288 Appendix 1 Muscles of the Arm 289

APPENDIX 1 Muscles of the Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Arm Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscle Innervation Action Muscle Innervation Action

Muscles of the Arm Triceps brachii

Anconeus
Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Radial nerve (C7, C8, T1)
Extends the forearm
Extends the forearm
Stabilizes the elbow joint
Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis brevis

Recurrent branch of median nerve
(C8, T1)
Recurrent branch of median nerve
Opposes the thumb

Abducts the thumb

(C8, T1)
Flexor pollicis brevis Recurrent branch of median nerve Flexes the thumb
Muscles of the Anterior (Flexor) Compartment of the Forearm (C8, T1)
Muscles of the Anterior Axioappendicular Region Muscle Innervation Action Adductor pollicis Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Adducts the thumb
Muscle Innervation Action Pronator teres Median nerve (C6, C7) Flexes and pronates the forearm Abductor digiti minimi Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Abducts the fifth finger
Pectoralis major Lateral and medial pectoral nerves Adducts and medially rotates the arm Flexor carpi radialis Median nerve (C6, C7) Flexes and abducts the hand Flexor digiti minimi brevis Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Flexes the fifth finger at metacarpopha-
(C5, C6) langeal joint
Palmaris longus Median nerve (C7, C8) Flexes the hand
Pectoralis minor Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) Stabilizes the scapula Opponens digiti minimi Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Opposes the fifth finger
Flexor digitorum superficialis Median nerve (C7, C8, T1) Flexes proximal phalanges at meta-
Subclavius Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6) Anchors and depresses the clavicle carpophalangeal joints First and second lumbricals Median nerve (C8, T1) Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints
Serratus anterior Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7) Protracts the scapula and holds it against the Flexes middle phalanges at proximal Third and fourth lumbricals Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints
thoracic wall interphalangeal joints
First through fourth dorsal Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Abduct second through fourth fingers
Rotates the scapula Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnar nerve (C6, C7) Flexes and adducts the hand interossei
Flexor digitorum profundus First through third palmar Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Adduct second, fourth, and fifth fingers
Medial part Ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Flexes distal phalanges at distal interossei
Muscles of the Posterior Axioappendicular and Scapulohumeral Region Lateral part Anterior interosseous nerve (C8, T1) interphalangeal joint
Muscles Innervation Action Flexor pollicis longus Anterior interosseous nerve (C8, T1) Flexes phalanges of the thumb
Trapezius Accessory nerve (CN XI) Elevates, depresses, and retracts the scapula Pronator quadratus Anterior interosseous nerve (C8, T1) Pronates the forearm
Rotates glenoid cavity superiorly
Latissimus dorsi Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8) Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm
Levator scapulae Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) Elevates the scapula Muscles of the Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Forearm
Cervical nerves (C3, C4) Rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly Muscle Innervation Action
Rhomboid major and Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5) Retracts and rotates the scapula to depress Brachioradialis Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7) Flexes the forearm when in midpro-
minor glenoid cavity nated position
Deltoid Axillary nerve (C5, C6) Flexes and medially rotates the arm Extensor carpi radialis longus Radial nerve (C6, C7) Extends and abducts the hand
Abducts the arm
Extensor carpi radialis brevis Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8) Extends and abducts the hand
Extends and laterally rotates the arm
Extensor digitorum Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends the fingers at the metacar-
Supraspinatus Suprascapular nerve (C4, C5, C6) Abducts the arm
pophalangeal joints
Acts with rotator cuff muscles
Extensor digiti minimi Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends the fifth finger at the
Infraspinatus Suprascapular nerve (C4, C5) Laterally rotates the arm
metacarpophalangeal joints
Holds humeral head in glenoid cavity
Extensor carpi ulnaris Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends and adducts the hand
Teres minor Axillary nerve (C5, C6) Laterally rotates the arm
Holds humeral head in glenoid cavity Supinator Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8) Supinates the forearm
Teres major Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) Adducts and medially rotates the arm Extensor indicis Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends the second finger
Subscapularis Upper and lower subscapular nerve Adducts and medially rotates the arm Abductor pollicis longus Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Abducts the thumb
(C5, C6, C7) Holds humeral head in glenoid cavity Extends the thumb at the carpo-
metacarpal joint
Extensor pollicis longus Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends the thumb at carpometa-
Muscles of the Anterior (Flexor) Compartment of the Arm carpal, metacarpophalangeal, and
interphalangeal joints
Muscle Innervation Action
Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) Extends the thumb at carpometa-
Biceps brachii Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) Flexes and supinates the forearm carpal and metacarpophalangeal
Brachialis Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) Flexes the forearm in all positions joints
Coracobrachialis Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) Flexes and adducts the arm

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Muscles of the Leg 291 292 Muscles of the Leg

APPENDIX 2 Muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh (Adductors of the Thigh) Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg
Muscle Innervation Action Muscle Innervation Action

Muscles of the Leg Adductor longus

Adductor brevis
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Adducts the thigh
Adducts the thigh
Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

Planter flexes the ankle when leg is extended
Flexes the leg
Plantar flexes the ankle independent of leg
Adductor magnus Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) Adducts the thigh
position
Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4) Adductor part: Flexes the thigh
Hamstring part: Extends the thigh Plantaris Tibial nerve (S1, S2) Assists the gastrocnemius
Gracilis Obturator nerve (L2, L3) Adducts the thigh Popliteus Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1) Flexes the knee weakly
Muscles of the Gluteal Region (Abductors and Rotators of the Thigh) Flexes the leg Medially rotates the unplanted leg
Muscle Innervation Action Obturator externus Obturator nerve (L3, L4) Laterally rotates the thigh Flexor hallucis longus Tibial nerve (S2, S3) Flexes the big toe at all joints
Plantar flexes the ankle weakly
Gluteus maximus Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2) Extends the thigh(especially from a flexed
position) Flexor digitorum longus Tibial nerve (S2, S3) Flexes the lateral four toes
Assists in lateral rotation of the thigh Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh (Extensors of the Hip Joint Plantar flexes the ankle
Assists in rising from a sitting position and Flexors of the Knee Joint) Tibialis posterior Tibial nerve (L4, L5) Plantar flexes the ankle
Gluteus medius Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1) Adducts and medially rotates the thigh Muscles Innervation Action Inverts the foot
Gluteus minimus Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1) Adducts and medially rotates the thigh Semitendinosus Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) Extends the thigh
Tensor of fascia lata Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1) Adducts and medially rotates the thigh Flexes the leg
Medially rotates the flexed leg Muscles of the Foot
Piriformis Branches of anterior rami S1, S2 Laterally rotates extended thigh
Abducts flexed thigh Semimembranosus Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) Extends the thigh Muscle Innervation Action
Flexes the leg Abductor hallucis Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Abducts and flexes the big toe
Obturator internus Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1) Laterally rotates extended thigh
Medially rotates the flexed leg
Abducts flexed thigh Flexor digitorum brevis Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexes lateral four toes
Biceps femoris Long head: Tibial part of sciatic nerve Flexes the leg
Superior gemellus Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1) Laterally rotates extended thigh Abductor digiti minimi Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Abducts and flexes the little toe
(L5, S1, S2)
Abducts flexed thigh
Short head: Common fibular part of Laterally rotates the flexed leg Quadratus plantae Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexes lateral four toes
Inferior gemellus Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) Laterally rotates extended thigh sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Lumbricals Medial 1: Medial plantar nerve Flex proximal phalanges of lateral four toes
Abducts flexed thigh
(S2, S3) Extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral
Quadratus femoris Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) Laterally rotates the thigh Lateral 3: Lateral plantar nerve four toes
Muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Compartments of the Leg (S2, S3)
Muscles Innervation Action Flexor hallucis brevis Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexes proximal phalanx of the big toe
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh Anterior Compartment Adductor hallucis Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Adducts the big toe
(Flexors of the Hip Joint and Extensors of the Knee Joint)
Tibialis anterior Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5) Dorsiflexes the foot Flexor digiti minimi brevis Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexes proximal phalanx of the little toe
Muscle Innervation Action
Inverts the foot Plantar interossei (3) Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Adduct the toes 2–4
Pectineus Femoral nerve (L2, L3) Adducts and flexes the thigh Extensor digitorum longus Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Dorsiflexes the foot Flex metatarsophalangeal joints
Assists in medial rotation of the thigh Extends lateral four toes Dorsal interossei (4) Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Abduct the toes 2–4
Psoas major Anterior rami of L1, L2, L3 Flexes the thigh Extensor hallucis longus Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Dorsiflexes the foot Flex metatarsophalangeal joints
Psoas minor Anterior rami of L1, L2 Flexes the thigh Extends the big toe Extensor digitorum brevis Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Extends the four medial toes at the metatar-
Iliacus Femoral nerve (L2, L3) Flexes the thigh Fibularis tertius Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Dorsiflexes the foot sophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Assists in eversion of the foot Extensor hallucis brevis Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Extends the big toe at the metatarsophalan-
Sartorius Femoral nerve (L2, L3) Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh
Flexes the leg Lateral Compartment geal joint
Rectus femoris Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) Extends the leg Fibularis longus Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2) Everts the foot
Vastus lateralis Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) Extends the leg Fibularis brevis Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2) Everts the foot
Vastus medialis Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) Extends the leg
Vastus intermedius Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) Extends the leg

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