LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR.

SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

2022-08-30 LECTURE 05 – STRUCTURED PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT – II

 contents
o repetition control structure
 the while iteration statement
 countered controlled iteration
 take a number and print all number up to that number
 top-down stepwise refinement
o take two numbers and print all numbers between them
 take marks of 5 students in a subject and print their average
 sentinel controlled iteration
 take marks of students in a subject till user enters 0 or a negative number
and displays their class average
o nested control statements
 selection in repetition
 count pass and fail status of students entered by the user [1=pass, 2=fail]
until the user enters 0, and display percentage of passed and failed
students at console
 repeat if user does not valid option [0=exit, 1=pass, 2=fail]
o concepts discussed in the lecture
o exercises
 repetition control structure
o recall that in repetition control structure a set of statements are executed over and over
again till a particular condition is true (1), when the condition becomes false (0) then the
program control skips the repetition block and move on next instruction in the program
o there are two types of repetition control structures
 counter controlled repetition
 number of repetitions of a set of statements which should be performed
are known
 repetition is dependent on a value of a variable usually called counter
which keeps counting how many repetitions have been performed
 sentinel controlled repetition
 number of repetitions of a set of statements which should be performed
are unknown
 repetition is dependent on a value of a variable usually called sentinel
value which checks on every repetitions whether to continue of
terminate repetitions
 usually the values are continuously entered by the user and when user
enters a sentinel value then repetition stops
o counter controlled repetition
 syntax of a counter controlled repetition is as follows
define a counter variable
initialize the counter variable
while ( write a condition on counter variable) {

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

set-of-statements which should be executed if the condition in

parentheses is true

increment in counter variable

}
 example (using while counter controlled repetition): a program that prompts
user to enter a number and displays numbers starting form 0 till that number at
console.
// L05-C01
1. int main (void) {
2. int a;
3. printf(“enter a number\t”);
4. scanf(“%d”, &a);
5. int counter = 0;
6. while ( counter <= a) {
7. printf(“%d\t”, counter);
8. counter = counter + 1;
9. }
10. }
 input: enter a number 5
 output: 0 1 2 3 4 5

 Line 5: define and initialize a counter variable named counter with value 0.
 Line 6: defines a condition on the counter variable which would be true (1) if the
value in counter variable would be less than or equal to the value in variable a
(value entered by the user in this program)
 Line 7: displays the value of counter at console as required
 Line 8: is an increment statement which increases the value of counter variable
by 1 on each repetition

o program refinement
 example (using while counter controlled repetition): a program that prompts
user to enter two numbers and displays all numbers between them at console.
 top-down stepwise refinement technique is used to develop this program as
follows
 a top task for this program is
 top task is a single statement that conveys overall program functionality
o print all numbers between two user inputted numbers
 top is usually a complete requirement of the program but it is rarely,
directly implementable in a programming language, hence we need
further refinements in the top to convert it into an algorithm
 refinement means to divide top into smaller tasks written in an order in
which these tasks should be executed
 first refinement could be as follows

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

o define variables
o ask user to enter number
o input two numbers
o print all members between two numbers
 here only sequential control structure is used above steps should be
executed in the above mentioned order
 note that each refinement is an algorithm itself, only level of details is
varied
 second refinement could be as follows
o define variables could be refined as
 define first-number, second-number and a counter
o ask user to enter two number could be refined as
 print “enter two number” at console
o input two numbers could be refined as
 take input of first-number
 take input of second-number
 set value of the counter variable equal to one more than
first-number
o print all number between two numbers could be refined as
 while the value of counter is less than second-number
 print value of the counter
 increment one number into the value of counter variable
o a complete second refinement would be
 define first-number, second-number and a counter
 print “enter two number” at console
 take input of first-number
 take input of second-number
 set value of the counter variable equal to one more than
first-number
 while the value of counter is less than the second-
number
 print value of the counter
 increment one number into the value of counter
variable
 in third refinement (if required), datatypes of the variables could be
defined
 a C language implementation of the above algorithm/pseudo-code could
be as follows
// L05-C02
1. int main (void) {
2. int a, b;
3. printf(“enter two numbers\t”);
4. scanf(“%d”, &a);
5. scanf(“%d”, &b);

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

6. int counter = a + 1;
7. while ( counter < b) {
8. printf(“%d\t”, counter);
9. counter = counter + 1;
10. }
11. }
 input: enter two numbers 5 9
 output: 6 7 8

 Line 6: define and initialize a counter variable named counter with value
one greater than the value in variable a (first value entered by the user)
 Line 7: defines a condition on the counter variable which would be true
(1) if the value in counter variable would be less than to the value in
variable a (second value entered by the user)
 Line 8: displays the value of counter at console as required
 Line 9: is an increment statement which increases the value of counter
variable by 1 on each repetition

 example (using while counter controlled repetition): a program that prompts

user to enter marks of 5 students in a subject, takes marks of 5 students and print
their average at console.
// L05-C03
1. int main (void) {
2. int a, sum=0;
3. float average;
4. int counter = 0;
5. while ( counter < 5) {
6. printf(“enter marks of a student:\t”);
7. scanf(“%d”, &a);
8. sum = sum + a;
9. counter = counter + 1;
10. }
11. average = (float) sum / counter;
12. printf(“average marks of the class are: \t%.2f”, average);
13. }
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 65
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 92
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 73
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 67
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 55
 output: average marks of the class are: 70.04

 Line 3: a float type variable named average is defined to average of the class
 Line 4: define and initialize a counter variable named counter with value 0

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

 Line 5: defines a condition on the counter variable which would be true (1) if the
value in counter variable would be less than to the value 5
 Line 7: displays the value of counter at console as required
 Line 8: sums the values entered by the user one by one in each repetition
 Line 9: is an increment statement which increases the value of counter variable
by 1 on each repetition
 Line 11: to avoid integer division and convert this division of two integer numbers
into a float explicit type casting of expression sum / counter is used with an
expression (float) in front it
 Line 12: average marks of the class are displayed using format specifier %.2f
which will display the value of floating point variable average till to decimal places
o sentinel controlled iteration
 syntax of a sentinel controlled repetition is as follows
define a sentinel variable
initialize the sentinel variable
while ( write a condition on sentinel variable) {
set-of-statements which should be executed if the condition in
parentheses is true

take input of a sentinel variable or set sentinel variable to specific value

using some condition
}
 example (using while sentinel controlled repetition): a program that prompts
user to enter marks of students in a subject till user enters a 0 or a negative
number, then display average of students marks at console.
// L05-C04
1. int main (void) {
2. int a, sum=0;
3. float average;
4. int counter = 0;
5. int sentinel = 1;
6. while ( sentinel != 0 ) {
7. printf(“enter marks of a student:\t”);
8. scanf(“%d”, &a);
9. if ( a > 0 ) {
10. sum = sum + a;
11. counter = counter + 1;
12. }
13. else {
14. sentinel = 0;
15. }
16. }
17. average = (float) sum / counter;
18. printf(“average marks of the class are: \t%.2f”, average);

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

19. }
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 65
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 92
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 73
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 67
 output/input: enter marks of a student: 0
 output: average marks of the class are: 74.25

 Line 3: a float type variable named average is defined to average of the class
 Line 4: define and initialize a counter variable named counter with value 0
 Line 5: define and initialize a sentinel variable named sentinel with value 1
 Line 6: defines a condition on the sentinel variable which would be true (1) if the
value in sentinel variable is not equal to 0
 Line 7&8: prompts user to enter student makers, takes input and store it in
variable a
 Line 9-15: (line 9) checks whether the value entered by the user a is greater than
0, if it is true then (line 10&11) add this value in sum and increase the value of
counter variable, otherwise in else block (line 12-15) set the value of sentinel
variable equal to zero (0) which will terminates this repetition structure before
next repetition
 Line 17: to avoid integer division and convert this division of two integer numbers
into a float explicit type casting of expression sum / counter is used with an
expression (float) in front it
 Line 18: average marks of the class are displayed using format specifier %.2f
which will display the value of floating point variable average till to decimal places
 nested control statements
o recall that a nested control structure means to embed one control structure into another
control structure
 for example see program L05-04 as discussed above where if-else control
structure is embedded into a while control structure
 example (using while nested control statements): a program that prompts user
to enter students status (1:pass and 2:fail) in a subject till user enters a 0 or a
negative number, then display the percentage passed and failed students in the
subject at console.
// L05-C05
1. int main (void) {
2. int a;
3. float average;
4. int counter = 0, pass=0, fail=0;
5. int sentinel = 1;
6.
7. while ( sentinel != 0 ) {
8. printf(“enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit):\t”);
9. scanf(“%d”, &a);

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

10. if ( a == 1 ) {
11. pass = pass + 1;
12. counter = counter + 1;
13. }
14. else if ( a == 2 ) {
15. fail = fail + 1;
16. counter = counter + 1;
17. }
18. else {
19. sentinel = 0;
20. }
21. }
22.
23. if (counter > 0) {
24. average = (float) pass / counter;
25. printf(“percentage of passed students is: \t%.2f”, average);
26. average = (float) fail / counter;
27. printf(“percentage of failed students is: \t%.2f”, average);
28. }
29. else {
30. printf(“no data is entered”);
31. }
32. }
 output/input: enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit): 1
 output/input: enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit): 1
 output/input: enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit): 2
 output/input: enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit): 1
 output/input: enter the result of a student (1=pass, 2=fail, 0=exit): 0
 output: percentage of passed students is: 75.00
 output: percentage of failed students is: 25.00

 Line 3: a float type variable named average is defined to average of the class
 Line 4: define and initialize a counter variable named counter with value 0, pass
and fail variable to store number of passed and failed students with value 0
 Line 5: define and initialize a sentinel variable named sentinel with value 1
 Line 7: defines a condition on the sentinel variable which would be true (1) if the
value in sentinel variable is not equal to 0
 Line 8&9: prompts user to enter result of a student, takes input and store it in
variable a
 Line 10-20: (line 10) checks whether the value entered by the user in variable a is
equal to 1, if it is true then (line 11&12) add one in the variable pass and increase
the value of counter variable, otherwise in else if block (line 14) checks whether
the value entered by the user in variable a is equal to 2, if it is true then (line
15&16) add on in the variable fail and increase the value of counter variable,

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LECTURE NOTES - CC-112 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS PROF. DR. SYED WAQAR UL QOUNAIN

otherwise else block (line 18-20) sets the value of sentinel variable equal to zero
(0) which will terminates this while structure before next repetition
 Line 23: after coming out of the while, program checks if the value of counter is
greater than 0, if it is true than the program calculate average of passed and failed
students and display these averages at the console
 Line 24&26: to avoid integer division and convert this division of two integer
numbers into a float explicit type casting of expression pass / counter is used
with an expression (float) in front it
 Line 25&27: average of pass and failed students of the class are displayed using
format specifier %.2f which will display the value of floating point variable
average till to decimal places
 Line 29: if the user has not entered any valid pass or fail status of the student
then the counter variable will have value 0, hence the else block of the if
statement would be executed it will display “no data is entered” at console
o concepts discussed in the lecture
 counter, sentinel value, top-down stepwise refinement, first refinement, second
refinement, third refinement, explicit type casting, format specifier %.2f

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