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Selection of Processor

selection of processor

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12 views

Selection of Processor

selection of processor

Uploaded by

Mahu D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SY1

P18EST1002

DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

UNIT 1 Selection of Processor


Dr.B.KARUNAMOORTHY , ASP
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Overview of this Module

➢ Structural units in Embedded processor


➢ selection of processor .
Embedded System

A combination of hardware and software designed to perform a


dedicated function Often, embedded systems are part of a larger
system or product,
e.g., antilock braking system in a car
Embedded systems are tightly coupled to their environment
imposes real-time constraints by the need to interact with the
environment
Examples of Embedded Systems
Characteristics of
Embedded System

Using a general-purpose OS for an embedded


system may not be possible
➢ constraint of memory space
➢ constraint of power consumption
➢ real-time requirements
Special-purpose OS designed for the embedded
system environment is commonly used.
Characteristics of
Embedded System
• Real-time operation

➢ correctness of computation depends, in part, on the time


at which result is delivered

• Reactive operation

➢ needs to consider worst-case conditions in execution in


order to respond to external events that do not occur at
predictable intervals
Embedded System

Configurability
supports flexible configuration so that only the functionality
needed for a specific application and hardware suite is provided
e.g., allows to select only the necessary OS modules to load
I/O device flexibility
handles devices by using special tasks instead of integrating their
drives into the OS kernel
Embedded System
characteristics
•Streamlined protection mechanisms
–requires limited protection because tested software can be
assumed to be reliable
–e.g., I/O instructions need not be privileged instructions
that trap to OS → tasks can directly perform their own I/O
–no use of an OS service call → avoid overhead for saving
and restoring the task context
Developing an
Embedded system
■ Two general approaches
– Take an existing OS and adapt it for embedded
purposes
– Design a purpose-built OS solely for embedded
use
Adapting an Existing OS

• Examples include Windows, Linux


•  familiar interfaces facilitate portability
•  slower and less predictable than special purpose
embedded OS
•  not optimized for real-time and embedded
applications → require considerable modification to
achieve adequate performance
• optimizes for the average case rather than the worst case for
scheduling
• assigns resources on demand
• ignores semantic information about an application
Adapting an Existing OS
• Need to add
– real-time capability
– streamlining operation
– other specialized and necessary functionality for the given device
Purpose-Built Embedded System
Most OS are designed from the ground up for
embedded applications
Typical characteristics include:
➢ Has thread switch (fast and lightweight)
➢ Real time scheduling policy
➢ Small size
➢ Responds to external interrupts quickly (<10
s)
➢ Minimizes intervals during which interrupts
are disabled
Purpose Build Embedded
system
•Typical characteristics include:
➢ Provides fixed or variable sized partitions for memory
management and the ability to lock code and data in memory
➢ Provides special sequential files that can accumulate data at a
fast rate
Purpose Build Embedded system

➢ To deal with timing constraints, the kernel:


➢ provides bounded execution time for primitives
➢ maintains a real-time clock
➢ provides for special alarms and timeouts
➢ supports real-time queuing disciplines, e.g., EDF
(earliest deadline first)
➢ provides primitives to delay processing and to
suspend/resume execution
Von Neumann and Harvard Computers
Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers

➢ The microprocessor is a processor on one silicon chip.

➢ The microcontrollers are used in embedded computing.


➢ The microcontroller is a microprocessor with added circuitry.
Structural Units in a Processor
Processor
The processor is the heart of embedded system.
➢The selection of processor is based on the following
consideration
➢Instruction set
➢Maximum bits of operation on single arithmetic and
logical operation
➢Speed
➢Algorithms processing and capability
➢Types of processor( microprocessor, microcontroller,
digital signal processor, application specific processor,
general purpose processor)
Structural Units in a Processor

Power source:
✓ Internal power supply is must. Es require from power up to power down to start time task.
Also it can run continuously that is stay “On’ system consumes total power hence efficient real
time programming by using proper ‘wait’ and ‘stop’ instruction or disable some unit which
are not in use can save or limit power consumption.
Clock / oscillator Circuits:
✓ The clock ckt is used for CPU, system timers, and CPU machine cycles clock controls the time
for executing an instruction. Clock oscillator may be internal or external .It should be highly
stable.
Real time clock(RTC):
✓ It require to maintain scheduling various tasks and for real time programming RTC also use
for driving timers, counters needs in the system.
Structural Units in a Processor

• Resets Ckts and power on reset:


• Reset process starts executing various instruction from the starting
address. The address is set by the processor in the program counter.
The reset step resent and runs the program in the following way
• System program that execute from beginning
• System boot up program
• System initialization program
• Memory :
• A system embeds either in the internal flash or ROM, PROM or in an
external flash or ROM or PROM of the microcontroller.
Structural Units in a Processor
➢ Internal and external buses interconnect the processor
internal units with system Address memories, I/O devices and
all other system elements, data and control buses
➢ MDR (memory data register) holds the accessed byte or
word
➢ MAR (memory address register) holds the address
➢ BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
➢ Program Counter or Instruction Pointer and Stack Pointer

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