Applications of ODEs

-Singamsetty Sree Vallabha

ODEs play a pivotal role in situations where the They provide a mathematical framework to Ex: Circuits, Control Systems, Power Grids,
rate of change of a variable is essential for express how quantities evolve over time, Electromagnetic Fields and, Electrical
understanding system dynamics, allowing ODE to allowing engineers to create accurate Transient Events
serve as powerful mathematical tool, enabling models of complex systems.
engineers to capture and analyse the dynamic
behaviour of various systems.
Electrical Transient Events
• Electrical transients are momentary bursts of energy
induced upon power, data, or communication lines.
• extremely high voltages drive tremendous amounts of
current into an electrical circuit in a time intervals
spanning over 10−6 to 10−3 seconds.
• Electronics are particularly vulnerable to the voltage
surges. Surges ranging across a few hundred volts to
damage sensitive electronic equipment beyond repair.
1. Modelling Transient
Responses:
• ODEs are employed to model the transient
responses of electrical circuits.
• When a sudden change, occurs in a circuit, the
resulting behaviour can be described by ODEs.
• These equations capture the rate of change of
voltages and currents during the transient
period
• The equations provide insights into how the
system adjusts to the new conditions.
2. Circuit analysis during
Transients:
• ODEs are used in circuit analysis to study the impact
of transient events.
• EX: In an RC circuit with a sudden change in input
voltage, the transient response of the capacitor
voltage is described by a first-order linear ODE.
• The solution to this ODE reveals how the capacitor
voltage approaches its final value over time.
• In power systems, sudden

Swing Equation
disturbances such as faults or
switching operations can lead to
transient events.
• ODEs are used to model the
dynamic response of generators, ⅆ 2 𝜃𝑚
transformers, and other 𝐽 = 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 -𝑇𝑒
components
transients.
during these ⅆ𝑡
• The swing equation, is used to
describe the mechanical motion of
generators during transient
events.
3.A. Types of Power System Transients:
• Switching Transients:
• Occur during the opening or closing of switches, circuit breakers, or other electrical devices.
• Can result in high-frequency transients due to rapid changes in voltage and current.
• Fault-Induced Transients:
• Result from short circuits or other faults in the power system.
• Can lead to rapid changes in voltage and current levels, causing transient disturbances.
• Lightning Transients:
• Caused by lightning strikes on power lines, transformers, or other components.
• Result in high-voltage surges and rapid changes in current.
TRANSIENT EVENT INDUCERS:
1. Switching of Capacitor Banks:
1. Capacitor banks are often switched to compensate for reactive power.
2. Switching can cause voltage transients and affect the system stability.
2.Motor Starting Transients:
1. When large motors start, they draw significant current, leading to voltage fluctuations.
2. Starting transients can affect voltage levels and system stability.
3.Transformer Energization:
1. When transformers are energized, inrush currents can cause transient effects.
2. Transient phenomena are critical during transformer energization.
4. Control System Transient
Analysis:
• Control system transient analysis involves studying dynamic response of a control system
the system's behaviour during the transition from
one state to another, often after a change in the
input or operating conditions. d2 𝑦 𝑡 d𝑦 𝑡 2
+ 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 + 𝑤𝑛 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡
• Transient response provides insights into how a d𝑡 2 d𝑡
system responds to disturbances and how quickly it
reaches a new equilibrium. •y(t) is the system output.
• The time-domain behaviours of control systems, •x(t) is the system input.
including settling time and overshoot, are studied
using ODEs. •ζ is the damping ratio.
•𝜔𝑛 is the natural frequency
•y(t) is the output of the control system.
•x(t) is the input .
 4.A. Key Parameters Studied:
• Overshoot : The maximum percentage by which the • Rise Time : The time taken for the system response to rise from
system overshoots its final value. Overshoot indicates 10% to 90% of its final value. A shorter rise time indicates a faster
the system's ability to quickly respond but may lead to response.
oscillating
−𝜁𝜋 1⋅8
𝑡𝑟 =
0ൗ 𝑂𝑆 = e 1−𝜁 2 × 100% 𝜁𝑤𝑛
0

• Settling Time : The time required for the system • Peak Time : The time taken for the response to reach its first peak. It
response to reach and stay within a specified tolerance provides information about the system's oscillatory behaviour.
band around its final value. It indicates how quickly the 𝛱
system reaches stability 𝑡𝑝 =
𝑤ⅆ
4
𝑡𝑠 =
𝜁𝜔𝑛
SAMPLE QUESTION
5. Filter Design and Signal Transfer Function of a Filter
Processing:
1
𝐻 𝑠 =
• In signal processing, ODEs are used to model 𝑠 𝑠 2
transient responses in filters. 1 + 2𝜉 +
𝑤𝑛 𝜔𝑛
• The behaviour of a filter during the onset of a signal
or a sudden change in input is described by ODEs.
• This is essential for designing filters with desired
•ζ is the damping ratio.
transient characteristics. •𝜔𝑛 is the natural frequency.
5.A. Filter Design Equations and
Specifications
Time-Domain Response of a Filter:
• Different types of filters have specific design
equations to achieve desired characteristics. +𝜉𝑠
𝑦 𝑡 = 1 − e−𝜁𝑤𝑛𝑡 cos 𝜔𝛼 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝜔ⅆ 𝑡
• Filters are designed to satisfy parameters. 1− 𝜉2
These parameters guide the design process •t is time.
to meet the desired filter performance. •𝑤ⅆ is the damped natural frequency.
• Parameters: passband ripple, stopband
attenuation, and transition bandwidth.
• Ex: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic, etc
 REFERENCES
1. Elgerd, O. I. (1971). Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill.
2. Kundur, P. (1994). Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill.
3. Anderson, P. M., & Fouad, A. A. (2003). Power System Control and Stability. IEEE Press.
THANK YOU