7-13. Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.

Qian, G.D.; Shi, X.Y.; Li, K.Q.; Wang, X.L.; Liang, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of

S.K.Qiao, X.D. (2012) Estimation of Environmental the United States of America, 109, 20292-20297.

Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Jiaozhou Bay, Reinecke, A.J.; Mdzeke, N.P.Reinecke, S.A. (2012) Spatial

China. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 21, 48-53. and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of

Quiroz-Martinez, B.; Schmitt, F.G.Dauvin, J.C. (2012) Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South

Statistical Analysis of Polychaete Population Density: Africa. African Zoology, 47, 12-25.

Dynamics of Dominant Species and Scaling Reis, P.A.; Salgado, M.A.Vasconcelos, V. (2012) Goose

Properties in Relative Abundance Fluctuations. Barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes as Biomonitor of Metal

Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 19, 45-52. Contamination in the Northwest Coast of Portugal.

Radovic, J.R.; Rial, D.; Lyons, B.P.; Harman, C.; Vinas, L.; Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184,

Beiras, R.; Readman, J.W.; Thomas, K.V.Bayona, 6987-7000.

J.M. (2012) Post-Incident Monitoring to Evaluate Reyes, J.A.; Vidal-Dorsch, D.E.; Schlenk, D.; Bay, S.M.;

Environmental Damage from Shipping Incidents: Armstrong, J.L.; Gully, J.R.; Cash, C.; Baker, M.;

Chemical and Biological Assessments. Journal of Stebbins, T.D.; Hardiman, G.Kelley, K.M. (2012)

Environmental Management, 109, 136-153. Evaluation of Reproductive Endocrine Status in

Ramalhosa, M.J.; Paiga, P.; Morais, S.; Ramos, S.; Delerue- Hornyhead Turbot Sampled from Southern

Matos, C.Oliveira, M. (2012) Polycyclic Aromatic California's Urbanized Coastal Environments.

Hydrocarbon Levels in Three Pelagic Fish Species Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 2689-

from Atlantic Ocean: Inter-specific and Inter-Season 2700.

Comparisons and Assessment of Potential Public Rial, D.; Beiras, R. (2012) Prospective Ecological Risk

Health Risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, Assessment of Sediment Resuspension in An Estuary.

162-167. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 14, 2137-2144.

Ramdine, G.; Fichet, D.; Louis, M.Lemoine, S. (2012) Rochman, C. M.; Hoh, E. et al. (2012). Long-Term Field

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Measurement of Sorption of Organic Contaminants to

Sediment and Oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from Five Types of Plastic Pellets: Implications for Plastic

Mangrove of Guadeloupe: Levels, Bioavailability, and Marine Debris." Environmental Science & Technology

Effects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 79, 47, 1646-1654

80-89. Roberts, D.A. (2012) Causes and Ecological Effects of

Ramos, J.A.A.; Barletta, M.Costa, M.F. (2012) Ingestion of Resuspended Contaminated Sediments (RCS) in

Nylon Threads by Gerreidae While Using a Tropical Marine Environments. Environment International, 40,

Estuary as Foraging Grounds. Aquatic Biology, 17, 230-243.

29-34. Roberts, S.B.; Hauser, L.; Seeb, L.W.Seeb, J.E. (2012)

Redmond, M.C.; Valentine, D.L. (2012) Natural Gas and Development of Genomic Resources for Pacific

Temperature Structured a Microbial Community Herring through Targeted Transcriptome

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 Pyrosequencing. Plos One, 7. Bloch, D.Dam, M. (2012) Polybrominated Diphenyl

Rodriguez, A.; Rodriguez, B.; Carrasco, M.N. (2012) High Ethers (PBDEs) in Marine Mammals from Arctic and

Prevalence of Parental Delivery of Plastic Debris in North Atlantic Regions, 1986-2009. Environment

Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea). Marine International, 40, 102-109.

Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2219-2223. Rotander, A.; van Bavel, B.; Riget, F.; Auounsson, G.A.;

Rola, R.C.; Monteiro, M.D.; Reis, S.R.D.Sandrini, J.Z. Polder, A.; Gabrielsen, G.W.; Vikingsson, G.;

(2012) Molecular and Biochemical Biomarkers Mikkelsen, B.Dam, M. (2012) Methoxylated

Responses in the Mussel Mytilus edulis Collected Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (Meo-PBDEs) Are

from Southern Brazil Coast. Marine Pollution Major Contributors to the Persistent Organobromine

Bulletin, 64, 766-771. Load in Sub-Arctic and Arctic Marine Mammals,

Romero, R.; Guitian, J.Ruiz-Olmo, J. (2012) Changes in the 1986-2009. Science of the Total Environment, 416,

Diet of Coastal Otters After the Prestige Oil Spill 482-489.

(Galicia, north-west Spain). Journal of Zoology, 286, Rotkin-Ellman, M.Solomon, G. (2012) FDA Risk

22-29. Assessment of Seafood Contamination after the BP

Romero-Lopez, J.; Lopez-Rodas, V.Costas, E. (2012) Oil Spill: Rotkin-Ellman and Solomon Respond.

Estimating the Capability of Microalgae to Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, A55-A56.

Physiological Acclimatization and Genetic Adaptation Rotkin-Ellman, M.; Wong, K.K.Solomon, G.M. (2012)

to Petroleum and Diesel Oil Contamination. Aquatic Seafood Contamination after the BP Gulf Oil Spill

Toxicology, 124, 227-237. and Risks to Vulnerable Populations: A Critique of

Rooker, J.R.; Simms, J.R.; Wells, R.J.D.; Holt, S.A.; Holt, the FDA Risk Assessment. Environmental Health

G.J.; Graves, J.E.Furey, N.B. (2012) Distribution and Perspectives, 120, 157-161.

Habitat Associations of Billfish and Swordfish Larvae Ruelas-Inzunza, J.; Soto-Jimenez, M.F.; Ruiz-Fernandez,

across Mesoscale Features in the Gulf of Mexico. Plos A.C.; Bojorquez-Leyva, H.; Perez-Bernal, H.Paez-

One, 7. Osuna, F. (2012) Po-210 Activity and Concentrations

Rorick, R.; Nedwed, T.; DeMarco, G.Cooper, C. (2012) of Selected Trace Elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn)

Comment on "A Tale of Two Spills: Novel Science in the Muscle Tissue of Tunas Thunnus albacares and

and Policy Implications of an Emerging New Oil Spill Katsuwonus pelamis from the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Model". Bioscience, 62, 1009-1010. Biological Trace Element Research, 149, 371-376.

Rosenfelder, N.; Lehnert, K.; Kaffarnik, S.; Torres, J.P.M.; Ruiz, P.; Orbea, A.; Rotchell, J.M.Cajaraville, M.P. (2012)

Vianna, M.Vetter, W. (2012) Thorough Analysis of Transcriptional Responses of Cancer-Related Genes in

Polyhalogenated Compounds in Ray Liver Samples Turbot Scophthalmus maximus and Mussels Mytilus

Off the Coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environmental edulis Exposed to Heavy Fuel Oil No. 6 and Styrene.

Science and Pollution Research, 19, 379-389. Ecotoxicology, 21, 820-831.

Rotander, A.; van Bavel, B.; Polder, A.; Riget, F.; Ruiz, P.; Ortiz-Zarragoitia, M.; Orbea, A.; Theron, M.; Le

Audunsson, G.A.; Gabrielsen, G.W.; Vikingsson, G.; Floch, S.Cajaraville, M.P. (2012) Responses of

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 Conventional and Molecular Biomarkers in Turbot Degrading Marine Pseudomonads Isolated from

Scophthalmus maximus Exposed to Heavy Fuel Oil Indian Coastal Waters. Water Air and Soil Pollution,

No. 6 and Styrene. Aquatic Toxicology, 116, 116-128. 223, 99-106.

Ruoppolo, V.; Vanstreels, R.E.T.; Woehler, E.J.; Heredia, Sanchez-Lazo, C.Martinez-Pita, I. (2012) Induction of

S.A.R.; Adornes, A.C.; da Silva, R.P.; Matus, R.; settlement in larvae of the mussel Mytilus

Poleschi, C.; Griot, K.; Kolesnikovas, C.K.M.Serafini, galloprovincialis using neuroactive compounds.

P. (2012) Survival and Movements of Magellanic Aquaculture, 344, 210-215.

Penguins Rehabilitated from Oil Fouling Along the Santos, L.C.M.; Cunha-Lignon, M.; Schaeffer-Novelli,

Coast of South America, 2000-2010. Marine Pollution Y.Cintron-Molero, G. (2012) Long-Term Effects of

Bulletin, 64, 1309-1317. Oil Pollution in Mangrove Forests (Baixada Santista,

Ryan, S.; McLoughlin, P.O'Donovan, O. (2012) A Southeast Brazil) Detected Using a Gis-Based

Comprehensive Study of Metal Distribution in Three Multitemporal Analysis of Aerial Photographs.

Main Classes of Seaweed. Environmental Pollution, Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60, 159-170.

167, 171-177. Sary, A.A.Mohammadi, M. (2012) Lead Bioaccumulation

Ryzhik, I.V. (2012) The Metabolic Activity of Cells of Fucus and Toxicity in Tissues of Economically Fish Species

vesiculosus Linnaeus, 1753 (Phaeophyta: Fucales) from River and Marine Water. Bulletin of

from the Barents Sea Under Conditions of Oil Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89,

Pollution. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 38, 96- 82-85.

99. Seixas, T.G.; Moreira, I.; Malm, O.Kehrig, H.A. (2012)

Saéz, C.A.; Perez-Matus, A.; Lobos, M.G.; Oliva, D.; Bioaccumulation of Mercury and Selenium in

Vasquez, J.A.; Bravo, M. (2012) Environmental Trichiurus lepturus. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical

Assessment in a Shallow Subtidal Rocky Habitat: Society, 23, 1280-+.

Approach Coupling Chemical and Ecological Tools. Selman, W.; Hess, T.J.; Salyers, B.Salyers, C. (2012) Short-

Chemistry and Ecology, 28, 1–15. Term Response of Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus

Salomidi, M.; Katsanevakis, S.; Borja, A.; Braeckman, U.; occidentalis) to Oil Spill Rehabilitation and

Damalas, D.; Galparsoro, I.; Mifsud, R.; Mirto, S.; Translocation. Southeastern Naturalist, 11, G1-G16.

Pascual, M.; Pipitone, C.; Rabaut, M.; Todorova, V.; Shaw, S.D.; Berger, M.L.; Weijs, L.Covaci, A. (2012)

Vassilopoulou, V.Fernandez, T.V. (2012) Assessment Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Polybrominated

of Goods and Services, Vulnerability, and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Including Deca-BDE and

Conservation Status of European Seabed Biotopes: A Hexabromocyclododecanes (Hbcds) in Harbor Seals

Stepping Stone Towards Ecosystem-Based Marine from the Northwest Atlantic. Environment

Spatial Management. Mediterranean Marine Science, International, 44, 1-6.

13, 49-88. Silliman, B.R.; van de Koppel, J.; McCoy, M.W.; Diller, J.;

Sampath, R.; Venkatakrishnan, H.; Ravichandran, Kasozi, G.N.; Earl, K.; Adams, P.N.Zimmerman, A.R.

V.Chaudhury, R.R. (2012) Biochemistry of TBT- (2012) Degradation and Resilience in Louisiana Salt

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 Marshes After the BP-Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Stange, D.; Sieratowicz, A.Oehlmann, J. (2012) Imposex

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Development in Nucella lapillus - Evidence for the

the United States of America, 109, 11234-11239. Involvement of Retinoid X Receptor and Androgen

Silva, C.; Mattioli, M.; Fabbri, E.; Yanez, E.; DelValls, Signalling Pathways in Vivo. Aquatic Toxicology,

T.A.Martin-Diaz, M.L. (2012) Benthic Community 106, 20-24.

Structure and Biomarker Responses of the Clam Stern, G.A.; Macdonald, R.W.; Outridge, P.M.; Wilson, S.;

Scrobicularia plana in a Shallow Tidal Creek Chetelat, J.; Cole, A.; Hintelmann, H.; Loseto, L.L.;

Affected by Fish Farm Effluents (Rio San Pedro, SW Steffen, A.; Wang, F.Y.Zdanowicz, C. (2012) How

Spain). Environment International, 47, 86-98. Does Climate Change Influence Arctic Mercury?

Simpson, S.L.; Ward, D.; Strom, D.Jolley, D.F. (2012a) Science of the Total Environment, 414, 22-42.

Oxidation of Acid-Volatile Sulfide in Surface Stevens, T.; Boden, A.; Arthur, J.M.; Schlacher, T.A.; Rissik,

Sediments Increases the Release and Toxicity of D.Atkinson, S. (2012) Initial Effects of a Moderate-

Copper to the Benthic Amphipod Melita plumulosa. Sized Oil Spill on Benthic Assemblage Structure of a

Chemosphere, 88, 953-961. Subtropical Rocky Shore. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf

Simpson, S.L.; Yverneau, H.; Cremazy, A.; Jarolimek, C.V.; Science, 109, 107-115.

Price, H.L.Jolley, D.F. (2012b) DGT-Induced Copper Strain, E.M.A.; Allcock, A.L.; Goodwin, C.E.; Maggs, C.A.;

Flux Predicts Bioaccumulation and Toxicity to Picton, B.E.Roberts, D. (2012) The Long-Term

Bivalves in Sediments with Varying Properties. Impacts of Fisheries on Epifaunal Assemblage

Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 9038-9046. Function and Structure, in a Special Area of

Sinaei, M.; Araghi, P.E.; Mashinchian, A.; Fatemi, M.Riazi, Conservation. Journal of Sea Research, 67, 58-68.

G. (2012) Application of Biomarkers in Mudskipper Su, G.Y.; Xia, J.; Liu, H.L.; Lam, M.H.W.; Yu, H.X.; Giesy,

(Boleophthalmus dussumieri) to Assess Polycyclic J.P.Zhang, X.W. (2012) Dioxin-like Potency of HO-

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution in Coastal and MeO- Analogues of PBDEs' the Potential Risk

Areas of the Persian Gulf. Ecotoxicology and through Consumption of Fish from Eastern China.

Environmental Safety, 84, 311-318. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 10781-

Slattery, M.; Ankisetty, S.; Corrales, J.; Marsh-Hunkin, K.E.; 10788.

Gochfeld, D.J.; Willett, K.L.Rimoldi, J.M. (2012) Sumaila, U.R.; Cisneros-Montemayor, A.M.; Dyck, A.;

Marine Proteomics: A Critical Assessment of an Huang, L.; Cheung, W.; Jacquet, J.; Kleisner, K.;

Emerging Technology. Journal of Natural Products, Lam, V.; McCrea-Strub, A.; Swartz, W.; Watson, R.;

75, 1833-1877. Zeller, D.Pauly, D. (2012) Impact of the Deepwater

Smith, C.B.; Johnson, C.N.King, G.M. (2012) Assessment of Horizon Well Blowout on the Economics of US Gulf

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation by Potentially Fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic

Pathogenic Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Sciences, 69, 499-510.

Isolates from Coastal Louisiana, USA. Marine Sun, J.S.; Wang, M.H.Ho, Y.S. (2012) A Historical Review

Pollution Bulletin, 64, 138-143. and Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Estuary

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 Pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 13-21. Investigating Marine Pollution Using Mediterranean

Syakti, A.D.; Asia, L.; Kanzari, F.; Umasangadji, H.; Rainbow Wrasse, Coris julis (Linneaus 1798).

Malleret, L.; Ternois, Y.; Mille, G.Doumenq, P. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 86, 168-

(2012) Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides 175.

(OCs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Tong, Y.D.; Zhang, W.; Hu, X.D.; Ou, L.B.; Hu, D.; Yang,

Marine Sediments Directly Exposed to Wastewater T.J.; Wei, W.Wang, X.J. (2012) Model Description of

from Cortiou, Marseille. Environmental Science and Trophodynamic Behavior of Methylmercury in a

Pollution Research, 19, 1524-1535. Marine Aquatic System. Environmental Pollution,

Tanabe, S.; Ramu, K. (2012) Monitoring Temporal and 166, 89-97.

Spatial Trends of Legacy and Emerging Contaminants Tornambe, A.; Manfra, L.; Mariani, L.; Faraponova, O.;

in Marine Environment: Results from the Onorati, F.; Savorelli, F.; Cicero, A.M.; Lamberti,

Environmental Specimen Bank (es-BANK) of Ehime C.V.Magaletti, E. (2012) Toxicity Evaluation of

University, Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, Diethylene Glycol and Its Combined Effects With

1459-1474. Produced Waters of Off-Shore Gas Platforms in the

Tate, P.T.; Shin, W.S.; Pardue, J.H.Jackson, W.A. (2012) Adriatic Sea (Italy): Bioassays With Marine/Estuarine

Bioremediation of an Experimental Oil Spill in a Species. Marine Environmental Research, 77, 141-

Coastal Louisiana Salt Marsh. Water Air and Soil 149.

Pollution, 223, 1115-1123. Trumble, S.J.; Robinson, E.M.; Noren, S.R.; Usenko, S.;

Taylor, V.F.; Jackson, B.P.; Siegfried, M.R.; Navratilova, J.; Davis, J.Kanatous, S.B. (2012) Assessment of Legacy

Francesconi, K.A.; Kirshtein, J.Voytek, M. (2012) and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in

Arsenic Speciation in Food Chains from mid-Atlantic Weddell Seal Tissue (Leptonychotes weddellii) near

Hydrothermal Vents. Environmental Chemistry, 9, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Science of the Total

130-138. Environment, 439, 275-283.

Tedetti, M.; Longhitano, R.; Garcia, N.; Guigue, C.; Ferretto, Turner, R.E.; Rabalais, N.N.Justic, D. (2012) Predicting

N.Goutx, M. (2012) Fluorescence Properties of Summer Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico:

Dissolved Organic Matter in Coastal Mediterranean Redux. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 319-324.

Waters Influenced by a Municipal Sewage Effluent Ugolini, A.; Perra, G.; Focardi, S.; Somigli, S.; Martellini,

(Bay of Marseilles, France). Environmental T.Cincinelli, A. (2012) Sandhopper Talitrus saltator

Chemistry, 9, 438-449. (Montagu) as a Bioindicator of Contamination by

Thomaidis, N.S.; Asimakopoulos, A.G.Bletsou, A.A. (2012) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Bulletin of

Emerging Contaminants: A Tutorial Mini-Review. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89,

Global Nest Journal, 14, 72-79. 1272-1276.

Tomasello, B.; Copat, C.; Pulvirenti, V.; Ferrito, V.; Ferrante, Urakawa, H.; Garcia, J.C.; Barreto, P.D.; Molina,

M.; Renis, M.; Sciacca, S.Tigano, C. (2012) G.A.Barreto, J.C. (2012) A Sensitive Crude Oil

Biochemical and Bioaccumulation Approaches for Bioassay Indicates That Oil Spills Potentially Induce a

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 Change of Major Nitrifying Prokaryotes from the Verhaegen, Y.; Monteyne, E.; Neudecker, T.; Tulp, I.;

Archaea to the Bacteria. Environmental Pollution, Smagghe, G.; Cooreman, K.; Roose, P.Parmentier, K.

164, 42-45. (2012) Organotins in North Sea Brown Shrimp

Valentine, D.L.; Mezic, I.; Macesic, S.; Crnjaric-Zic, N.; (Crangon crangon L.) after Implementation of the

Ivic, S.; Hogan, P.J.; Fonoberov, V.A.Loire, S. (2012) TBT Ban. Chemosphere, 86, 979-984.

Dynamic Autoinoculation and the Microbial Ecology Vestheim, H.; Langford, K.Hylland, K. (2012) Lack of

of a Deep Water Hydrocarbon Irruption. Proceedings Response in a Marine Pelagic Community to Short-

of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Term Oil and Contaminant Exposure. Journal of

States of America, 109, 20286-20291. Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 416, 110-

van Bussel, C.G.J.; Schroeder, J.P.; Wuertz, S.Schulz, C. 114.

(2012) The Chronic Effect of Nitrate on Production Vieira, L.R.; Guilhermino, L. (2012) Multiple Stress Effects

Performance and Health Status of Juvenile Turbot on Marine Planktonic Organisms: Influence of

(Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 326, 163-167. Temperature on the Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic

van Dam, J.W.; Negri, A.P.; Mueller, J.F.Uthicke, S. (2012) Hydrocarbons to Tetraselmis chuii. Journal of Sea

Symbiont-specific Responses in Foraminifera to the Research, 72, 94-98.

Herbicide Diuron. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 65, 373- Vieweg, I.; Hop, H.; Brey, T.; Huber, S.; Ambrose, W.G.;

383. Locke, W.L.Gabrielsen, G.W. (2012) Persistent

van Deurs, M.; Grome, T.M.; Kaspersen, M.; Jensen, H.; Organic Pollutants in Four Bivalve Species from

Stenberg, C.; Sorensen, T.K.; Stottrup, J.; Warnar, Svalbard Waters. Environmental Pollution, 161, 134-

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Effects of An Offshore Wind Farm on Three Species Villaverde-de-Saa, E.; Quintana, J.B.; Rodil, R.; Ferrero-

of Sandeel and Their Sand Habitat. Marine Ecology Refojos, R.; Rubi, E.Cela, R. (2012) Determination of

Progress Series, 458, 169-180. Perfluorinated Compounds in Mollusks by Matrix

Van Scoy, A.R.; Anderson, B.S.; Philips, B.M.; Voorhees, J.; Solid-Phase Dispersion and Liquid Chromatography-

McCann, M.; De Haro, H.; Martin, M.J.; McCall, J.; Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and

Todd, C.R.; Crane, D.; Sowby, M.L.Tjeerdema, R.S. Bioanalytical Chemistry, 402, 509-518.

(2012) NMR-based Characterization of the Acute Vinas, L.; Franco, A.; Blanco, X.; Bargiela, J.; Soriano, J.A.;

Metabolic Effects of Weathered Crude and Dispersed Perez-Fernandez, B.Gonzalez, J.J. (2012) Temporal

Oil in Spawning Topsmelt and Their Embryos. and Spatial Changes of PAH Concentrations in

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 78, 99-109. Mytilus galloprovincialis from Ria de Vigo (NW

Varela, M.A.; Martinez-Lage, A.Gonzalez-Tizon, A.M. Spain). Environmental Science and Pollution

(2012) Genetic Heterogeneity in Natural Beds of the Research, 19, 529-539.

Razor Clam Ensis siliqua Revealed by Microsatellites. von Moos, N.; Burkhardt-Holm, P.Kohler, A. (2012) Uptake

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the and Effects of Microplastics on Cells and Tissue of

United Kingdom, 92, 171-177. the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an

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 Experimental Exposure. Environmental Science & Pharmacokinetic Models (PBPK) for Lifetime

Technology, 46, 11327-11335. Exposure and Bioaccumulation of Polybrominated

Wafo, E.; Risoul, V.; Schembri, T.; Lagadec, V.; Dhermain, Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Marine Mammals.

F.; Mama, C.Portugal, H. (2012) PCBs and DDTs in Environmental Pollution, 163, 134-141.

Stenella coeruleoalba Dolphins from the French White, H.K.; Hsing, P.Y.; Cho, W.; Shank, T.M.; Cordes,

Mediterranean Coastal Environment (2007-2009): E.E.; Quattrini, A.M.; Nelson, R.K.; Camilli, R.;

Current state of contamination. Marine Pollution Demopoulos, A.W.J.; German, C.R.; Brooks, J.M.;

Bulletin, 64, 2535-2541. Roberts, H.H.; Shedd, W.; Reddy, C.M.Fisher, C.R.

Wagener, A.D.R.; Meniconi, M.D.G.; Hamacher, C.; Farias, (2012a) Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on

C.O.; da Silva, G.C.; Gabardo, I.T.Scofield, A.D. a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico.

(2012) Hydrocarbons in Sediments of a Chronically Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of

Contaminated Bay: The Challenge of Source the United States of America, 109, 20303-20308.

Assignment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 284-294. White, H.K.; Hsing, P.Y.; Cho, W.; Shank, T.M.; Cordes,

Wang, Z.S.; Yan, C.Z.; Yan, Y.J.Chi, Q.Q. (2012) Integrated E.E.; Quattrini, A.M.; Nelson, R.K.; Camilli, R.;

Assessment of Biomarker Responses in Caged Demopoulos, A.W.J.; German, C.R.; Brooks, J.M.;

Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) Exposed to Complex Roberts, H.H.; Shedd, W.; Reddy, C.M.Fisher, C.R.

Contaminants from the Maluan Bay of China. (2012b) Reply to Boehm and Carragher: Multiple

Ecotoxicology, 21, 869-881. Lines of Evidence Link Deep-Water Coral Damage to

Wegner, A.; Besseling, E. et al. (2012). Effects of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Proceedings of the

nanopolystyrene on the feeding behavior of the blue National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). Environmental Toxicology America, 109, E2648-E2648.

and Chemistry 31; 2490-2497. Whitehead, A.; Dubansky, B.; Bodinier, C.; Garcia, T.I.;

Wegner, N.C.; Cartamil, D.P. (2012) Effects of Prolonged Miles, S.; Pilley, C.; Raghunathan, V.; Roach, J.L.;

Entanglement in Discarded Fishing Gear With Walker, N.; Walter, R.B.; Rice, C.D.Galvez, F. (2012)

Substantive Biofouling on the Health and Behavior of Genomic and Physiological Footprint of the

An Adult Shortfin Mako Shark, Isurus oxyrinchus. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Marsh

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 391-394. Fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Wei, C.L.; Rowe, G.T.; Escobar-Briones, E.; Nunnally, C.; Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 20298-

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Size of Deep-Sea Macrofauna: Predicting the Baseline Whitehead, A.; Dubansky, B.; Bodinier, C.; Garcia, T.I.;

of 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Northern Miles, S.; Pilley, C.; Raghunathan, V.; Roach, J.L.;

Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research Part I- Walker, N.; Walter, R.B.; Rice, C.D.Galvez, F. (2012)

Oceanographic Research Papers, 69, 82-99. Genomic and Physiological Footprint of the

Weijs, L.; Covaci, A.; Yang, R.S.H.; Das, K.Blust, R. (2012) Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes

Computational toxicology: Physiologically Based (vol 109, pg 20298, 2011). Proceedings of the

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 National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Wu, W.; Biber, P.D.; Peterson, M.S.Gong, C.F. (2012)

America, 109, 20774-20774. Modeling Photosynthesis of Spartina alterniflora

Whitehead, A.; Dubansky, B.; Bodinier, C.; Garcia, T.I.; (Smooth Cordgrass) Impacted by the Deepwater

Miles, S.; Pilley, C.; Raghunathan, V.; Roach, J.L.; Horizon Oil Spill using Bayesian Inference.

Walker, N.; Walter, R.B.; Rice, C.D.Galvez, F. (2012) Environmental Research Letters, 7.

Genomic and Physiological Footprint of the Wu, X.; Jia, Y.F.Zhu, H.J. (2012) Bioaccumulation of

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Marsh Cadmium Bound to Ferric Hydroxide and Particulate

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National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Environmental Pollution, 165, 133-139.

America, 109, 20775-20775. Xia, K.; Hagood, G.; Childers, C.; Atkins, J.; Rogers, B.;

Wilson, K.G.; Ralph, P.J. (2012) Laboratory Testing Protocol Ware, L.; Armbrust, K.; Jewell, J.; Diaz, D.; Gatian,

for the Impact of Dispersed Petrochemicals on N.Folmer, H. (2012) Polycyclic Aromatic

Seagrass. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2421-2427. Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mississippi Seafood from

Areas Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.

Won, E.J.; Hong, S.; Ra, K.; Kim, K.T.Shin, K.H. (2012) Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 5310-5318.

Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Polluted Xu, J.; Yin, K.D.; Lee, J.H.W.; Anderson, D.M.; Jiang, Y.L.;

Sediments Using Manila Clam Ruditapes Yuan, X.C.; Ho, A.Y.T.Harrison, P.J. (2012)

philippinarum: Bioaccumulation and Biomarker Resistance of Hong Kong Waters to Nutrient

Responses. Environmental Science and Pollution Enrichment: Assessment of the Role of Physical

Research, 19, 2570-2580. Processes in Reducing Eutrophication. Journal of

Won, E.J.; Rhee, J.S.; Ra, K.; Kim, K.T.; Au, D.W.T.; Shin, Oceanography, 68, 545-560.

K.H.Lee, J.S. (2012) Molecular Cloning and Yamahara, K.M.; Sassoubre, L.M.; Goodwin, K.D.Boehm,

Expression of Novel Metallothionein (MT) Gene in A.B. (2012) Occurrence and Persistence of Bacterial

the Polychaete Perinereis nuntia Exposed to Metals. Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Beach Sand

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, along the California Coast. Applied and

2606-2618. Environmental Microbiology, 78, 1733-1745.

Wooten, K.J.; Finch, B.E.Smith, P.N. (2012) Embryotoxicity Yap, C.K.; Noorhaidah, A.Tan, S.G. (2012) Digestive Cecum

of Corexit 9500 in Mallard Ducks (Anas and Tissue Redistribution in Gills of Telescopium

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Wu, J.P.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, X.J.; She, Y.Z.; Yu, L.H.; Chen, Contamination in Tropical Intertidal Areas. Water Air

S.J.Mai, B.X. (2012) A review of Polybrominated and Soil Pollution, 223, 2891-2905.

Diphenyl Ethers and Alternative Brominated Flame Ye, R.R.; Lei, E.N.Y.; Lam, M.H.W.; Chan, A.K.Y.; Bo, J.;

Retardants in Wildlife from China: Levels, Trends, van de Merwe, J.P.; Fong, A.C.C.; Yang, M.M.S.;

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Environmental Sciences-China, 24, 183-194. D.W.T. (2012) Gender-specific Modulation of

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Water Environment Research, Volume 85, Number 10—Copyright © 2013 Water Environment Federation
 Immune System Complement Gene Expression in flesus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 79,

Marine Medaka Oryzias melastigma Following 176-183.

Dietary Exposure of BDE-47. Environmental Science Zainal, K.; Al-Madany, I.; Al-Sayed, H.; Khamis, A.; Al

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Yi, A.X.; Leung, K.M.Y.; Lam, M.H.W.; Lee, J.S.Giesy, J.P. (2012) The Cumulative Impacts of Reclamation and

(2012) Review of Measured Concentrations of Dredging on the Marine Ecology and Land-Use in the

Triphenyltin Compounds in Marine Ecosystems and Kingdom of Bahrain. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64,

Meta-Analysis of Their Risks to Humans and the 1452-1458.

Environment. Chemosphere, 89, 1015-1025. Zalewska, T. (2012) Distribution of Cs-137 in Benthic Plants

Yim, U.H.; Kim, M.; Ha, S.Y.; Kim, S.Shim, W.J. (2012) Oil Along Depth Profiles in the Outer Puck Bay (Baltic

Spill Environmental Forensics: the Hebei Spirit Oil Sea). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear

Spill Case. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, Chemistry, 293, 679-688.

6431-6437. Zalewska, T. (2012) Seasonal changes of Cs-137 in Benthic

Ylitalo, G.M.; Krahn, M.M.; Dickhoff, W.W.; Stein, J.E.; Plants from the Southern Baltic Sea. Journal of

Walker, C.C.; Lassitter, C.L.; Garrett, E.S.; Desfosse, Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 292, 211-

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N.B.; Benner, R.A.; Koufopoulos, P.N.Dickey, R.W. Zapata, M.; Lang, M.; Riso, R.; Moraga, D.Riquelme, C.

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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Proceedings of the of Argopecten purpuratus in the North of Chile, and

National Academy of Sciences of the United States of the Potential Use of This Species as a Bioindicator of

America, 109, 20274-20279. Metallic Stress. Aquatic Living Resources, 25, 259-

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Contamination in SE Brazil Using Brown Mussels C.G. (2012) Tributyltin Exposure Results in

(Perna perna Linnaeus 1758). Marine Pollution Craniofacial Cartilage Defects in Rockfish

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Apportionment of Elevated PAH Concentrations in Zhang, K.; Wan, Y.; Jones, P.D.; Wiseman, S.; Giesy,

Sediments Near Deep Marine Outfalls in Esquimalt J.P.Hu, J.Y. (2012) Occurrences and Fates of

and Victoria, BC, Canada: Is Coal from An 1891 Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in

Shipwreck the Source? Organic Geochemistry, 46, Marine Sediments in Relation to Trophodynamics.

12-37. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 2148-2155.

Zacchino, V.; Minghetti, M.; Centoducati, G.Leaver, M.J. Zhang, R.J.; Zhang, G.; Zheng, Q.; Tang, J.H.; Chen, Y.J.;

(2012) Diablo/SMAC: A Novel Biomarker of Xu, W.H.; Zou, Y.D.Chen, X.X. (2012) Occurrence

Pollutant Exposure in European Flounder (Platichthys and Risks of Antibiotics in the Laizhou Bay, China:

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 Impacts of River Discharge. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 7174-7181.

Environmental Safety, 80, 208-215. Zhu, Y.; Kitamura, K.; Maruyama, A.; Higashihara,

Zhang, W.; Huang, L.M.Wang, W.X. (2012) T.Kiyama, R. (2012) Estrogenic Activity of Bio-

Biotransformation and Detoxification of Inorganic Degradation Products of C-Heavy Oil Revealed by

Arsenic in a Marine Juvenile Fish Terapon jarbua Gene-Expression Profiling Using An Oligo-DNA

after Waterborne and Dietborne Exposure. Journal of Microarray System. Environmental Pollution, 168,

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Zhang, Y.F.; Kitano, Y.; Nogata, Y.; Zhang, Y.Qian, P.Y. Ziervogel, K.; McKay, L.; Rhodes, B.; Osburn, C.L.;

(2012) The Mode of Action of Isocyanide in Three Dickson-Brown, J.; Arnosti, C.Teske, A. (2012)

Aquatic Organisms, Balanus amphitrite, Bugula Microbial Activities and Dissolved Organic Matter

neritina and Danio rerio. Plos One, 7. Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated Surface Seawater

Zhao, L.Q.; Yang, F.; Yan, X.W.; Huo, Z.M.Zhang, G.F. from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Site. Plos One,

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J.F.Shen, Z.Y. (2012) Role of Living Environments in (2012) Exposure to Tributyltin and Triphenyltin

the Accumulation Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Induces DNA Damage and Alters Nucleotide Excision

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Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 1163-1171. liver. Aquatic Toxicology, 122, 106-112.

Zheng, G.X.; Wang, Y.H.Qin, J.H. (2012) Microalgal

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Hexabromocyclododecanes, and Polybrominated

Diphenyl Ethers in Mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea.

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Table 1—Examples of chemical residues reported in marine organisms. See text for more data. Refer directly to paper
to confirm actual values, tissues, units, and confidence limits.

Chemical Organism Concentration, ug/g dw Location Reference (2012)

Arsenic Green algae 3-5.7 Ireland Ryan et al.

Brown algae 7.3-44 Ireland Ryan et al.
Red algae 12-26 Ireland Ryan et al.
Sea grass 2.5-7.96 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Sponges 2.06-18.1 N. Australia Padovau et al
Polychaetes 10.6-20.9b UK Dang et al.
7.40.8 Montenegro Joksimovic
16.9 Ocean Vent Taylor et al
Pelecypods 21-50.1b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
1.1-3.6a Spain de los Ríos et al.
9.9-11.6 Ocean Vent Taylor et al
2-8a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
Decapods 3.9-29.8 Ocean Vent Taylor et al
0.36-1.97 So. Korea Na and Park
Fish 5.3-6.6a Italy Coplat et al.
3.7-11.8a Italy Tomasello et al.
0.032a E.Pacic O Ruelas-Insunza et al
1.4-481a,b China Zhang, Huang, Wang et al.a
0.02-2.37 India Kumar et al
0.04-4.5 Australia McKinley et al.
Birds 0.72-2.06 E. Canada Ouellet et al
Cadmium Green algae 0.1-0.7 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae <0.25-4.2 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 0.15-8.3 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 0.6-1.2 Italy Copat et al.a
2.2-3.5 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Sponges 13.3-111 N. Australia Padovau et al
Polychaetes 0.2-0.26b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
0.6-16.3 So. Africa Reinecke et al
Pelecypods 0.12-0.2a Spain de los Ríos et al
0.5 Portugal Martins et al
0.02-0.27 UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
1.5-3.5 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
1-1.7 Argentina Duarte et al
1-1500b New Zealand Chandurvelan et al
0.3-1a,b China Wu, Jin and Zhu
Gastropods 1-3 Argentina Duarte et al
0-31.5 So. Africa Reinecke et al
Barnacles 0.7-2.2 Portugal Reis et al
0-70.7 So. Africa Reinecke et al
Decapods 0.15 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
0.09-0.35 So. Korea Na and Park
Amphioxus 0-1.7b China Lu et al
Fish 0.003-0.005a Italy Coplat et al
0.002-0.01a Italy Tomaseillo et al
0.006a E.Pacific O Ruelas-Inzunza et al.
0.05-0,08 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
0.05-4 Australia McKinley et al
0.01-1.1 India Kumar et al
Birds 0-76.4 E. Canada Ouellet et al
Calcium Fish 625-945a Italy Coplat et al
Cerium Pelecypods 62b California Montes et al
Cesium Red algae 49.1 Poland Zalewska a

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 Sea grass 14.5 Poland Zalewska a
Chromium Green algae 0.3-4.2 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 0.3-3.3 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 0.65-2.6 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 1.5-10 Italy Copat et al.a
Polychaetes 1.46-2.5b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Pelecypods 3.37-187b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
0.1-0.4a Spain de los Ríos et al
56.4 Portugal Martins et al
Barnacles 0.5-1.4 Portugal Reis et al
Decapods 0.2 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
0.51-4.11 So. Korea Na and Park
Fish 0.14-0.72a Italy Tomasello et al
0.3-1.13a Italy Copat et al.b
0.2-0.5 China Zhao et al
<0.18 Australia McKinley et al
Cobalt Green algae 0.4-0.6 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 0.25-3.1 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 0.05-1.1 I reland Ryan et al
Sea grass 0.3-2 Italy Copat et al.a
3.75-6.5 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Sponges 65-156 N. Australia Padovau et al
Pelecypods 1.1-9 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
0.1-0.4a UK Liu et al
Fish 0.012-0.02a Italy Copat et al.b
Copper Green algae 3.3-4.9 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 1-12 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 1.2-5.3 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 5-20 Italy Copat et al.a
Sponges 2.2-9.6 N. Australia Padovau et al
Polychaetes 45-662b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Pelecypods 86-141b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
1-150a UK Liu et al.
1.5-108b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
0.5-0.8a Italy de los Ríos
45.6 Portugal Martins et al
3-5 Argentina Duarte et al
Gastropods 10-18 Argentina Duarte et al
Barnacles 2.4-3.3 Portugal Reis et al
Decapods 20 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
39.5-88.6 So. Korea Na and Park
Fish 0.7-1.88a Italy Copat et al.b
0.46a E.Pacific O Ruelas-Inzunza et al
0.34-2.7 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
0.63-0.8 Australia McKinley et al
0.5-28.2 India Kumar et al
Iron Polychaetes 327-529b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Sponges 956-6,620 N. Australia Padovau et al
Pelecypods 618-1971b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
10-80a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
0.2-0.4 Argentina Duarte et al
Gastropods 2-2.3 Argentina Duarte et al
Fish 8-17.4a Italy Copat et al.b
4.6-8.5 Australia McKinley et al
10.4-249.7 India Kumar et al
Lead Green algae 1.4-4.1 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 0.1-7.6 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 0-4.6 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 2-7.5 Italy Copat et al.a
3.4-10.1 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Sponges 0.26-2.55 N. Australia Padovau et al
Polychaetes 1.19-368b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
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 Pelecypods 0.24-0.4a Spain de los Ríos et al
78.6 Portugal Martins et al
1.7-9.1 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
1.27-306b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Lead 1-5 Argentina Duarte et al
0.1-0.9a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
Gastropods 2-5 Argentina Duarte et al
Barnacles 134-578 Portugal Reis et al
Decapods 0.2 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
1.02-2.64 So. Korea Na and Park
Fish 0.005-0.01a Italy Copat et al.b
0.02-0.095a Italy Tomasello et al
1.27-306b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
17.8-47.2a Iran Sary and Mohammadi
0.01-0.04 Australia McKinley et al
0.2-0.3 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
Birds 0-1.22 E.. Canada Ouellet et al
Magnesium Fish 413-604a Italy Copat et al.b
Manganese Green algae 4-51.4 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 32-479 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 12-150 Ireland Ryan et al
Sponges 50.6-161 N. Australia Padovau et al
Barnacles 5-59 Portugal Rees et al
Fish 0.58-1.1a Italy Copat et al.b
0.65-2.4 Australia McKinley et al
0.5-12 India Kumar et al
Mercury Sea grass 0.1-025 Italy Copat et al.a
0.26-1.37 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Pelecypods 0.016-0.08 North Sea Polak-Juszczak
0.02-0.03a Spain de los Ríos et al
0.9 Portugal Martins et al
0.25-1.06 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
0.1-1.1a China Tong et al
Gastropods 0.0005a China Tong et al
Isopods 0.016-0.024 North Sea Polak-Juszczak
Decapods 0.00058-0.0007a China Tong et al
Fish 0.01-0.14a Italy Copat et al.b
0.017-0.45a Italy Thomasello et al
0.01-0.14 North Sea Polak-Juszczak
0.076a E.Pacific O Ruelas-Inzunza et al
0.44-0.87 Brazil Seixas et al
0.0004-0.0066a China Tong et al
0.3-4.5a Australia Pethybridge et al
0.1-0.37 Australia McKinley et al
0.05-1.6 India Kumar et al
Birds 1.36-4.44 E. Canada Ouellet et al
Polar Bear blood 0.036-0.05a Alaska Knott et al
Polar Bear milk 0.0057-0.072a Alaska Knott et al
Nickel Green algae 4-10 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 0.4-9.2 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 0.7-4 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 22.8-36.7 Montenegro Joksimovic and Stankovic
Sponges 575-1,670 N. Australia Padovau et al
Pelecypods 0.08-0.3 Spain de los Ríos et al
2.34 Portugal Martins et al
0.3-4a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
3.35-18.9 Montenegro Joksimovic
Gastropods 7.2=40.45 Malaysia Yap et al
Barnacles 1.37-2.1 Poretugal Reis et al
Decapods 0.5 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
1.03-2.8 So. Korea Na and Park
Fish 0.03-0.06a Italy Copat et al.b
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 0.25-0.54 Persian Gulf Ebrahimzadeh et al
0.3 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
0.03-0.08 Australia Mckinley et al
Selenium Sea grass 0.5-1.1 Italy Copat et al.a
Pelecypods 0.5-2.2a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
Fish 0.3-0.7a Italy Copat et al
0.005-3.12 Brazil Seixas et al.b
1.56-3.5 Australia McKinley
Birds 6.99-44 E. Canada Ouellet et al
Silver Polychaetes 0.0-2.36b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Pelecypods 0.46-3.97b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
0.05-0.8a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
Uramium Sea grass 1.5-7 Italy Coplat et al
Vanadium Sea grass 5-35 Italy Copat et al.a
Fish 0.07-0.34a Italy Copat et al.b
Zinc Green algae 5-50 Ireland Ryan et al
Brown algae 315-80 Ireland Ryan et al
Red algae 4-137 Ireland Ryan et al
Sea grass 12-18 Italy Copat et al.a
Sponges 121-683 N. Australia Padovau et al
Polychaetes 82-214b UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
Pelecypods 28-40b France Buffet et al
20-48a Spain de los Ríos et al
257 Portugal Martins et al
21.6-3148 UK Dang, Rainbow and Wang
10-1000a Hong Kong Liu, Wang and Wang
800b California Montes et al
60-230 Argentina Duarte et al
Gastropods 50-60 Argentina Duarte et al
Barnacles 728-1,854 Portugal Reis et al
Decapods 35 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
43.19-64.6 So. Korea Na and Park
Amphioxus 0-1.3b China Lu et al
Fish 9-27.6a Italy Copat et al.b
6.7.9a Italy Thomasello et al
5.39a E.Pacific O Ruelas-Inzunza et al
20-30 China Zhao, Feng, Quan et al
16.6-22.7 Australia McKinley
3-99 India Kumar et al
∑Chlorodane Pelecypods 0.008-0.016c Norway Vieweg et al
0.00009-0.00013a Cuba Alonso-Hernández et al
<0.000001-0.00005a Argentina Galvao et al
Bird eggs 0.000009-0.00015a India Bouwmau et al
Dieldren Pelecypods 0.0017-0.0019 Cuba Alonso-Hernánez et al
DDT Pelecypods 0.0035-0.0044 Cuba Alonso-Hernández et al
<0.000004-0.004a Argentina Galvao et al
0.1-8c Asia Nakata et al
Mammals 0.15-125c Brazil Lailson-Brito et al
2-79c Fr.Med.Sea Wafo et al
Bird eggs 0.0019-0.003a India Bouwmau et al
ƩHCBd Polychaetes 0.04a Norway Josefsson et al
Pelecypods 0-0.07c Norway Vieweg et al
0.003a Norway Josefsson et al
0.001-0.0017 Cuba Alonso-Hernández et al
<0.0000009a Argentina Galvao et al
Mammals 0—2.9c Brazil Lailson-Brito et al
Naphthalene Pelecypods 0.006-0.01a Alaska Lance et al
Nonylphenol Pelecypods 6-62c US Pacific O. Diehl et al
Fish 9-40c US Pacific O Diehl et al
Organotins Decapods 0.004-0.12 North Sea Verhaegen et al

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 ƩPCB Peleypods 0.007 Portugal Martins et al
1.64 Portugal Martins et al
0.0016-0.04a Spain Garcia et al
0.025-0.17c Norway Vieweg et al
0.1a British Col. Cullon et al
0.00024a Kuwait Helaleh et al
Pelecypods 0.9-1.1c Asia Nakata et al
Sponges 5.2-99c Fr.Med.Sea Wafo et al
Decapods 0.018a Kuwait Helaleh et al
0.15-0.7c Brtitish Col. Cullon et al
Cephalopods 0.00017-0.00025 Kuwait Helaleh et al
Fish 0.2-5.7c British Col. Cullon et al
0.0025c Kuwait Helaleh et al
Bird eggs 0.0022-0.0026a India Bouwmau et al
Mammals 1.6-8.7c British Col. Cullon et al
PAHse Plankton 0.0003-0.098 Gulf Mexico Mitra et al
Pelecypods 0-0.96 Guadeloupe Ramdine et al
0.033 - 0.070 Brazil mussel farm Yoshimine et al
0.09+/- 0.026 Brazil rocky shore Yoshimine et al
0.761 +/- 0.456 Br. Gunabara Bay Yoshimine et al
Cephalopods 0.0004-0.06 Italy Ugolini et al
Fish 0.001-0.02a Portugal Ramalhosa et al
Turtles 0.0001-0.029 Canary Is. Camacho et al
0.0001-0.04 Cape Verde I. Camacho et al
PBDEf Pelecypods 0.002-0.08c Asia Nakata et al
0.0003a China Zhang, Wan, Jones et al.
0.0001-0.02 China Zhu, Li, Wang et al
Decapods 0.0036-0.0065 Brazil Bisi et al
0.00015c China Zhang, Wan, Jones et al
Cephalopods 0.012-0.036 Brazil Bisi et al
Fish 0.47-3.9c California Klosterhaus et al
0.004-0.17 Brazil Bisi et al
0.00005a China Zhang, Wan, Jones et al
Bird eggs 3.4-5.5c California Klosterhaus et al
Mammals 0.68-6.9 Brazil Bisi et al
Perfluorated
compounds Mammals 0.08-8.7a SE USA Fair et al
Pyrethroids Mammals 0.00025-1.8c Brazil Alonso et al

a
= Wet weight
b
= Experimental study
c
=Lipid weight
d
=Hexachlorobbenzene
e
=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
f
=Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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