GRE

formula sheet
By Scholar Den

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table of contents

Chapter 2

09 Page number
algebra

operation with expression

solving linear equation

solving linear inequalitie

rules of exponent
Chapter 1

01
average mixture, rate work & interes

solving quadratic equation

function
Arithmetic coordinate geometry
Page number

integer

fraction
Chapter 3

17
exponents and root

decima

rati geometry
Page number
percen

sequence and series lines and angle

triangle

quadrilateral

circle

polygon

3-d figures

Chapter 4

28
Page number
data analysis

probabilit

counting method

numerical methods of describing dat

distribution (normal, etc)

GRE formula sheet

Chapter 1

Arithmetic

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GRE formula sheet

number divisible by 4 c onsecutive even or odd Multiplication rules for even &
Lesson | integers integers odd numbers
If the last two digits of a number
divisible by 4, then the number is
C onsecutive Even Integers: (even) x (even) = even
divisible by 4.
multiplication & division of
an be expressed as -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4,
numbers with the different C
(even) x (odd) = even
number divisible by 5 6, 8, and so on.
sign
A number is divisible by 5 if the last (odd) x (even) = even
C onsecutive Odd Integers:
(+) digit is a 0 or 5.
(+) ( - ) = ( - ) = (-)
(-) Can be written as -7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, (odd) x (odd) = odd
number divisible by 6 and so on.

A number is divisible by 6 if the

multiplication & division of number is divisible by both
division rules for even & odd
numbers with the same 2 & 3. c onsecutive multiples integers numbers
sign
number divisible by 8 C onsecutive multiples of 3 can be -12, even
-9, -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and so on.
= even
(+) (+) = (+) ( - ) ( - ) = (+) odd
If the last three digits of a number are
a number divisible by 8, then the
(+) (-) odd
= (+) = (+) number is divisible by 8.
(+) (-) = odd
even / odd rules for addition / odd
number divisible by 9 subtraction
even
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum = odd / even
divisibility rules (odd) + (odd) = even even
of all digits is divisible by 9.

number divisible by 2 (even) + (even) = even

number divisible by 11
A number is divisible by 2 if the factors
A number is divisible by 11 if the sum (even) + (odd) = odd
ones digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
of the odd-numbered place digits
If y divides evenly into x, we say y is a
minus the sum of the even-numbered (odd) - (odd) = even
number divisible by 3 factor of x.
place digits it divisible by 11.

A number is divisible by 3 if the (even) - (even) = even

Example
sum of all digits is divisible by 3
c onsecutive integers (even) - (odd) = odd What are the fa c tors of 16
1, 2, 4, 8, and 16

C an be written as -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, and so on.

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GRE formula sheet

multiples divided by 1 and themselves only common multiple. Step 3:

1 is not a prime number Multiply together the numbers that
A multiple of a number is the product Example
2 is the only even prime number. you found in step 3; this product is
of that number and any integer.
The LCM of 24 and 60 the GCF

Example prime numbers less than 100 Step 1

Example
what are the multiples of 4 24 = 23 x 31

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, The GCF of 24 and 60
4, 8, 12, 16, 20,....., 4n 60 = 22 x 31 x 51
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
Step 1
Step 2
24 = 23 x 31

finding the number of factors 23 x 31 60 = 22 x 31 x 51

finding LCM
in a particular number Step 3 Step 2 & 3 Step 4
Step 1:
Step 1: 51 23 x 31 4 x 3 = 12
Find the prime factorization of each
Find the prime factorization of the integer. That is, prime factorize each Step 4
number. integer and put the prime factors of
8 x 3 x 5 = 120
Step 2:
each integer in exponent form. LCM x GCF
Step 2: If the LCM of x and y is p and the
Add 1 to the value of each exponent. GCF of x and y is q, then xy = pq
Then multiply these results and the Of any repeated prime factors finding GCF
product will be the total number of among the integers in the set, take
Step 1:
factors for that number. only those with the largest exponent.
For example, if we had 32 & 33, we’d GCF of two consecutive
Find the prime factorization of each
Example choose 33 & not 32. If we’re left with integers
number. That is, prime factorize each
two of the same power (for example,
The number of factors of 240 number and put the prime factors of
32 & 32), just take that number once. Two consecutive integers will never
each number in exponent form.
240 = 24 x 31 x 51 share any prime factors. Thus, the
Step 3: GCF of two consecutive integers is 1.
(4+1) x (1+1) x (1+1) = 20 Step 2:
Of what is left, take all non-repeated
240 has a total of 20 factors prime factors of the integers.
Of any repeated prime factors
among the numbers, take only those
with the smallest exponent. (If no
a formula for remainder
Step 4:
repeated prime factors are found, the x remainder
prime numbers Multiply together what you found in GCF is 1.) = quotient +
y y
step 2 and 3. The result is the least
Prime Numbers are those that can be

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GRE formula sheet

Example
fractions =
part the distributi v e propert y Example

whole
5
23
=
20 + 3
=
20
+
3
= 4 +
3 a+c
=
a
+
c
L ’ et s ta k e the reciprocal of
7
5 5 5 5 5 part + part = whole b b b

5 7 7
a-c a c 1 = 1 x =
= - 7 5 5
b b b
the range of possible Adding fractions
5 7
remainders S o the reciprocal of is

Same denominators 7 5

A remainder must be a non- negative

a c a+c
M ultipl y ing fractions

integer that is less than the divisor. + =

c z w
b b b
a d ad
x = omparing fractions si e: bo

different denominators
b c bc
tie m ethod

trailing zeros Example

a c ad + bc
a c

b
+
d
=
bd 2 5 10
> if ad > bc
The number of trailing zeros of a b d
x =
number is the number of (5 x 2) pairs 3 7 21
Example
Example
in the prime factorization of that

number.
2 5 14 + 15 29 3 3
+ = = > because 6<8
examples:
3 7 21 21
di v iding fractions
6 8
520 can be expressed as 52 x 10 =
a c a d ad
52 x (5 x 2) and thus has one = x =

trailing zero
subtracting fractions b d b c bc
c v on erting a fraction to a
5,200 can be expressed as 52 x percent
Same denominators Example

100 = 52 x 102 = 52 x (5 x 2)2 and

To convert a fraction to a percent, convert
a c a-c 2 5 2 7 14
has two trailing zeros.
- = = x = the fraction to a decimal, multipl y the
b b b 3 7 3 5 15
decimal b y 100 and attach the percent

sign.
different denominators

Example
a c ad - bc
Lesson | fractions
- = reciprocals
b d bd 6
To get the reciprocal of a non-zero
L ’ et s ta k e a fraction
10
fraction basics
Example
number, divide 1 b y that number.

6
numerator
2
-
5
=
14 - 15
= -
1 = 0. 6 0. 6 x 100 % 6 %
= 0
10
fraction = 3 7 21 21
denominator

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GRE formula sheet

any base raised to the zero 0, 1, , 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 72 ,
8 9 example
Lesson | exponents & roots power and 1, . 000
1 1 1
When a base is raised to the first
2-2 = 2
=
2 4 33
= 3-3
exponents power, the value of the expression is
exponents to emorize 7 3
-3
simply that base. m 3
An exponent is used to denote the =
repeated multiplication of a bases of 2
7 3
number with itself
perfect squares 20 = 1 2 =2 2 =4
Example
1 2

23 = 2 = 16 2 = 32 num er properties of
b
A perfect square, other than and 1,
8 4 5

43 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 0
exponents
is a number such that all of its prime 2 = 64
6 27 = 12 8 2 = 256
8

factors have even exponents. 2 = 512 2 = 1, 24

9 10 0
case # 1
Positive or Negative Bases Example
bases of 3 Base: greater than 1

(positive)even = positive
144 = 2 x 3
4 2 Exponent: even positive integer

(+4)2 = +1 3 =3
1 3 =
2 9 33 = 27 Result is larger 5 > 5
2

(negative)even = positive
3 = 1
4 8 3 = 243
5

perfect squares to emorize m

case # 2

(-4)2 = +1 bases of 5
0, 1, 4, , 16, 25, 36, 4 , 64, 1, 1 , 121,
9 9 8 00
Base: greater than 1

(positive)odd = positive
144, 16 , 1 6, and 225. Exponent: odd positive integer
9 9
5 =5
1 5 = 25
2 53 = 125 greater than 1

(+3)3 = +2
5 = 625
4 Result is larger 53 > 5
(negative)odd = negative

perfect u es c b
bases of 4 ase #
(-3)3 = -27 c 3

A perfect cube, other than and 1, is 0

Base: less than -1

a number such that all of its prime 4 =4

1 4 = 16
2 43 = 64
Exponent: even positive integer
Nonzero base raised to the factors have exponents that are 4 = 256
4
greater than 1

zero power divisible by 3. Result is larger (-5) > (-5)

2

When a nonzero base is raised to Example

ase # 4
the zero power, the expression raising a base to a negative
c

27 = 33
equals 1. exponent Base: less than -1

Example Exponent: odd positive integer

1 1
40 = 1, 70 = 1, 150 = 1 perfect u es to emorize
c b m x-1 = x
and in general, x-y = xy
greater than 1

Result is smaller (-5)3 < (-5)

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GRE formula sheet

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GRE formula sheet

case # 5 Exponent: positive proper fraction Example zeros to the right of the final non-zero
digit as the perfect square.
Base: positive proper fraction
Result is smaller 5 < 5 54 54
= = 9=3 Example
Exponent: even positive integer 6 6
case # 10 10,000 = 100
1 2 1
Result is smaller < Base: positive proper fraction

5 5
Exponent: positive proper fraction non-perfect square roots to
case # 6 memorize cube roots of small perfect
1 1 cubes
Result is larger > 2 ≈ 1.4, 3 ≈ 1.7, 5 ≈ 2.2
Base: negative proper fraction
5 5
Exponent: even positive integer The cube root of a perfect cube
decimal has exactly one-third of the
1 2 1 square roots of small perfect number of decimal places as the
Result is larger - > - addition & subtraction of original perfect cube.
5 5 squares
radicals
If a decimal with a finite number of
Example
case # 7 (a + b) ≠ a + b
decimal places is a perfect square, its 3 0.000027 = 3 27
Base: positive proper fraction
Example square root will have exactly half of 1,000,000
Exponent: odd positive integer the number of decimal places. Thus,
greater than 1 25 + 16 ≠ 5 + 4 3
a perfect square decimal must have = = 0.03
an even number of decimal places. 100
1 3 1 25 + 16 = 41 ≈ 6.40
Result is smaller < Example
5 5
4 cube roots of large perfect
case # 8 multiplying radicals 0.0004 = cubes
10,000
Base: negative proper fraction
m
a x m
b = m
ab and The cube root of a perfect cube
2
Exponent: odd positive integer = = 0.02 integer has exactly one-third of the
greater than 1
m
ab = m
a x m
b 100
number of zeros to the final non-
Example zero digit as the original perfect
1 3 1 cube.
Result is larger - > -
5 5 m
5 x m
7 = m
5x7 square roots of large perfect
squares Example
case # 9 3 1,000,000 = 100
When a perfect square ends with an
Base: greater than 1 dividing radicals even number of zeros, the square
n
a a a n
a root of such a perfect square will
n n
n = and = have exactly half of the number of
b b b nb

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GRE formula sheet

number 0 follow the four-number pattern cats 4

Lesson | decimals - -3-1. =
7 9
dogs 3
All powers of 0 end in 0.
number 8 cats dogs = 4 3
: :

leading zeros in a decimal number 1

The units digits of positive powers of cats to dogs = 4 to 3
If x is an integer with k digits, then All powers of 1 end in 1. 8 will follow the four-number pattern
1/x will have k-1 leading zeros 8-4-2-6.
unless x is a perfect power of 10, in number 2 What constitutes a useful ratio
which case there will be k-2 number 9

leading zeroes. The units digits of positive powers of number of workers 4+m
2 will follow the four-number pattern The units digits of powers of follow 9
=
Example 2-4-8-6. a two-number pattern -1. All positive
: 9 number of managers m
odd powers of end in , and all
9 9
1 positive even powers of end in 1. This is not a ratio.
100 → = 0.01 number
9

100 3

1 The units digits of powers of 3 will number of workers 5m 5

200 → = 0.005 = = =5 1
number of managers m 1
:

200 follow the four-number pattern 3- - -1.

9 7
an factorial
y ≥ 5!

number This is a ratio.

4
Any factorial 5 will always have
≥ !

terminating decimals The units digits of powers of 4 follow zero as its units digit.
a two-number pattern 4-6. All
Ratio of part to Total
:
The decimal equivalent of a positive odd powers of 4 end in 4,
fraction will terminate if and only if and all positive even powers of 4 end
the denominator of the reduced Lesson | ratios part1 = x

in 6.
fraction has a prime factorization part2 = 3x
that contains only 2s or 5s, or
both.
number 5 Ratio ormula
F
part1 part1
=
All positive integer powers of 5 end in total part1 + part2
Example 5. atio =
part
whole x x 1
R

1 = = =
= 0.05 number 6 x + 3x 4x 4
20 part
atio =
part
R

1 All positive integer powers of 6 end in

= 0.083333333333... 6.
12 multipart ratio and the LCM
number 7
3 w a s to xpress a atio
y e r e xample
patterns in units digits The units digits of powers of will
7
R atio1 → x y = 3 4
: :

arithmetic | decimals | ratios 06 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

Ratio2 → x : z = 7 : 11

attach the percent sign. 100 - 80 “percent e than” l ss

= x 100%
80 tran lation
s s
Ratio1 → x : y = 7 * 3 : 7 * 4
Example
Ratio2 → x : z = 3 * 7 : 3 * 11

% less than
7 7 20 1 inal = 1 - x (initial)
= x 100 = 7% = x 100% = x 100% = 25% F
100
Ratio1 → x : y = 21 : 28
100 100 80 4
Ratio2 → x : z = 21 : 33
So, the price of the shirt has Example
To combine ratios find the least increased by 25%. x is 2% less than y
common multiple (LCM) of the given converting from a percent
values of x, which is 21. x = 0. 8y9
To convert a percent to a decimal,
Thus the combined ratio is:

drop the percent sign and divide by “percent of ” tran lation

s s
x is 0% less than y
6

100. x = 0.4y
Combined Ratio → x : y : z = 21 : 28 : 33 Percent of mean to multiply a given
Example “ ”

percent by a given value.

5
5% = = 0.05 Example “percent reater than”
g
100
Lesson | percent tran lation
s s
5 percent of z
5 5z z % greater than
“percent change” formula x (z) = = inal = 1 x (initial)
Percent
F +

100 100 20 100

Percent can be referred to as "Per final value - initial value 3 Example

x 100%
6 9k

one hundred" or "divide by 100". 3 percent of x ( ) =

initial value
6 k k
100 25
The symbol used to denote the x is 2% greater than y
percent is %. Example 400 x = 1.02y
400 percent of y x (y) = 4y
100
Price of a shirt has increased from x is 0% greater than y
6

part x = 1. y
Percent = x 100% 6

whole $80 to $100. So, the percent change

will be:

“ hat percent” tran lation

w s

Percent increase = Example ariant percent tran lation

converting to a percent
v s s

a is what percent of b ?
final value - initial value 1x is n percent of y
To convert a fraction, decimal, or x 100% a
an integer to a percent, multiply initial value x 100 = n
b
?
x= xy
the decimal or integer by 100 and 100

arithmetic | ratios | percent 07 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

u GRE u
x is n percent less than y 20 = 5 + (4 - 1)5

O r s ccess stories
n 20 = 20
x = 1 - x y
100

100 - n Scholar Den was a game-changer for me. Once you practice the kind of questions
x = x y
sum of the terms of an
100 here, you get used to doing intensive problems and GRE problems seem doable.

arithmetic sequence

x is n percent greater than y

S d 338 i GRE
n
n Sn = (a1 + an ) core n
2
I
x = 1 + x y
100 After my first attempt of GRE, came

4 in contact with Scholar Den mentor,

100 + n Sn = (5 + 20)
who gave me guidance about the
x = x y 2
100
The level of difficulty and trickiness in
test and as a result, I improved my

Sn = 2 (25)
the Scholar Den question parallels that
score by 26 points.

on the real GRE.

5 + 10 + 15 + 20 = 50

Lesson | sequence & series

i p v d 26 p
m ro e oints

p f
er ect qua 170 / 170
nt

arithmetic sequences

Scholar Den lessons and practices

An arithmetic sequence is a

sequence in which the difference

I recommend Scholar Den to
questions were enough in

understanding how to attempt all

anyone aiming for a high score.
between every pair of consecutive

terms is the same.

T heir questions are quite similar to
types of questions.

the ones in the real exam.

formula

an = a1 + (n-1)d
Score d 338 i GRE n i p v d 23 p
m ro e oints

th
Where an is the n term in the

sequence, a1 is the first term of the

sequence, and d is the common

difference. I scored 17 0 out of 1 7

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uant. Scholar Den played role of its own in

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GRE formula sheet

Chapter 2

algebra

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GRE formula sheet

Variable Since “4” is a common to all of the Case 1: The quantities within the
Lesson | operations with terms on the left side of the equation, absolute values are opposites:
expressions A variable is represented by any it can be factored out.
alphabet from English. A variable can 16x + 14 = 8x + 6

be assigned different values to solve 8x = -8 → x = -1

PEMDAS: the order of a given equation. It can be a positive
mathematical operations or a negative integer value. Similarly, equations with one absolute Case 2: The quantities within the
it can have a decimal value too. 'x', value absolute values are equal:
Parentheses → ( ) or { } or [ ] 'Y', 'p', 'm', etc. are all examples of a
When solving equations with → 16x + 14 = -(8x + 6)

Exponents → 22 variable. → 16x + 14 = -8x -6

absolute values, we need to solve the
Multiplication → * or x equation twice, first for the condition 5
Division → / or ÷ in which the expression between the → 24x = -20 → x = -
Coefficient 6
Addition → + absolute value bars is positive and
Subtraction → - second for the condition in which the
If we write a constant alongside a expression is negative.
variable, then that constant is known
Example as the coefficient of that variable. For adding absolute values
examples
13 + 5 example, +4x has a coefficient +4,
= x 9 - 42 and the variable 'x'. Similarly, -11.7m |2x + 4| = 12, x = ? This is always true:

6 |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
has a coefficient -11.7 and a variable
13 + 5 'm'. +(2x + 4) = 12
and -(2x + 4) = 12

= x 9 - 16 2x + 4 = 12
and -2x - 4 = 12
A second rule when adding absolute
6
2x = 8
and -2x = 16
values
18
= x 9 - 16 x=4 and x = -8 When |a + b| = |a| + |b| , this means:
6
Lesson | solving linear
= 3 x 9 - 16 = 27 - 16 = 11 equations One or both quantities are 0; o
Both quantities (a & b) have the
when two absolute values are same sign.
Constant equal to each other
factoring out common factors
Any value that is fixed, or does not If two absolute values are equal, it
changes during the course of ab + ac = d → a(b + c) = d must be true that the expressions subtracting absolute value
solution of an equation, is known within the absolute value bars are
Since “a” is a common to all of the either equals or opposites. This is always true: |a - b| ≥ |a| - |b|
as a constant. A constant can be terms on the left side of the equation,
added or subtracted, as well as it can be factored out.
Example A second rule when subtracting
multiplied or divided with another
values
constant or a variable. +43, -37, example
4.6, -7.3, etc. are all examples of a |16 + 14| = |8x + 6| x = ? When |a - b| = |a| - |b| , this means:
constant. 4x + 4y = 7 → 4(x + y) = 7

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GRE formula sheet

The second quantity is 0; o subtracting inequalities Dividing inequalities Absolute Inequalities

Both quantities have the same sign
and the absolute value of |a - b| is If the inequality symbols are in The conditions for the division of two Solving absolute inequalities can be
greater than or equal to the absolute opposite directions, then they can be inequalities are the same as the done by opening the absolute sign,
value of |a| - |b|. subtracted. However, the symbol of subtraction. However there is an and replacing it with the ± sign. Then,
the upper inequality will be used as extra condition, that both inequalities we need to make two different
Example the inequality symbol of the answer. have non-zero values on either side. inequalities and solve them
|5 - 0| = |5| - |0| and |5 - 4| = |5| - |4|
Sometimes, it will depend on the The inequality symbol will be of the accordingly.
answer itself. upper inequality. Just like the
but
subtraction rules, the symbols of both Example
|0 - 5| ≠ |0| - |5| |4 - 5| ≠ |4| - |5| a>b inequalities should be opposite to
and |x + a| > b x + a) > b

→ ±(
c<d each other.
+(x + a) > b & -(x + a) > b

Both inequalities are facing opposite a>b

directions, i.e first one has the greater x + a > b & x + a < -b

Lesson | solving linear c<d

than “>” symbol and the second one x > b - a & x < -b - a
inequalities has the less than “<” symbol. So, we Both inequalities are facing opposite
can subtract them as follows: directions, i.e first one has the greater
than “>” symbol and the second one
adding inequalities a-c>b-d has the less than “<” symbol. So, we
can divide them as follows: Lesson | rules of exponents
While adding two inequalities, the
a b
inequality sign should be the same multiplying inequalities c
>
d
and should face the same addition and subtraction of
direction. Two inequalities can be multiplied like bases
when the inequality symbol faces the
a>b same direction. The inequality inequalities & absolute values When adding or subtracting
c>d symbol of the answer will remain the expressions with exponents, consider
same. Absolute value factoring out common factors.
Both inequalities are the same, i.e
both have the greater than “>” a>b If a ≥ 0, |a| = a Example
symbol and they face the same c>d If a < 0, |a| = -a
direction as well. Therefore, we = 2 + 211 + 212
10

can add them, Both inequalities are facing the same xamples
direction, i.e. both have the greater
e
=2 10
(1 + 21 + 22)
a+c>b+d than “>” symbol, so we can multiply |50| = 50
them as follows: =2 (1 + 2 + 4) = 10
2 (7)
|-50| = -(-50) = 50
axc>bxd

Algebra solving linear eq. | solving linear ineq. | rules of exponents 10 www.scholarden.com
GRE formula sheet

multiplication of like bases and in general for any positive Multiplying radicals special addition rule with
number x, exponents
(xa) (xb) = xa+b m
a x
m
b =
m
ab and
xa = xa/b 1. ac + bc ≠ (a x b)c

ab = a x
m m m
Example b
Example: 22 + 32 ≠ (2 x 3)2

division of like bases ( 3 x )2 = 3 x2 = (x2)1/3 = x2/3 Example

2. (a + b)c ≠ ac + bc

xa 5 x 7 = 5x7 = 35 Example: (3 + 2)3 ≠ 33 + 23

= x a-b
xb multiple square roots 3. ab x ac ≠ a(b x c)

a Dividing radicals Example: 22 x 23 ≠ 2(2 x 3)

b
x = (x ) = x
1/b 1/a 1/b x 1/b =x 1/ab
4. ((ab)c) ≠ a(b + c)

power to a power rule m

a m a m a m
a
Example = and = m Example: ((23)4) ≠ 2(3 + 4)

(xa)b = xab and (410) 10= 4100

m
b b b b
= 3 3 3= 3x 3 x 3 5. ab + ac ≠ a(b + c)

Example
= 31/2 x 31/2x1/2 x 31/2x1/2x1/2 Example: 23 + 24 ≠ 2(3 + 4)

multiplication of different 54 54 6. ab x ac ≠ a(bc)

= 31/2 x 31/4 x 31/8 = = 9 = 3

bases and like exponents 6 6
Example: 32 x 3x ≠ 3(2x)

= 31/2+1/4+1/8 = 37/8
(xa) (ya) = (xy)a 7. -ab ≠ +ab

special addition rule with Example: -34 ≠ +81

addition and subtraction of exponents
division of different bases and like radicals
like exponents 2n + 2n = 2n+1

a
Example
3n + 3n + 3n = 3n+1
Lesson | Average, mixture,
xa x rate, work & interest
ya
=
y
= 10 3 5 + 53 5 + 63 5 + 23 5 + 4n + 4n + 4n + 4n = 4n+1
23 5
The rule continues on forever with
= 3 5 (10 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 2) different bases. rate-time distance formula
radicals can be expressed in
= 3 5 (25) = 51/3 x 52 = 51/3+2/1 D istance = Rate x Time
exponential form
x=x , 1/2 3 x=x 1/3 = 51/3+6/3 = 57/3

Algebra rule of exponents | average, mixture, rate, work & interest 11 www.scholarden.com
GRE formula sheet

distance 15 cars cars converging / diverging rate basic word translations

Time = = 15
rate 1 month month formula
English Translation
distance distobject 1 + distobject 2 = total distobjects 1 & 2 Is =
rate =
time Unit conversion Was =
To convert from larger unit to smaller round-trip rate formula Has been =
rate-time-work formula unit, we need to multiply the given more +
value with the multiplier.
distance1 = distance2 years older +
(Rate x Time) = Work Example: Convert 5Km to cm. years younger -
work From Km to m catch-up rate formula less -
Time =
rate 5 x 1000 = 5,000 m times x
distance1 = distance2
work less than -
rate = From m to cm
time fewer -
5,000 x 100 = 500,000 cm
catch-up & pass formula as many x
To convert from smaller unit to larger factor x
price per item unit, we need to divide the given ∆ Distance
Time = Of x
value with the divisor.
∆ time
total cost
price per item = Example: Convert 300,000 Watts to
no. of items Mega Watts. the profit equation
combined worker formula
From W to KW profit = total revenue - total cost
an object work rate workObject 1 + workObject 2 = workTotal
300,000 or
Jackie can paint 20 fences in 4 weeks = 300 KW
1000
Her rate is: Linear growth formula profit = total revenue - (total fixed
From KW to MW costs + total variable costs)
20 fences
= 5
fences 300 Fn = kn + p
4 weeks week = 0.3 MW
1000
Fn = final growth

A machine can produce 15 cars in 1 simple interest

month p = initial value

average rate formula Simple Interest = Principal x Rate x

n = n growth period

th
Time
Thus, its rate is:
total distance k = constant increase during each
average rate =
total time period

Algebra average, mixture, rate, work & interest 12 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

compound interest factoring a quadratic equation If b2 - 4ac < 0, then the given M ultipl the inside terms
y :

equation will have two imaginary

r nt x2 + bx + c = 0
roots which are not part of the GRE (-7) (x) = -7x
*

A=P 1+ curriculum.
n factors to:
M ultipl the last terms
y :

A = future value
(x + p) (x + q) = 0 (-7) (+4) = -28
*

P = principal
→ p and q must multiply to c
Sum or product of roots x2 - 3x - 28 = 0
r = rate of interest
→ p and q must added to b If we are given a quadratic equation

n = no. of times per year interest is Example

ax2 + bx + c = 0 expression set equal to ero z

compounded
x2 - 3x - 28 = 0
And it has two distinct roots x1 and x2, x an equal to
c 0

t = time in years factors to:

then we can determine the sum of
the roots by using the formula : x x
(x - 7) (x + 4) = 0
2 + 100 = 0

S um of roots = x1 + x2 x(x + 100 ) = 0

Lesson | solving quadratic → -7 and 4 multiply to -28

b x or x
equations → -7 and 4 add to -3 x1 + x 2 = - = 0 + 100 = 0

a
x = 0 or x = -100

Similarly, the product of roots can be

general form of quadratic
discriminant of the quadratic found by :

formula 3 common quadratic identities

equation c
x1 x 2 =
*

The quadratic formula to find the a (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x2 + 2xy + y

ax2 + bx + c = 0 roots of a given equation is
2

Before a quadratic equation can (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x2 + 2xy + y 2

(-b + b2 - 4ac)
be factored, it must be writter in x= foiling quadratic equations (x + y)(x - y) = x2 - y2
the general form. 2a
(x - 7) (x + 4) = 0
“b2 - 4ac” helps us determine whether
an equation has two distinct roots, or M ultipl the first terms
y :
squares of fractions
quadratic formula same roots or imaginary roots. (x) (x) = x2
* 2
(-b + b2 - 4ac) a a2
x= If b2 - 4ac > 0, then the given ultipl the outside terms =
2a
M y :
b b2
equation will have two different roots
(x) (+4) = +4x
If b2 - 4ac = 0, then the given
*

equation will have one root only.

Algebra average, mixture, rate, work & interest | solving quadratic eq. 13 www.scholarden.com
GRE formula sheet

squares of square roots of

Lesson | functions Lesson | coordinate geometry y
fractions
(x2,y2)
x x
= function the oordinate plane
y y c
x
fun tion of a ariable is defined y
A c v

(x1,y1) mid oint p

by an algebrai ex ression for c p II I

some examples of a difference that ariablev

uadrant uadrant
of squares fun tion transforms an in ut
Q II Q I

A c p
- + / + + /

x2 - 9 = (x - 3)(x + 3)
value into an out ut alue p v

0 x The slope ntercept equation

4x2 - 100 = (2x - 10) (2x + 10)
F un tions are ty i ally denoted by
c p c
-i

f, g or h but any al habet an be p c III IV

x2y2 - 16 = (xy - 4) (xy + 4)
used to denote a fun tion c
y = mx + b
uadrant uadrant
3 30- 2 30 = (3 15 )2 - (215)2 =(315+ 215)
Q III Q IV

A fun tion will return exa tly one

c c
- -/ + - /
where :

out ut alue for any in ut alue

p v p v
y = the y- oordinat
c e

Properties of a number A fun tion may rodu e the same

c p c x = the orres onding x- oordinat
c p c e

between 0 and 1 out ut for different in ut alues

p p v .
m = the slo e of the lin
The distance formula p e

If 0 < x < 1 , it must be true that b = the y-inter e t of the line

c p

D istan e =
c (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2
x2 < x < x domain
y slope of a ine
T he set of all the numbers that a (x2,y2) l

fun tion an use (i e the set of all (x1,y1)

The zero product property
c c . .
∆ y y2 - y 1 ise R
in uts) is alled the domain of the slo e = m =
p = =
x x2 - x 1 un
p c

fun tion x ∆ R
If a x b = 0, then one of the following c .

is true where :

a= y2 = the se ond y- oordinat

c c e

b= range
a and b = 0 y1 = the first y- oordinat c e

The set of all the numbers a fun tion c

m idpoint formula x2 = the se ond x- oordinat
c c e

can generate (i e the set of all. . x1 = the first x- oordinat c e

taking the square root of a out uts) is alled the range of x 1 + x 2 y 1 + y2 m = the slo e of the line
p c

number and / or binomial fun tion M id oint =

p , p
c .
2 2
x2 = |x| thus (x + y)2 = |x + y|

Algebra solving quadratic equations | functions | coordinate geometry 14 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

Positive Slope Undefined Slope reflections circles

y y Reflection over the x-axis In X-Y cartesian coordinate system,
the circle with center (h, k) and radius
(x , y) → (x , -y) r is the set of all points (x, y) such that,
y
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
Original Point

0 x 0 x (x, y) And if origin (0, 0) is center, then:

x x2 + y2 = r 2
Reflected Point

(x, -y)
Negative Slope parabolas
y Reflection over the y-axis The equation of the parabolas can
parallel lines be written as:
(x , y) → (-x , y)
Parallel lines have the same slope but y y = a(x - h)2 + k
different y-intercepts, and as a result,
the line will never intersect. Reflected Point
Original Point
where (h, k) is vertex coordinates.
0 x (-x, y) (x, y)
The vertex of parabola (from the
x equation y = ax2 + bx + c) can be
found by:

perpendicular lines b b2
Zero Slope - ,c-
2a 4a
The slopes of two perpendicular lines Reflection over the origin
y
are negative reciprocals; negative (x , y) → (-x , -y)
reciprocals multiply to -1.
y
Original Point

(x, y)
0 x 90o
x
Reflected Point

(-x, -y)

Algebra coordinate geometry 15 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

fu n & g amifi ed a w y to m e r e mo iz

gRE voc ab lar u y wo rds

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Algebra 16 www.scholarden.com
GRE formula sheet

Chapter 3

geometry
www.scholarden.com
GRE formula sheet

360o Angle distance between point & a line U sing a point and slope
Lesson | lines & angles
T he distance between point (x1 , y1 ) T he equation of line passing through
and line ax + by + c = 0 is given by: a point p1 = (x1 , y1) and slope m is
angles
given by:
|ax1 + by1 + c|
parallel lines intersected by a D =
a2 + b2 (y - y1) = m(x - x1 )
Acute Angle
transversal

the intercept form

a b
g eneral equation of a line
c d
T he equation of line with x and y
G eneral equation is:

intercept as a and b given by:

e f
g h
ax + by + c=0
x y
For the above equation, the slope is: ( ) + ( ) =1
a b
Obtuse Angle a
Vertical angles are equal Slope = -
b
ao = d o = e o = h o & bo = c o = f o = g o o pposite angles
and y intercept is:
Corresponding angles are equal c ao = c o and b o = do
y-intercept = -
b
ao = e o , c o = g o , b o = f o , d o = h B

Any acute angle and any obtuse

angle will sum to 180o.
point-intercept form
Right Angle A ao bo C
Supplementary angles sum to 180o.
y = mx + c

do co

where m is slope and c is the y

distance between two parallel intercept. D

lines
90o
D istance between two parallel lines

y = mx + c and y = mx + b is given by: U sing two points supplementary angles

|b - c| T he equation of line passing through Angles are supplementary if their

Straight Angle D =
m2 + 1 p1 = (x1 , y1) and p = 2
(x2 ,y 2
) is given by: sum measures to 180o.

180o where b & c are y-intercepts, & m is y - y1 y1 - y 2

slope. =
x - x1 x1 - x2
bo ao

geometry Lines & angles | triangles 17 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

Angles a and b are supplementary

triangles Since the sum of all angles is 180o, half of the radius of the circumcircle.
ao + bo = 180o then each angle will be:
A triangle is a type of polygon which
has three sides and three interior 180o
= 60o isosceles triangles
angles. 3
corresponding angles
Two sides are equal in length
ao = e o , b o = f o , d o = h o , c o = g o Also, the angles opposite to those
||
a
two sides are congruent / identical.
l3
\ /
ao b o

do co C B
l1
// \\ \ /
eo fo
|
l2 ho go b c
Equilateral triangle formulas
// \\
A

The sum of all angles in a triangle is Let L be the side length of an

180o i.e.,
equilateral triangle, then: isosceles triangle formulas

exterior angle of a triangle ao + bo + co = 180o 3

Altitude = x L
2
An exterior angle of a triangle is
3 L L (length)
x L2
equal to the sum of its two remote
triangle inequality theorem Area =
interior angles. 4
A (altitude)
In any triangle, the sum of the lengths
Angle a is an exterior angle

of any two sides of the triangles is

Perimeter = 3 x L
x
of the triangle B (base)
greater than the length of the third
3
side. Similarly, the difference of the Radius of inscribed circle = x L
y z a 6 To find a base using length and
lengths of any two sides of the altitude, use the formula:
x+y=a triangles is less than the length of the 3
third side.
Radius of circumscribed circle = x L B= 2 L2 - A2
Angles x and y are remote interior
3
angles to angle a B-C<A<B+C To find the length given the base and
For a given perimeter, equilateral
altitude:
triangle has the greatest area

For a given area, equilateral triangle B

equilateral triangle L= 2 A2 + ( )2
Lesson | triangles has the smallest perimeter 2
All sides are equal in length Within the equilateral triangle, the
All angles are also equal. radius of the inscribed circle is just

geometry Lines & angles | triangles 18 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

To find the altitude given the base The midpoint of hypotenuse is the ratio of the sides of a area of a triangle
and length: equidistant from all vertices 30-60-90 right triangle
base x height 1
B Right angled triangle has the Area = = bh
A= L2 - ( ) 2 greatest area if two legs are equal in 2 2
2
length (Isosceles Triangle)
Radius of an inscribed circle
Right angled triangle can never be the area of an equilateral
B 2L - B an equilateral triangle as the
= x triangle
2 2L + B hypotenuse must be greater than
other sides. side2 3
(a + b - c) Area =
Radius of inscribed circle = 4
2
isosceles right triangle

the ratio of the sides of a

cutting an equilateral triangle
Pythagorean theorem in half
45-45-90 right triangle
Dropping an altitude from the upper
vertex to the base of an equilateral
triangle produces two identical
30-60-90 triangles.

right angle triangle 30O 30O

One interior angle measure is 90o A2 + B2 = C2

The side opposite to the 90o angle is Let’s suppose that the lengths of
call hypotenuse and is the largest 60O 60O
sides of the triangle are a, b and c
side length of the triangle where c is the largest length.

Base and Perpendicular are the sides

adjacent to 90o.
For right triangle, A2 + B2 = C Pythagorean triplets
For acute triangle, A2 + B2 > C
3-4-5 Right Triangl
For obtuse triangle, A2 + B2 < C2 5-12-13 Right Triangl
7-24-25 Right Triangl
8-15-17 Right Triangle

geometry triangles 19 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

hypotenuse of a 45-45-90 right Minimum perimeter of a rectangle AB = BC = CD = AD

Lesson | quadrilaterals triangle is the diagonal of a
square Given a rectangle with a fixed area, Ao = Co and Bo = Do
the rectangle with the minimum
perimeter is a square. Ao + Bo = 180o and Co + Do = 180o
square A square’s diagonal cuts the
square into two 45-45-90 right
A side B Two ways to find the area of the
triangles.
maximum area of a rectangle rhombus:
Area = side2
Side
Perimeter = 4 x side Given a rectangle with a fixed Area = base x height
perimeter, the rectangle with the
O
45

90O maximum area is a square. 1

Area = D1 x D 2
2
90O 90O

Side 2 where D1 and D2 represent the

Rhombus diagonals, which are perpendicular
O
90
e
id
S
to each other.
45O A rhombus has all the sides equal in
length with the opposite sides being A B

D C

Diagonals are perpendicular

parallel to each other. Also, the D1
rectangle opposite angles have same
Height
Area of the square measures and the sum of adjacent
Length angles is equal to 180o.
Area of the square is: D2

Area = length x width

(Diagonal)2 Width D C
A= Perimeter = (2 x length) + (2 x width)
2 Base

length of each diagonal parallelogram

longest line segment of a
rectangle
The length of each diagonal is: Opposite sides are equa
The longest segment is the diagonal. Opposite angles are equal
L = (side length) x 2

Diagonal = L2 + W2 A B

Height
Area = base x height

D C
Base

geometry quadrilaterals 20 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

parallelogram Law circles Arc length and sector area Tangent

2 (AB)2 + 2 (BC)2 = D12 + D22 A line that touched the circle

A
circumference at only one point.
A B Sector Area
Diameter
Secant
C Xo Central Angle
Radius
D1
Chord
Arc Length
A line that intersects the circle at two
D2
B
points.
D C
Arc Length
where r = radius o rd s
Ch di
u
central angle arc length Ra

Diameter = 2r =
trapezoid 360o circumference Diam
eter

nt
Tange
(base1 + base2) x height d2 Sector Area Se
Area = Area = πr2 or =π ca
nt
2 4
central angle area of sector
=
A Base2 B circumference = 2πr or = πd 360o area of circle

relationship between circumference Central angle Power of a Point Theorem

and area of the circle
arc length area of sector
= 1st scenario
C= 4πA
circumference
height

area of circle
The two lines are of the circle and
intersect inside the circle. In this case,
Area of a circle, if circle is we have:
Length of a chord
inscribed in the square
D E Base1 C
(AE ) x (CE) = (BE ) x (DE)
(π)2
Area of circle = x Area of square Chord
4 A
D
E B
Lesson | circles
r D

Area of a circle, if circle is

circumscribed around the
If we have a circle with radius r and
square C
perpendicular distance D from center
π to the chord, then length of chord will
Area of circle = ( ) x Area of square be:
2
Length of chord = 2 r2 - D2

geometry quadrilaterals | circles 21 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

2nd scenario inscribed angles in cirlces regular polygons inscribed in d v i iding circle into non-
circles ov erlapping regions
One of the lines is tangent to the Angles AOB and ACB share the same
circle while the other is a secant. In endpoints, Point A and B W hen a regular polygon is inscribed M aximum number of non-
this case, we have: in a circle, the polygon divides the overlapping regions created by “ n”
A B circle into arcs of equal length. lines
(AB) x (AB) = (BC) x (BD)
Arc AB = BC = CD = DE =EF = FA
(n + 1) x n
B R =1 +

O A B 2

C Angle AOB is a
central angle (1)
A
D C
(4)
O
Angle ACB is an inscribed angle F C
(2)
Angle AOB = 2 x ( ACB )
(3)
Angle ACB = 1/2 the degree measure of arc AB

Example
3rd scenario E D
right triangle inscribed in a
circle Dividing a circle by using 2 straight
Both lines are secant of the circle and
lines as follows. Putting n = 2 in the
intersect outside of it. In this case, we
the area of a circular ring above given formula:
have:

here:

(n + 1) x n
X is a right triangle W
=1
(CB) x (CA) = (CD) x (CE) ∆XYZ R +
2
R = radius of the inner circle and

C O
R2 = radius of the entire 2-circle system
Hy
po
(2 + 1) x 2
te R =1 +
nus 2
B e Area of the outer ring = π (R 2 2 - R 2)
1

Y
Z
Outer
R =1 + (3) x 1
E

A
R 1
R =1 + 3

I nner
R2 R = 4
XZ is the diameter of the circle and it
is the hypotenuse of the triangle

geometry circles 22 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

interior angles of a polygon diagonals Perimeter of polygon

Lesson | polygons
The sum of the interior angles of a The most common way of finding the Perimeter = n * side length
number of diagonals in a polygon is:
o
polygon = (n - 2) x 180 , where n = the
number of sides in the polygon. where n is the number of sides of a
Polygons
n x (n - 3) polygon.
Number of diagonals =
Each line segment is known as a 2
side Triangles from Polygons
where n is the number of sides of a
The point where two lines meet is Area of hexagon
polygon.
Given a polygon with n sides, we can
known as a vertex
obtain n - 2 triangles by selecting one 3 3 A2
The polygons used in the GRE of the vertices and joining it with the A=
2
exam are “Convex” polygons other vertices. Measure of individual angle
where each internal angle is less
than 180o.
1
Measure of individual angle of
polygon:
A
2
B
Measure of Sum of interior angles
= A
each angle n
F
C 1 where n is the number of sides of a
2
polygon.

area of octagon
3

E D 4

exterior angles of any polygon A = 2 (1 + 2) A2

Convex Polygon

They always sum to 360 . o

A Types of polygons
Exterior angle 72 o

108 o

Names No. of sides

B
F Pentagon 5 72 o

A
C 108 o
108 o

hexagon 6 72
o

5 x 72 = 360
o o

heptagon 7
E D octagon 8

Non-Convex Polygon nonagon 9 72 108

o o
108 o

72 o

decagon 10

geometry circles | polygons 23 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

rectangular solid cube open cube

Lesson | 3-D figures
For a cube with side length s, opened
from one side, the surface area will
be:
Vertices
Surface Area = 5 x s2
Vertices are the Vertices

corners where
the edges meet.

where

H = Height, L = Length, W = Width

surface area of a cube

surface area of a rectangle solid Surface Area = 6 x side2

edges Surface Area = 2 [(W x L) + (W x H) + volume of a cube
(L x H)]
Volume = side3
Edges are the Edges

lines around
the shape. volume of a rectangle solid diagonal of a cube For a cube opened from both sides,
Diagonal = side 3 the surface area will be:
Volume = L x W x H
Surface Area = 4 x s2
diagonal of a rectangle solid
Diagonal2 = L2 x W2 x H2
faces
Di
ag
on
Faces are the al

flat sides that

we touch when
we hold the Face
shape.

side

geometry 3-D figures 24 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

cylinder cone Surface area

Radius Vertex 1
Lateral height = r2 + h2 = base area + (perimeter) (slant height)
2
1
Volume = πr2h Faces = 5
3 Edge

Edges
Height

Edges = 8

where r = radius and h = height.

Outer surface area

Surface Area = 2πr2 + 2πrh with base
Surface hemisphere
Volume = πr2h = πr (r + r2 + h2 ) H emisphere is half of the sphere. For
Face
hemisphere with radius r:
where r = radius and h = height.
p rism
2
Volume = πr3
Outer surface area 3 V olume

open cylinder
without base = base area x height
Surface Surface area without base = 2πr2
If the cylinder is
= πr r2 + h2 urface area

opened from one side, Surface area with base = 3πr2 S

then the surface area =2 x base area + base

will be: Surface perimeter x height

Surface Area
Faces = 5
sphere
= πr2 + 2πrh Face
Edges = 9
A sphere is a 3-D generalization of a
circle. For a sphere with radius r: Vertex = 6

If the cylinder is
4
opened from both Volume = πr3 Pyramid
3
sides, then the surface
Surface
area will be: A pyramid is defined as a 3-D
Surface area = 4πr2
structure encompassing a polygon
Surface Area = 2πrh as its base.

1
Volume = x base area x base height
3

geometry 3-D figures 25 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

sphere inscribed in a cube Here AB is the radius of a cone. OD is and height will be x. The diameter of the sphere is equal
the difference of the height of cone to the diagonal of the rectangle
For a cube with a side 2R, the radius AD and the radius OC of the sphere. r formed by the cylinder ’s height and
of the sphere inscribed in that cube is diameter.
R.
x
cube inscribed in a sphere

If a cube is inscribed in a sphere of

diameter d and radius r, then the side
2R
of cube is: x

x
2r
Side length =
3

The longest diagonal of the cube is cone inscribed in a cube

the diameter of the sphere.
Cone inscribed in a cube of side x
and height x.
sphere inscribed in a cone
x
Radius =
For finding the radius of the sphere 2
inscribed in a cone, we need to sphere inscribed in a cylinder
consider the following 2-D
For a sphere inscribed in a cylinder,
geometrical shape.
both of the solids will have the same
d
D diameter.

S
C

A B
cylinder inscribed in a cube cylinder inscribed in a sphere
The efficient way is to use properties
of similar triangle and form the Cylinder inscribed in a cube of side x. Cylinder of radius r in a sphere of
following equation: Radius will be: radius R where (R > r) and height of
cylinder is:
BD OD x
= Radius =
BA OC Height = 2 R2 - r2
2

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GRE formula sheet

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GRE formula sheet

Chapter 4

data analysis

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GRE formula sheet

complementary events the total number of possible item N = the total number of objects to be
Lesson | Probability choices will be:

arranged.
c
P(A) + P (A ) = 1
he frequency of each
r = t
Total number of possible item choices
indistinguishable object
c

= A x B x C
P(A ) = 1 - P(A)
The basic probability formula

Example

favorable # of outcomes
Probability =
“Choosing at Wh he number of ways in which
at is t
total # of outcomes probability of
the basic combination formula the letters A, A, B, B can be
least 1 object” arranged?
!
n
the probability of a sample space
P(at least 1 item occur) Ck =
n
(n - k)! k! 4! 4 3 2!
6w
x x

2! 2! 2! 2!
P = = = ays

j he set

Must sum to 1. x x
= 1 - P(none of t hese items occur) n = number of ob ects in t

k = number of ob ects selectedj

the probability of A and b combinations circular arrangements

If A and B are independent:
Lesson | counting methods
O rder does N ot matter.
Number of ways to arrange a set of
items in a circle = (k - 1)!
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
k = number of objects to be arranged
Choosing items from two the basic permutation formula in the circle
If A and B are not independent:
groups
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B | A) n !
If the first group has 'A' items, and n
Pk =
(n - k)!
the second group has 'B' items, Number of members n i either
then the number of choices of two n = number of ob ects in t j he set
set
the addition rule
items from these groups will be: k = number of ob ects selectedj
#(A or B) = #(A) + #(B) - #(A and B)
Mutually exclusive events
Number of possible choices = A x B Permutations
Example
P(A or B) = P(A) x P(B)
O rder D oes matter.

How many students play football or

Events that are not mutually
Choosing items from three the permutation formula for soccer? To solve:
exclusive
groups indistinguishable items
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) =Total # football + Total # soccer - #
If there are three independent N! both football and soccer
items to be chosen from separate
Permutations =
! ! ! !
(r1 ) x (r2 ) x (r3 ) x (rn )
groups that have A, B, and C
possible options, respectively, then

data analysis probability | counting methods 28 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

Three circle venn diagram

Neither
Entire shaded region is the intersection

of Group A and Group B.

e v enly spaced sets

equations
x
A, nor B,
Only A
nor C E amples
Neither

Group A
A, nor B,

co ecu ve g :

Group B
nor C A set of ns ti inte ers
A B

→ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 1
(A and B) only
Group A Group B
{ 2}

Group A
Only A Only B
Group B
Only B C
A set of consecuti v odd e inte g ers :
(A and B
→ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
{ }

v eve g :
and C)
Only C Group C
A set of consecuti e n inte ers
Only C
(A and C) Group C

only
(B and C) → 0, , 4, 6, 8, 10, 1
{ 2 2}

only

Group C
Le o ss n | numerical methods
v mu p e of 5:
A set of consecuti e lti l s

→ 5, 10, 15, 0, 5, 30, 35

Neither

A, nor B,
of describing data { 2 2 }

nor C

v mu p e of :
Group A

Group B
When the number of unique items is A set of consecuti e lti l s 12
A B

av a m
known
erage ( rithmetic ean) → 1 , 4, 36, 48, 60, 7 , 84
{ 2 2 2 }

Total # of unique members = #{A

sum of terms
only + B only + C only} + {#(A and B)
C
(A and B
A v
era g e =
Counting the number of integers in
only + #(A and C) only + #(B and C) and C) only number of terms

only} + #{(A and B and C)} +

a set of consecuti ve integers

#{Neither A nor B nor C}

(inclusi v e)
Group C

M edian = Hi g hest number - Lowest number + 1

When the number of unique items is

unknown
W hen a set is numerically ordered ,
the median is the v
alue in the Counting the number of m ultiples

Total # of unique elements = # in

middle of the arran g ed set . of a n integers in a set of

v v
Group A

Group B

consecuti e integers (inclusi e)

(group A) + # in (group B) + # in
A B
(group C) - # in (groups of exactly
Neither A,

m hi g hest multiple - lowest multiple

two) - 2{# in (group of exactly nor B, nor C ode = + 1
three)} + # in (neither) gv
i en number

C The mode is the number that

appears most frequently in a data

set .
Group C

data analysis counting methods | numerical methods of describing data 29 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

average (arithmetic mean) in a Median = average of the values at the Adding/subtracting a constant to Quartiles
th th each term in a set of numbers
set of consecutive integers n (n + 2)
and positions Quartiles divide the data set into four
equal sets. Quartiles in concept are
2 2
The standard deviation does not
highest number - lowest number
= change. similar to the median which divides
2
the data set into two halves .

Mean = median Multiplying/dividing each term in a

weighted average equation set of numbers In an ordered data set :

In any evenly spaced set, the mean

(dp1 ) x (freq of dp1 ) +...+ (dpn ) x (freq of dpn ) of the set is equal to the median of the standard deviation will also be Q 1
5% of the
separates the bottom 2

total freq of dp’s the set. multiplied or divided by that amount. data values from the top 75% in the

data set

where dp = data point Points to Remember

Q 2
(also called the median) separates
range
the bottom 50% of the data values
Standard deviation can never be a
from the top 50% in the data set.
boundaries of a weighted average
negative value. It is zero only when
= Highest number in a set - Lowest

The weighted average of two number in a set

the range of a set is zero
Q3 separates the bottom 75% of the
different data points will be closer to It is a good idea to check the range data values from the top 25% in the

the data point with the greater Note of a set to have some idea about the data set.

number of observations or with the standard deviation

greater weighted percentage.

The range can never be a negative Q1 Q2 Q3
If a positive and negative value of
value
any number is added to the set at
The range is O when we have only
the same time, the standard
25% 25% 25% 25%
one value in the set
deviation will not change
calculating median with an
The range is also 0 when all of the
odd number of terms If the set of values are multiplied by
values in a set are exactly the same.
some constant then the standard Interquartile Range
Where n is the number of terms in the deviation of the new set will also be

set: multiplied by the same constant The interquartile range is the

standard deviation range difference between 3 rd

quartile and
th
If the set of values are divided by
(n + 1) 1
st
quartile values evaluated as :

Median = position some constant then the standard

2 High value = mean + x(sd
deviation of the new set will also be
Low value = mean - x(sd) Interquartile Range = Q3 - Q 1
divided by the same constant

The farthest the numbers are from

calculating median with an the mean value, the larger will be the
Quartile Formulas
two important standard
even number of terms standard deviation
deviation rules To compute quartiles in an
Variance is the square of standard
ungrouped dataset, the first step is to
Where n is the number of terms in the
deviation.
arrange the data in ascending or
set:

data analysis numerical methods of describing data 30 www.scholarden.com

GRE formula sheet

descending order followed by the use approximately 4 8% of the entire 95% values lie within 2 Standard
of these generalized formulas: Lesson | distributions (normal dataset values Deviations of the Mean.
etc)

1 m + 3d is 3 standard deviation
st
1 Quartile = Q1 = (n + 1)
4 above the mean value containing 0.4

1
Normal Distributions approximately 50% of the entire
nd
2 Quartile = Q2 = (n + 1) dataset values
2
A normal distribution follows a bell -
3 shaped curve that is more
Approximately 68% of the data 95%
rd
3 Quartile = Q3 = (n + 1)
values lies within 1 standard
4 condensed towards the center and
deviation of the mean
less condensed across the
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

boundaries. The probability of a

6% of the data
where n is the number of data values

in the dataset. data point away from the mean is

Approximately 9
2 standard deviation
values lies within 2 standard
almost identical for both directions.
deviation of the mean

The normal distribution curve

50% of data values are above the
99. 7% values lie within 3 Standard
Percentiles drawn as: Deviations of the Mean.
mean and 50% of data values are

below the mean.

A percentile indicates the percentage

of data points that lie below a certain 0.4

data value.
%
34 %
34
Normal Distribution Properties

Points to remember %
14 14% The bell curve is always centered at
% %
I , it is 99 7%
2 2

th
-
m 2d m d - m m+d m+2d
the mean. n other words .

Maximum percentile is 99 percentile

symmetric about the center

points to remember
th
and minimum percentile is 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
percentile. Mean = Median = Mod

In a normal distribution: 3 standard deviation

The percentile can never be 100
th
. 68% values lie within 1 Standard
If a point is lying at m then it is the Deviation of the Mean.
Percentiles Formula
mean, median, and mode of the
A Sp ecial C ase

dataset
no. of values below some value
The normal distribution is said to be
P = x 100 0.4

total no. of values the standard normal distribution if

m + d is 1 standard deviation above

the mean is 0 and the standard

where P is percentile
the mean value containing
34% + 34%
approximately 34 % of the entire 0.2
deviation is 1.

dataset values
68%
m + 2d is 2 standard deviation

above the mean value containing

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1 standard deviation

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GRE formula sheet

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