Mathematics in the

Modern World
CHAPTER 2
Mathematical Language and
Symbols Image Credit:
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Mathematics in the Modern World
Chapter 2: Mathematical Language and Symbols

Lesson 2.2.
SETS
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
SETS and Related Terms
A set is a well-defined collection of objects such as a set of letters, set of
numbers, set of books, set of students, etc.

An element, denoted by ∈ (Greek letter epsilon), is any object that belongs to,
or a member of a set.
A written using the following conventions:
a. Use capital English letters to denote sets;
b. Enclose elements using curly braces; and
c. Use commas to separate elements
Examples:
1. 𝐿 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
2. N= 1,2,3, …
3. H= {x|x is a day in a week}
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
METHODS OF NAMING SETS
1. ROSTER METHOD is done by listing all the elements. This method is also called tabular method.
Example:
𝑴 = 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑻𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑾𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑷 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … . 𝟐𝟎
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒌, 𝑩𝒂𝒌𝒖𝒏, 𝑩𝒐𝒌𝒐𝒅, 𝑩𝒖𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒂𝒔, 𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏, 𝑲𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒏, 𝑲𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏, 𝑲𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏,
𝑮=
𝑳𝒂 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅, 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒏, 𝑺𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒏, 𝑻𝒖𝒃𝒂, 𝑻𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒚

2. RULE METHOD is done by describing what the set is about. It uses a variable to represent the
elements of the set accompanied by a descriptive phrase.

Example:
𝑴 = 𝒙|𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒌
𝑷 = 𝒛|𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝟎
𝑮 = 𝒚|𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒆𝒕
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
TRY THIS!
1. Write each set using roster notation.
a. Set A is the distinct letters in the word HUMILITY
b. Set B is the colors of the rainbow
2. Write each set using set-builder notation.
a. C= {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,l,m,n,o,p}
b. D={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100}
3. Fill in each blank with ∈ 𝒐𝒓 ∉
Set A={even numbers between 0 and 10}
Set B={letters of the alphabet between c and j}
a. 2_____A c. 12_____A e. g_____B
b. 5_____A d. b______B f. e_____B
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
CARDINALITY OF A SETS
The cardinality of a set is the number of elements in set A. In symbol,
the cardinality of set A is written as n(A).

The cardinality of a null set is 0.

The cardinality of a unit set is 1.
Examples:
𝑴 = 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑻𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑾𝒆𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒅𝒂𝒚, 𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚

𝑷 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … . 𝟐𝟎

𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒌, 𝑩𝒂𝒌𝒖𝒏, 𝑩𝒐𝒌𝒐𝒅, 𝑩𝒖𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒂𝒔, 𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏, 𝑲𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒏, 𝑲𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏, 𝑲𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏,

𝑮=
𝑳𝒂 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅, 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒏, 𝑺𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒏, 𝑻𝒖𝒃𝒂, 𝑻𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒚
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
The universal set and subsets
The universal set, denoted by U, is the set that contains all the
elements under consideration. It is dependent on the limit put
for its coverage.

Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by 𝑨 ⊆ 𝑩, if all elements of

A are also elements of B. Set A is a “proper” subset of set B,
denoted by 𝑨 ⊂ 𝑩, if all elements of set A are also in set B but
some elements of set B are not in set A.
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
TYPES OF SETS
FINITE vs. INFINITE SETS

EQUAL vs. EQUIVALENT SETS

UNIT SET vs. NULL SETS

 Lesson 2.2: SETS
EXAMPLES
1. State whether the collection is a well-defined set.
a. {a subject in Grade 11}
b. {a popular actor}
c. {a favorite fruit}
d. {a female student in your class}
2. Decide whether the set is finite set or infinite set.
a. The set of counting numbers greater than 10.
b. The set of whole numbers less than 5.
c. The set of whole numbers less than 0.
d. The set of all multiples of 3.
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. Consider the following sets:
𝑼 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒
𝐀 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅
𝐁 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝟏, 𝟐 a. Identify all the subsets of the
universal set.
𝐂= ∅
b. Identify all equal sets.
D= 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒
c. Identify all the equivalent sets.
𝐄=
d. Identify all the unit sets.
F= 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝟓, 𝟔 e. Identify all the null sets.
G= 𝒅, 𝒄, 𝒃, 𝒂
𝐇 = 𝒙|𝒙 < 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℕ
𝐈 = 𝒙|𝒙 < 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ 𝕎
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. Consider the following sets:
1. Union
𝑼 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔
2. Intersection 𝐀 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅
3. Set difference 𝐁 = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝟏, 𝟐
4. Complement of a set 𝐂 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝒂
D= 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒
𝐄 = 𝒂, 𝒃
F= 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝟓, 𝟔
G= 𝒅, 𝒄, 𝒃, 𝒂
𝐇 = 𝒙|𝒙 < 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℕ
𝐈 = 𝒙|𝒙 < 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ 𝕎
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
VENN DIAGRAM
1. U 3. U
A B A B

2. U 4. U
A B A B
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
VENN DIAGRAM
5. U 7. U
A B A

6. U 8. U
A B
A B

C
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
VENN DIAGRAM
1. U 2. U
A B B

3. U 4. U
A B A B
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. The Venn diagram shows student involvement in two
sports- swimming and basketball. If 100 students were
surveyed, how many students were U
S B
a. into swimming but not basketball?
15 20 30
b. into both swimming and basketball?
c. into either swimming or basketball?
d. neither into both swimming nor basketball?
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
PROBLEM SOLVING
2. One hundred forty students were surveyed. The Venn
diagram shows the number of students who enjoy singing and/or
dancing. How many students enjoy U
S D
a. dancing but not singing?
43 55 32
b. singing or dancing?
c. singing and dancing?
d. neither singing nor dancing ?
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
PROBLEM SOLVING
3. Fifty people are asked about the pets they keep at home. The
Venn Diagram shows the results. U
D F
How many people have
7 6
a. dogs? 19
1
b. dogs and fish? 12
c. dogs or cats? 3
d. fish and cats but not dogs? C
e. dogs or fish but not cats?
f. all three?
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
Doctor Armel and Doctor Nike have twenty-four patients. Twelve of the
patients have symptom alpha, six of the patients have symptom beta, and
fifteen of the patients have symptom gamma. There is only one patient
who has all the three symptoms. Two of the patients show symptoms alpha
with beta, but do not have symptom gamma. Two of the patients have
symptom beta and gamma but do not have symptom alpha. Four patients
have symptoms alpha with gamma. If all of the patients of Doctor Armel
and Doctor Nike have at least one of the mentioned symptoms, how many
patients are sick with disease Omega, if disease Omega is manifested by
symptoms alpha and gamma but not beta? Draw a complete Venn diagram
to represent the problem situation.
 Lesson 2.2: SETS
Complete a Venn diagram to represent the following:
There are 208 students under the new BS Math course. The Mathematics-Physics-
Statistics Department offers math subjects under Prof. Annie, Prof. Ennet and Prof.
Yano.
• 4 students take math subjects under all three professors.
• 48 students are enrolled under Prof. Ennet.
• There are twice as many students who are enrolled under both Prof. Ennet and Prof.
Yano (but not Prof. Annie) as those who are enrolled under both Prof. Ennet and
Prof. Annie (but not Prof. Yano), and 4 times as many as those who are enrolled
under all 3 professors.
• 124 students join the math classes of Prof. Yano.
• 27 poor misguided BS Math students do not study any math subject.
• The group of students who are enrolled under both Prof. Ennet and Prof. Yano (but
not Prof. Annie) is exactly the same size as the group made up of students who are
enrolled under both Prof. Annie and Prof. Yano.
References:
• Alimondo, M. , Buasen, J., Fulwani, D., Ocampo, P., Oryan, S., Pakipac, K.,
and Sibaen, N. 2020. Mathematics in the Modern World (Module)

• Macasieb, J. Mathematics in the Modern World. Retrieve from

https://pdfcoffee.com/mathematics-in-the-modern-world-10-pdf-
free.html. Accessed on September 10, 2021.

• Taban, J. 2017. Mathematics in the Modern World.