JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. A4, 1156, doi:10.

1029/2002JA009817, 2003

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the

near-Earth solar wind during 1996–2002
H. V. Cane1 and I. G. Richardson2
Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

Received 15 December 2002; revised 22 January 2003; accepted 20 February 2003; published 18 April 2003.
[1] We summarize the occurrence of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in
the near-Earth solar wind during 1996–2002, corresponding to the increasing and
maximum phases of solar cycle 23. In particular, we give a detailed list of such events.
This list, based on in situ observations, is not confined to subsets of ICMEs, such as
‘‘magnetic clouds’’ or those preceded by ‘‘halo’’ coronal mass injections (CMEs)
observed by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle and Spectrometric
Coronagraph, and provides an overview of 214 ICMEs in the near-Earth solar wind
during this period. The ICME rate increases by about an order of magnitude from solar
minimum to solar maximum (when the rate is 3 ICMEs per solar rotation period). The
rate also shows a temporary reduction during 1999 and another brief, deeper reduction in
late 2000 to early 2001, which only approximately track variations in the solar 10-cm
flux. In addition, there are occasional periods of several rotations duration when the
ICME rate is enhanced in association with high solar activity levels. We find an indication
of a periodic variation in the ICME rate, with a prominent period of 165 days similar to
that previously reported in various solar phenomena. It is found that the fraction of
ICMEs that are magnetic clouds has a solar cycle variation, the fraction being larger near
solar minimum. For the subset of events that we could associate with a CME at the Sun
the transit speeds from the Sun to the Earth were highest after solar maximum. INDEX
TERMS: 2111 Interplanetary Physics: Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds; 7513 Solar Physics,
Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Coronal mass ejections; 2139 Interplanetary Physics: Interplanetary shocks;
2162 Interplanetary Physics: Solar cycle variations (7536); KEYWORDS: interplanetary coronal mass ejections,
coronal mass ejections, solar wind, magnetic clouds, solar cycle variation
Citation: Cane, H. V., and I. G. Richardson, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996 – 2002,
J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 1156, doi:10.1029/2002JA009817, 2003.

1. Introduction plasma signatures of ICMEs include abnormally low proton

temperatures [e.g., Gosling et al., 1973; Richardson and
[2] Material in the solar wind now believed to be the Cane, 1995], low electron temperatures [e.g., Montgomery
interplanetary counterpart of coronal mass ejections et al., 1974], and bidirectional suprathermal electron strahls
(CMEs) at the Sun has been identified since the early years [e.g., Zwickl et al., 1983; Gosling et al., 1987].
of solar wind observations. By the early 1980s, most of the [3] Plasma compositional anomalies have also been
characteristic signatures of such materials, which we here identified in ICMEs, including enhanced plasma helium
term ‘‘interplanetary coronal mass ejections’’ (ICMEs), had abundances relative to protons [e.g., Hirshberg et al., 1972;
been identified, as reviewed by Gosling [1990] and Neu- Borrini et al., 1982] and occasional enhancements in minor
gebauer and Goldstein [1997]. (Older terms used for ions (in particular iron) [Bame et al., 1979; Mitchell et al.,
ICMEs include ‘‘driver gas’’ and ‘‘ejecta.’’) Combined in 1983; Ipavich et al., 1986]. Enhanced Fe charge states
situ measurements by the Helios spacecraft off the limbs of have also been reported [Bame et al., 1979; Fenimore,
the Sun and observations by the Solwind coronagraph 1980; Ipavich et al., 1986; Lepri et al., 2001]. Such
demonstrated the clear association between CMEs at the enrichments suggest that the plasma inside ICMEs origi-
Sun and shocks and ICMEs subsequently detected in the nates in the low corona. Energetic particle signatures
interplanetary medium [Sheeley et al., 1985]. Solar wind include bidirectional energetic protons [e.g., Palmer et
al., 1978; Marsden et al., 1987; Richardson and Reames,
1
Also at School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, 1993] and cosmic rays [Richardson et al., 2000], energetic
Hobart, Australia. particle intensity depressions (Forbush decreases) [e.g.,
2
Also at Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland, USA.
Morrison, 1956; Barnden, 1972; Cane et al., 1994], and
unusual solar energetic particle (SEP) flow directions
Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union. [Richardson et al., 1991; Richardson and Cane, 1996].
0148-0227/03/2002JA009817 The bidirectional particle flows (suprathermal electron

SSH 6-1
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SSH 6-2 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

strahls and energetic particles), unusual solar particle event since its launch in December 1995. The Large Angle and
flows, and energetic particle intensity depressions are Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) [Brueckner et al.,
consistent with the presence within many ICMEs of 1995] is more sensitive to structures moving out of the
regions of looped magnetic field lines rooted at the Sun plane of the sky than previous coronagraphs and has
at both ends. observed a significant number of CMEs which surround
[4] A subset of ICMEs have simple flux rope-like mag- the Sun (angular extents of 360
) that may be directed
netic fields, characterized by enhanced magnetic fields that approximately along the Sun-Earth line (similar events
rotate slowly through a large angle. Such ‘‘magnetic originating on the backside of the Sun and moving away
clouds’’ [Burlaga et al., 1981; Klein and Burlaga, 1982] from Earth are also seen). Various studies have linked
have received considerable attention because the magnetic apparently Earthward-directed CMEs with in situ observa-
field configuration is amenable to simple modeling [e.g., tions of ICMEs at 1 AU, focusing, for example, on their
Lepping et al., 1990; Osherovich and Burlaga, 1997, and geomagnetic effects or transit times [e.g., Webb et al., 2000;
references therein] and may be consistent with helical Cane et al., 1998a, 2000; Gopalswamy et al., 2000, 2001;
structures occasionally present in coronagraph observations Wang et al., 2002]. However, such studies have not attemp-
of CMEs [e.g., Dere et al., 1999]. Magnetic clouds are also ted to provide a comprehensive survey of ICMEs in the
responsible for some major geomagnetic storms [e.g., Webb vicinity of Earth starting from the in situ observations,
et al., 2000]. which is the purpose of the present paper.
[5] As has been noted by many authors, however [e.g.,
Zwickl et al., 1983; Crooker et al., 1990; Richardson and
Cane, 1993, 1995; Neugebauer and Goldstein, 1997],
2. List
individual signatures may not be detected in all ICMEs, [9] The principle data sets we routinely use for the
either because they are not present or as a result of identification of potential ICMEs are solar wind plasma
instrumental limitations or data gaps. Some signatures have and magnetic field observations. A major reason is that such
been reported relatively infrequently. For example, Zwickl et data are readily available since the beginning of the space
al. [1982] found only three distinct He+ events in 8 years of era. Since it appears to be a common feature of most ICMEs
IMP 7 and 8 and ISEE 1 and 3 observations. Other [e.g., Richardson and Cane, 1993, 1995], one of our
signatures, such as proton temperature depressions, are primary identifying signatures is the occurrence of abnor-
generally present [e.g., Richardson and Cane, 1995]. Fur- mally low proton temperatures. To identify such plasma, we
thermore, even if several signatures are present in an ICME, use the method of Richardson and Cane [1993, 1995],
they do not necessarily coincide exactly. Hence, to make a which compares, point by point, the observed proton
comprehensive identification of ICMEs, observations of as temperature (Tp) with the ‘‘expected’’ temperature (Tex)
many signatures as possible should be considered. Those appropriate for ‘‘normally expanding’’ solar wind with the
signatures that are most frequently present are of particular observed solar wind speed (Vsw). The expected temperature
value. is essentially the typical temperature found in normal solar
[6] Our own interest in ICMEs lies in several areas: One wind with speed Vsw and is inferred using the well-estab-
interest is the effects of ICMEs on energetic particles. Our lished correlation between the solar wind speed and Tp [e.g.,
studies suggest that these effects generally do not depend Burlaga and Ogilvie, 1973; Lopez, 1987], which, however,
strongly on the nature of the in situ signatures. This is not may be slightly instrument-dependent (see the discussion in
too surprising since presumably it is the large-scale top- Neugebauer et al. [2003]). We find that many ICMEs are
ology of the ICME field lines (i.e., whether they are characterized by Tp/Tex < 0.5 [e.g., Richardson and Cane,
predominantly closed) that is important in modulating the 1995].
particle intensity, not the magnetic fields that are observed [10] Having identified periods of interest based on Tp, we
along the particular trajectory of a spacecraft through the typically examine magnetic field observations during these
ICME. Another of our interests is the contribution of periods, ideally at a time resolution of 5 min or less.
ICMEs to geomagnetic activity, both storms and long-term Frequently, in ICMEs the field is directed far from the
averages [e.g., Cane et al., 2000; Richardson et al., 2001a, Parker spiral in azimuth or has large out-of-the-ecliptic
2002]. components. A useful characteristic is a reduction in the
[7] Hence, as a contribution to such studies, we have level of field fluctuations which can be identified by eye in
maintained a list of ICMEs at Earth which extends back to data with this time resolution. In some cases a clear
the earliest in situ observations. This is relatively compre- magnetic cloud signature is present. In other ICMEs there
hensive because our interest is not limited to a subset of is often evidence of an organized field rotation, but the
events with particular signatures. This list has evolved and signature does not conform to the strict cloud definition of
expanded with our various studies related to ICMEs in the Burlaga et al. [1981] and Klein and Burlaga [1982].
inner heliosphere, many of which are referenced in this Alternatively, there may be no distinct rotation, two
paper. These studies also illustrate many examples of ICMEs extremes being a magnetic field that is relatively constant
which help to demonstrate the wide event-to-event diversity in direction and one that includes many discontinuities in
in the various ICME signatures and their interrelationships. direction which may be related to internal structure. In
[8] In this paper, we concentrate on events in 1996 – summary, most often, a likely ICME interval can be inferred
2002, during the increasing phase and maximum of solar from reduced fluctuations and some degree of organization
cycle 23. During the current solar cycle, coronal mass in the magnetic field and is bounded by distinct magnetic
ejections at the Sun have been regularly monitored by the field discontinuities which may be accompanied by abrupt
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft changes in plasma parameters. Typically, this interval cor-
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CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002 SSH 6-3

responds reasonably well with the Tp depression, though in [13] Although energetic particle observations play a sup-
some ICMEs they may differ significantly. There are also porting role to plasma and magnetic field observations when
occasional ICMEs (based on the presence of other ICME such observations are continuously available (as in cycle
signatures) that do not have well-characterized field signa- 23), they are useful in assessing the presence of solar wind
tures. One other point to note is that although ICMEs can structures when solar wind data are intermittent or non-
include strong magnetic fields, such fields are not character- existent, such as in the early space era and in cycle 22 [e.g.,
istic of all ICMEs. Cane et al., 1996]. The IMP 8 GME also provides infor-
[11] We also consider additional complementary signa- mation on the presence of bidirectional energetic particle
tures that may be indicative of the presence of ICMEs. flows, which can be indicative of ICMEs provided that the
One is the occurrence of interplanetary shocks. Fast particle intensity is sufficiently high and that the spacecraft
ICMEs may generate shocks ahead of them so that an is located in the solar wind [e.g., Richardson et al., 2001b,
ICME is often located a few hours following the passage and references therein].
of a shock. Note, however, that an ICME is not present [14] One of the most widely used signatures in ICME
following every shock because the flanks of a shock identification is the presence of bidirectional solar wind
extend well beyond the associated ICME [e.g., Borrini et electron strahls (BDEs). Although many researchers regard
al., 1982; Cane, 1988; Richardson and Cane, 1993]. If the this as the most reliable signature, and indeed some studies
ICME is not sufficiently fast to generate a shock, there is identify ICMEs largely on this signature, we do not use
sometimes evidence of an upstream wave-like disturbance BDEs as the primary signature. One reason, more relevant
that has not steepened into a shock. In other cases, if the for our longer-term studies, is that BDE observations are
ICME is convected out with the ambient solar wind, there only available for relatively limited intervals since in situ
may be no clear upstream feature. In addition to examining solar wind observations began. Another reason is that BDEs
the solar wind data for evidence of shocks and referring to are known to be absent in some regions of ICMEs,
available lists of shocks, we refer to reports of geomag- apparently where ICME magnetic field lines have recon-
netic storm sudden commencements (SCs), which are nected with the ambient solar wind, removing the heat flux
generally (but not always) associated with shocks passing in one direction [Gosling et al., 1995]. In some of our
the Earth (although almost all stronger shocks are accom- previous studies, we noted that, occasionally, BDEs are
panied by SCs; an exception is when the geomagnetic field detected that do not appear to be associated with ICMEs or
is already disturbed). Such reports are particularly helpful that may extend beyond ICME regions that are distin-
when no in situ solar wind observations are available, guished in other data [e.g., Richardson and Cane, 1993].
though this is not a concern during the period considered Observations from the ACE spacecraft [Gosling et al.,
in this paper. 2001] also suggest that electron distributions may be
[12] We routinely compare the solar wind observations complicated by counterstreaming set up by mirroring at
with simultaneous energetic (1 – 220 MeV) particle magnetic field enhancements. It would have been interest-
observations from the Goddard Medium Energy (GME) ing to compare our ICME identifications with intervals of
experiment on IMP 8 [McGuire et al., 1986] and with BDEs, but unfortunately, there is no list of BDEs in the
higher-energy (GeV) cosmic ray observations from neutron public domain for most of the period of our study at the time
monitors. Solar energetic particle events can help to relate of writing.
shocks and ICMEs with specific solar events occurring 2 [15] In our ICME identification we do not currently
days earlier via their intensity-time profiles. An abrupt SEP routinely incorporate plasma composition data. Again, one
intensity decrease a few hours following a shock usually reason is that such data have been less consistently available
indicates entry into the ICME because the shock-acceler- in the past than the basic solar wind parameters. In addition,
ated ions have difficulty entering the closed field lines of anomalous solar wind charge states and compositions are a
the ICME. An abrupt decrease in the galactic cosmic ray subject of ongoing research, and their association with
intensity may also occur at this time. When combined with ICMEs remains to be fully explored. Thus our independent
the preceding decrease that often occurs at shock passage, ICME list can provide a useful cross-reference for such
this produces the classic ‘‘two step’’ cosmic ray Forbush studies [e.g., Lepri et al., 2001].
decrease [Cane, 2000, and references therein]. The IMP 8 [16] The estimated event boundaries given in this paper
GME anticoincidence guard is a useful cosmic ray monitor are therefore inferred from a consensus of the available
for this purpose provided that the background from solar signatures with an emphasis on those in the solar wind
particle events is not too high [e.g., Cane et al., 1994, plasma and magnetic field. Typically, these boundaries can
1998a]. The rigidity response is also lower than that of be associated with distinct plasma/magnetic field disconti-
neutron monitors, which means that a larger counting rate nuities. In other cases the boundaries are less pronounced
depression will be seen in response to an ICME since the but can be identified to within a relatively short period.
depression size decreases with increasing rigidity. In gen- [17] The probable ICMEs that we have identified are
eral, arrival of an ICME at Earth produces some detectable listed in Table 1. The first column indicates the estimated
decrease in the cosmic ray intensity measured by IMP 8, time of the related disturbance in the upstream solar wind, if
followed by a recovery after the ICME has passed by. With present. This may be a distinct shock or a small increase in
familiarity with the data, ICME-related depressions can the solar wind parameters which suggests a ‘‘bow wave.’’
frequently be identified even without first referring to the The SC time is given if one occurred. In this case, the SC
solar wind parameters. However, the particle signatures can strength (fifth column) has been calculated by the method of
also be more subtle and can merely add to the evidence of Cane [1985] in which the SC strengths reported by stations
the presence of an ICME. at geomagnetic latitudes of 5
– 50
are averaged. Cane
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SSH 6-4 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

Table 1. Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs), 1996 – 2002a

Disturbance ICME ICME SC,d VICME, Vmax, B, Dst, VT, LASCO
Time,b UT Start, UT End, UT Qualityc
g km s 1 km s 1 nT MCe nT km s 1
CMEf
1996
27 May 1500 27 May 1500 29 May 0000 2 370 400 9 2 33
1 July 1320 1 July 1800 2 July 1100 2 0 360 370 10 2 20
7 Aug 1300 7 Aug 1300 8 Aug 1000 2 350 380 7 2 23
23 Dec 1600 23 Dec 1700 25 Dec 1000 2 360 420 10 2 18 480 19 Dec 1630g

1997
10 Jan 0104 10 Jan 0400 11 Jan 0200 1 9 450 460 14 2 78 507 6 Jan 1510g
9 Feb 1321 10 Feb 0200 10 Feb 1900 1 22 450 600 8 2 68 681 7 Feb 0030g
16 Feb 1600 16 Feb 2300 17 Feb 1800 1 350 350 9 1 54
10 April 1745 11 April 0600 11 April 2000 1 0 430 420 22 0 82 552 7 April 1427g
21 April 0600 21 April 1000 23 April 0400 2 400 400 12 2 107
15 May 0159 15 May 0900 16 May 0000 1 33 450 430 23 2 115 610 12 May 0630g
26 May 0957 26 May 1600 27 May 1000 2 2 350 350 10 1 74 381 21 May 2100
8 June 1636 8 June 1800 10 June 0000 2 0 380 400 12 2 84
19 June 0032 19 June 0700 20 June 2300 2 0 360 390 8 2 36
15 July 0311 15 July 0800 16 July 1100 1 0 350 360 12 2 45
3 Aug 1042 3 Aug 1300 4 Aug 0300 1 0 400 480 16 2 48 400 30 July 0445g
17 Aug 0200 17 Aug 0600 17 Aug 2000 1 390 410 7 0 28
3 Sep 0800 3 Sep 1300 3 Sep 2100 1 400 490 15 0 98 390 30 Aug 0130g
17 Sep 0800 17 Sep 1600 18 Sep 0200 1 330 350 8 2 45
21 Sep 1651 21 Sep 2100 22 Sep 1600 1 0 450 470 20 2 36 440 17 Sep 2028g
1 Oct 0059 1 Oct 1600 2 Oct 2300 2 23 450 470 10 2 98 580 28 Sep 0108g
10 Oct 1612 10 Oct 2200 12 Oct 0000 1 15 400 450 12 2 130 400 6 Oct 1528
26 Oct 1200 27 Oct 0000 28 Oct 0700 2 500 520 7 1 60 470 23 Oct 1126g
6 Nov 2248 7 Nov 0400 9 Nov 1200 1 33 400 460 15 2 11 640 4 Nov 0610g
22 Nov 0949 22 Nov 1500 23 Nov 1400 2 34 510 510 17 2 108 600 19 Nov 1227g
Dec 10 0526 Dec 10 1800 Dec 12 0000 1 32 350 380 15 0 60 460 6 Dec 1027
Dec 30 0209 Dec 30 1200 Dec 31 1100 3 11 390 360 12 1 77 430 26 Dec 0231

1998
6 Jan 1416 7 Jan 0100 8 Jan 2200 2 29 400 410 16 2 83 480 2 Jan 2328g
9 Jan 0700 9 Jan 0700 10 Jan 0800 2 450 500 6 0 45
20 Jan 0000 20 Jan 1700 21 Jan 0400 2 430 450 5 1 42
21 Jan 0400 21 Jan 0600 22 Jan 1300 3 380 400 12 0 27 430 17 Jan 0409g
29 Jan 1800 29 Jan 1400 31 Jan 0100 2 350 400 7 0 72 430 25 Jan 1526g
4 Feb 0000 4 Feb 0400 5 Feb 2300 1 320 390 11 2 50
17 Feb 0400 17 Feb 1000 17 Feb 2100 2 400 400 12 1 102 602 14 Feb 0655
18 Feb 0750h 18 Feb 2300 20 Feb 0000 2 440 460 9 1 66
4 March 1156 4 March 1300 6 March 0900 1 0 350 380 12 2 56 430 28 Feb 1248
6 March 0300 6 March 1500 7 March 1600 1 330 330 7 1 25
25 March 1000 25 March 1300 26 March 1000 1 400 400 10 0 72
11 April 2300 11 April 2300 13 April 1800 3 390 390 8 0 56
1 May 2156 2 May 0500 3 May 1700 2 29 520 650 10 2 100 780 29 April 1658g
4 May 0215h 4 May 1000 8 May 0000 3 550 780 12 0 216 1120 2 May 1406g,i
15 May 1451 15 May 2300 16 May 0800 2 0 400 340 15 0 14
29 May 1536 29 May 2200 30 May 1600 3 0 700 700 10 1 58
2 June 0800 2 June 1000 2 June 1800 2 390 400 11 2 14
13 June 1925 14 June 0400 15 June 0600 2 0 350 400 11 1 68
24 June 1000 24 June 1300 25 June 2100 2 450 540 13 2 33 21 June 0535j
25 June 1636 26 June 0000 26 June 1900 1 0 460 490 10 0 111
5 July 0500 6 July 0600 9 July 0700 1 450 630 5 0 37 DG
10 July 2300 11 July 0000 13 July 1500 2 400 400 10 0 45 DG
30 July 2333 31 July 0600 31 July 1600 3 0 410 430 13 1 51 DG
1 Aug 0400 1 Aug 0400 3 Aug 0300 3 410 450 7 1 30 DG
5 Aug 1300 5 Aug 1300 6 Aug 1200 2 360 420 13 1 166 DG
7 Aug 1800 7 Aug 2300 9 Aug 2300 2 450 500 7 0 73 DG
10 Aug 0046 10 Aug 1100 11 Aug 0800 3 11 400 500 8 0 37 DG
11 Aug 2300 12 Aug 0100 13 Aug 1400 3 380 420 7 1 28 DG
19 Aug 1847 20 Aug 0600 21 Aug 2000 1 0 300 340 14 2 86 DG
26 Aug 0651 26 Aug 2200 28 Aug 0000 2 53 650 860 14 0 188 1260 DG (24 Aug 2200)
24 Sep 2345 25 Sep 0600 26 Sep 1600 1 45 620 770 20 2 234 1150 DG (23 Sep 1100)
18 Oct 1952 19 Oct 0400 20 Oct 0700 2 22 400 410 18 2 139 507 15 Oct 1004g
23 Oct 1230h 23 Oct 1900 25 Oct 1000 3 500 600 5 0 60
7 Nov 0815 7 Nov 2200 8 Nov 1200 2 13 450 530 15 1 92 550 4 Nov 0418g
8 Nov 0451 8 Nov 1900 10 Nov 2000 2 0 450 640 12 2 148 730 5 Nov 2044g
12 Nov 0143 13 Nov 0200 14 Nov 1200 2 0 390 400 17 0 134 520 9 Nov 1818
30 Nov 0507 30 Nov 0900 1 Dec 0600 3 24 400 470 8 0 0
28 Dec 1826 29 Dec 1800 31 Dec 0200 2 11 400 410 8 0 53 DG
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002 SSH 6-5

Table 1. (continued)
Disturbance ICME ICME SC,d VICME, Vmax, B, Dst, VT, LASCO
Time,b UT Start, UT End, UT Qualityc
g km s 1 km s 1 nT MCe nT km s 1
CMEf
1999
4 Jan 0000 4 Jan 0400 4 Jan 2200 3 350 360 8 0 28 DG
13 Jan 1054 13 Jan 1500 13 Jan 2200 2 18 420 420 20 0 113 DG
22 Jan 1950h 23 Jan 0900 24 Jan 0200 3 530 670 12 0 49 DG
13 Feb 1900 13 Feb 1900 14 Feb 1500 3 DG 440 470 9 0 22
18 Feb 0246 18 Feb 1000 21 Feb 0000 2 41 520 700 8 2 134 870 DG (16 Feb 0312)
10 March 0130 10 March 1700 12 March 1200 2 8 410 460 7 0 78
16 April 1125 16 April 1800 17 April 1900 1 18 400 450 20 2 105 520 13 April 0330g
20 April 1600 21 April 0400 22 April 1600 1 500 620 8 1 32 18 April 0830j
15 May 1600 15 May 1600 18 May 0000 2 390 400 5 0 10
2 June 2000 2 June 2300 3 June 2200 2 430 470 9 1 6
26 June 0325 26 June 0600 26 June 1900 3 8 350 350 15 1 20 530 22 June 1854g
26 June 2016 27 June 1400 28 June 1400 3 36 680 880 8 0 43 760 24 June 1331g
2 July 0059 2 July 2200 6 July 0600 2 11 450 650 5 0 34
6 July 1509 6 July 2100 8 July 0400 3 15 440 450 5 1 8 620 3 July 1954
27 July 0000 27 July 1700 29 July 0600 3 390 430 6 0 40 540 23 July 2130
30 July 1600 30 July 2000 31 July 0800 3 500 660 8 1 60 710 28 July 0530g,j
31 July 1837 31 July 1900 2 Aug 0600 3 17 480 650 5 1 37 497 28 July 0906g
2 Aug 1100 2 Aug 1400 3 Aug 1100 3 370 400 4 0 21
8 Aug 1841 8 Aug 1900 10 Aug 1700 2 0 360 420 9 2 62
11 Aug 2300 12 Aug 2000 14 Aug 0000 3 370 420 7 0 24 615 9 Aug 0326
20 Aug 2300 20 Aug 2300 23 Aug 1600 2 450 570 8 1 80 510 17 Aug 1331
22 Sep 1222 22 Sep 1900 24 Sept 1800 1 36 510 600 10 0 164 700 20 Sep 0606g
21 Oct 0225 21 Oct 0800 22 Oct 0700 2 42 500 580 20 0 231 480 18 Oct 0026g
11 Nov 1900 12 Nov 1000 13 Nov 1800 1 450 680 5 0 100 DG
22 Nov 0000 22 Nov 0000 24 Nov 0300 3 450 490 9 0 38 DG
12 Dec 1551 12 Dec 1900 13 Dec 1600 2 16 520 700 12 0 92 DG
13 Dec 2300 14 Dec 0400 14 Dec 2000 2 440 480 12 0 37 DG
26 Dec 2130h 27 Dec 1100 28 Dec 0400 2 430 450 8 1 9

2000
18 Jan 1500 19 Jan 0300 19 Jan 1500 2 270 330 7 0 5
22 Jan 0023 22 Jan 1700 23 Jan 0200 2 380 415 16 1 91 530 18 Jan 1754g
11 Feb 0258 11 Feb 1600 11 Feb 2000 1 0 420 505 7 0 25 630 8 Feb 0930g
11 Feb 2352 12 Feb 1200 13 Feb 0000 2 49 540 590 13 1 169 900 10 Feb 0230g
14 Feb 0731 15 Feb 0000 16 Feb 0800 3 0 500 686 5 0 88 730 12 Feb 0431g
20 Feb 2139 21 Feb 0500 22 Feb 1400 2 24 400 460 16 2 20 570 17 Feb 2006g
1 March 0130 1 March 0300 2 March 0300 1 480 530 8 0 49
9 March 2300 10 March 0100 10 March 0600 2 390 400 6 1 0
18 March 2200 19 March 0200 19 March 1200 1 380 390 9 0 2
29 March 1100 29 March 1900 31 March 2300 2 420 590 6 0 58
6 April 1639 7 April 0700 8 April 1800 2 74 550 620 5 1 321 870 4 April 1632g
24 April 0400 24 April 0400 24 April 1400 2 490 520 13 0 7
27 April 1800 27 April 1800 28 April 0100 1 400 410 10 1 15
2 May 1045h 2 May 2000 5 May 1000 3 500 860 6 0 38 29 April 0154j
6 May 1600 7 May 0000 8 May 1600 3 380 440 10 0 4
13 May 1700 13 May 1700 14 May 1800 2 500 600 8 0 0 603 10 May 2006
15 May 1900 15 May 1900 16 May 1200 3 430 450 8 0 25
16 May 2300 16 May 2300 17 May 0700 2 550 580 9 1 88 500 13 May 1226
23 May 0700 23 May 1000 23 May 2100 2 570 610 12 0 0 650 20 May 1450
23 May 2300 24 May 1200 26 May 1600 2 550 690 5 1 147 653
4 June 1502 5 June 0000 6 June 2200 3 17 470 560 10 1 35 403 31 May 0806
8 June 0910 8 June 1600 10 June 1700 3 59 550 790 10 0 87 1100 6 June 1554g
11 June 0801 11 June 0700 11 June 1800 2 0 510 530 11 1 41
12 June 2208 13 June 1200 14 June 0600 2 0 440 550 7 0 39
18 June 0900 18 June 0900 18 June 1700 2 380 400 6 1 9
23 June 1303 24 June 0200 26 June 0800 2 37 500 590 8 0 33
26 June 0000 26 June 1000 27 June 0000 1 540 560 10 0 74
30 June 0700 30 June 0700 30 June 2300 2 380 400 6 0 6
1 July 0100 1 July 0600 3 July 0800 3 390 440 7 1 0
10 July 0638 11 July 0200 11 July 1400 2 36 440 490 13 0 0 609 7 July 1026g
11 July 1123h 11 July 2200 13 July 0200 1 520 540 10 1 24
13 July 0942 13 July 1600 14 July 1500 2 31 620 700 7 0 35 940 11 July 1327g
14 July 1532 14 July 1700 15 July 1400 2 29 780 800 9 1 60 12 July 2030j
15 July 1437 15 July 1900 17 July 0800 2 120 850 980 20 2 300 1600 14 July 1054g
19 July 1527 20 July 0100 21 July 0700 2 19 530 630 8 0 95 17 July 0854j
23 July 1041 23 July 1500 25 July 0400 3 0 380 430 9 0 66 DG
26 July 1857 27 July 0200 28 July 0200 2 0 360 400 6 1 43 490 23 July 0530
28 July 0634 28 July 1200 30 July 1300 3 45 460 480 10 2 74 580 25 July 0330g
10 Aug 0407h 10 Aug 1900 11 Aug 2100 1 430 490 12 1 103 6 Aug 1830j
11 Aug 1845 12 Aug 0500 13 Aug 2200 1 21 580 670 16 2 237 810 9 Aug 1630g
2 Sep 1300 2 Sep 2200 3 Sep 1300 1 430 450 8 0 58 29 Aug 1830j
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
SSH 6-6 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

Table 1. (continued)
Disturbance ICME ICME SC,d VICME, Vmax, B, Dst, VT, LASCO
Time,b UT Start, UT End, UT Qualityc g km s 1 km s 1 nT MCe nT km s 1
CMEf
8 Sep 1200 8 Sep 1800 10 Sep 1000 2 450 500 5 0 44 530 5 Sep 0554
17 Sep 1657h 17 Sep 2300 21 Sep 0000 3 600 880 10 2 172 15/16 Sepi
3 Oct 0054 3 Oct 1000 5 Oct 0300 1 0 400 430 14 2 146
5 Oct 0326 5 Oct 1300 7 Oct 1100 2 0 450 530 6 1 192 580 2 Oct 2026g
12 Oct 2228 13 Oct 0800 14 Oct 1700 2 21 410 470 13 2 110 580 9 Oct 2350g
20 Oct 1800 20 Oct 2200 21 Oct 0800 1 400 440 4 0 2
28 Oct 0954 28 Oct 2100 29 Oct 2200 2 35 380 420 14 2 113 616 25 Oct 0826g
6 Nov 0948 6 Nov 2200 8 Nov 0300 3 18 510 610 20 2 159
10 Nov 0628 10 Nov 1000 11 Nov 0400 2 86 850 930 8 0 104 1400 8 Nov 2306g
11 Nov 0400h 11 Nov 0800 12 Nov 0000 2 790 910 7 0 43 1200 (9 Nov 1615)
26 Nov 1158 27 Nov 0800 28 Nov 0300 2 0 580 630 11 0 72 24 Novi
28 Nov 0530 28 Nov 1600 29 Nov 1900 2 24 530 590 10 1 130 720 25/26 Novi

2001
23 Jan 1048 24 Jan 0900 26 Jan 0800 1 30 400 550 5 1 55 680 20 Jan 2130g,i
3 March 1121 4 March 0400 5 March 0200 2 0 440 520 8 0 71 610 28 Feb 1450
19 March 1114 19 March 1700 21 March 2200 1 19 410 490 17 2 165 520 16 March 0350
27 March 1747 28 March 0600 30 March 1900 3 26 520 650 4 0 98 850 25 March 1706g
31 March 0052 31 March 0500 31 March 2200 3 105 640 710 39 1 358 690 28 March 1250g
31 March 2200 1 April 0400 3 April 0300 2 640 820 5 0 0 700 29 March 1026g
4 April 1455 5 April 1100 7 April 0300 3 57 520 780 6 0 38 1020 2 April 2206
8 April 1101 8 April 1900 10 April 1000 3 41 610 780 8 0 51 1050 6 April 1930g
11 April 1343 11 April 2200 13 April 0700 2 0 640 740 14 2 257 1220 10 April 0530g
13 April 0734 13 April 0900 14 April 1200 1 31 730 830 9 0 66 970 11 April 1331g
18 April 0046 18 April 1200 20 April 1100 2 0 430 520 8 0 100 580
21 April 1601 21 April 2300 23 April 0800 1 19 350 390 11 2 104
28 April 0431h 28 April 1400 1 May 0200 2 58 540 730 8 2 33 1080 26 April 1230g
7 May 0800 7 May 1900 8 May 0700 1 360 410 8 1 24
8 May 1101 9 May 1200 10 May 2200 2 430 560 8 1 70
11 May 1300 11 May 1300 12 May 0000 2 430 430 8 0 40
12 May 0920h 12 May 1700 13 May 1600 3 570 670 7 0 46 10 May 0131j
15 May 1500 16 May 0900 17 May 0000 3 460 530 5 1 20
27 May 1459 28 May 0300 29 May 2100 1 0 460 600 8 2 39
30 May 0800 30 May 0800 31 May 0800 2 350 370 5 1 2
7 June 0852h 7 June 1800 8 June 0700 1 390 430 9 1 4
21 June 0300 21 June 0300 21 June 1000 3 570 600 5 1 27
26 June 1200 27 June 0300 28 June 1700 1 420 490 3 0 18
8 July 1200 9 July 0200 11 July 0400 2 400 460 4 1 41 520 5 July 0354
13 July 1700 13 July 1700 14 July 0100 2 400 420 8 1 8
3 Aug 0716 3 Aug 1100 3 Aug 1400 3 0 420 440 10 0 17
15 Aug 0500 15 Aug 0500 16 Aug 1400 3 390 450 5 0 16
17 Aug 1103 17 Aug 2000 20 Aug 0000 2 29 490 600 10 0 104 620 14 Aug 1601g
27 Aug 1952 28 Aug 2000 29 Aug 2000 3 20 470 580 4 0 20 810 25 Aug 1650g
30 Aug 1411 30 Aug 2000 31 Aug 1000 2 0 420 500 6 1 45
1 Sep 1300 1 Sep 1300 2 Sept 1800 2 360 410 5 1 17
13 Sep 0200 13 Sep 1800 14 Sep 2200 2 410 440 10 1 58
23 Sep 1100 24 Sep 0000 25 Sep 0000 3 450 570 7 1 77 700 20 Sep 1931
29 Sep 0940 30 Sep 0000 1 Oct 0000 2 0 520 700 12 1 64 27 Sep 0454j
30 Sep 1924 1 Oct 0800 2 Oct 0000 2 0 490 550 9 0 150 710 28 Sep 0854g
1 Oct 2200 2 Oct 1200 3 Oct 1600 2 510 530 13 1 182 715 29 Sep 1154
11 Oct 1701 12 Oct 0200 12 Oct 1100 2 46 530 580 17 1 74 770 9 Oct 1130g
21 Oct 1648 22 Oct 0000 25 Oct 1000 1 61 470 670 9 0 166 860 19 Oct 1650g
26 Oct 2200 27 Oct 0000 28 Oct 0200 2 390 410 8 0 28 417 23 Oct 1826
28 Oct 0319 29 Oct 2200 31 Oct 1300 2 48 360 510 4 0 160 694 25 Oct 1526
31 Oct 1348 31 Oct 1800 2 Nov 1200 2 19 340 390 11 2 97
6 Nov 0152 6 Nov 2100 9 Nov 0600 2 110 570 750 6 0 277 1240 4 Nov 1635g
19 Nov 1815 19 Nov 2200 20 Nov 1100 3 0 480 580 6 1 32 680 17 Nov 0530g
24 Nov 0656 24 Nov 1400 26 Nov 1100 2 62 660 1000 12 2 213 1300 22 Nov 2330g
27 Nov 0300 27 Nov 0300 27 Nov 1200 2 470 480 6 0 27
28 Dec 0000 28 Dec 0000 29 Dec 1200 2 360 370 8 0 0
29 Dec 0538 30 Dec 0000 30 Dec 1400 2 78 400 460 17 1 39 570 26 Dec 0530j

2002
15 Feb 1000 15 Feb 1000 15 Feb 1700 1 370 380 7 1 0 621 12 Feb 1506g
28 Feb 0451 28 Feb 1700 1 March 1000 2 46 390 410 13 1 64
18 March 1322 19 March 0500 20 March 1600 2 64 380 470 15 2 41 667 15 March 2306
20 March 1328 21 March 1400 22 March 0600 3 15 440 580 8 0 10
23 March 1137 23 March 2100 25 March 2000 2 24 450 500 15 2 101 625 20 March 1706j
12 April 0100 12 April 0100 13 April 1300 3 420 450 8 0 20
17 April 1107 17 April 2100 19 April 0900 2 54 480 610 12 1 126
19 April 0835 20 April 0000 21 April 1800 2 30 500 640 8 2 152 863 17 April 0826g
20 May 0340 20 May 1500 21 May 2200 3 13 410 510 6 0 33 420 16 May 0050g
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002 SSH 6-7

Table 1. (continued)
Disturbance ICME ICME SC,d VICME, Vmax, B, Dst, VT, LASCO
Time,b UT Start, UT End, UT Qualityc g km s 1 km s 1 nT MCe nT km s 1
CMEf
21 May 2203 22 May 1800 23 May 0500 3 17 420 440 9 0 13
23 May 1050 23 May 2000 25 May 1800 2 59 590 920 11 2 108 1323 22 May 0326g
17 July 1603 18 July 1200 19 July 0900 3 0 460 520 6 0 13 955 15 July 2030g
19 July 1450h 20 July 0400 22 July 0600 2 13 650 930 6 0 33
1 Aug 0510 1 Aug 0900 1 Aug 2300 2 26 450 460 12 2 46
1 Aug 2309 2 Aug 0400 4 Aug 0100 2 18 460 520 10 0 85 505 29 July 1145
18 Aug 1846 19 Aug 1200 21 Aug 1400 2 44 460 580 8 1 92 777 16 Aug 1230g
29 Aug 2100 29 Aug 2100 30 Aug 0600 2 400 420 8 1 35
7 Sep 1610h 8 Sep 0400 8 Sep 2000 2 DG 470 550 10 0 164 882 5 Sep 1654g
8 Sep 2000 8 Sep 2200 10 Sep 2100 2 DG 440 520 9 0 64
19 Sep 0600 19 Sep 2000 20 Sep 2100 2 DG 490 750 5 0 26 901 17 Sep 0754g
2 Oct 2210h 3 Oct 0100 4 Oct 1800 2 DG 430 520 11 2 13
17 Nov 0000 17 Nov 1000 18 Nov 1200 2 DG 380 500 8 2 24
a
SC is geomagnetic storm sudden commencement; VICME is the mean solar wind speed in the ICME; Vmax is the maximum solar wind speed in the
postdisturbance region; B is the mean field strength; VT is the transit speed; LASCO is the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph experiment; and
DG is a LASCO data gap around the expected time of the associated CME.
b
Time of the associated SC when present. Otherwise, the time of shock passage at ACE is given. If no shock or SC is reported, the estimated arrival time
of the disturbance (which in some cases is also the ICME leading edge) is given to the nearest hour.
c
Quality of the boundary times: 1, most accurate; 2, less accurate; 3, ill-defined.
d
SC size is the mean horizontal component for midlatitude stations (from Solar-Geophysical Data).
e
MC is magnetic cloud: 0, the field shows little evidence of rotation; 1, a more subjective assessment suggests evidence of a relatively organized field
rotation within the ICME, but a magnetic cloud has not been reported; and 2, the ICME has been reported as a magnetic cloud which can be modeled by a
force-free flux rope.
f
Times in parentheses indicate associated solar events during an interval with no coronagraph coverage.
g
CME had a 360
angular extent (i.e., halo CME).
h
Time of shock passage at ACE.
i
ICMEs could result from multiple CMEs.
j
CME association may be doubtful.

[1985, 1988] showed that this parameter is correlated with observed by LASCO can be identified. The time of first
the shock compression ratio. No value or a value of 0 observation of this CME in the LASCO C2 coronagraph is
indicates that either no SC or a very weak SC was reported, indicated in the last column; instances when the corona-
respectively. This parameter is also used to validate associ- graph signature encircled the Sun (i.e., had an angular
ations. In some cases when an SC did not occur the extent of 360
, commonly called a ‘‘full halo’’ event) are
disturbance time is the time of shock passage at the ACE noted. When making these associations, we have only
spacecraft (ACE shocks were confirmed from the web considered CMEs with angular extents of at least 100
.
site at http://www.bartol.udel.edu/~chuck/ace/ACElists/ For almost all of the energetic events the CME association
obs_list.html). The second and third columns give the is easily made because the shock driven by a fast ICME
estimated start and end times of the ICME, respectively, continuously accelerates energetic particles which directly
while the following column indicates the quality of the link the passage of the shock at the Earth to the time of a
estimated boundary times (1, most accurate; 3, ill-defined; specific CME at the Sun. For a variety of reasons, no CME
note that this parameter does not necessarily reflect the is indicated for many of the ICMEs. One reason is that there
confidence of the ICME identification). The sixth and are no LASCO observations around the time when the
seventh columns give the mean speed of the ICME (VICME) associated CME might have occurred, indicated by ‘‘DG’’
and the maximum speed in the postdisturbance region (data gap). In addition to the extended suspension of SOHO
(Vmax), respectively, which may occur either in the ‘‘sheath’’ operations from June to October 1998, there are shorter
ahead of the ICME or in the ICME itself. interruptions to LASCO observations, often of several days
[18] The next column gives the mean field strength in the duration, that are noted in the preliminary lists of LASCO
ICME. In the following column, ‘‘2’’ indicates whether the CMEs. Where there is a LASCO data gap but the associated
ICME has been reported as a magnetic cloud which can be solar event is clearly identifiable from other data, the time is
modeled by a force-free flux rope (http://lepmfi.gsfc.nasa. indicated in parentheses. There are other cases where
gov/mfi/mag_cloud_pub1.html; for recent events since May LASCO observations are available but show no evidence
2002, not covered by this magnetic cloud list, we have of a large CME during the several days prior to arrival of the
assessed whether the ICME is likely to meet the criteria for ICME at Earth, such as for the 19 June 1997 event
a magnetic cloud). If a more subjective assessment suggests discussed by Richardson et al. [1999]. It is likely that such
evidence of a relatively organized field rotation within the ICMEs are associated with Earthward-directed CMEs that
ICME but a magnetic cloud has not been reported, a ‘‘1’’ is are not sufficiently dense to be detectable by LASCO. In
indicated. A ‘‘0’’ indicates that the field shows little other cases, one or more wide CMEs may be reported in this
evidence of rotation. The third to last column gives the time range, but examination of the related solar activity as
minimum value of the geomagnetic Dst index (stronger observed, for example, by the extreme ultraviolet imaging
activity is denoted by an increasingly negative value). The telescope suggests that these CMEs originated near the solar
disturbance transit speed to 1 AU is indicated in the next limbs or from the backside of the Sun and were unlikely to
column for those events where the associated CME give rise to ICMEs at Earth based on the conclusions of our
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
SSH 6-8 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

relative change in ICME rate from solar minimum to

maximum is similar to that in the CME rate. In Table 1,
we indicate in the final column a small number of ICME
periods that probably resulted from multiple CMEs [cf.
Burlaga et al., 2002].
[19] In making the CME/ICME associations we have
found a good correlation between the maximum solar wind
speed observed in situ at 1 AU in the sheath or ICME
(Vmax) and the transit speed (VT) of the disturbance driven
by the ICME to 1 AU for those events with a confident
association (Figure 1). (A similar result has been previously
obtained by Cliver et al. [1990].) In cases where the CME/
ICME association is more uncertain this relationship can be
used to indicate whether a particular association is at least
plausible. For example, Figure 1 suggests that an ICME
associated with Vmax = 500 km s 1 is unlikely to be
associated with a solar event <42 hours earlier that would
require a transit speed above 1000 km s 1. Note that the
transit speed is generally higher than Vmax (the dashed line
indicates VT = Vmax), implying that the disturbances decel-
erate en route to 1 AU. Furthermore, this deceleration is
greater for higher transit speeds, consistent with the results
of previous studies [e.g., Woo et al., 1985]. For lower-
Figure 1. Plot of the maximum solar wind speed (Vmax) speed events the transit and in situ speeds are more
associated with an ICME versus the transit speed (VT) of the comparable and are similar to typical solar wind speeds
disturbance from the Sun to the Earth. The lower limit to (400 km s 1), consistent with their convection with the
Vmax for a particular transit speed permits some potential solar wind. Although it is possible to infer ICME accel-
CME/ICME associations to be ruled out. eration rates and initial speeds as a function of Vmax or
transit speed from the results in Figure 1 by making a
previous studies [e.g., Richardson and Cane, 1993; Cane simple assumption such as a constant acceleration/deceler-
and Richardson, 1995; Cane et al., 1997, 2000]. At times of ation rate in the solar wind [e.g., Gopalswamy et al., 2001],
high activity there may be several wide CMEs with reason- such an assumption is questionable; we have not pursued
able locations reported prior to an ICME so that it is this further.
difficult to relate the ICME to a specific CME. In these
and other doubtful cases the time of the most likely asso-
ciated CME is noted. The CME properties we have used here
3. Occurrence Rates
are from the work of S. Yashiro and G. Michalek (a catalog is [20] As might be expected, the yearly number of ICMEs
available at http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/). We have increases with solar activity levels. During solar minimum
also referred back to the original LASCO observer reports conditions in 1996, only four ICMEs were identified,
since these are of value in indicating the general location of compared with 53 in 2000 and 47 in 2001 (see Table 2).
the related solar activity or in indicating whether the event Thus the ICME rate increased by about an order of
was likely to be backsided and therefore of little interest for magnitude from 1 every 3 months at solar minimum to
relating with in situ observations at Earth. Although we 1 per week at solar maximum. These are average rates. At
have focused on wide CMEs, we recognize, of course, that times of exceptionally high activity such as in May 1998,
there are many more narrower CMEs observed by LASCO. July 2000, or April 2001 the rate increases to several ICMEs
However, our expectation is that these CMEs are unlikely per week (e.g., five ICMEs were observed between 11 and
to be related to ICMEs at Earth. Another point to note is 18 July 2000). Burlaga et al. [1984] and Cliver et al. [1987]
that although we have attempted to isolate individual have discussed the possible consequences of such systems
ICMEs, it is possible that some events are conglomerations of transient flows passing the Earth during previous solar
of ICMEs from multiple solar ejections or, conversely, a cycles. The decrease in the ICME rate in 1999 was noted in
series of events may be multiple encounters with a single our previous study that only extended to this time [Cane et
ICME. However, we doubt that either of these situations al., 2000]. The rate increased again in the subsequent 2
occurs very often because, as discussed in section 3, the years. A decline in the fraction of CME-related solar wind at

Table 2. Summary of Average ICME Properties

1996a 1997 1998 1999 2000b 2001 2002 All
Number of events 4 22 38 28 53 47 22 214
ICME speed, km s 1 360 ± 4 406 ± 11 428 ± 14 448 ± 13 490 ± 17 470 ± 14 452 ± 14 454 ± 6
ICME average B, nT 9.0 ± .7 12.9 ± 1.4 10.7 ± 0.6 9.4 ± 0.9 9.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ± 0.8 9.3 ± 0.6 9.9 ± 0.3
Magnetic cloud fraction, % 100 64 26 11 17 15 33 25
a
Solar minimum.
b
Solar maximum.
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002 SSH 6-9

[22] To compare the variations in the ICME rate with a

measure of solar activity levels, Figure 2b shows the solar
10-cm flux recorded by the Dominion Radio Astrophysical
Observatory. Note the two maxima during the first half of
2000 and the second half of 2001. (The smoothed sunspot
number also shows two maxima, but the peak in April 2000
was slightly higher relative to the peak in November 2001
than in the 10-cm flux.) Assuming that our ICME rate is
proportional to the CME rate, it can be seen that the rate
does not follow the solar activity quite as closely as
suggested by the work of Webb and Howard [1994]. The
most significant difference is the reduction in 1999, which is
not matched by a similar decrease in the 10-cm flux. The
observations for 2002 show evidence for the expected
reduction in the ICME rate as the solar cycle declines, the
three-rotation mean rate never exceeding 3 ICMEs CR 1.
[23] An interesting feature of Figure 2a is the suggestion
of periodicity in the intervals of enhanced ICME rate. A
Lomb frequency analysis of the (unsmoothed) CME rate for
1996 to November 2002 indicates a dominant, statistically
significant component with a period of 164.7 days. This
period is particularly interesting since it is close to the ‘‘154-
day’’ periodicity identified in various solar phenomena
during previous solar cycles [see Cane et al., 1998b, and
references therein]. The apparent periodicity in the ICME
rate suggests that the fundamental periodicity at the Sun
identified in previous solar cycles is present in the current
cycle, as also noted in energetic particle intensities at 1 and
Figure 2. (a) Three-Carrington rotation (CR) running 5 AU in 1998 – 1999 by Dalla et al. [2001].
mean of the ICME rate (number of ICMEs per solar
rotation) in 1996 – 2002. (b) CR average 10-cm flux of the
Sun. Note that the 10-cm flux increases more uniformly 4. Average Properties of ICMEs
than the ICME rate and in particular, does not show a [24] Table 2 lists the average properties of ICMEs and
significant decrease in 1999. their variation as a function of year. Another clear solar
cycle variation is evident in the fraction of the ICMEs that
are magnetic clouds. This decreased from 100% (though
Earth in 1999 is also evident in Figure 3 of Richardson et al. with poor statistics) in 1996 to 16% in 2000 –2001 and
[2002], together with a compensating increase in the con- appears to be recovering in 2002 as activity declines. Data
tribution from corotating high-speed streams originating in from previous solar cycles support such a solar cycle
low-latitude coronal holes, which were particularly prom- variation (I. G. Richardson and H. V. Cane, The fraction
inent in 1999 [e.g., Luhmann et al., 2002]. Thus the of interplanetary coronal mass ejections that are magnetic
temporary decline in the ICME rate at Earth is associated clouds, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, 2003).
with a restructuring of the near-ecliptic solar wind. [25] Average speeds of individual ICMEs varied from 270
[21] Figure 2a shows the variation in the ICME rate to 850 km s 1 with a mean value of 454 ± 6 km s 1. The
during 1996 – 2002 in greater detail, specifically the number mean speed shows a 100 km s 1 increase from solar
of ICMEs at Earth/Carrington rotation (CR) expressed as a minimum to maximum. This increase is also evident in
three-rotation running mean. The main increase in the Figure 4b of Richardson et al. [2002], which, however,
ICME rate, to 2 – 3 CR 1, commenced early in 1997 suggests that this trend may be specific to cycle 23 since the
and extended through this year. Overall the rate has not previous two solar cycles show instead a temporary mini-
varied greatly from this value during solar maximum with mum in mean ICME speeds near solar maximum. The
the exception of short intervals, typically of about three- transit speed of the associated disturbance is also ordered
rotation duration, when the ICME rate was enhanced due to by the phase of the solar cycle in that there were only three
major solar activity, as mentioned above. In addition, there shocks with transit speeds >1000 km s 1 during the 4.5
is a decrease in the ICME rate to 1 – 2 CR 1 during much years before solar (smoothed sunspot) maximum (April
of 1999 and a short duration decrease in late 2000 to early 2000) versus 11 thus far in the first 2.5 years after
2001. A typical rate of 3 ICMEs CR 1 around solar maximum (Figure 3). It is such fast shocks that are respon-
maximum represents 3% of the LASCO CME rate near sible for large >10 MeV particle events [Cane et al., 1988].
maximum of 4 d 1 (O. C. St Cyr, personal communica- [26] Average magnetic field strengths in individual
tion, 2002). It is also an order of magnitude higher than the ICMEs varied from 3 to 39 nT with a mean value of 9.9 ±
ICME rate during 1996 at solar minimum (0.3 ICMEs 0.3 nT. There is a slight decrease in average fields from
CR 1), which is 2% of the LASCO CME rate during this minimum to maximum. This is primarily related to the fact
year (0.63 d 1 [St. Cyr et al., 2000]). that the fraction of magnetic clouds decreased toward
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
SSH 6 - 10 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

associated frontside solar activity) and ICMEs observed

subsequently at Earth. We concluded that in 1996 – 1999,
about a third of the ICMEs detected at Earth were not
preceded by a >140
CME evident in LASCO observations.
In Table 1, it is evident that we cannot associate many of the
ICMEs with large CMEs. In some cases this is because
there were no LASCO observations around the probable
time that the related CME might have occurred (indicated
by ‘‘DG’’). We conclude that a significant fraction, about a
half, of the ICMEs detected at Earth do not have a probable
association with a large CME observed by LASCO. Cane et
al. [2000] also found that only about half of the frontside
>140
-width CMEs observed by LASCO subsequently
encountered the Earth. For the additional years of the
current study (2000 and 2001) we find that even if only
those events which surround the Sun are considered (i.e.,
full halo events with angular extents of 360
), the fraction is
Figure 3. Transit speeds of the shocks/disturbances only 39%. This contrasts with the situation in 1997, when
associated with those ICMEs that can be related to CMEs all the frontside full halo CMEs resulted in the detection of
observed by the LASCO coronagraphs (or with a solar event ICMEs near Earth [see also Zhao and Webb, 2003]. We
if LASCO observations are not available). Note that more suggest that when the corona is close to its solar minimum
events with speeds >1000 km s 1 (indicated by the dashed configuration, 360
coronagraph events result from CMEs
horizontal line) occur after solar maximum in early 2000 directed at (or away from) the Earth as is commonly
(indicted by the dashed vertical line) than before this time. assumed. However, later in the solar cycle (approaching
and during solar maximum) the corona is much more
complex, and coronagraph observations may include more
maximum. The average ICME size in the radial direction contributions from other phenomena such as streamer
(the product of the duration and average speed) was 0.33 ± deflections [e.g., Sheeley et al., 2000] that give rise to
0.01 AU. For those events (typically the more energetic) features surrounding the Sun even when the associated
that we could associate with a solar event (usually an H a CME is not directed at the Earth.
flare) the longitudes were predominantly within ±50
of [28] In Figure 5, we compare the disturbance transit
central meridian, as shown by the ‘‘source’’ longitude speeds to 1 AU with the speeds of the associated CMEs.
distribution in Figure 4. This result suggests that ICMEs
associated with the more energetic solar events have angular
extents of up to 100
, as previously inferred by Richard-
son and Cane [1993]. An interesting feature of the distri-
bution is the occasional presence at Earth of ICMEs from
far western regions but not from far eastern regions. A
similar asymmetry in the source longitude distribution was
found by Cane [1988] for helium abundance enhancements
(which, as noted above, may be indicative of ICMEs) in
cycle 21, suggesting that this is a general feature. A possible
explanation for the asymmetry in Figure 4 [see also Wang et
al., 2002, Figure 3a] is that some CMEs preferentially occur
to the east of the active region where the associated flare
occurred (i.e., the flare is not necessarily centered beneath
the CME). This has a natural explanation in terms of
differential rotation, which causes shearing and eastward
motion of erupted magnetic flux in both hemispheres of the
Sun.

5. Solar-Terrestrial Relations
[27] There has been much emphasis in recent years on the
relationship between CMEs of large angular extent
observed by LASCO that appear to be moving toward or
away from the Earth approximately along the Sun-Earth line
(i.e., halo CMEs) and the effects of the associated ICMEs
when they arrive at Earth 2 days later [e.g., St. Cyr et al.,
2000; Webb et al., 2000]. However, as we have noted
previously [Cane et al., 2000], there is certainly not a Figure 4. Distribution of the longitudes of the solar
simple one-to-one relationship between large CMEs (with chromospheric events associated with ICMEs at the Earth.
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002 SSH 6 - 11

responsible for a disproportionate fraction of the largest

storms, most likely because by definition they include
stronger than average fields as well as large rotations in
field direction which may give rise to intervals of southward
magnetic fields that drive geomagnetic activity. Another
feature of Figure 6 is the general absence of strong storms in
1999. In addition to there being fewer ICMEs in this year,
their magnetic field strengths were also weaker on average
(see Table 2). This helps to account for the slightly lower
fraction (50%) of the full halo CMEs which impacted the
Earth that produced strong storms (Dst < 50) in this year
compared with 80% in other years. Finally, we note the
tendency for the strongest storms to occur following solar
maximum.

6. Summary
[30] We have prepared a comprehensive list of ICMEs
recorded near Earth during the period 1996 through Novem-
ber 2002. We find the following:
[31] 1. The rate of ICMEs increased by about an order of
Figure 5. Distribution of disturbance transit speeds as a magnitude from solar minimum to solar maximum but only
function of the sky plane speeds of the associated CMEs. approximately followed solar activity variations as indicated
by the 10-cm flux (or sunspot number). The ICME rate is
3% of the CME rate observed by LASCO.
Although the CME speeds are projected against the plane of [32] 2. The fraction of ICMEs that have well-organized,
the sky and do not represent the true Earthward-directed flux rope-like magnetic field structures (magnetic clouds)
speeds of the CMEs, there is nonetheless some degree of decreased from 100% at solar minimum to 15% around
correlation, as we have noted previously [Cane et al., 2000]. solar maximum and may be recovering as activity declines.
The upper envelope of the distribution is given approxi- Relative to their numbers, magnetic clouds are responsible
mately by VT = 400 + 0.8VCME (this defines the minimum for a disproportionate fraction of major geomagnetic storms.
transit time for a given CME speed), while the lower [33] 3. The fastest disturbances and strongest geomag-
envelope is approximately VT = 0.37VCME. The observed netic storms related to ICMEs tend to occur after solar
transit speeds do not fall below 400 km s 1. Given the maximum.
considerable scatter among the data points, however, it [34] 4. The vast majority of energetic ICMEs originated
seems unrealistic to expect that the transit speed for a given from solar events located within 50
of central meridian.
CME speed can be predicted precisely. Note that we
consider here the disturbance speed because this corre-
sponds to the earliest time when a CME may produce a
disturbance at Earth. Gopalswamy et al. [2000, 2001] have
developed an empirical model to predict ICME arrival times
based on LASCO CME speeds. For CME speeds below
700 km s 1 an ICME transit time to 1 AU of 4.3 days
(corresponding to a transit speed 400 km s 1) that is
independent of CME speed is predicted [see Gopalswamy et
al., 2001, Figure 6]. The observations in Figure 5 suggest
that the disturbance transit speeds range over 400– 800
km s 1 for similar CME speeds. Thus the Gopalswamy et
al. [2001] 4.3-day prediction should not be assumed to
give (and generally overestimates) the time taken for
relatively slow CMEs to produce effects at Earth.
[29] In Table 1, we have recorded the size of the geo-
magnetic disturbance caused by each ICME and/or its
associated ‘‘sheath’’ as measured by the minimum value
of the Dst index. Figure 6 shows the distribution of the
values for minimum Dst as a function of time, with Figure 6. Distribution of minimum geomagnetic Dst
magnetic cloud events represented by solid circles. The values during the passage of the ICMEs or the related
solar cycle dependence of the relative occurrence of mag- sheath regions as a function of time. Solid circles represent
netic clouds noted above is readily apparent, being more events that were magnetic clouds. Although these generally
dominant in 1996 – 1997 than in later years. Although some produce stronger geomagnetic effects, not all strong ICME-
large storms are caused by ICMEs that are not magnetic related storms result from magnetic clouds. Note that a larger
clouds, relative to their overall numbers magnetic clouds are fraction of ICMEs are magnetic clouds in 1996 and 1997.
 21562202a, 2003, A4, Downloaded from https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009817 by Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico, Wiley Online Library on [14/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
SSH 6 - 12 CANE AND RICHARDSON: ICMES DURING 1996 – 2002

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