COVALENT COMPOUDS
Learning Objective:
❖ Apply the octet rule in the formation of
molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76)
❖ Write the formula of molecular compounds
formed by the nonmetallic elements of the
representative block
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77)
❖ Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent
compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78
Key Concepts:
❖ Covalent compounds are formed when a pair
of electrons are shared between nonmetals.
❖ Octet Rule states that when atoms gain, lose,
or share electrons to form bonds with other
atoms they tend to achieve the electron
configuration of the noble gas nearest to them
with eight valence electrons.
❖ There are three types of covalent bonds
namely single bond, double bond and triple
bond.
Key Concepts:
❖ Bonding electrons are electrons shared
between atoms.
❖ Nonbonding electrons are electrons that does
not participating in bonding or not shared
between other atoms.
Lewis structure shows how electrons are
arranged in an atom.
➢ Steps in drawing the Lewis structures of
compounds:
1. Determine the valence electrons of every atom
involved.
2. Get the sum of the all the valence electrons of
atoms.
3. Use a pair of electrons to form a single bond
between atoms.
4. Arrange the remaining electrons around the
atom to satisfy the octet rule except for
Hydrogen which is stable with 2 valence
electrons.
Example 1: Draw the Lewis structure of F₂
Example 2: Draw the Lewis structure of CCl₄
Example 3: Draw the Lewis structure of CO₂
Example 4: Draw the Lewis structure N₂
LEWIS STRUCTURE AND RESONANCE
A resonance structure is one of two or more
Lewis structures for a molecule that cannot be
represented accurately by only one Lewis structure.
Example 5. Write the Lewis structure of ozone, O₃
A resonance structure is one of two or
more Lewis structures for a molecule that cannot
be represented accurately by only one Lewis
structure.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
The octet rule has limitations in many
situations involving covalent bonding. These
exceptions to the octet rule are of three main types:
1. Molecules with fewer than an octet of valence
electrons. This type of exception occurs when
there are fewer than eight valence electrons
around the central atom. An example of this case
is BeH₂ , Beryllium hydride.
There are only 4 electrons around Be atom.
2. Molecules containing an odd number of
electrons.
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
are examples of molecules with odd number
of electrons which do not follow the octet
rule.
Guidelines in naming covalent compounds
and writing their formulas:
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
