‫ميكانيكا الموائع (‪)1‬‬

‫‪MPE111‬‬
 Course Info
Course tittle: Fluid Mechanics
Course text Book: " Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition in SI Units", By Yunus Cengel.
Recommended Books:
Fundamental of fluid Mechanics, By Munson, Young and Okiishi.

No. Topic
1 Introduction and Basic concept
2 Properties of fluid and viscosity
3 Fluid statics: pressure
4 hydrostatic forces
5 buoyancy
6 Fluid kinematics
7 M.T. Exam
8 Fluid dynamics: continuity principle
9 Bernoulli's equation
10 conservation of linear momentum
11 conservation of energy
12 Dimensional analysis and modeling
13 Internal flow and losses
 INTRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Fluid: is a substance in the liquid or gas phase.

Mechanics: is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and
moving bodies under the influence of forces.
Statics: is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: is the branch that deals with bodies in motion.

Fluid mechanics: is the science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics( or in motion (fluid dynamics).
 1. Viscous - inviscid

Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.

Inviscid flow: Flow regions where viscous forces are negligibly small compared
to inertial or pressure forces.
6. Steady – unsteady- Transient- Uniform- Periodic

Steady flow: the flow has no change of properties, velocity, temperature, etc., at
a point with time. Flow is function of position only. Thus, ∂/∂t )Fluid
Property/Characteristic) = 0

Unsteady flow: It means that the fluid properties and characteristics are function
of position and time. (There is always a change of properties with time). For
example:
p = p(x,y,z,t)
T = T(x,y,z,t)
ρ = ρ)x,y,z,t)
v = v(x,y,z,t)

Transient flow: All transient flows are transitions, of long or short duration,
from one steady flow state to another. It is typically used for developing flows.
7. One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional (Directional) Flows

A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if the flow velocity varies

in one, two, or three primary dimensions, respectively (x,y,z).
One dimensional flow: 𝑉 = f(x) or 𝑉 = f(y) or 𝑉 = f(z)
Two dimensional flow: 𝑉 = f(x,y) or 𝑉 = f(x,z) or 𝑉 = f(y,z)
Three dimensional flow: 𝑉 = f(x,y,z)

One directional flow: means that the velocity field 𝑉 is given by:
𝑉=ui only
or 𝑉=vj only
or 𝑉=wk only
i.e. the velocity vector has one component only. Such as;
 Pipe flow without friction

Two directional flow: means that the velocity field 𝑉 is given by:
𝑉= u i + v j only
or 𝑉= u i + w k only
or 𝑉= v j + w k only
i.e. the velocity vector has two components only. Such as;
 Flow in diffuser
 Fluid in a circular pipe (fully developed):

The velocity profile develops fully and remains unchanged after some
distance from the inlet and the flow in this region is said to be fully developed.
The fully developed flow in a circular pipe is one-dimensional since the
velocity varies in the radial r-direction only.
The no-slip condition: a fluid is in direct contact with solid and sticks to the
surface, and there is no slip. The no-slip condition is responsible for the
development of boundary layers adjacent to the solid surfaces, and the no
temperature-jump condition.
The boundary layer: the flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous
effects (and thus the velocity gradients) are significant.
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
The seven fundamental (or primary) dimensions and their units in
SI:
Dimensions: a property characterizes any physical quantity (mass,
length, time...etc.)

Units: is the magnitudes assigned to the dimensions.

Basic dimensions, primary or fundamental dimensions:

 Mass (m)
 Length (L)
 Time (t)
 Temperature (T)

Secondary dimensions (derived dimensions):

 Velocity (V)
 Energy (E)
 Volume (V)

Scientific and engineering community systems:

 The English system: United States Customary System
(USCS).
 The metric SI (from Le Système International d’ Unités(,
which is also known as the International System.
Derived unites:
Force, Weight (N) Newton Kg m/S2
Horsepower: One metric horsepower is needed to lift 75 kilograms (avg.
Energy (J) Joule Kg m2/S2
body weight of a person) by 1 meter in 1 second.
Power (W) Watt Kg m2/S3

Kg /(m.S2) 1 (hp) = 75 (kg) * 9.81 (m/s2) * 1 (m) / 1 (s) = 735 Kg m2/S3 =735 J/s
Pressure (Pa) Pascal

Conversion Factors:
cm=10-2 m
Length mm=10-3 m

cm2=10-4 m2
Area mm2=10-6 m2

cm3=10-6 m3
Volume mm3=10-9 m3
Liter(L) =10-3 m3

Mass Tone=1000 kg

Force KN=1000 N

KPa= 1000 Pa
Pressure Bar=100,000 Pa
Atm=101,325 Pa

Energy, Heat, Work KJ=1000 J

Kw=1000 w
Power, Rate of Energy hp= 745.699 w (mechanical horsepower)
hp= 735.5 w (metric horsepower)
Example A tank of liquid having a total mass of 36 kg rests on a support
in the equipment bay of the Space Shuttle. Determine the force) in newton
(that the tank exerts on the support shortly after liftoff when the shuttle is
accelerating upward as shown in Figure at 4.572 m/s2.

Application of Newton’s second law of motion to this body gives,

where we have taken upward as the positive direction. Since w =mg,

 Fluid properties Example:

Property: Any characteristic of a system.

Intensive properties: are those that are Independent of the mass of the
system, such as;
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Density Specific properties: Are the extensive properties per unit mass, such as;
 specific volume (v = V/m) m3/kg
Extensive properties: are those whose values depend on the size or mass  specific total energy (e = E/m) J/kg
of the system, such as;
 Total mass Density: is defined as mass per unit volume.
 Total volume V
 Total momentum
Specific volume: is the reciprocal of density.

Specific gravity (relative density): is the ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified
temperature (usually water at 4°C for which ρH2O=1000 kg/m3).
Specific weight (weight density): is the weight of a unit volume of a
substance.

where g=9.81 m/s2 is the gravitational acceleration.

Example: Determine the density,

specific gravity, and mass of the air in a
room whose dimensions are 4 m * 5 m *
6 m at 100 kPa and 25°C
Speed of Sound: the speed at which an infinitesimally small pressure
wave travels through a medium.
For isentropic flow:

p/ ργ = constant = c Important Note: The speed of sound in a perfect gas depends only on the
temperature of the gas .
Hence:
Example: For air at standard sea-level temperature T = 288.16 K, the
γ-1 γ γ-1
)dp/dρ( isentropic=c γ ρ =p/ ρ γ ρ =γp/ρ speed of sound a =√1.4)287()288.16( = 340.3 m/s
Then A second important parameter in the analysis of compressible fluid flow
a2 = γp/ρ is the Mach number Ma

For perfect gas, Mach number: It is the ratio of the actual speed of the fluid (or an object
in still fluid) to the speed of sound in the same fluid at the same state.
p = ρRT

Thus,

a2 =γRT
Bulk modulus of elasticity (E): It is a property of the fluid indicates the
degrees of compressibility of a fluid.

𝑑𝑃
𝐸=− 𝑑∀ (N/m2)
∀

Where, dP is the difference change in pressure, 𝑑∀ is the difference change

in volume and ∀ is the initial volume. The negative sign is included since
an increase in pressure will cause a decrease in volume.

From the definition of specific volume,

v=∀/𝑚=1/ ρ (m3/kg)

It can also expressed as,

𝑑𝑃
𝐸= 𝑑𝜌 (N/m2)
𝜌
 VISCOSITY

Viscosity: a property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to

motion or the fluidity. It describes the “fluidity” of the fluid.

Drag force due to Viscosity: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body
in the flow direction. A fluid moving relative to a body exerts a drag force
on the body, partly because of friction caused by viscosity.
Consider a fluid layer between two very large parallel plates (or
equivalently, two parallel plates immersed in a large body of a fluid)
separated by a distance l . Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the
upper plate while the lower plate is held fixed.

After the initial transients, it is observed that the upper plate moves
continuously under the influence of this force at a constant speed V. The
fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the plate surface and moves
with it at the same speed (no slip condition), and the shear stress  acting
on this fluid layer is
 , is the shear stress, F, is applied force, A, is the contact area (welted
area). The flow is,
 Steady
 Laminar
 one dimensional flow

Because the distance between plates is very small the fluid velocity
between the plates varies linearly between 0 and V. But in more complex
flow situations, such as that shown by the photograph in the margin, this is
not true.

Thus the velocity profile and the velocity gradient are,

where y is the vertical distance from the lower plate.

During a differential time interval dt , the sides of fluid particles along a
vertical line MN rotate through a differential angle d  while the upper
plate moves a differential distance da V dt . The angular displacement or
deformation (or shear strain) can be expressed as,

Experimentally for most fluids the rate of deformation (and thus the
velocity gradient) is directly proportional to the shear stress  ,

The relationship between shear stress and rate of deformation is shown in

Figure below, where the slope of the curve on the  , versus, du / dy chart
is referred to as the apparent viscosity of the fluid.
Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the rate of deformation is linearly
proportional to the shear stress (such as water, oil, air, glycerin etc.).

Newton law of viscosity: In one-dimensional shear flow of Newtonian

fluids, shear stress can be expressed by the linear relationship,

The constant of proportionality,  is called the coefficient of viscosity or

the dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity of the fluid.

Unit of  is,
Kg N  s
  Pa  s
m .s m2

A common viscosity unit is poise, which is equivalent to 0.1 Pa  s

The figure below shows the rate of deformation (velocity gradient) of a
Newtonian fluid is proportional to shear stress, and the constant of
proportionality is the viscosity.

Kinematic viscosity,  : is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.




Unit of  is,
m2
The shear force acting on a Newtonian fluid layer is, s

A is the contact area between the plate and the fluid (wetted area).
F is the applied force to move the upper plate.
Example: The velocity
distribution for the flow of a
Newtonian fluid between two
wide, parallel plates is given by
the equation,

where V is the mean velocity. The fluid has a viscosity of  = 0.001

kg/m.s Also V=0.6 m/s and h=0.4 cm. Determine:

(a) The shearing stress acting on the bottom wall.

(b) The shearing stress acting on a plane parallel to the walls and
passing through the centerline (midplane).
The shearing stress is obtained from,
Thus the shearing stress is,

The velocity gradient, for the distribution given,

Along the bottom wall y=-h so that,

Therefore the shearing stress is,

Along the midplane y=0 where it follows,

Viscometer: is a device that measures viscosity. The device constructed
from two concentric cylinders with fluid layer filling the gap between the
cylinders. The inner cylinder rotates with constant rotational speed while
the outer cylinder is held fixed or stationary.

The cylinders can be modeled as two parallel flat plates separated by the
fluid.

l is the gap thickness between cylinders.

R is the inner cylinder radius.
n is the rotational speed of the inner cylinder.
Noting that torque is,
T  F R
Torque can be expressed as,
Torque = force times the moment arm, which is the radius R of the inner
cylinder in this case. T  FR
 ( A )R
The tangential velocity is, du
V  R  AR
dr
V
Tangential velocity = angular velocity times the radius.   AR
l
R
Angular velocity is,  AR
l
2 R
 n (rad/sec)  (2 RL )R
60 l

The wetted surface area of the inner cylinder to be, 2 R 3L

T 
l
A  2 RL

Where, L is the cylinder length and disregarding the shear stress acting on
the two ends of the inner cylinder.
Example: The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer
constructed of two 40-cm-long concentric cylinders. The inner cylinder
diameter is 12 cm, and the gap between the two cylinders is 0.15 cm. The
inner cylinder is rotated at 300 rpm, and the torque is measured to be 1.8
N·m. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.

L=40 cm =0.4 m
D=2R=12 cm=0.12 m
l =0.15 cm= 0.0015m
2
n =300 r.p.m     300 rad/sec
60
T=1.8 N.m

2 R 3L
T 
l
T l 1.8  0.0015 N s
   0.1583
2 R  L
3
 0.12   2
3
 m2
2    300  0.4
 2   60 
Example: In regions far from the entrance, fluid flow through a circular Drag force,
pipe is one-dimensional, and the velocity profile for laminar flow is given F A
by, The shear stress at wall r=R
R 1
  2u max  2u max
 r  
2
R 2
R
u (r )  u max 1    
 R   The contact area with the fluid, A is,
 
A  2 RL
Where R is the radius of the pipe, r is the radial distance from the center
of the pipe, and u max is the maximum flow velocity, which occurs at the 1
center. F  2u max  2 RL   4 Lu max
R
Obtain F  4  0.001 30  3  1.13 N
(a) The shear stress distribution for the flow inside a pipe.
(b) A relation for the drag force applied by the fluid on a pipe wall of
length L.
(b) The value of the drag force for water flow with R =0.08m, L= 30 m,
u max  3 m / s , and  = 0.001 kg/m.s.

Shear stress,
du
 
dy
du  2r 
 u max  0  2 
dy  R 
r
  2u max 2
R
Drag force,