NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH COMPANY

LIMITED

POWER SAFETY CODE NTDCL

TECHNICAL SERVICES GROUP (TSG) NTDCL, LAHORE

2014

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Safety Management Team NTDCL
1. Chief Engineer (C&M) NTDCL, Lahore. Convener
2. Manager, (GSO), NTDCL, Lahore Member
3. P.D EHV, NTDCL, Lahore. Member
4. Manager Design (T/L) NTDCL, Lahore. Member

.
Safety Code Review Panel NTDCL

1. Chief Engineer (TSG) NTDCL, Lahore. Convener

2. Manager, H/Q O/O G.M GSO NTDCL, Lahore Member
3. Manager, H/Q O/O G.M GSO NTDCL, Lahore Member
4. Manager Design (Project) NTDCL, Lahore. Member

POWER SAFETY CODE

ISSUING OFFICE

Chief Engineer TSG NTDCL Lahore on behalf of NTDCL

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FOREWARD
The safety rules and guidelines in this Power Safety Code express minimum requirements
for employees of NTDCL and public safety. They shall be given first priority throughout
NTDCL and shall be integrated into all phases of such activities as design, equipment and
material specifications, procurement, construction, operation and maintenance.

It is essential that individual employees exercise conscious efforts to prevent personal injury
or injury to others.

All of us must be aware of and vigorously pursue safety objectives and standards and ensure
that safety gets first consideration in our particular area of responsibilities. We must set good
examples by compliance with safety rules and practices. Our interest must he vocal, visible
and continuous through all level of management and supervision to the employees on job.
There must be a positive commitment to the belief that safety goes hand in hand with all the
other factors involved in running a business effectively.

This Code is an attempt to systematize safe working practices. It is essential for every
employee of NTDCL to read it carefully and follow the safety instructions and safe working
methods therein.

MANAGING DIRECTOR NTDCL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.No. Description Page No.

1 Introduction 10
1.1 Purpose and scope 10
1.2 Safety policy of NTDC 10
1.3 Fundamentals of the safety 12
1.4 Issuance of safety code to all employees 12
1.5 Safety management Team 13
1.6 Safety Code Review Panel 13
1.7 Safety Code awareness for general public 13
1.8 Management change 13
1.9 Non-compliance 13
2 Basic Safety Guidelines 14
2.1 General principles 14
2.2 Operations 17
2.2.1 System operation by NPCC 18
2.2.2 General operations 18
2.3 Fire precautions and work in confined spaces 21
2.4 Work in substations and compounds 22
2.5 Work on or in the vicinity of overhead lines 25
3 General Provisions 28
3.1 Scope and application of the Safety Code 28
3.2 Details of other safety rules, related documents and procedures 28
3.3 The arrangements for the provision of information, 28
instructions and training
3.4 The arrangements for any variations to the safety code 29
3.5 The provision for workers/operators to object to do Work on safety 29
grounds
3.6 The requirements, procedures and arrangements for reporting 30
incidents and accidents
3.7 The duties and responsibilities of employer and employees to comply with 32
the Safety Code
3.8 The use and wearing of personal protective equipment (P.P.E) and 34
protective clothing
3.9 Physical fitness and personal conduct of the worker before and during on- 35
job
3.10 Arrangement and procedure of job briefing before start of work 36
3.11 Procedure and arrangement for reporting hazards which can cause 37
accidents

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3.12 Requirements to safe guard the public and property when work is in 39
progress
3.13 Requirements for housekeeping in safe working 39
Conditions
3.14 Arrangements and requirements of fire protection 42
3.15 Requirements, arrangements and use of proper tools and plants for the 45
proper and safe storage, lifting and carrying of different types of
material
3.15.1 Hand tools 45
3.15.2 Power tools and machine tools 45
3.15.3 Ladders and scaffolding 48
3.15.4 Painting work 50
3.15.5 Storage of material 51
3.15.6 Lifting and carrying loads 52
3.15.7 Rigging and hoisting 52
3.15.8 Handling poles, towers, structures 54
3.15.9 Care of ropes and slings 55
3.16 Procedure and reporting requirement of foot patrolling of lines 56
3.17 Procedures for tree trimming 57
3.18 List of common protective devices and equipment used for the safety 58
purposes
4 Electrical 60
4.1 General safety precautions 60
4.1.1 Access to and work in operational premises, underground chambers 61
and confine spaces
4.1.2 Working with vessels that contain oil or flammable liquids 63
4.1.3 Access to and work in fire protected areas 65
4.1.4 Climbing_ of QOles, towers and structures 65
4.1.5 Access to high voltage apparatus and conductors 68
4.1.6 Arrangements for high voltage switching operations 68
4.1.7 The use of voltage testing device 69
4.1.8 The procedure to follow when excavating near live 69
Cables
4.1.9 The use of mobile plant and equipment near overhead 70
Lines

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 4.2 Safety precaution for work on or near high voltage systems 71
4.2.1 General safety principles to follow to ensure safe working 71

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 4.2.2 The arrangements for ensuring safe isolation of apparatus and 71
Conductors

4.2.3 The methods to be used to discharge and earth high voltage equipment 72

4.2.4 The procedure to follow when approaching live high voltage 74

conductors and insulators supporting them
4.2.5 The procedure to follow for work in sub stations and switching 75
stations containing exposed live high voltage conductors
4.2.6 Permit to Work (PTW) 76
4.2.7 Sanctions for tests 78
4.2.8 Limitation of access 80
4.3 Procedures for work on particular Items of plant, apparatus or conductors 80

4.3.1 General safety precautions to be taken 80

4.3.2 Remotely and automatically controlled equipment 81
4.3.3 Withdraw-able apparatus 81
4.3.4 Bus bar spouts, Bus bars and Bus bar connections of multiple panel 82
switch boards
4.3.5 Feeder spouts and connections, Voltage transformer spouts and 83
connections and Single panel bus bar spouts and connections
4.3.6 High voltage apparatus and plant operated by or containing compressed 85
air or with other gases or operated by hydraulic
Power
4.3.6.1 Handling of SF6 Gas 87
4.3.7 High voltage static capacitor banks 91
4.3.8 High voltage cables 92
4.3.9 Transformers 93
4.3.10 Circuit breakers 94
4.3.11 DC station batteries 95
4.3.12 Disconnect switches/isolators 96
4.3.13 Instrument transformers (CTs, PTs and CVTs) 98
4.3.14 High voltage overhead lines 98
4.3.15 Single or Multiple circuit high voltage overhead lines with all 99
conductors dead

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4.3.16 Double circuit high voltage overhead lines with one circuit live 99
4.3.17 High voltage overhead lines with more than two circuits with one or 100
more circuit live
4.3.18 High voltage regulator 100
4.4 Safety precautions for high voltage live line work on high voltage
101
overhead lines

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4.4.1 The Authorization requirements for staff carrying out the operations 101
4.4.2 The Live Line tools and equipment to be used and the arrangements for 100
keeping_ them in _good condition
4.4.3 The general safety precautions to follow for live-line work 103
4.5 Safety precautions for the testing of high voltage apparatus 105
4.5.1 General precautions to be taken 105
4.5.2 Work under a sanction for test 106
4.5.3 Testing of high voltage apparatus 106
4.6 Safety precautions and procedures applicable to low voltage system 107
4.6.1 General requirements for work on dead low voltage apparatus and line 107
4.6.2 Additional Precautions for work on dead low voltage Cables 108
4.6.3 Additional Precautions for work on dead low voltage overhead lines 108
4.6.4 Precautions for work on live low volte (.lQQaratus 109
4.6.5 Precautions for work on live low voltage overhead lines 109
4.6.6 Precautions for work on live low voltage cables 111
4.6.7 Testing of low voltage apparatus 112
4.7 Responsibilities of Persons 112
4.7.1 Competent persons 112
4.7.2 Authorized persons 113
4.7.3 Senior authorized p e r s o n s 113
4.7.4 Control Engineers 114
5 Power plants 115
5.1 General instructions 115
5.2 Particular safety precautions for work on Power Plants 115
6 Transportation 120
6.1 General instructions 120
6.2 Driving 120
6.3 Parking 122

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6.4 Operation of trucks and trailers 123
6.5 Operation of forklift trucks 124
6.6 Principles, procedure and instructions to be followed at the time of 125
traffic accidents
7 First aid procedures 130
7.1 General instructions 130

7.2 Hemorrhage (Bleeding) 130

7.2.1 Internal hemorrhages 131
7.2.2 External hemorrhages 131
7.3 Physical shock 132
7.4 Electric shock 132
7.5 Sun stroke, heat stroke 133
7.6 Fainting 133
7.7 Transportation of victims 133
7.8 Wounds and fractures 134
7.9 Splinters or foreign substances in body 135
7.10 Animal bites 135
7.11 Snake bites 135
7.12 Burns (Thermal, electrical and chemical) 137
7.13 Eye injuries 139
7.14 Sprains and strains 139
7.15 Bruises 139
7.16 Frost bite 140
7.17 Heimlich maneuver (first aid for victims of food Choking 140
8 Resuscitation and Rescue Procedures 142
8.1 General 142
8.2 Methods of pole top rescue 142
8.3 Artificial respiration 144
9 Data section 146
9.1 Charts showing different types of Ladders and Scaffoldings 147
9.2 Conversion Tables of Units 148
9.3 Minimum clearance of overhead Transmission Lines 149
9.4 Safe limits of approach for workers while working in the 150
vicinity of live electrical apparatus

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9.5 Safe limits of approach for mobile cranes while working the vicinity 151
of live electrical apparatus
9.6 Standard hand signals for crane operation 152
9.7 Useful knots 154
9.8 Common defects of wire rope 155
9.9 Strength and weight of material 156
9.10 Safe load on different types of ropes 157
9.11 Fire extinguishers and identification of different Classes of fire 158
9.12 Road traffic signs 159
9.13 Permit to Work 164

9.14 Caution Notice 166

9.15 Electrical Incident Reporting Format 167
9.16 Road Traffic Accident Reporting Format 169
9.17 Effects of Electric Shock 171
10 Terms and Definitions 172
11 References 177
12 Index 178
13 Revision Table 184

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope

a) The booklet in your hand is the Power Safety Code of NTDC (henceforth called Safety
Code) which has been prepared in line with the NEPRA 's Guide Lines to frame Power
Safety Codes issued vide their letter No. NEPRA/R/SGC-011852 dated 07.07.2005 and
instruction there in under section 35 (a) of Regulation of Generation, Transmission
and Distribution of Electric Power Act and Rule 4 (g) (iii) of NEPRA Performance
Standards (Distribution) Rules 2005 and the requirements of Operation Code of NTDC
GRID CODE to ensure the safety of NTDC employees and members of the public.
b) This safety is for the guidance of employees/workers in the prevention of accidents which
may result in injury or death of the worker, their fellow employees, or the public, or
damage to property or NTDC equipment. It applies to all employees at work. However,
most of the instructions will also help prevent injuries and suffering in normal life.

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 c) No Safety Code can cover all dangerous conditions that may arise when work is in
progress. Everyone is supposed to be alert and to exercise good judgment as and when
required according to circumstances.

d) The Safety Code prescribe minimum requirements and cannot be treated a complete
working guide. Additional safety practices will be incorporated as and when considered
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necessary. Above all, the employees/workers should be encouraged to submit safety
suggestions.

e) This Safety Code almost covers all areas of a safety program in NTDC such as, basic
safety guide lines, special safety for high voltage equipment, safety for live line work on
high voltage overhead lines, safety for testing of high voltage equipment, transportation,
First Aid, Resuscitation and Rescue Procedures, necessary reference data for safe work
aspects, etc.

1.2 NTDC Safety Policy

The policy of the NTDC is to rate safety as priority number one, quality as priority number
two and production as priority number three. The program embodied in this Code is
consistent with established international practice, and to be followed by concerned
employees at all places of work.

The policy of the Company is to provide safe and healthy environment to its employees
with the following objectives:
a) The prevention of accidents, injuries and occupational illness shall be integrated into all
aspects of every work activity performed for or on behalf of NTDC.

b) All levels of management and supervisor shall be responsible for providing a safe
working environment as well as elimination of the factors causing health hazards to the
employees. They shall also be responsible for provision of adequate protective equipment,
tools and devices for the safe execution of works and shall contribute for the
development of safety culture in performing the work so as to ensure their safety.
c) Management shall provide adequate training to employees in phases so that they
become well acquainted to perform the assigned work safely.

d) All persons, whether employees of NTDC or contractors working on NTDC site,

shall comply with the applicable safety legislation of the Government of Pakistan.

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In addition they shall comply with safe working practice of NTDC, already established,
to ensure their own safety as well as of the fellow workers.

e) Contractors working at NTDC sites involving electrical hazards shall perform the
work with specially trained personnel following the procedures generally recognized by
NTDC to be the safe and adequate for work in proximity to live electrical apparatus

f) Specific safety requirements for contractors shall be written in the contract

documents.

g) All segments of NTDC will be responsible to organize and administer a safety program
to develop safety culture among the employees. The safety department shall promote
and monitor safety programs on Regional, Circle and Divisional levels in NTDC.

h) Basic safety code can be summed up as follows:

"No operating condition or urgency of service can ever justify endangering the life of
anyone"

1.3 Fundamentals of the safety

Safety can be achieved only through intelligence, cooperation and an understanding of and adherence
to safety measures. An organization is judged best by the attitude and conduct of its employees. Since
NTDC is engaged in primary transmission, disbursal of electrical power to DISCOs and construction
of new grid system, it is its obligation to carry out this service courteously and efficiently, and
with proper regard for the safety of his employees.

The Safety Policy of NTDC is designed to achieve the following objectives:

a) To completely integrate safety with transmission, construction, maintenance and operation
disciplines.
b) To provide safe working conditions, proper and adequate tools/ equipment and protective
devices.
c) To train employees by practices for the safe execution of their each and every activity of multi-
nature work.
d) To enforce safety measures.

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e) Share experience and feedback of the employees and public for the improvement of Safety Code.
1.4 Issuance of Safety Code to all employees

Every NTDC employee will be issued this Safety Code for his information and implementation during
the job. He will be responsible not only for his own safety but also of his fellow workers. When he
observes another worker doing something hazardous, he shall bring it in his notice. In this way he can
help to prevent a serious accident or injury.
Any new section or modification in the existing code will be issued separately and
communicated to all concerned accordingly.

1.5 Safety Management Team

A Safety Management Team established within NTDCL shall be responsible for Power Safety Code
documents and monitor the implementation of Power Safety Code at NTDCL level. Safety Management
Team will also ensure for implementation of safety instructions given in the SOP of Grid Station System
Operation and Maintenance issued by TSG. Safety Management Team will perform under the direct
control of MD NTDCL. Safety Management Team will conduct bi-monthly meeting to review the
progress therein.

1.6 Safety Code Review Panel

A Safety Code Review panel established within NTDC shall be responsible for Power Safety Code
review partially or completely as and when required. NEPRA will the competent and final authority
for the approval of any revision in the Power Safety Code. The Safety Code Review Panel will perform
under the direct control of MD NTDC. Safety Code Review Panel will conduct meeting once a year to
review the progress therein.

1.7 Safety Code Awareness for General Public

Suitable measures shall be taken for awareness of the general public about the safety code, not
for their own safety but also for the safety and protection of the NTDC property. The print
media and electronic media are the best tools for such awareness of the general public.

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1.8 Management Change

Any change in the management either in routine or in emergency conditions, compromises

shall not be made at the cost of violation of safety rules and such change shall not create or introduce
hazards which may cause loss to the employees or the NTDC property.
1.9 Non-Compliance
Non-compliance of any of the provisions of this Safety Code by any of the Code participants shall be
treated as a violation of the Safety Code and shall be subject to penalties as per NEPRA Fees and Fines
Rules (2002) – The First Schedule (Part-I, Sr.No:5). Non-compliance by NTDCL of the Safety Code
provisions applicable to NTDCL shall be treated as a violation of NIDCL license, and shall be subject
to penalties as per NEPRA Fees & Fines Rules (2002).

2. BASIC SAFETY GUIDELINES

a) Personal safety is a primary feature of our daily work, whether at home or office
or in the field, so all the NTDC employees, mainly the un-trained or not yet declared as
competent employees and having multi-nature jobs beyond their scope of
competence, must become familiar with these basic safety guide lines.
Most important aspect of work is the adherence to safety rules and their implementation.
This implies ensuring that the working environment is in conformity with the accepted
standards of safety and the employees fully understand their importance. Unsafe working

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environment and lack to adherence to safety rules causes fatal and non fatal accidents
which are preventable.

2.1 General Principles

a) Identification of Hazards
Learn and understand the following five basic safety principles in the order given in to
possess and apply job safety know-how to deal with the hazards:

- Identify the Hazards.

- Eliminate the hazards wherever possible.
- Control the hazards when they cannot be eliminated.
- Protect against injuries in case a hazard gets out of control
- Minimize severity of an injury, if an accident occurs.

b) Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is a process to uncover inherent or potential hazards which may be
encountered in the work environment and develop possible ways in which hazards can
be eliminated or effectively controlled. Its purpose is to estimate the magnitude of
risk and deciding whether or not the risk is tolerable. The jobs must be ranked
for analysis in the order of greatest accident potential in terms of personal injury
and illness or property damage. The jobs with the highest level of risk should
be analyzed first, where:

Risk= Frequency x Severity.

The following criteria can be used to achieve a ranking of the selected jobs for risk
assessment:

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Accident Frequency
The greater the number of accidents associated with a job, the greater the priority
should be.
Accident severity
The jobs that have resulted in the more severe injuries should be given, in
general, priority over the lesser injuries.

Judgment and experience

The jobs with the potential for either frequent accidents or severe injuries can
usually be clearly identified, even in the early stages if designing and
manufacturing/fabrication.

Routine Jobs
The jobs of a routine or repetitive nature that involve exposure to inherent
hazards (e.g. noise, vibration) should be considered from the point of view of the
cumulative effects on the people exposed.

Job Changes
Any change in the work process (people, hardware, procedures and the
managed system) can introduce new hazards or increase the level of
hazards already present. The hazards do not remain the same throughout the entire
life cycle on the work process.

The above mentioned criteria may also assist in identifying the major
hazards associated with the work process.

c) Capable and mentally alert employees will avoid accidents by learning all
they can about their work, using proper safeguards and protective equipment
and avoiding shortcuts and make shift work methods.

d) Good operation is safe operation. This is true for both employees and
equipment. A job done safely is job done efficiently.
e) Accident prevention can be accomplished through wholehearted cooperation
of all members of the organization. Neither management and supervision, nor the
Safety Code can prevent accident without the help of each employee.
t) Unsafe workers are a danger to themselves, their fellow workers, the
public property and the equipment with which they work. Due care and
attention to all safety rules and devices is essential not only to prevent
injury to the workers but also to protect NTDC equipment.

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g) Accidents do not ''just happen". Accidents are the natural result of unsafe
conditions or unsafe acts, usually a combination of both.
h) Machinery and equipment generally are manufactured to perform safely
within limits of their design. In fact, statistics show that more than 90% of
accidents are due to the human element, such as failure to use safety
devices and lack to observe safety rules and safe work procedures.

i) Some examples of the UNSAFE CONDITIONS which may cause

accidents are:
- Improper Guarding; such as unshielded moving parts of machine, in
barricaded floor openings and excavation, unenclosed high voltage
equipment, lack of protective equipment and insufficient warning signs etc.
- Defective Material or equipment; such as mushroomed-head chisels, split
handles, deteriorated poles, poorly manufactured or weak equipment.
- Hazardous Arrangements; such as those due to poor housekeeping at
work locations, unsafe planning or inadequate working space.
- Insufficient Light; unsuitable location producing glare or objectionable
shadows.
- Improper Ventilation; such as insufficient change of air or presence of
harmful vapor, dust or gas.
- Unsafe Clothing; that fits loosely and can become entangled in wires and
machinery, and failure to use goggles, proper shoes and insulated gloves or
sleeves.
- Unsafe Design and Construction; due to deviations from standard design
and specifications and poor workmanship.

j) Some examples of the UNSAFE ACTS which may cause accidents are:
- Operating Without Authority or Warning; such as closing switches without
authority, operating hoists and trucks without warning, failure to place
warning signs or signal man where needed, failure to block equipment against
unexpected movement, failure to observe work clearance procedures.

- Operating or Working at Unsafe Speed; such as driving too fast, throwing

material or tools to another worker, jumping from vehicles or platforms or
running.

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- Making Safety Devices Inoperative; such as removing guards from machines,
using oversize fuses, blocking safety valves, bypassing interlocks
and isolating fire protection etc.

- Use of Unsafe Equipment or Improper Use of Equipment; such as using

dull cutting tools, mushroom-head chisels, pipe extension on wrenches
not designed for them, or the wrong tool for the job, or using hands instead
of hand tools.

- Unsafe Loading; such as overloading cranes and inches, carrying too heavy
load.

- Placing or Leaving Objects; where they are likely to fall.

- Mixing Different Packing's; or combining chemicals to form a dangerous

mixture.

-Taking Unsafe Positionor Posture; such as working on live conductors from

above instead of below, walking under suspended loads or too close to openings,
lifting while in awkward position, entering areas where there are dangerous
gases or fumes, passing on curves of hills, riding on running boards or other
unsafe places on vehicles.

-Working onequipment without Taking Proper Precautions;such as installing

and removing temporary earth, cleaning, oiling or adjusting moving machinery,
and working on or near live electrical equipment.

-Distracting,Teasingor Startling; such as practical joking, horseplay, quarrelling

or annoying.
- Failure to Use Safe Clothing or Protective Equipment; such as failure to use
insulated gloves, hard hat or goggles.
2.2 Operations

Operations for the purpose of this Safety Code mean all types and categories
of work to be done by the employees of NTDC assigned to them as a duty. These
operations include technical, administrative, finance, etc.

duties with the ultimate goal to build and operate a power system for
transmission and dispatch of electricity to the distribution companies.
Generally the operations are planned but it may include unplanned work
activities as desired by NTDC. All the operation in-charges should give

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proper attention for safety of the NTDC employees during operations at
NTDC premises. The operations in NTDC are integrated as under:

2.2.1 System Operation by NPCC

Operation of power system for transmission and dispatch of electricity to the

Distribution Companies (DISCO) and for healthy connection with the IPPs is
a planned action by NTDC being the System Operator. National Power
Control Center (NPCC) Islamabad (including its Regional Control Centers
(RCC) or their authorized persons) is the authorized System Operator on behalf
of NTDC.
a) NPCC/RCC shall be responsible for the safe, secure, openly-accessible,
equitable, environmentally acceptable, reliable and adequate operation of the
NTDC Power System.
b) NPCC/RCC shall follow the instruction and guidelines given in the
NEPRA Grid Code (Operation Code, etc.) for operation of the NTDC Power
System as and where applicable.

c) NPCC/RCC shall ensure by his means for the execution of safe

switching operation whenever he pass on any switching instructions to the
NTDC substation operator both in normal as well as the emergency
conditions.

2.2.2 General Operations

a) The employees of NTDC and public should clearly understand the application
and significance of operating voltage levels of different equipment or
apparatus as given below with regards to their own safety as well as of the
apparatus/equipment.

- Control and Auxiliary Services Voltages:

24VDC, 48VDC, llOVDC and 220V DC;
11OVAC, 230VAC, 400VAC, 50 Hz;

Note. 230VAC and 400VAC, 50 Hz are also the domestic and commercial
supply voltage levels in Pakistan.

-Medium Voltages (MV) for transmission and distribution:

llkV, 22kV(tertiary voltage of EHV transformers) and 33kVAC, 50Hz;

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- High Voltages (HV) for transmission: 66kV and l32kV AC, 50Hz;

- Extra High Voltages(EHV) for transmission: 220kV and 500kVAC, 50Hz.

b) In the existing set up of NTDC, NPCC is the System Operator of the entire
GridSystem. In addition to the specific and general instruction of the NPCC whether
written or oral, the guidelines given here under shall be followed by all NTDC
employees engaged in operation and maintenance work at different levels of GSO
NTDC such as;

- Dealing operation of the HV equipment,

- Issuing operating orders and messages,
- Dealing with authority to work, Permit-to-Work and Hold-OFF orders,
- Dealing with office work and record of operations, etc.
c) It is the primary responsibility of each employee of the NTDC to keep the NTDC
system and its component apparatus/equipment in safe operating condition within
their design parameters.

d) No employee shall operate any apparatus or equipment without having

authority/permission or instructions from the competent authority.

e) Switching operations by NTDC operator: The operation in-charge is responsible

to ensure safety of the employees as well of the NTDC equipment during their
normal as well as emergency operations. Similarly the operation and maintenance
staff on duty besides the normal operations of the grid station equipment have to do
switching operation. To deal with switching operations of the HV equipment safely
the operation in-charge or the shift in-charge will follow as under before, during
and after switching operations:
- He will ensure for the approval of the desired operations of the equipment from
NPCC/ RPCC.

- He will inform and discuss with the NPCC/RPCC any abnormal local condition
of the equipment to be operated.

- He will identify the nature of operations and safety precautions required.

- He will identity the operations during which workers are/or can be exposed
to hazards.

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- He will ensure for the clear operation instructions.

- He will follow the prescribed procedure and instructions given in the

PTW (Permit to Work) for its issuance and cancellation.

- In case of maintenance work oriented operations, he will get complete

information about the work to be done from the concerned supervisor and make
sure that the equipment to be work upon is fully isolated from all possible
sources of supply. He will issue PTW to the authorized supervisor for execution
of the work in question indicating all the hazards known to him and not
eliminated or covered by the PTW and also discus with the supervisor.

- During the switching operations, he will continuously keep contact with

NPCC/RPCC and make sure that all the operations are carried out in the
approved sequence.

- Satisfactory operations will be brought to the notice of control centre

regularly and abnormal situation if any will be brought to the notice of
control centre immediately.

- He will make sure that no equipment in the system gets over loaded
beyond their rating as a result of operations under execution.
- After satisfactory completion of the switching operations to be carried out he
will inform to the NPCC/RPCC about the post operation system condition.
- He will make entries of the switching operations in the substation order book
for reference and record and place Caution Notice/Tag on the control switches
of all equipment which may energize the point of work.

- After completion of the work and obtaining clearance from the PTW holder
he will cancel the PTW following the prescribed procedure and instruction
and inform the NPCC/RPCC for further instruction to normalize the system.
f) As the operations include technical, administrative, finance, etc. duties,
therefore while working in NTDC offices the office in-charges are
responsible to manage for a neat, clean, safe and comfortable atmosphere.

Do not use the broken furniture and defective tools, etc. Do not hold paper pins,
clips, etc. in the mouth and also do not use them as tooth-picks or for cleaning
ears. While working on old damped record files take care of insects, dust / dirt,
etc. Do not smoke and use open flames in the record rooms.
.3 Fire precautions and work in confined spaces

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A work area shall be treated as confined space when, because of its
construction, location, contents, or work activity therein, the accumulation of a
hazardous gases, vapors, dust, fumes or creation of an oxygen-deficient
atmosphere may occur. As a general experience, the confined spaces such as
basements of power plant buildings, underground cable trenches/tunnels,
manholes, etc. are more pronounced to tire hazards due to accumulation of
dangerous gases. So while working in such areas, proper safety precautions
should be observed as detailed below:

a) A confined space shall not be entered unless there is a way of exiting by

means of a manhole or other clear opening

b) A confined space shall not be entered until all mechanical or electrical sources
of potential or dynamic energy are isolated and de-energized in accordance with
requirements.

c) The atmosphere in a confined space shall be assumed unsafe and shall not be
entered until a competent person evaluates the situation with approved
necessary tests. The results of tests shall be recorded and maintained. Evaluation
of hazards should include consideration of toxic, flammable or heavier than air
gasses being used or produced in or near the confined space.

d) A confined space shall not be entered until purging or ventilation to

maintain a safe atmosphere has been ensured.

e) Whenever entry is made to a confined space, a qualified and suitably

equipped employee shall be stationed at the entrance to render immediate
assistance if needed.

t) Smoking shall not be permitted in a confined space. When it is necessary to use

an open f1ame, heat or sparking device, the work shall not be done until suitable
precautionary measures are taken.

g) If at any time, irritation of eyes, nose or throat, difficulty in breathing or ringing

in ears is experienced, all employees shall leave the confined space immediately
and shall not return until the atmosphere has been tested and found safe.

25
h) Workers shall wait for five minutes before entering to allow for air
exchange. A lifeline (rope) shall be attached to the employees entering the chamber
and two employees shall be stationed for emergency retrieval.

i) Work shall be undertaken in accordance with the instructions given in the

P.T.W and following he recommended work procedure.
j) Compressed gas cylinders shall not be allowed inside a confined space where
the hot-work is being performed.

k) Gas welding and cutting equipment shall be pre-tested for leaks prior to entry
into a confined space.

l) Appropriate fire extinguishers shall be made available when hot work is being
performed.

m) The use of flammable/toxic material shall be avoided whenever possible and

their quantities kept to minimum in approved containers when needed.

2.4 Work in substations and compounds

All NTDC operational premises such as substations, transformer substation,
laboratories, workshops and compounds, etc. shall be kept clean and orderly at
all times like our own houses by exercising safe and good housekeeping activities.
Moreover, arrangements must be made to ensure for smooth and safe working
environment and safe working conditions for both the routine and emergency
jobs by observing the following measures:
a) The main gates of substations and compounds should always be kept closed
and under security.
b) Only the authorized employees will be allowed to work m the sub
stations, compounds and similar operational premises.

c) Operating diagrams of the system such as single line key diagrams and flow
charts shall be made available in the control rooms of sub stations and other
operational premises as applicable for ready reference.

d) The metering apparatus, indication lamps and other monitoring/

annunciations devices must be ensured in healthy working condition all the time.
e) The doors and door locks, windows, emergency exists, fire detection and
firefighting equipment as applicable in the design and operation yard stick must be
ensured in healthy working conditions all the times.

26
f) Adequate arrangements for overall security of the substations and
compounds with specific security at gates must always be ensured as
applicable in the design and operation yard stick.

g) Shift duties at substation and compounds; For the purpose of operation and
maintenance work in shift duties at substations and the working compounds, the
shift duty staff shall follow as under:

- The shift duties shall be performed in accordance with authentic and safe duty
roaster and schedule.

- Assuming and changing shift duties shall be carried out in accordance with
approved procedures and schedules.

- It is the responsibility of shift in-charge to clearly identity any hazardous

conditions or unsafe conditions to the coming shift.

h) Reporting of shift duty in an unfit condition If any member of a shift reports

for duty in a condition which, in the opinion of shift in-charge, renders him
unfit to perform his regular duties safely and efficiently, the previous person
on duty shall remain at work and the matter be reported to the competent
authority.

i) Assistance from employees not on shift duty: If any problem develops in the
system while an employee is in the station but relieved of his duty, such an
employee shall assist the employee on duty, at the request of shift in- charge.
j) Inspection of substation equipment: For a walk around visual inspection of
substation equipment, proceed as follow:

- Keep in mind the safe limits of approach applicable to the different

voltage levels and use of personal protective safety equipment.

- Inspection shall be carried out m accordance with the approved

instructions or procedures.
- Inspection of grid station equipment shall include the identification and
elimination of unsafe conditions, availability/condition of personal protective
equipment and the emergency service equipment.

27
- Where an identified hazard cannot be eliminated immediately, steps must be
taken to bring it under control by all possible means such as installing barriers,
warning signs etc.

- Hazards and deficiencies shall be promptly reported to the responsible

supervisor.

k) Weather information (local and surrounding weather); Weather

conditions play an important role in the operation of the power system.
Information with regard to the normal and electrical thunder storms/winds, snow
and hail storm or any unusual weather conditions shall be made available
to the staff on duty so that every employee and supervisor may use it in the
performance of their duties.
l) Interference of animals in substations and compounds; Employees shall take
proper precautions to prevent dogs, cats, other animals or birds from entering
or remaining in the sub stations or compounds to eliminate the chances of
their interference in healthy operations of the system.
m) Visitors intended to visit substations and compounds shall be governed by the
approved procedures. No visitor shall be permitted in sub stations and
compounds or operating areas during the periods of system troubles or other
stress work. All visitors shall use approved personal protective equipment
such as safety shoes, helmet, etc.

n) Working of employees of other organizations at NTDC substations and

compounds for execution of some job shall be governed by the approved
procedure. If an employee of another department intends to work in the
substation and compounds of NTDC, the shift in-charge shall determine
whether he has adequate knowledge of the work protection code, if not, the shift
in-charge will brief him the coddle formalities particular to the work protection.
All works shall be done in accordance with NTDC safety rules and procedures.

o) All the equipment installed at the substation or similar installations shall be

assigned an identification code number to be used for switching instructions,
reports, log sheet entries and data forms, etc.

p) Identification code numbers must not be changed without authorization

from the appropriate authority.
2.5 Work on or in the vicinity of overhead lines
a) Safe working conditions and use of safe work procedures must be
ensured to work on or in the vicinity of overhead transmission lines.

28
b) It is necessary that before considering any conductor or overhead line isolated,
dead or de-energized, it must be properly grounded. To de- energize a line, it is
essential to isolate the line from all possible source of supply in the electrical
network and apply portable temporary grounds on both sides of the working
point as close as possible. All conductors including the neutral and sky wires,
which may be approached and touched during the work, shall be grounded.

c) For climbing the poles or structures or working aloft the safety precautions for
the climber must include the fall-arrest and travel-restrict measures. The employees
should not touch or climb ay pole or structure which is in direct with a live
conductor.

d) The workers must use the personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety
shoes, safety helmet, proper dress, safety gloves and safety belts while
working on the overhead lines. The supervisor in-charge of the work must ensure
use of personal protective equipment by the workers and proper de-energization of
the lines.

f) If use of mobile cranes, lifting or hoisting equipment is involved in the work, all
the applicable safety measures and precautions must be adopted such as temporary
grounding of mobile cranes, lifting or hoisting equipment.

i) The prescribed minimum safe clearances from exposed live equipment at the place
of work in a grid station and safe limits of approach to the live conductors or
equipment must be observed (refer to tables in Data section-
10).
j) Work on or in the vicinity of overhead lines or near live electrical equipment
shall be assigned to trained and qualified workers. Untrained and un-experienced
workers working near such equipment must be carefully supervised. Un-qualified
workers shall not be permitted to work in close proximity to such equipment if there
is any chance of their coming into contact with live, moving or hazardous apparatus.

k) No employee shall be permitted to work alone when, in the opinion of the

supervisor, the work to be carried out or the location of the work is hazardous.
All the safety measures pertaining to electrical work activities as given in Section-4
shall also be considered to carry out the job safely.

1) Before stringing, sagging or lowering conductors near live circuits, the work
shall be carefully planned in each instance. All employees involved in stringing
or sagging work in the vicinity of live circuits shall wear rubber gloves and

29
covers. If there is any doubt concerning safety or when the work is unusual to the
crew involved, the line engineer should be consulted.

m) Unless radio equipment (wireless set or mobile phone) is used a

sufficient number of signal mans shall be used so that adjacent persons can clearly
see each other. Standard signals shall be used and all persons in the crew shall
be instructed in the use of these signals. A person shall be deputed to watch
for the signals and to convey them to the driver of the vehicle being used to pull
the conductors.

n) A conductor shall not be strung or removed where the clearance between it and
any of the other live conductors is less than the prescribed safe distance of
work near live electrical equipment.

o) Stringing or removing of conductors on the same structure with a live circuit or

in close proximity to a live circuit should be discussed with the line engineer in
each specific instance to obtain permission, excepted when the conductor to be
strung or removed is a secondary line positioned below the live conductor.

p) Care shall be taken not to allow conductors to sag so as to endanger the public.
Traffic shall be protected by road signs and flag persons where necessary.
q) During tension stringing operation no worker shall be aloft on any poles while the
conductor or pulling rope is in motion.

r) While stringing conductors in the vicinity of live conductors, the

conductor being strung shall be grounded at the reels and along the line.
Stringing, sagging or lowering conductors in the vicinity of live conductors shall
conform to the method outlined in approved work procedures.

s) Conductor being strung must be controlled and strain taken up before being
cut.
t) Stringing, sagging or lowering conductors shall never be undertaken with live
conductors on the same side of the pole or structure at or below the level of the
conductor being handled. If a conductor to be strung, sagged or lowered is above
the level of any live conductor on the opposite side of the pole or structure, the
maximum amount of clearance must be obtained. In such cases, the line
engineer shall arrange for a field inspection of each specific job to be certain
that it can be performed safely.

u) When stringing operations are carried out by using tension stringing equipment,
the specific safety precautions as applicable should be followed.
30
v) Before stringing a new line on poles or structures carrying live lines, the
controlling authority must be advised and permission obtained to proceed. Before
stringing a new line over any live lines, adequate barriers must be erected to
prevent contact with the live line at each crossover and the controlling
authority must be advised.

w) The conductors of all new high voltage and low voltage transmission and
distribution primary circuits, that have not yet been placed in service or handed
over to another department, shall be de-energized continually until the conductors
are connected for service. In addition all such conductors shall be de-energized
at point of work before work is started. When a
department or division is requested to remove its de-energizing devices, the
department or division making the request must have applied de-energizing
devices before the existing grounds are removed. If any variation or
objection to this rule is desired (in case of danger of theft of de-energized
conductors or local security issues) necessary permission from the system
operator or other competent authority must be obtained.

x) In case conductor break down, if the conductor is entangled in the trees

underneath the ends of broken conductor must be tied with rope and
secured properly to minimize the chances of its free swinging upon release. The
rope should be strong enough to take the tension/load of the conductor.

3. GENERAL PROVISIONS

3.1 Scope and Application of the Safety Code

This Safety Code primarily covers the electrical safety aspects of NTDC System.
necessary for the
However, there are several other work-activities which are
operation of the system and need certain precautions and safety
guidelines, the same are included in this section.

3.2 Details of other Safety Rules, related documents and procedures

31
Among the instructions supplementary to this safety code which contain
information pertaining to safety of NTDC employees and equipment and need
to be followed are:

- NTDC Management or other Safety Coordinator's Guide Lines issued

time to time.

- Safety rules given m the operations and maintenance Work

Procedures/SOPs.

- Safety rules given in the specifications of equipment.

- Safety rules given in the Training Manuals of NTDC Training Centres and
Wapda Engineering Academy (WEA), Faisalabad.

- Safety Instructions and guidelines of other government departments.

- Safety guide lines and requirements of NTDC Grid Code, NTDC

Transmission License and Distribution Codes issued by NEPRA.

- Safety guide lines and warnings given in the manufacturer's operating and
maintenance instructions for their equipment.

- Safety Codes of DISCOs.

3.3 The arrangements for the provision of information, instructions and

trainings

a) All the management segments of NTDC shall be responsible for

organizing and administering a safety program to develop safety culture
among the employees. They shall promote and monitor the safety program in
NTDC on Regional, Circle, Divisional and Sub-Divisional levels.

b) NTDC Management shall arrange for provision of adequate training,

information and instructions to the employees on regular bases so that they
should become well acquainted to carry out their jobs correctly and safely.

c) NTDC management must ensure that the instruction manuals of the

apparatus or equipment include the safety instructions regarding their
erection, operation and maintenance.

3.4 The arrangements for any variations to the Safety Code

32
This safety code expresses the minimum requirement of the safety of
employees and the public. A variation in the safety rules may be
incorporated and approved by the competent authority. These variations can be
due to change in Government policy, change in working and environmental
conditions and review feedback from employees, public, contractors, and other
concerned.

3.5 The provision for workers/operators to object to do work on safety

grounds.

In the situations where adherence to the safety rules is impractical,

authorized departures or objections may be approved with the following
provisions:

a) The authorizing authority has complete accountability for issuing any

departure or entertaining any objection from the safety rules.

b) The protection afforded will be equal to or greater than that intended by the
Safety Rules for each separate case.

c) A copy of the letter giving authorization to depart from the Safety Rules is
forwarded to the next authority for record purposes and possible rule revisions.

d) The situations or conditions which may compel the workers to object to do

work on safety grounds may be:

- Lack of knowledge of employees.

- Non availability of proper T&P.
- Un-favourable working atmosphere and working conditions.
- Health problems of workers.
- Any flaw in the work procedures.
- Other Emergencies, etc.

3.6 The requirements, procedures and arrangements for reporting

Incidents and Accidents

a) Accidents/incidents are the unpleasant events occurring or happening by

chance, misfortune or mishap, naturally attaching to striking, traveling or
falling causing injuries to the employees or adversely affecting the
performance or Joss to NTDC property. All the accidents/incidents whether
major or minor, fatal or non-fatal, involving equipment or transport vehicle
related to NTDC property must be treated seriously as they result in loss.

b) Accidents should be reported, analyzed and investigated to look for their

causes and taking corrective measures to control and minimize their
33
recurrence. Awareness of the employees regarding safety aspects of their
routine work is the basic requirement of an effective and safe work
program. Adherence to safety rules and follow up of safe work procedures will
be very helpful to control and minimize accidents.

c) Education and training of employees, job planning, safety meetings and job
safety analysis are the main areas of focus for identification of unsafe acts and
unsafe conditions to promote safe working culture.

d) The procedural requirements/guideline for handling accidents and

incidents (reporting, investigations, and rescue measures, etc) are as under:-

- Every employee who suffers an accident during work is required to report such
accident to the person in-charge. Because of the possibility of rabies, all animal
bites shall be treated as accident/incident and must receive medical treatment
and also reported to the higher authority.

- Neglect to report accidents and incidents, is punishable under Electricity

Act of Pakistan and the service rules of the NTDC.

- A proper reporting system for reporting accidents and incidents should be

developed at all levels of supervision and management. A format of electrical
incident reporting Performa is given in Data section-10

e) Telephone Nos. of Rescue Agencies (1122), Mobile Police Service (15),

Ambulance Service, Police Stations, Fire Brigade Stations, Hospital
Emergencies, etc should be made available at all the substations and
working premises of NTDC.

t) Every accident shall be investigated to determine the cause and to take

necessary action to avoid its recurrence and control the circumstances in
future. It shall be the responsibility of person in- charge of the job to obtain
complete information of the accident immediately after its occurrence and
ensure timely submission of the investigation report to the respective
authorities.

g) On receipt of an accident report an enquiry committee shall be formed to find

out the cause of accident and identity the corrective action for future guidance.

h) In cases where the accident results or is likely to result in loss of life, the person
in-charge of the apparatus shall give notice of the accident in writing to the
Electric Inspector of the Government within 48 hours of its occurrence.

34
 i) In case of fatal accidents of employees, an immediate report shall also be made
to the nearest police station and the dead body should not be moved without
consent of the police.

j) All accidents to the private public caused by NTDC personnel, vehicles or

equipment shall be promptly reported to the concerned Manager and Chief
Engineer by the person in-charge.

k) Accidents/incidents which do not result in personnel injury but near misses

should also be promptly reported to the person in-charge and appropriately
investigated.

l) Adequate arrangements for prevention of accidents and incidents must be

made for both the routine and emergent jobs. These arrangements include:
- All accidents shall be documented and record shall be maintained for future
reference.
- Ensure use of PPE according to the requirements of the job.
- Use of portable temporary grounds around the apparatus to work upon.

- Use of barriers around the work area to avoid interference of un- authorized
persons.

- Availability of first aid kits with all the working crews.

Note. The accidents/incidents reporting formats are given in data section.

3.7 The duties and responsibilities of employer and employees to comply

with the Safety Code

a) Duties and Responsibilities of Employer/Management

NTDC being the employer and its management and supervisors at different levels
are responsible to make the provisions for the safety of the employees
and the equipment. The responsibilities in this regard are out
lined as under:
.
- To establish specific objectives and standards consistent with Corporate
Safety Policy and Safety Legislation.

35
- To organize and maintain a comprehensive safety program including trainings
to meet the safety objective of the Company.
- To provide a safe working environment.
- To monitor that a safe working environment ts being maintained and initiate
corrective action where necessary.

- To monitor performance in the area of employee's safety and take corrective

action when established objectives are not being met.

-b) Duties and Responsibilities of Supervisors

- To ensure that the works are performed by the employees in accordance with
the approved practices and that all safety rules and precautions are observed
during the work.

- To establish an adequate monitoring and surveillance system to watch for the

implementation of safety rules.

- To ensure that all safety devices and personal protective equipment

supplied by NTDC are properly used and maintained in healthy working condition.
- To check and guard against the use of defective safety appliances, rigging, tools
and material.
- To check the first aid kits for use by workers are kept in the prescribed
condition with contents, complete in accordance with requirements listed in the
Standard Stores Catalogue.

- To make certain that all the fire extinguishing equipment under their
jurisdiction is kept at their proper places, properly filled/charged and ready for
instant use.

- To assign a sufficient number of qualified workers to do each job safely.

- To brief all workers on the plan of work, before the work is started.

- The employees should be encouraged to forward through proper

channels any constructive suggestions or criticisms of the Safety Rules.

36
- Employees violating recognized safety rules, procedures/standards,
provisions of this safety code or acting in such a manner as to endanger their
own or others' personal safety shall be subjected to disciplinary action.

- To provide work place free of hazards and physical harms.

- To provide PPE and T&P to the employees relevant to their jobs.

- To provide training facilities to the employees in their field of jobs.

- To provide this Safety Code booklet to all supervisory staff of the NTDC.
c) Duties and Responsibilities of the Employees

- Each employee is responsible to work safely and abide by the company's safety
rules and procedures in performance of his duty while on job.

- All employees shall exercise intelligence and constant care and shall use the
safety appliances provided to protect themselves, their fellow employees and
the public from hazards and accidents. They have a personal responsibility to
work safely.

- To carry out their duties with such skill and care as to eliminate as far as
practicable the accidental injury to themselves, fellow employees and
members of the public and to avoid interruptions, or impairment of service and
damage to apparatus or property.

- The employees should be familiar with the location and operation of all safety
equipment and the various types of fire extinguishers, etc.

- All employees shall promptly report safety hazards, observe abnormal conditions
in apparatus or in any matter of importance relating to operation or maintenance to
the person in-charge of such equipment or apparatus.

- To establish specific objectives and standards, it is definite responsibility of an

employee to act so as to provide Employee's own Safety.

d) Fixation of Responsibility against Violation of Safety Rules

Employees violating these and other recognized safety rules, procedures or
standards, or the provisions of this safety code, or acting in such a manner as to
endanger their own or other's personal safety shall be treated under misconduct as

37
per efficiency and disciplinary rules (E&D rules) and subjected to disciplinary
action, including warning, suspension or discharge from service.

3.8 The use and wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) and wearing
of protective clothing

a) Suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) to provide head protection, eye

protection, ear protection, foot protection, hand protection and body protection shall
be used by the NTDC employees while on work. All the P.P.E should be as per
standards, specifications and design duly approved by NTDC. The commonly
used P.P.E are safety shoes, safety goggles, cotton gloves, leather gloves,
insulated rubber gloves, ear muff, dangri, overall coat, apron, safety belts,
parachute harness, etc.

b) For head protection, approved and suitable non-conducting hard hats shall
always be used by the workers while working in switchyards, on overhead
transmission lines or in similar working compounds against falling
tools/objects and direct head striking with doors, windows, panels, steel structures,
etc.
c) For protection of ears, approved ears muffs shall be used by all the workers
when working on air blast circuit breakers and other severe noisy areas.
d) For eye protection, approved safety goggles shall always be worn wherever
there is danger of exposure of the eyes to flying particles, acids, caustic
substances, harmful light/ rays, electrical flash, or any condition considered
hazardous. Some of the work activities/operations which require the use of eye
protection are:
- Gas (Oxy-Acetylene) welding or cutting,
- Electric welding or flash,
- Chipping and grinding,
- Drilling, cutting or breaking masonry,
- Handling or using acids or caustics while working on station batteries,
- Handling molten metal or slag,
- Cleaning with compressed air,
- Closing fused cut-outs.
e) For foot-protection, approved insulated safety shoes with steel/hard plastic
toe shall be used by all workers against direct hit with injurious material or
falling objects.

38
f) For hand protection, approved cotton gloves, leather gloves and insulated
rubber gloves shall be worn against direct electrical contact and other injurious
elements such as heat, chemical and mechanical energies, etc.
g) For body protection, approved dangri, overall coat, apron, etc. shall be used
while on work in switchyards, workshops and transmission lines. Where
protective clothing is not specifically required, employee's personal clothing shall
conform to accepted standards of safety. Sandals and Shalwar Kamiz shall not be
acceptable for working aloft and on rotating machines.

h) Wearing of conducting material like wrist watches, ring, bangles, optics, etc.
shall be avoided when working on electrical wiring or other low voltage
installations to eliminate the chances of short circuits/electrical contact.

i) While working aloft in the switchyard or transmission lines, approved safety

belt/parachute harness shall be used for protection against falling hazards and
travel restrictions.

3.9 Physical fitness and personal conduct of the worker before and during on-
job
Physical fitness of the employees or workers and their sound personal conduct
plays a positive role in delivering their duties.

a) Physical Fitness
- An employee is responsible for maintaining a level of his physical fitness
appropriate to the requirement of the job.

- Employees who are unable to perform their duties safely due to illness or other
disability shall promptly report their condition to the person in- charge.
b) Personal Conduct

- Employees are expected to be alert in the work like their own business, courteous
and considerate in all their contacts.

- Employees shall not perform any work while under the influence of the substance
like drugs, etc. which affects their ability to work. The person in- charge shall not
permit an employee to go to work who is under the influence of such substance.

- Practical joking or horseplay while on the job is prohibited.

39
- No employee shall distract the attention of other workers from their jobs until it
is definitely determined that no danger will result.

- Employees shall not ride on cranes, tractors, bulldozers, forklift trucks or other
mobile equipment except in the discharge of their duties.

- Employees shall not ride on a vehicle with any part of their body exposed outside
the vehicle. All employees shall be seated.

- Compressed air or gas shall not be blown at fellow employees nor be used for
dusting clothing or any part of the body.

3.10 Arrangement and procedure of job briefing before start of work

Prior to undertaking any job, it is necessary for the supervisor and the crew in-
charge to plan it and brief to the workers with focus on safety of the workers
so that the execution may take place in a safe and productive manner. Jobs are
executed more efficiently and effectively when planned well and all concerned
know what is expected. Following are the various steps for proper job planning
and job briefing:

a) Job planning

- Follow the approved work program,

- Arrange maintenance procedures,
- Arrange equipment manuals and drawings,
- Arrange the previous maintenance record,

- Arrange the spare parts,

- Arrange the required T&P and test equipment,
- Estimate and arrange to meet the expenditure involved,
- Estimate the man hours and the time required to complete the job,
- Arrange co-ordination of other work groups (P&I, T/L etc) if needed,
- Arrange outage of the equipment if needed,
- Inspect the job site to identify, control and eliminate the hazards,
- Equipment to be de-energized for safe working clearances,
- Isolation points and grounding facilities,
- Aerial devices needed such as scaffold, bucket truck, ladders and cranes etc.
- Availability of enough room/space for aerial devices and ground
conditions to permit their fixing and movement,
- Approach roads condition,

40
- Any other information necessary for execution of the job,

b) Job briefing

Conduct a tailboard conference with the workers to ensure that everybody know
his job. When conducting a briefing the following details shall be discussed. If the
job is complex or if a change of plan is to be made, conduct additional
brieting as required to ensure that the workers understand each progressive
step of the work:

- Potential hazards and the ways to eliminate or protect against them,

- Definite work assignments,
- Use of special tools or equipment,
- Check that work instructions are clearly understood by all the concerned.
3.1 I Procedures and arrangements for reporting hazards which can
cause accidents.
a) Hazards are the part and parcel of our routine life. While work on apparatus
equipment at NTDC premises a variety of hazardous conditions have to be faced
such as fall hazards, travel hazards, contact hazards, potential hazards, etc.
which if not properly identified and eliminated can cause a loss to the life of
employees and the NTDC property. Wanted use of energy is a productive activity
where as the use or flow of unwanted energy results in mishap or accident.
Similarly unsafe acts or unsafe conditions also cause accidents. Elimination
of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions is the only sure way to minimize accidents.

b) Adequate arrangement have to be made for identifying hazards, reporting

hazards and taking preventive measures by the supervisor, crew in-charge and
the workers.

c) Whenever and wherever the employees of NTDC see or observe any

hazard or hazardous condition pertaining to NTDC property he will inform and
report to his in-charge.
d) When the NTDC employees on duty receive a report on a hazardous
condition of apparatus, they shall obtain from the informant his name, location
and all available information relating to the hazardous condition and report
this information to the controlling authority of apparatus. The controlling authority
may isolate the apparatus in question on having the information and depute the

41
informant or anyone else stand guard over it until the hazard is removed or
other suitable arrangement made.
e) In the event of an employee requesting informant to stand guard over the
hazardous condition, they shall be positively warned not to touch any
conductor, exposed part of the equipment/apparatus, guy, etc. under any
circumstances.

t) When the hazardous condition or problem is reported by non-employees of

NTDC, such report shall be recorded in the Substation Order Book. However,
due care must be taken for identification and elimination of the hazards because
elimination of hazardous and unsafe conditions and acts is the only sure way of
preventing personal injuries and accidents and danger to property.

g) Every employee shall watch for any unsafe condition or practice and take
corrective action by reporting each instance to the person in-charge. Examples of
some hazardous conditions are out lined as under:
- Leaking oil or other fluids from the storage tanks,
- Damaged or faulty insulators,
- Bums on conductors, insulator pins, iron work or pilot cable,
- Damaged cross arms or other hardware of the poles or structures,
- Broken strands of stranded conductors or ground wires,
- Uneven sagging of line,
- Leaning towers/poles,
- Ground disturbance at or adjacent to tower and pole foundations,
- Dangerous wild growth, trees or branches of trees encroaching the lines or
equipment,
- Loose stay wires,
- Dead birds near the line route,
- Construction of new roads, buildings, or other structures near the line,
- Erection of new telephone, telegraph or other lines by other departments near
NTDC lines,
- Broken conductors or wires,
- Garbage damping near the equipment or below the lines,
-Abnormal noise of the equipment,
-Glowing hot spots of the equipment or lines.
- Combustible or explosive material near by the towers, pole,
equipment.etc.

h) Where a hazard cannot be removed or corrected immediately, adequate safety

precautions shall be taken. If possible, substitute less harmful alternative for
the hazardous process. Isolate the hazards to prevent them from escaping.

42
3.12 Requirements to safeguard the public and property when work is in
progress
a) Every effort shall be made to protect the public and property at all times when
NTDC work is in progress by the use of signs, barricades or personal warn mg.

b) When work is conducted along public streets or highways, pedestrians and

vehicular traffic shall be warned in compliance with applicable standards.
c) Where necessary, open manholes, ditches and excavations shall be
barricaded or substantially covered to prevent pedestrians, animals or vehicles
from falling into them.
d) During the night and in all dark locations, lights or torches should be in place
at any obstruction, excavation or opening which is likely to cause injury to
employees or to the public and property.
3.13 Requirements for housekeeping in safe working conditions

- All NTDC premises in the interest of safety of the employees and the
equipment, fire prevention and hygiene shall be kept clean and orderly at all
times like our own houses.

- Walk always, aisles, stairways, fire escapes and all other passageways shall be kept
clear of all obstructions.

- Any floor or wall opening shall be guarded with standard railings and toe boards.
Other means of temporary protection may be used only with an observer
present.
- Tools and Plants shall not be placed where they may cause tripping or
stumbling hazard, or where they may fall and strike anyone below.
- Adequate measures shall be taken to overcome slipping hazards which may
exist.
-Nails in boards, such as those removed from scaffolds, forms and packing boxes
shall be removed. The boards shall be carefully stacked or stored.

- Work areas and vehicles shall be neat and orderly at all times.
- Scrap bins (dust bins) should be provided and used for broken glass,
insulators, sheet metal scraps, used pressurized containers and other waste material.

- Scrap material of salvage value should be properly stored until disposed off.

43
- Dirty and oily waste rags shall be deposited in approved metal containers provided
for the purpose, and be disposed off as soon as possible to avoid tire hazard.
- To avoid strain from improper handling of boxes and bundles of office supplies,
ledgers, portable filing cases and office machines, lifting should be done with
back erect by using more powerful leg muscles.

- Large boxes or bundles of supplies shall be moved by a hand truck, or

unpacked and delivered in smaller parcels. Bulky objects shall not be carried
in such a way as to obstruct the view ahead or interfere with free use of handrails
on stair ways. Get help where necessary.

- Conservative shoes should be worn to prevent slipping on floors or tripping

on stairways.
- Water, oil or other liquid spilt on floors presents a dangerous slipping hazard,
and shall be cleaned up at once.

- Loose objects such as matches and pencils shall not be left on stairs or
floors.

- Unprotected extension cords shall not be strung across aisles or walkways where
people may slip or fall over them.
- Desk or file drawers of desk slides shall not be left open.

- Standing on chairs, boxes and other makeshift supports shall be avoided. Only
approved ladders or equipment shall be used to reach the objects overhead.
- Doors should be opened slowly to avoid striking anyone on the other side.

- Running in aisles, corridors, and on stairways is prohibited. Use the handrail

when going up or down stairways.

- In walking, particularly at blind corners, employees should always keep to the

left.

-Use extreme care in opening file cabinet drawers. Opening of over-loaded upper
drawers, particularly more than one at a time, may slip over the cabinet. Where
several tiers of cabinets are used at one location, they shall be fastened together.
- While using power operated office machines, avoid touching any earthed
metal object such as a radiator or water pipe. Defects in the cords or
machines shall be reported and promptly repaired.
44
- Pins shall not be used to fasten papers together. Use paper clips or stapling
machine.

- Pointed objects, such as uncapped fountain pens, pencils, knives or

scissors should not be carried with the point exposed in the pockets, attached
to the clothing, or through congested aisles or working areas.

- Gummed strips of envelopes should be moistened with suitable device, not

with the tongue. Avoid opening envelopes with fingers and sliding hands along
edges of paper.

- Except in proper holders, safety-razor blades shall not be used for cutting paper,
sharpening pencils or other cutting operations. Do not keep razor blades or other
sharp instruments loose in desk drawers.

- Used pressurized containers, broken glass or other sharp objects shall never
be placed in waste baskets, but should be safely wrapped, identified and left
beside the waste basket for removal.
- Keep finger away from cutting edge of paper cutters. The cutting knife on hand
operated cutters shall never be left raised while unsupported; it shall always be
closed when not in use. Machine operated cutters shall be properly guarded
to prevent accidental contact with the cutter operator.
3.14 Arrangements and requirements of fire protection.
- The arrangements and requirements of fire protection at NTDC premises shall be
governed by NTDC fire fighting provisions, specific instructions of the equipment
manufacturers, government and municipal by-laws and shall be compatible with
the modem practices of fire prevention and fire fighting. All tire hazardous
areas such as battery room, oil stores and welding shops, cable rooms, etc.,
shall be kept under strict vigilance to prevent the possible fire outbreaks.
- All fire exits shall be properly marked and kept clear.
- All fire protection and fire fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers, sand
buckets, water buckets, fire escape doors, tire dampers, exit lighting, etc. shall
be maintained in proper operating condition. Sand or water buckets shall be
kept filled. Recharge and return tire extinguishers and fire buckets to their position
as soon as possible after use.
- Never smoke in no-smoking area.
- Never smoke in bed (having your last cigarette before going to bed).

45
- Never entre a peak, tank or other compartment where the air might be suspect
without well ventilating first.

- Never leave the light ON in an empty cabin or compartment. Switch it

OFF.
- Never cover an electric bulb closely with material (paper, piece of cloth, etc.)
put there to act as a shade. Leave ample room for air circulation.

- Never lay or hang clothing or anything else where it can fall on to an electric
fire, radiator or electric light bulb.

- Never use old flex or a multi point adaptor to connect electrical equipment.
-Never spray an aerosol (rust removing solvents) near a naked flame or hot parts of
machines or electric fire.

-Never place an aerosol where it can become overheated.

- When an attendant is standing by a person who has entered a pump room, tank,
or other suspect compartment, the attendant should keep a close watch on that
person.

- Never use a fire bucket, fire hose or fire sand for any purpose other than fire
fighting.

- Good housekeeping shall be practiced in all buildings and vehicles to prevent

the accumulation of flammable and/or combustible material.

- Flammable liquids shall be kept in approved cans and identified by proper labels.
- Open flames and smoking are prohibited in all areas where flammable liquids
or gases are stored or being used. Such areas shall be pasted with appropriate warning
signs.
- Avoid use of matches or open flames. Prevent electric sparks in areas where
combustible gas may exist such as gas-filled electrical equipment, or in manholes,
vaults, battery rooms, in proximity to batteries, transformer or oil circuit breaker
tanks etc.

46
-Never use defective electrical equipment which can cause short circuits or arcing
during their use.

- Never leave idle electrical equipment without disconnecting it or

switching OFF at the main.

- Never throw a lighted match or cigarette end away. Put it in proper receptacle.
-Never interfere with the wiring and fittings of the equipment.

- Keep flammable and oxygen cylinders away from each other.

- Keep the flammable liquids away from the store buildings.

-Check electrical wiring, equipment (worn out) broken and damaged plugs.

- Avoid overheating of electrical components.

- Avoid overloading electrical circuits and appliances. Check unusual smell.

- Avoid modification m electrical equipment without approval of the

competent authority.

- All employees shall be familiar with the location and proper use of fire
extinguishers in their work area.

-Never check the leaks with naked flame when in the vicinity of appliances using
cylinder gas (LPG) such as propane or butane.

- The use of different types of tire extinguishers shall be in accordance with the
classification/types of fire (refer to table in data section- I 0).

- Fire doors and dampers shall be identified and shall never be tied, blocked in the
open position, or otherwise made inoperative.

- Access to fire extinguishers and other fire protective equipment shall not be
obstructed.
-Each NTDC vehicle shall be equipped with an approved fire extinguisher. It is the
duty of the driver of the vehicle to ensure that such extinguishers are in good
condition and are refilled immediately after use.

47
- At grid stations, offices and other premises of NTDC, suitable fire and smoke
detection and protection systems should be installed.
- Use of fire resistant or fire retarding materials in the equipment and
apparatus shall be encouraged.
- On the main and costly equipment at grid stations such as power
transformers, etc. fire detection system and water sprinkling system or N2 gas fire
protection system should be installed.

-In order to reduce the danger to life and assets to minimum, an emergency plan
should be prepared, ensure its availability and updating of knowledge/

training of employees. It will be most appropriate if emergency fire protection

and rescue rehearsal/drills are exercised at regular intervals.

- Fire and smoke detectors should be checked and tested at regular intervals
to ensure their correct functioning.

- Indication bulbs of fire/smoke detection system must always be kept

healthy.

- Telephone numbers of tire section, nearest fire brigade and other rescue
services/departments should be displayed at suitable places all around and inside
the NTDC premises.
3.15 Requirements, arrangements and use of proper tools and plants, for
the proper and safe storage, lifting and carrying of different types of
material

The requirements and arrangements for proper use of the proper tools and plants
(T&P), the safe and proper storage of T&P and other materials, proper and
safe techniques for lifting and carrying T&P and different materials are out
lined as under:

3.15.1 Hand tools

a) Employees should use only tools and plants or similar equipment which is in
good condition, and only for the purpose for which they are designed. When
proper and safe tools are not available for the work at hand, the employee
shall report the fact to the person in-charge.

48
b) All tools shall be inspected at regular intervals and tools which develop
defects while in use should be removed from service, tagged, and not used again
until placed in good condition.

c) Impact tools with mushroomed heads such as chisels, drills, hammers and
wedges should not be used until they have been reconditioned.

d) Hammers, axes, shovels and similar tools shall not be used if the handle
is loose, cracked or splintered.

e) Defective wrenches, such as open-end spanners and adjustable wrenches

with spread jaws or pipe wrenches with dull teeth, should not be used
as
they are likely to slip.

t) Pipe or other extensions shall not be used on a wrench handle to increase the
leverage unless the wrench is specifically designed for use of such extension.

g) Metal rules, metal tape lines, or tape lines containing wires shall not be used
near electric conductors or equipment.

h) Sharp-edged or pointed tools shall have the edge or point guarded at all time
when not in use.

i) Files or other similar tools shall always be equipped with suitable handles when
in use.

3.15.2 Power tools and machine tools

a) The power supply to the tools/equipment shall be according to their rated input
voltage (II 0 V or 220 V AC or DC, etc.).

b) When operating the machine tools, employees shall wear close fitting
clothing and shall not wear dangling sleeves, neckties, loose jewelry, hair long
enough to get into moving parts, and other loose personal items. Finger rings
should not be worn.

c) When working on bench mounted or portable grinding machines, before

installing a new grinding wheel on the grinder, it shall be given a 'ring test' by

49
supporting it free and tapping lightly with a wood object. If the wheel is not
defective, it will give a clear metallic tone.

d) When changing a grinding wheel, make sure that the rated speed of the wheel
exceeds the maximum speed (rpm) of the rotor. The size of hand grinder is
determined by the diameter of the grinding wheel it is designed to hold. Hand
grinder speeds range from 5000 rpm to 10000 rpm.

e) Grinding wheels shall be equipped with safety washers or flanges, as the design
requires.

t) When starting a grinding wheel, stand to one side out of line of flying particles
in case the wheel breaks.
g) Approved eye protection shall be used when using a grinding wheel. Grinding
wheels shall also be equipped with approved safety guards.
h) Where tool rests are required they shall be kept adjusted properly. Never adjust
a tool rest or tongue guard while the wheel is in motion.
i) Do not grind on the side of a wheel unless the wheel is designed for such use.
j) Electric-driven hand tools shall be equipped with controls that will stop the
tool when the operator's hand is removed from the controlling valve or switch.
k) Before drilling through paving, walls or floors, make sure you will not cut
into cables, conduits, or pipes.

l) Electric tool cords or extension cords shall not be used for hoisting or
lowering tools.

m) Extension cords shall be maintained in safe condition. Worn or frayed cords

and broken plugs shall be promptly replaced.
n) Extension cords with exposed metal sockets shall not be used.

o) When operating a drill press, never hold small work in the hands;
always use a clamp, jig or vice.

p) Employees shall not manually adjust or gauge the work or oil a machine tool
while it is in motion. nor change or shift belts by hand.

q) Do not change or shift the driving belts by hand while the machines are in
operation.

50
r) Keep fingers, waste and rags away from moving work or parts of a
machine. Remove chips and cuttings with a brush, hook or piece of wood.

s) Prevent the power drill from twisting out of the hands. Always keep a good hold
on the tool. Good footing and balance are also very important to prevent injuries.

t) Protect the grinding wheel from damage. A crack can cause the wheel to fly
apart.

3.15.3 Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders

a) All ladders shall be inspected at regular intervals and maintained to conform

to the requirements of applicable standards.
b) The strength of ladders made of fiberglass epoxy or other synthetic
material shall be equal to or exceed that of approved wooden/bamboo ladders.
c) Portable metal ladders should be grounded before use.
d) Wooden/bamboo ladders should be given a suitable protective coating such
as clear varnish or linseed oil. Metallic paint shall not be used on ladders.
A paint which hides the grain shall not be used because it hinders detection of
defects.
e) When a ladder has fallen or been struck, it should be carefully examined for
possible damage before reuse.
f) Damaged ladders shall be tagged "DANGEROUS -DO NOT USE" until
repaired or cut to shorter length.

g) All portable ladders shall be securely held in place by tying or by person at the
base of ladder.

h) The base of a ladder should not be placed less than 1/4 of its working length
from a wall or supporting surface and not farther than 1/3 of the working
length unless securely held.

51
i) Stepladders shall not be used in a partially opened position.
j) Ladders placed near doors or in passageway shall be protected against
being struck by doors or traffic.
k) The minimum overlap of sections of an extension ladder shall be 0.9 meter
on ladders up to 12 meters long and 1.5 meters on ladders from 12 to 18 meters
long.
I) While going up or down a ladder, always face the ladder and use both hands
for climbing. Use each rung.

m) Use the correct size ladders for the job. Ladders should not be climbed higher
than the third rung from the top on straight or extension ladders, the second step
from the top on ordinary stepladders.

n) Ladders used to gain access to roofs or platforms shall extend at least 1 meter
above the roof or platform.

o) Footwear should be free of grease, and/or other slippery substances when

climbing or descending a ladder.

p) Ladders should not be stored in the area subject to excessive heat or

moisture.
q) The chart given in Data section-!0 shows the common types of ladders and
scaffolds.
Scaffolds
a) Scaffolds shall be of sound material, securely fastened and be capable of
supporting four times the maximum intended load which may be placed on them.
Wire rope, synthetic rope or tiber rope used for scaffold suspension shall be
capable of supporting at least six times the maximum intended load.

b) Wood planks used in scaffolds should not be less than 25.4 cm wide and
5 cm thick and shall not extend beyond the outer supports more than 31 cm nor
less than 16 cm. All scaffold planking shall overlap a minimum of 31 cm or be
secured from movement.

52
c) Guardrails and toe boards shall be installed on all scaffolds which are 3 meters
or more in height, and those immediately adjacent to excavations, deep water,
machinery, or other sources of danger.

d) Where persons are required to work or pass under scaffolds, the scaffolds
shall be equipped with a screen between the tow board and guardrail.
e) Slippery conditions on scaffolds shall be eliminated as soon as possible.

f) Inspect all ropes, slings, hangers, platforms and other supporting parts before
installation and periodically during use. In addition to required guardrails and
toe board, each worker shall be protected by a safety belt attached to a lifeline
secured independently of the scaffold.

g) Never overload a scaffold.

h) Use only bolts and hitches which are in good conditions and properly secured.
i) Always tie the all lines to the scaffold itself, never to any part of the structures.

j) When using acid or caustic solutions use only treated or protected ropes and take
every precaution to keep the chemical from getting on scaffold ropes. Do not
perform welding, burning or open flame work from scaffolds supported by fiber or
synthetic rope.

k) Do not jump onto or off scaffolds or climb or slide down suspension ropes.
I) Remove all loose objects from scaffolds when stopping work for longer duration.

m) Be sure to lash the scaffold to some permanent support so that in case of storm
it may not swing violently.

3.15.4 Paints and painting work

a) Employees using paints, lacquers or thinners shall avoid inhaling the vapors or
getting paint into the mouth. Wash hands carefully before eating.
b) Do not use or go near open flames, while wearing clothing contaminated with
paint or thinner.
c) Painting rooms or any place where spray painting is being done shall be well
ventilated by exhaust systems and protected against all sources of ignition.

53
f) Smoking, welding, burning or other open flame is prohibited where spray painting
is being done.

h) Approved mask and eye protection shall be worn during spray painting.

3.15.5 Storage of material

a) The material shall be stored in such a way that its weight is evenly
distributed and not top-heavy.

b) All materials stored in tires shall be racked, stacked, blocked, interlocked or

otherwise secured to prevent sliding, falling or collapse.
c) Designated aisles and passageways shall be kept clear to provide free and safe
movement of material handling equipment or employees.

d) Sand, gravel, lime, cement and other heavy materials shall not be stored above
ground level.

f) Poles, pipe, lumber and similar material should be stored on suitable racks
and safely blocked to prevent their movement.

g) Poles/structures shall never be stored with cross arms, steps or hardware attached.
h) Poles/structures stored along highways shall be placed in a safe position away
from the edge of the roadway, and blocked, if required, to prevent their
movement.
i) Barrels, drums and tins shall be stored on end or securely blocked to prevent
rolling.
k) Paints, varnish, lacquers and thinners are highly flammable and shall be stored
only in designated areas away from all possible sources of ignition.

1) No materials or equipment shall be stored under energized lines, or near

energized equipment.
m) The equipment manufacturer's instructions regarding storage of their supplied
equipment or material shall be followed, e.g. indoor/outdoor storage,

54
horizontal/vertical storage, leveling, water proofing, moisture/humidity control,
use of space heaters in the control cubicles, duration of storage, etc.
n) Sometimes large and heavy transformers are shipped I transported without
oil but tilled with low pressure dry Nitrogen gas to avoid ingress of moisture and to
keep the active part of the transformer dry. The Nitrogen gas cylinders are
temporarily fixed with the body tank of the transformer

for regular make up of the gas pressure till installation of the transformer.
For storage of such transformers care should be taken to place them in a way
to have easy access to the Nitrogen gas cylinders and pressure gauges for proper
monitoring of the gas pressure and handling gas cylinders.
3.15.6 Lifting and carrying of different types of material

a) Employees shall not attempt to lift material loads beyond their

capabilities.
b) Before attempting to make a lift, the conditions under foot shall be checked
to determine soundness, slipperiness and freedom from trip hazards.
c) Free style method of lifting means lifting light loads any way best suited to the
individual's physical make up against the conventional straight back bent knees
method used for heavier lifts.

d) When lifting or lowering heavy objects, the back should be kept close to vertical
and the lifting or lowering done with the leg muscles.
e) Bulky loads should be carried in such a way as to permit a clear view ahead.
f) When two or more workers are lifting or pulling together one worker
shall give the signals for the group.
g) Pipes, conduits, reinforcing rods and other conducting material should not
be carried on the shoulders or raised over the head near exposed live electrical
equipment/conductors.
h) Hand lines or hoists shall be used for raising or lowering tools and
material to another level, which is beyond reach.
3.15.7 Rigging and hoisting
a) Chain hoists, derricks, cranes and other hoisting equipment shall be
inspected at regular intervals.

55
b) Any hoisting equipment found defective shall be immediately tagged as
unsafe and not used until repaired.

c) Before the load is lifted, a strain should be taken on the cable and the hitch
and slings rechecked.

d) When there is a danger of the load being suddenly released, the hooks shall
be snubbed with wire or shackles.
e) Before operating crane, derrick or other hoisting equipment, the operator shall
sound warning and accept only one person's signal to start raising, lowering or
swinging load. However, the operator shall stop immediately upon signal from
anyone.

f) Before moving a loaded or unloaded crane in close proximity to overhead

electrical lines, the boom or load shall be lowered sufficiently in
accordance with the applicable safe limits of approach and clearances (refer tables
in data section-10).

g) The crane should never be operated by un-qualified crane operator or the

employee. Depute a proper signal person (refer Standard hand signals for cranes
in Data section-10).

h) When making heavy lifts, outriggers shall be used to prevent

overturning. The outrigger shall rest on a secure and firm surface.

i) Extreme caution shall be taken when working near cables or ropes under
tension. The workers should never place themselves within the angle formed
by ropes or cables under tension.
j) Employees shall familiarize themselves with the proper knots, ties and hitches,
safe working loads for ropes, cables, slings and fittings and proper methods of
hooking and slinging required in the work.

k) Special care shall be exercised to see that cables, chains, and other
hoisting equipment are not unduly stressed by improper use.

56
l) Chains shall not be spliced or joined by makeshift means such as open links,
bolts, or wire. New links shall be inserted by some competent person. m) Wire
ropes or cables should not be allowed to kink as it weakens them.

n) The rating of hooks, rings, clevises and other fittings used on chains or cables
shall exceed the carrying capacity of the chain or cable.

3.15.8 Handling Poles, Towers and Structures etc.

The following safety guidelines shall be considered while handling poles, towers,
structures and conductors:

a) When unloading or loading poles/structures, workers shall work at the ends

of the poles/structures wherever possible.

c) Poles/structures placed on piles or racks shall be securely blocked to prevent

movement.

d) Poles/structures loaded on trailers or vehicles shall be securely bound together

and also to the trailer or vehicle before toeing.

e) Auxiliary safety chains shall be used at all times between truck and trailer
being toed.

f) Poles/structures being transported along streets of highways shall be plainly

marked at the rear with red tlags by day and lights by night. Regulations
covering the movement of loads upon streets and highways shall also be
observed. Precautions shall be exercised to prevent blocking of roadways or
endangering other traffic.
g) When setting or removing poles/structures in close vicinity of energized lines,
care shall be taken to keep the pole/structure from coming in induction
zone or contact with live conductor.
h) Pole/structure holes and trenches shall not be left unattended or
unguarded in areas where they present a hazard to employees or public.
i) All trenches, including pole/structure holes into which employees are to enter,
shall conform to the guidelines for excavation.
j) To assure the stability of mobile cranes, their work site shall be graded and
leveled for firm foundation.

57
k) No one shall be permitted to stay under a metal tower, structure, or
transformer, which is in the process of erection or assembly, except as required
to guide or secure the section being set. The hoist line shall not be detached from
the tower or structure section, or transformer, until the section has been
adequately secured.

3.15.9 Care of ropes and slings

a) Different types of ropes and slings are very commonly used in rigging heavy
loads/material in stores, ware houses and work sites. Proper knowledge
and safety guidelines for handling ropes, slings and similar hardware is essential
for NTDC employees specially when engaged in storage, construction and
maintenance work activities. Charts given in Data section-I 0 show the common fiber
rope knots and other defects in wire ropes, etc.
b) Do not drag the rope on the ground unnecessarily as the dirt damages the
fibers.

c) Do not use a too small pulley.

d) Do not use pulleys with rough surfaces or broken edges.

e) Where a rope sling passes over sharp edges, pads shall be used to protect the
fibers against cutting and undue stress.

t) Do not let the rope slip on the drum of a mechanically or hydraulically driven
winch or lie idle on moving drum unnecessarily.

g) Do not place kinked rope under stress.

h) Do not tie knots where splices should be used.

i) Do not allow the rope to become oil-soaked or exposed to acid or
corrosive substances.
j) Do not allow the rope to remain dirty or gritty, wash and dry.

58
k) Do not allow rope to remain exposed to weather longer than necessary.
l) Carefully dry rope when it becomes wet.

m) Do not use excessive heat when drying a wet rope.

n) Do not allow wet rope to freeze in winter.

o) Protect slings from sharp ends.

p) Do not allow slings to become oil soaked or exposed to acid or corrosive

substances.
... ·
q) Do not allow slings to remain exposed to weather and sunlight
unnecessarily.
r) The safe working load, as marked on each sling, shall not be exceeded.
s) Check the sling before use for cuts, burns and scrapes. Replace, if
defective.
3.16 Procedure and reporting requirement of foot patrolling of
transmission lines
The objective of foot patrolling transm1ss1on lines is to identify the
mechanical defects and ground conditions and point out other problems that
require further attention and corrective measures for smooth and reliable
performance of lines (such as missing nut/bolts, damaged or missing
hardware, anti-climbing devices, conductors phase marking, tower
numbering, any constructions below the line conductors or side
encroachments, etc.). The safe procedure and safety guidelines for the foot
patrollers are out line as under:

a) Follow the approved schedule and work program.

b) The patrollers must wear PPE and never try to cross the applicable safe limits
of approaches.

c) Line patrolling should be performed with caution. Patrollers shall be alert to

avoid walking into fallen wires or metal fences that may be energized.

d) Patrollers should be alert and avoid stumbling hazards, poisonous plants and
snakes.

59
e) Patrollers shall break all matches and crush all discarded smoking
tobaccos lying in the vicinity of lines.

f) The report of line patrolled shall be made on patrol books as per

transmission lines maintenance package

g) The climbers should have necessary awareness of the local civil

administrative rules and regulations, e.g. right-of-way, personal properties
rights, personal privacy rights, etc.
h) During line patrolling, short comings/defects m the following areas should
be identified and noted by the patroller:

- Tower footings, stubs/base plates, counter poise, tower members/braces

a climbing devices step bolts, nut & bolts, painting, warning and
identification signs such as number plates, danger plates and phase plates,
guys end fittings guy wire, anchor rods and other transmission line hardware
- Healthiness of the line conductors and their safe clearances from ground, phase-
to-phase and surrounding structures, trees and buildings etc throughout the line
length.
-Any constructions (buildings, structures) below the line conductors or side
encroachments, etc. shall not be allowed and if any exist, shall be brought into the
notice of the competent authority and dealt as per Electricity Act. Such
constructions are standing risks not only for the public but also for smooth
operation of the transmission lines.

3.17 Procedure for tree trimming.

The electrical transmission lines or other outdoor installations must always be

kept clear of external unwanted encroachments, specially the trees, their branches
and other wild growth. The safe procedure and safety guidelines for the tree
trimming are out line as under:

a) Follow the approved schedule and work program.

b) The tree trimmers must wear PPE and never try to cross the applicable safe
limits of approaches.

60
c) Branches and limbs shall not be dropped outside the barricaded area on streets,
highway and sidewalks.

d) If a tree is to be climbed, ladder shall be used whenever possible. When

climbing trees, workers should inspect the limbs to make sure they will hold
their weight.

e) Employees working in trees shall always use safety harness, saddle or belt
with life line attached in such a way that, if they lose their footing, they will fall
away from electric conductors or other hazards.
f) Axes shall not be used aloft when trimming trees.

g) All tools shall be raised and lowered by hand-lines in such a way as to avoid
touching energized conductors.

h) Parts of trees in contact with energized conductors shall be handled as

energized conductors.

i) Before cutting down a tree, all limbs shall be cut off for a sufficient
height to avoid striking electric conductors. Ropes shall be used to control the
direction of the fall when necessary.
j) The trees in the vicinity of any energized lines should be trimmed
carefully.
k) During tree trimming the line should be de-energized and portable
temporary grounds applied.
l) The tree trimming area shall be marked and proper barriers be applied.

m) For disposal of brush, tire shall not be started in locations where smoke
can affect the trafic on road. Fire shall not be started in locations where the heat
may damage power and communication equipment.

n) The trimmers should have necessary awareness of the local civil administrative
rules and regulations, e.g. right-of-way, personal properties rights, personal
privacy rights, etc.

3.18 List of common protective devices and equipments used for

safety purposes

61
The protective devices and equipment in addition to the personal protective
equipment (PPE) used for safety purposes are as given below:

a) Protective equipment

- Potential testers
- Portable temporary grounds (PTG)
- Earthing rod
- Earth resistance testers
- Continuity testers
- Ladders
- Scaffolding
- Hand lines

b) Care of insulating protective equipment

- All insulating protective equipment shall be of approved material, carefully

inspected and properly stored.

- When not in use, insulating protective equipment shall be shielded from

sunlight, heat, water and oil.

- Protective equipment shall be visually inspected before its use. In addition,

an air test shall be performed on insulating rubber gloves prior to use.
- Protectors furnished for use with insulating gloves shall be used only with
insulating gloves and at no other time.

62
4. ELECTRICAL SECTION
4.1 General safety precautions
Prior to undertaking any electrical work, proper work protection shall be
established as necessary in accordance with the Safety Code. All work
activities shall comply with the applicable SOP, equipment manufacturer's
instructions, safety rules and regulations. In addition to above a safety hazards
identification exercise shall be undertaken. Beside the specific and job wise safety
measures the general safety precautions to be followed are out lined as under:

a) Maintenance, repair and construction work on electric circuits or

apparatus shall not be done, until the authorized person in-charge of the working
crew has received a properly filled permit-to-work from an authorized
employee. The existing site conditions should be determined so that the work can
be performed in a safe manner and is clearly understood by each worker.
b) All circuits and equipment shall be considered energized at full voltage until
de-energized and earthed. Caution notices duly filled in shall be placed on
all switch-gear and control panels controlling the electrical circuits, tie points,
and apparatus upon which workers are about to work. These notices shall be
placed by the person in-charge of the circuits or apparatus. The presence of the
authorized person in-charge of the working parties shall be essential when the
notices are filled in and signed. To prevent them being torn or dropping off
the apparatus or lines guarded, caution notices shall always be placed in the
wooden holders.

c) Workers shall not begin work on any equipment unless instructed to do so by

the person in-charge. Where instructions are given on telephone or radio, each
speaker shall be satisfied of the identity and authority of the other person.

63
d) On all jobs, sufficient number of qualified workers should be present to do the
work safely. The number of workers required for the job shall be determined by the
supervisor assigning the work.

e) Whenever it become necessary to replace a worker or supervisor during a job,

such replacement shall be made only after the replacing worker or supervisor has
been fully informed of existing work conditions.

f) On any job which, in the opinion of the person in-charge, requires an observer,
the person in-charge or a person nominated by him shall act as observer. The
observer shall not be engaged in any activity which the person in-charge
considers will interfere with their duty as an observer.
g) When performing work, if a worker finds a condition which is beyond his
ability to handle safely, the worker shall call for assistance.
h) Emergency hazards, where life is in danger, such as fallen wires, may be
removed by one worker using approved tools and protective equipment where
ever practicable and possible.

4.1.1 Access to and work in operational premises in underground

chambers and confined spaces

Like the duties and work activities at work sites in open area or well
ventilated, protected and safe indoor or outdoor operational premises such as
substations, laboratories and workshops etc., the basements of operational
premises, underground chambers and confined spaces can be and/or the
duty/job sites. The basements, underground chambers and confined spaces
are not always considered as safe or protected sites. However measures should
be taken to keep such sites clean, free from toxic fumes and in orderly manners for
safety of the employees as well as of the equipment or apparatus in these sites.
The underground chambers and the confined spaces such as cable rooms, cable
tunnels, basements of power plant buildings and underground man-holes are
more pronounced to fire hazards due to accumulation of dangerous or toxic
gases. The following safety measures or precautions shall be taken for making
access to and work in underground chambers and confined spaces along with the
safety guidelines applicable for work in safe and protected operational premises:

a) A work area shall be treated as confined space or suspect area when, because
of its construction, location, contents, or work activity therein, the accumulation
64
of a hazardous or toxic gases, vapors, dust, fumes or creation of an oxygen-deficient
atmosphere may occur.

b) The underground chambers and confined space shall not be entered

unless there is a way of exiting by means of a manhole or other clear opening.

c) Only the qualified or trained and authorized employees will be allowed to work
in underground chambers and confined space or suspect compartments.
d) The workers must wear PPE and use gas masks, breathing apparatus and life
line rope for work in underground chambers and confined space or suspect
compartments and should never try to cross prohibited boundaries or the
applicable safe limits of approaches.

e) A confined space shall not be entered until all mechanical or electrical sources
of potential or dynamic energy are isolated and de-energized in accordance with
requirements.

t) The atmosphere in a confined space shall be assumed unsafe and shall not be
entered until a competent person evaluates the situation with approved
necessary tests. The results of tests shall be recorded and maintained.
Evaluation of hazards should include consideration of toxic, tlammable or heavier
than air gasses being used or produced in or near the contined space.
g) A confined space shall not be entered until purging or ventilation to maintain
a safe atmosphere has been ensured.

h) Whenever entry is made to a contined space, a qualified and suitably equipped

employee shall be stationed at the entrance to render immediate assistance if
needed. Use life line rope for the worker, as appropriate or applicable.

i) Smoking shall not be permitted in a confined space. When it is necessary to use

an open flame, heat or sparking device, the work shall not be done until suitable
measures are adopted.

j) If at any time, irritation of eyes, nose or throat, difficulty in breathing or ringing

in ears is experienced, all employees shall leave the confined space immediately
and shall not return until the atmosphere has been tested and found safe.

65
k) Workers shall wait for five minutes before entering to allow for air
exchange. A lifeline (rope) shall be attached to the employees entering the
chamber and two employees shall be stationed for emergency retrieval.

1) Work shall be undertaken in accordance with the appropriate P.T.W

procedure.
m) Compressed gas cylinders shall not be allowed inside a confined space where
the hot-work is being performed.
n) Gas welding and cutting equipment shall be pre-tested for leaks prior to entry
into a confined space.

o) Appropriate extinguishers shall be available when hot work is being performed.

p) The use of flammable/toxic material shall be avoided whenever possible and

quantities kept to minimum in approved containers when needed.

q) Never carry strike anywhere or wax impregnated matches in the

underground chambers and confined space.

r) Never entre a smoke filled and underground chambers or suspect confined

space or compartment without breathing apparatus and an attendant standing
by.

s) When an attendant IS standing by a worker who has entered an

underground chambers or suspect confined space or compartment, the attendant
should keep a close watch on the worker. Should the worker appear to act
drunkenly, it is probably a sign that he is unknowingly being overcome by toxic
fumes and he should therefore be called out immediately before he collapses. If
the worker in the suspect chamber or compartment collapses, it is the duty of
the attendant to summon aid as quickly as possible by sounding the appropriate
alarm. On no account should an attendant ever entre the suspect chamber or
compartment, leaving himself unattended, either with or without breathing
apparatus.

t) When a worker is overcome by toxic fumes, it is vital importance to remove

him from the suspect chamber or compartment as quickly as possible. A few
minutes may mean the difference between life and death. First aid, together with
any other medical attention is given after the patient has been removed from the
toxic atmosphere.

u) Ensure the entrance, exit, rescue support signs/markings, indication lamps,

alarms/ annunciations, different valves, etc. for healthy and operative
condition.

66
4.1.2 Working with vessels that contain oil or flammable liquid

There is variety of materials whether liquid or gases commonly used in GSO

systems or other operational premises of NTDC which pose toxic and explosive
properties. Such materials should be handled carefully to avoid damages to workers
and public property. For working with vessels or tanks that contain oils or
flammable liquids or similar suspect material the following safety guide lines
should be followed:

a) The oils or flammable liquids or similar suspect material may consist of;

- Insulating oils,
- Cleaning solvents and paints,
- DC battery electrolytes (acids and alkalis),
- Adhesive compounds,
- Hydraulic oils.
- Gases: Acetylene, SF6, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, etc.
b) Vessels, containers and bottles having oils, gases or inflammables liquids
shall be clearly marked and labeled.

c) Transportation and storage of vessels, containers and bottles having oils, gases
or inflammables liquids shall be in accordance with the approved rules and
regulations and environment protection codes.
d) For general cleaning purposes, the only approved solvents shall be used.

e) The use of Carbon tetra chloride (CTC) and benzene for cleaning purpose
is strictly prohibited
f) Smoking, open flames, welding or any source of potential ignition shall not
be permitted in close vicinity to the storage area of explosive gases and liquids.

g) Adequate ventilation must be provided to avoid inhalation of toxic

vapours and fumes.

h) Approved PPE must be used while handling vessels, containers and bottles
having oils, gases or inflammables liquids to avoid contact with acids and
other poisonous materials.

67
i) Liquids, solids and gases having POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants)
shall be disposed off in accordance with the special rules and regulations in this
regard.

j) Availability and healthiness of adequate firefighting arrangement and equipment

shall be ensured during handling and storage of vessels, containers and
bottles having oils, gases or inflammables liquids.

4.1.3 Access to and work in fire protected area

a) For access to and work in fire protected areas or premises such as control
buildings, stores, ware houses, battery rooms, underground chambers,
confined spaces (cable rooms, cable tunnels, basements of power plant onfined
spaces (cable rooms, cable tunnels, basements of power plant. buildings,
underground man-holes) which are more pronounced to tire hazards due to
accumulation of dangerous or toxic gases, qualified and trained workers shall
be allowed to work.
b) Appropriate and applicable PPE should be used to make access and work in the
fire protected areas and premises.
c). Automatic C02 or other chemical tire extinguishers shall be made
inoperative and the equipment put on manual control before access to or
execution of work in any enclosure provided with automatic C02 or other
chemical tire extinguishers. A caution notice to this effect shall be attached and
recorded in P.T.W. The automatic control shall be restored after with- drawl of
workers from the protected enclosure.
d) All safety precautions already described in Section-4.1.1 (Access to and work
in operational premises in underground chambers and confined spaces),
Section-4.1.2 (Working with vessels that contain oil or flammable liquid),
Section-2 (Basic safety guidelines) and section-3 (General provisions) shall be
applicable as per the requirements there of.

4.1.4 Climbing of poles, towers and structures.

The safe procedure and safety guidelines for the climbers on poles, towers and
structures or other aerial devices are out line as under:
a) Follow the approved schedule and work program.

68
b) The climbers must wear PPE. Body belts, safety straps and lanyards and
other personal protective equipment shall be inspected carefully before use to
determine that they are in safe working condition.
c) Plan each climbing carefully and before climbing poles, ladders,
scaffolds, towers or structures they shall be inspected to be sure they are safe
to climb. When there is doubt, they shall not be climbed until made safe by
guying or bracing. Never try to cross the applicable safe limits of approaches.
d) Wire hook shall not be attached to body belts or safety straps.

e) All ladders shall have a suitable piece of light rope at the top end to tie them
to the pole or structure by means of this rope.

f) Use a ladder whenever possible instead of climbing structures or poles which

are not provided with step bolts.

g) Ladders shall not be set up on any moveable object, which may be

started while an employee is working from them, unless satisfactory
precautions have been taken.

h) Ladders shall not be set up in a pathway or roadway exposed to traffic, unless

an employee is stationed at the foot of the ladder to warn the traffic. Unmanned
support alone shall not be relied upon.

i) Before removing or adding wires, cables or guys to poles, towers or other

structures, additional guying or bracing shall be used, where necessary, to take
the additional strain.

j) Wooden cross-arm/braces or other pole attachments shall not be relied upon

to support a worker's weight. Workers shall not stay on
poles/structures that are being plumbed, straightened.

k) All light weight plant and tools to be used aloft shall be raised and
lowered by means of hand-line and canvas bucket, or other suitable
container.
I) Tools and plants shall neither be thrown from the ground to the workers
working aloft nor shall workers throw tools and material down to the
ground.
m) Taglines and hand-lines used near energized lines and equipment shall be of
non-conductive material. Taglines shall be used to control loads being hoisted

69
where it is necessary to prevent hazards to workers or damage to equipment or
material.
n) Hand axes shall not be used on overhead work. The power tools used in work
aloft shall be equipped with approved switches or other control devices.
o) Tower, structure members or sections shall be adequately supported, and guyed.
Conductors being installed or removed shall be kept under positive control to
prevent accidental contact with energized lines or equipment.

p) Conductor, reels and load bearing hardware shall be of adequate

strength or capacity, and shall be periodically inspected for defects.
q) In handling wires on a pole with other energized conductors, shall be raised
or lowered with a dry hand-line and extreme care exercised to prevent them
from coming in contact with live lines and equipment.

r) All wires, after being placed on cross-arms shall be considered

energized at full voltage, unless they are positively known to be dead. Workers
shall not lean on or pass through unprotected wires, and shall protect
themselves against the possibility of falling into energized conductors.

s) Employees working aloft shall avoid pos1t10ning themselves on the

supporting cross-arm or directly under a conductor or pulling line, while it is in
motion during stringing or removing operations.

t) When workers are engaged in work over or near water and when danger of
drowning exists, suitable protection shall be provided.

u) When working along streets or highways, workers shall exercise care to keep
hand-lines from blowing into the line of traffic. While stringing wires across the
streets or highways avoid interference with vehicular traffic or pedestrians. When
necessary, signal workers shall be provided.

v) When climbing poles, towers or structures at night, portable lights for emergency
lighting shall be provided.

w) For climbing poles, towers or structures which are provided with step bolts
they shall be used for climbing rather to climb by jumping through the braces, etc.
x) Take care from anti-climbing devices while passing or crossing through them.
y) Personnel should not climb insulator stacks of bus-bars as there is always
possibility that the insulators may be broken in some way i.e. loose caps or pins and

70
hair line cracks etc. Moreover, serious damage can be done to the good insulators
by heavy boots, nails or sand on boots.

4.1.5 Access to high voltage apparatus and conductors.

a) All the high voltage equipment or apparatus or conductors shall be
considered energized at full voltage until these are de-energized and earthed.

b) The energized high voltage equipment or apparatus and conductors shall not be
accessed beyond the specified safe limits of approach for different voltage levels.
(Refer to tables Section- I 0).
c) In case the access beyond safe limits of approach for work on dead parts of the
energized high voltage equipment or conductors is necessary, arrangements should
be made to de-energize and ground the equipment or conductors involved. For
making such arrangements the PTW procedure should be followed.

4.1.6 Arrangements for high voltage switching operations.

a) To ensure safe conditions for each and every foreseeable system

operation, it is essential that NTDC operate in accordance with safety rules and
procedures laid down in this Safety Code and other NEPRA applicable
documents.

b) No high voltage switching operation shall be performed without

permission or instructions of the NPCC/ RCC.

c) For scheduled work on high voltage equipment or transmission lines if switching

operations are involved for either purposes, e.g. isolation of the equipment or
conductors to be worked upon or for temporary having clearances, etc. prior
approval of NPCC/RCC is must as per the prescribed procedure for getting shut
downs. NPCC/RCC has laid downed the requirements and procedures for
approval of shut downs on high voltage system.
d) All operating orders and messages shall be exchanged in accordance with
approved procedures of NPCC/RCC.
f) All switching operation shall be reported to the control engineer.

71
g) Energizing or de-energizing the circuits/equipment through signals/code
messages or pre-arranged understanding of certain time intervals is
prohibited and not allowed.

h) For emergency relief operations or excessive overloading of the high voltage

equipment or transmission lines, NPCC/RCC has given a limited authority to the
shift engineers/in-charges for deciding switching operations, which should not
be misused.
4.1.7 The use of voltage testing devices
a) Only the approved voltage testing devices shall be used when testing high
voltage electrical circuits or equipment.

b) Make sure for healthy condition of the voltage testing device before its use.

c) Voltage or Potential testers shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for which
they are designed and used only in accordance with the approved procedure.

d) Safe limits of approach should be kept in mind while using high voltage testing
devices.

e) Use of appropriate PPE should be made when using high voltage testing devices
while checking for energized or de-energized condition of high voltage circuits
or equipment.

t) The high voltage testing devices should be used by trained and qualified workers.

g) While using high voltage testing devices in conjunction with telescoping

insulated rods, these rods should be clean and properly tested to withstand the
voltage level being tested.

h) The low voltage testing devices such as multi-meters, while testing voltage
circuit care should be made for selection of voltage range (AC or DC) and and/or
the other measureable quantities, e.g. current or resistance.

i) While using pen type low voltage testers, the user should be alert for making
contacts on the potential sources.

4.1.8 The procedure to follow when excavating near live cables.

a) Follow an approved work program and get coordination and help from the
concerned local utilities to identify if there is any underground line in or near the
area of proposed excavation.

72
b) Before and during an excavation, every effort shall be made to discover the
position and prevent unwanted damage to underground installations such as
pipe lines, storage tanks and cables etc. Proper measures shall be taken to
protect employees from hazards resulting from exposed installations.

c) The proposed excavation area should be clearly identified and marked.

d) Site conditions such as surface water drainage and vibration from traffic or
machinery shall be considered in planning the excavation.

d) All trenches and excavation in which employees are exposed to danger from
moving material or more than 1.5 meters deep shall be guarded by a shoring
system, proper sloping or other equivalent means.

e) Other hazards, immediately adjacent to a trench or excavation such as trees,

boulders, slides, banks or building foundations shall be examined carefully
and necessary precautions taken.

t) Trenches and excavations, in which employees are working, shall be

inspected daily.

g) Excavated and other material shall be kept at least 0.75 meter from the edge
of any trench or excavation in which employees are required to enter.

h) When employees are required to enter in a trench or excavation 1.5 meters

deep or more approved ladders of proper length shall be used.

i) Heavy machinery or material should not be placed near the edge of

excavations unless necessary precautions are taken to prevent a cave in.
j) Excavations should be re-filled immediately and properly after
completion of the work.
k) The excavators should wear the applicable PPE.

4.1.9 The use of mobile plant and equipment near overhead lines.
a) For using a mobile plant or moving a loaded or unloaded crane near or in
close vicinity to the overhead lines or live equipment at the grid stations, the boom
or load shall be lowered sufficiently to provide the applicable safe clearances and
safe limits of approach (refer tables Section- I 0).

73
b) The mobile plants and equipment when used near or in close vicinity to the
overhead lines or live equipment at the grid stations should be properly grounded.

4.2 Safety precautions for work on or near high voltage system

4.2.1 General safety principles
a) No work shall be done on or near any high voltage equipment or
apparatus, whether mobile or stationary, electrical or mechanical or systems which
may or not possess electrical potential or dynamic energy, unless safe working
conditions are ensured.

b) As a general safety rule the high voltage equipment or apparatus on which

any work is to be done, it should be isolated and de-energized (grounded)
unless or otherwise the work to be done by live line working methods and by trained
live line work crew (safety precautions for live line work on high voltage system
are separately included in section 4.4).
c) Identify, elimination or control the expected hazards, i.e. potential
hazards, fall hazards, travel hazards, etc.

d) Ensure the use of PPE.

e) Follow the approved work program and approved work procedures.

t) Work should be assigned to the workers on the bases and criteria of the skill and
competency levels, i.e. untrained or trained or specially trained.
g) If possible the equipment or apparatus should be physically removed from
the immediate vicinity of any source of electrical potential or dynamic energy with
no ready means of connection. The prescribed safe limits of approach should be
followed.

h) The equipment or apparatus to be worked upon should be grounded.

4.2.2 The arrangement for ensuring safe isolation of apparatus and conductors
a) The best and safest arrangement for ensuring the safe isolation of high voltage
equipment or apparatus or conductors is their physical disconnection from all
the possible sources of supply with visible isolation

74
and with separation distances more than or equal to the flashover distances in air
or in their relevant insulation mediums, e.g. SF6 gas or oil, etc.
b) When taking lines or equipment out of service for isolation purposes, they
shall first be disconnected by opening their controlling switching devices,
such as circuit breakers, fuses or re-closers, then the disconnect switches/isolators
on both sides of the equipment shall be opened.

b) When removing or inserting draw-out type switchgear, it must be

ensured that the contacts are in open position and that the fuses in the control
circuits have been removed.
c) A lock and tag shall be placed on each disconnecting means used. The lock
shall be used to prevent the workers from operating the disconnecting means. The
key of the lock shall be retained with the PTW holder.

d) Each tag shall contain a statement - prohibiting unauthorized operation of the

disconnecting means and removal of the tag.
e) Chances of feedback of supply from low voltage side shall be
eliminated.
t) Disconnect switches/isolators which have been opened shall be checked visually
to ensure that their blades fully open and their operating mechanism
shall be locked.
g) In GIS system disconnect switches/isolators which have been opened shall
be checked visually to ensure that their contacts are fully opened through
the inspection windows (the moving contact may have some reference mark
for correct open or close position).
4.2.3 The methods to be used to discharge and ground/earth high voltage
equipment
a) Maintenance work on electrical equipment or apparatus or transmission lines
must be performed when it is isolated and grounded/earthed. Grounding
I earthing is accomplished by installing portable temporary grounds (PTG)
on all the supply connection sides of the equipment to work on.
b) A properly installed PTG provides the following protections both to the worker
as well as to the equipment:
- Positive proof of isolation

75
- Drained off induced potential.
- Guard against the danger of accidental energization.
- Surety that non-current carrying metal parts of equipment and structure are at
earth potential.
c) Once the PTGs are installed properly, a low resistance ground path is
provided between the equipment and the earth mass.

d) When applying PTG, first connect to ground and then to line, while
installing the PTG to line end there may be some noise/sparking in the
induction zone do not pull back the PTG but apply quickly. For removing PTGs,
first remove from line and them from the ground. Insulated stick/rod shall be used
for applying and removing the PTGs.

e) When lines or equipment that may get energized from any source rated 230/400
volts or more, have been removed from service to perform work on them, all
phases shall be earthed. Before earthing the phases, a check or test for voltage shall
be made with approved potential tester.
t) While earthing the lines and apparatus, an approved temporary earth rod shall
be driven if earth point is not already available. The earth wires shall be connected
to the temporary earth rod.
g) The temporary earthing cable shall be flexible stranded conductor of
sufficient current carrying capacity to activate protective devices without damaging
it if accidentally energized. Conductor size of grounding cable
2 2
shall not be less than 95mm up to 132kV and 120mm for 220kV system.

h) A system neutral or an earth wire shall not be opened until the proposed opening
has first been jumper or bypassed by making an alternate arrangement.
An earth may be temporarily opened provided proper protection equipment
is used.

i) Earth switch provided with the isolator shall be operated only under the
instructions of NPCC/RCC and before the apparatus is returned for service.

j) Earth switches are not the substitute of PTGs and should not be considered
as a safety measure for the workers.

76
k) The power capacitors shall be discharged and grounded before working on
them as per the instruction given on their name plates (the residual voltage
and discharge time shall be given due consideration in this regard).
I) In GIS system disconnect switches/isolators and earth switches which have
been closed for grounding purpose shall be checked visually to ensure that their
contacts are fully closed by the mechanical indicator and/or through the
inspection windows (transparent glass) provided for this purpose.

4.2.4 The Procedure to follow when approaching live high voltage

conductor and insulators supporting them

a) Use the PPE when approaching live high voltage conductor and
insulators supporting them.

b) For work in close proximity to live high voltage conductors and

insulators supporting them or in the vicinity of such apparatus, the person in-charge
shall discuss with the work crew and clearly inform all crew members about
the hazards, hazardous conditions and hazardous actions involved in the work.

b) Workers shall not go or take any conductive object beyond the safe limits
of specified approach distances (reference tables in Data Section-1 0) from any
exposed energized conductor or equipment.
c) While operating manual disconnecting switches, the workers shall use approved
PPE.
d) When erecting metal towers using mechanical or manual hoisting
equipment adjacent to energized high tension lines, adequate clearances should
be maintained or the lines shall be de-energized and earthed.

e) When operating mobile lifting or hoisting equipment near energized lines or

equipment in grid stations, the mobile equipment shall be effectively earthed
and an observer designated to assure that proper clearances are being
maintained.

f) When lifting or hoisting equipment such as a truck crane or a portable aerial

frame is ·being used in close proximity to energized lines or equipment,
safe working clearances must be observed. The possible effects of the electric field
should be considered when equipment is near the live high voltage conductors or
equipments. Workers supposed to work near the live equipment shall use insulating
protective footwear, in addition to other required protective equipment.

77
g) When raising or lowering poles/structures in close proximity to
energized lines or equipment, all workers shall use insulating protective equipment
and dry non-conductive hand-lines.
h) Wire being strung, removed or sagged close to energized lines or
equipment shall be considered energized and handled with insulating
protective equipment, dry non-conductive hand-lines, barriers or other necessary
protective equipment.
4.2.5 The Procedure to follow for work in substations and switching stations
containing exposed live high voltage conductors.
a) All the equipment or apparatus, capable of being made dynamically alive or
charged shall be treated as alive for work in substations and switching stations
containing exposed live high voltage conductors unless:
- The equipment or apparatus is isolated and de-energized in accordance with
the work protection code.
- The equipment or apparatus is disconnected physically from all sources of
potentials or dynamic energy and have no ready means of connections.
b) Follow approved work program, safe and approved work procedures or SOP.
c) Always use and/or wear PPE and approved protective devices.
d) No work shall be done on any apparatus without having authority and permission
of the in-charge of the equipment or apparatus.
e) The work area should be marked and highlighted by the appropriate
barriers.

t) Tool and material should not be allowed to rest against energized cables.

g) For working aloft use ladders or scatTolding.

h) NPCC/RCC is the system operator in NTDC and the station in-charge should
follow his instruction for normal or emergency switching operations on the system.

i) All the general or specific applicable safety guidelines or rules given in this
safety code shall be followed.

j) Work qualification categories such as un-qualified, qualified and

specially qualified workers should be considered while assigning jobs to the work
78
crew. The safe limits of approach and minimum safe working clearances
for the workers as well as the mobile machinery or other aerial devices given in
the Data Section-!0 should be followed.

k) The personal and equipment safety precaution recommended by the

manufacturers of the station equipment or apparatus should be considered strictly
while working on or handling the equipment.
4.2.6 Permit to Work (PTW)
a) Permit to work (PTW) is a legal document of NTDC power system and means a
form of declaration signed and given by the authorized person to authorized in-
charge of work to be carried out on any electrical equipment or apparatus, aerial
line or cable indicating the apparatus or lines made isolated and de-
energized/earthed at the NTDC substation. PTW provides primary work protection.

b) PTW has two copies double side printed, when issued one copy is handed
over to the person in whose name it is issued and the second left in the PTW book
as office copy. The PTW holder will return it back duly signed to the issuing
authority after doing the work. The station operator cannot make any switching
operation on the equipment under PTW until return and cancellation of the
PTW (Specimen of PTW given in Data Section- I 0).
c) For work to be done on high voltage equipment or apparatus or
transmission line (including power cables) prior approval of shut down (outage)
on that equipment or apparatus or transmission line (including power cables)
from NPCC/RCC is mandatory, following the prescribed procedure for
arrangement and approval of shut downs. After having such approval from
NPCC/RCC, the authorized work in-charge being the applicant for PTW
shall personally approach the shift in-charge at substation for issuance of
PTW.
d) The shift in-charge being the authorized person for issuing PTW after having
his procedural satisfaction and permission of NPCC/RCC, will disconnect and
isolate the equipment to be worked upon by the applicant. As appropriate and with
mutual consent, the shift in-charge will install

PTGs on the equipment going to be under PTW or will ask the applicant of PTW
to install PTGs on the equipment going to be under PTW.

e) The shift in-charge being the authorized person for issuing PTW will
make all the applicable entries in the PTW Form such as name and
designation to whom PTW is to be issued, nomenclature of the equipment going
under PTW, description of the work/tests to be performed, time and date, etc.
After own signature and getting recipient's signature on the filled duplicate PTW

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Forms, he will hand over one copy to the PTW holder and retain the other one as
office copy.

t) The shift in-charge being the authorized person for issuing PTW will place
PTW notice and caution notices at the control switches, etc. Hazards known to
the issuing authority of the PTW and not eliminated or not covered by
approved work protection shall be indicated by the issuing authority on the
PTW.

g) The PTW holder must understand, verify and comply with all safety
requirements identified by the issuing person of the PTW. The PTW holder shall
be responsible for identifying hazards in the work area and take appropriate
safety measures

h) The issuing authority is the person responsible for preparing,

establishing, making effective and terminating work protections and
condition guarantees.
i) When PTW is issued to two or more persons, each PTW holder must agree to
the terms of issuance.

j) Prior to commencement of work, the PTW holder shall inform his group
regarding the apparatus which is isolated and de-energized and will provide
necessary barriers and other safeguards such as warning signs and exit signs
etc. around the work area.
k) The PTW holder should clearly understand that grounding of the
equipment or transmission line through earth switches of disconnect
switches/isolators is does not ensure safe working condition for the
workers, always install PTGs on both sides (or on all the isolated sides) of the
work location.

l) The work permit holder shall be available to his work group to provide help
on any safety aspect of the job that may arise after the work group has been
assigned their work.
m) After completion of the work, windup of all the tools, test equipment and
safeguards, the PTW holder shall instruct every member of his crew to get clear
and stay clear of the apparatus.

n) For surrendering the PTW, its holder will make necessary entries in the
PTW form under his signatures before the issuing authority.

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o) The issuing authority (shift in-charge) will cancel the PTW after his satisfaction
on receipt of clearance from the PTW holder and making necessary entries in
the PTW form under his signatures.

p) After cancellation of PTW, the shift in-charge will inform NPCC/RCC for
further instructions towards normalization of the equipment on which PTW was
issued.

q) Such work activities under PTW are prohibited which require operation of the
device guaranteed for another work protection or would energize apparatus isolated
for another work protection. The person in-charge of the work crew shall be the
wholly responsible for complying with safety rules/code within the isolated
section.
4.2.7 Sanctions for tests
a) Operating Code (OC) No. 11 of NTDC GRID CODE gives the details of the
procedure for carrying out system tests which involve creation of unusual,
extreme or abnormal system conditions on the total system, and excludes
commissioning or re-commissioning tests which are carried out on a small defined
part of the system.

b) For any test to be carried out on NTDC system it must be ensured that the safety
of the general public and the NTDC employees and equipment in not jeopardized
and that the risk to power supplies and facilities of the NTDC and users,
and the integrity and security of the system are maintained at the highest
levels possible under such specified conditions.
c) The high voltage withstand test specified for insulation coordination
purposes (impulse voltage withstand or power frequency voltage withstand test)
have destructive effects on the insulation system of the electrical apparatus
or equipment, therefore, the extensively or repetitively performing these
tests should be avoided. Follow only the standard procedures and practices
for carrying out these tests. When these tests are to be performed on repaired
equipment the applicable tolerances in the voltage to be applied should be
considered.

d) All types of testing of grid station equipment, protective relays,

transmission lines, etc. shall be carried out in accordance with the approved
instructions, proper authorization, safe procedures and SOP. Such testing are
prohibited which require operation of the device (s) guaranteed for another
work protection or would energize apparatus isolated for protection of another
work. The person in-charge of the testing will become wholly responsible for
complying with safety rules/code within the isolated section.

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e) All types of tests whether type tests or routine tests or field tests, etc. shall
be in accordance with the provisions and limits specified in NTDC Design
specifications and/or equivalent recognized international standards in terms of
the safety of personal as well as of the equipment.

i) The engineer in-charge of testing shall identify the hazards and unsafe
conditions/acts related to the testing and will brief the testing crew and take the
applicable safety measures.

g) The engineer in-charge of testing will also identity and brief the testing crew
regarding the repetitive and consecutive nature tests and the sequence of
conducting such tests.
h)The test set should be used only by the trained and qualified persons who
recognize potential hazards. Use and wearing of PPE and other protective devices
must be ensured.
i) The input power supply to the test set shall be according to the rated supply
of the test set.
j) While using multi-meter, do not change function switch or range switch while
the circuit is energized. A mistake can result into damage to the meter and also can
cause an injury to the worker.

k) Do not change test lead connections while the test is going on.

l) The test equipment, its accessories must thoroughly be checked for any damage
before use.
m) Check the input power switch positiOn (ON/OFF Switch) and connections
before applying power to the test equipment.

n) While using clip-on-ammeters, take care of its correct range and

withstand voltage rating.
o) The safety precautions recommended by the manufacturers of the test equipment
must be followed.

p) Earth resistance testing should not be carried out during rainy weather, winds
and dust storms.

q) At the terniination of tests, the apparatus tested should be properly

discharged through grounding switches or by portable temporary grounds.

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r) No switch or isolator connecting the isolated section to the main supply system
(with the exception of those for agreed testing supplies) shall be operated
without the direct sanction of controlling engineer.

4.2.8 Limitations of access

For safety of NTDC employees and NTDC equipment, safe limits of

approach and safe clearances in respect of different voltage levels and skill
competency categories of the workers and working conditions have been specified
and given the tables in Data section-10, which must be followed.
4.3 Procedure for Work on particular items of plant, apparatus or conductors
4.3.1 General safety precautions to be taken
a) To ensure safe conditions for each and every foreseeable system operation
and working on general as well as particular items of plant apparatus or
conductors it is essential that in addition to the general safety precautions outlined
this Safety Code, the particular safety precautions and work procedures in
respect of each type of the equipment should be followed.
b) Always follow an approved work program and ensure for use of PPE and other
protective devices.

c) Follow the work methods and techniques give in the instruction manuals of the
equipment. Shortcut methods and techniques should be avoided. The safety
precautions recommended by the manufacturers of the test equipment must be
followed.

d) Read and follow the particular safety precautions and handling instruction
by the manufactures while using chemical cleaning solvents, handling toxic or
hazardous materials, handling fiber glass insulation,
handling explosives or radio actives and radiations, conducting high voltage
testing, checking and attending leakages of gases or fluids, handling
pressurized vessels/cylinders, working in confined spaces, etc.

4.3.2 Remotely and automatically controlled equipment.

a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.
b) In NTDC power system several high voltage equipment have multiple
control, i.e. local, remote and automatic control, for example circuit
breakers, disconnecting switches/isolators, auto-reclosing devices, cooling systems

83
of transformers, operation of on load tap changers (OLTC), tete- control through
SCADA system, etc. Before work is carried out on remote or automatic controlled
apparatus, all remote control and automatic features shall be made inoperative and
their operating switches shall be tagged.

c) Local-Off-Remote selection switches and the lock-able key switches shall

be ensured for healthy operating condition with healthy indications local or
remote.

d) One must clearly understand the applicable protection scheme such as

breaker failure protection, bus bar differential protection, inter tripping
system, auto reclosing, etc., and the expected behavior/impact of protection and
tripping relays.

4.3.3 Withdraw-able apparatus

In NTDC system generally the indoor llkV metal enclosed switchgear and some
LV switch gear fall in the category of withdraw able apparatus or equipment. The
safety guidelines for handling the withdraw-able apparatus or equipment are
outlined as under:

a) Follow the approved work program and ensure for the use of PPE and other
protective devices and PTW work protection.

b) When withdrawing /taking out draw-out type parts of the switchgear, e.g. trolleys
of the llkV circuit breaker panels, it shall first be ensured that the power circuit
contacts are in the open position (or CB in OFF/Open position) and closing
spring discharged, and then select the particular service position (service, un
service, test, locked, un locked position as per provision made) and un-plug
the control and auxiliary connector (if applicable the fuses in the control
circuit should be removed). Use the proper device for racking out the trolley and
guide rails.

c) When the trolley has been withdrawn from its normal live position, its conductors
shall be discharged.

d) When inserting the trolley it shall first be ensured that the power circuit
contacts are in the open position (or CB in open position) and closing spring
discharged, and then select the particular service position (service, un service,
test, locked, un locked position as per provision made) and plug-in the control
and auxiliary connector (if applicable the fuses in the control circuit should be
re-installed). Use the proper device for racking in the trolley and guide rails.

84
e) When the trolley has been racked in/inserted, ensure for it proper locking
position.

t) When the trolley has been withdrawn, the shutters provide only a
partitioning between the live system and the external area but not the
potential protection, so treat them live.

4.3.4 Bus bar spouts, bus bar and bus bar connection of multi-panel
switch boards

This combination of bus bar components belongs to indoor 11kV metal

enclosed switchgear panel boards in NTDC system. The safety guidelines for
work on bus bar spouts, bus bar and bus bar connection of multi-panel switch
boards are outlined as under:

a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices. Ensure that the controlling switchgear in OFF position and
the trolley has been racked out.

b) Before starting work ensure the bus bar has been disconnected from all the
power sources, isolated and de-energized/earthed. When practicable the bus bars
shall be checked by means of approved potential detector to verify that they are
not live.

c) Clearly understand the of 11 kV bus coupler scheme, if applicable. In case of

use of bus-coupler the 11kV bus bar PT of the power transformer under shut-
down may be energized/step-up from the secondary supply of the energized
power transformer which can cause the energization of the llkV bus bar.
d) Clearly identify the particular apparatus to be worked upon and eliminate the
back feeding chances from potential transformers or other sources.

e) In case of outdoor and tubular bus bars keep in mind that these are not designed
to directly climb. Always use scaffold devices and ladders for the purpose.

f) The workers should not climb support insulators of bus bars as there is always
possibility that the insulators may beak. Moreover, serious damage can be done
to the good insulators by heavy boots, nails or sand on boots.

85
g) For cleaning/washing bus bar support insulators, corrosive solvent should
not be used.

h) Live line washing of bus bar should not be done in any case and under any
circumstances.
i) As the security of bus bars and bus works depend on the integrity of clamps
and connectors, so they must be of proper size and rating.

j) The isolating arrangements shall be properly locked.

k) Caution notices shall be attached at all points where the bus bars can be made
live.

I) Danger notices shall be attached where applicable.

m) When testing high voltage DC or AC tests follow all the applicable safety
precaution.

n) Bus bar spouts should be correctly aligned with trolley arm contacts, to
maintain the correct contact area and contact grip/pressure.
4.3.5 Feeder spouts and connections, voltage transformer spouts and
connections and single panel bus bar spouts and connections

This combination of bus bar components belongs to indoor 11 kv metal

enclosed switchgear panel boards in NTDC system. The safety guidelines for
work on feeder spouts and connections, voltage transformer spouts and
connections and single panel bus bar spouts and connections are outlined as under:
a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices. Ensure that the controlling switchgear in OFF position and
the trolley has been racked out.
b) Before starting work ensure the feeder spouts, voltage transformer spouts and
their connections have been disconnected from all the power sources, isolated and
de-energized/earthed. When practicable the spouts shall be checked by means
of approved potential detector to verity that they are not live.
c) Clearly identify the particular apparatus to be worked upon and eliminate the
back feeding chances from potential transformers or other sources.
d) Before doing work on feeder spouts, feeders should be identified, shut down
and temporarily earthed. Keep in mind the back feeding chances from distribution
transformers.

86
e) Workers shall not short-circuit the secondary circuits of potential transformers
when these are connected on primary side. Keep in mind the back-feeding chances
from Potential Transformers.
f) For cleaning/washing spout connections, corrosive solvent should not be used.
g) Live line washing of spout connections should not be done in any case and
under any circumstances.

h) As the security of spout connections, bus bars and bus works depend on
the integrity of clamps and connectors, so they must be of proper size and
rating.

i) The isolating arrangements shall be properly locked.

j) Caution notices shall be attached at all points where the bus bars can be made
live.
k) Danger notices shall be attached where applicable.
l) When testing high voltage DC or AC tests follow all the applicable safety
precautions.

m) The feeder spouts and voltage transformer spouts should be correctly aligned
with trolley arm contacts, to maintain the correct contact area and contact
grip/pressure.
n) Clearly understand the of 11 kV bus coupler scheme, if applicable. When 11kV
bus coupler is in ON position the 11kV PT of the transformer under shut-down
will be energized through secondary connections if its 11 kV circuit breaker
which is in racked out position with the auxiliary plug connected, is made
ON.
o) The feeder cables should be properly clamped and supported to avoid
improper mechanical load on the connections.
4.3.6 High voltage apparatus and plant operated by or containing compressed
air or gases or oils
Most of the high voltage apparatus, equipment and plants are operated by or
contain compressed air or gases or oil. These materials are used for insulation
and/or for operating purposes in the high voltage equipment. Manual or motor
spring charged mechanisms are also used for operation of the equipment.

87
c) Use of PPE and other protective devices should be ensured during
handling compressed air or gases or insulating oils or pressurized hydraulic oils.

d) For working on pressurized system, it should be de-pressurized before starting

work. All other related safety rules shall be applicable.

e) Stay alert and away at safe distance (about 50 meters) during switching
operations (ON/OFF) of high voltage apparatus or equipment.

t) Wear ear protections while roaming in the vicinity of air blast circuit
breakers.

g) Do not transport the pressurized poles or parts of poles of the circuit

breakers.

h) Ensure for healthy operating condition of safety valves.

b) The compressed air or gases or pressurized hydraulic oils should be used

through standard hose piping and hardware.

b) The compressed air and gases shall be clean, pure and dry in accordance with
the applicable standards and specifications and as per recommendation of the
manufacturers of the equipment.

s) The insulating oils or hydraulic oils shall be in accordance with the

applicable standards and specifications and as per recommendation of the
manufacturers of the equipment.

f) The pressure of air and gases shall be maintained correctly according to the
ambient temperature to compensate for the change in pressure due to thermal
cycling and hence to avoid indiscriminate operation of the protection
system and safety pressure relief devices.

h) The oil level shall be maintained correctly according to the oil/ambient

temperature to compensate for the change in oil volume due to thermal cycling
and hence to avoid indiscriminate operation of the protection system and
safety pressure relief devices.

g) Do not inhale the gases but listen to detect their leakages. Use proper
detectors or by follow approved procedures.
88
e) For work on compressed air systems whether on air blast circuit breakers or
pneumatic operated circuit breaker, etc. strictly follow the safety guidelines
given in their instruction manuals.
t) Work on insulating oils and hydraulic shall be governed by the
precautions meant for work in confined spaces. Health hazards are involved in
handling mineral insulating oils or synthetic oils, with or without PCBs (Poly
Chlorinated Biphenyls) or similar additives, such as skin problems, eye
infections, environmental pollution, etc. The workers should pay due attention
while handling oil leaks or during oil filling or oil draining or evacuating or
dehydration or regeneration/reclamation processes. Do not mix the oils of
different grades without proper advice. For replacement or make up hydraulic
oil level use the same brand or the manufacturer's recommended compatible oil.
The oils should not be heated to their flash points to eliminate the tire outbreak
chances. The bye-laws of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency are also
applicable in this regard.

g) Environmental protection and role of oils, pesticides and industrial

chemicals;
Certain persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as Pesticides (Previously used
in agriculture and household) and chemicals (used on transformers,
hydraulic oil, thermal oil, etc) seriously degrade the environment, adversely affect
human health and wildlife. They harm aquatic life and become a part of the food
chain. They can also cause cancer. Their production, import, sale and use are
banned and now their environment-friendly alternatives are in use. The POPs
which has been identified and circulated for awareness of employees are: Aldrin,
Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT, Mirex, Dieldrin, Toxaphene,
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Industrial Chemicals such as Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs), Dioxins and Furans.
The bye-laws of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency are also
applicable in this regard.
4.3.6.1 Particular safety measures and precautions for handling SF6 gas
Use of SF6 gas has become extensive either in the form of conventional
outdoor circuit breakers or the GIS substations. For safety of the workers as well
of the equipment follow the information and safety guidelines as outlined
here under:
a) Physical properties of SF6 gas: Sulphur hexafluoride is a compound having
the formula SF6. At normal room temperature and pressure it is gaseous
and has a density of6.16 g/1 at 20 °C and 760 torr (about five times the density of
air). Since its critical temperature 45.6 oC it can liquefied by compression, it is
89
normally transported as a liquid in cylinders. The pure gas is colourless, it has
no smell and it is non-toxic. Although the gas is non-toxic, it will not support
life, and the equipment containing SF6 must not be entered without adequate
ventilation. Similarly, since SF6 gas has a much greater density than air, trenches
and so forth may remain full of the gas and personnel must be made aware of
the danger of asphyxiation in such places.
b) Electrical properties of SF6 gas: The gas is electronegative (i.e., tends to attract
the free electron) and has arc quenching properties and high dielectric
strength. The dielectric strength is greatly affected by the condition of the
test or use, but for guidance, at about atmospheric pressure, under the usual
conditions of the test and use in a uniform field, the dielectric strength may
be expected to be about two and half times that of nitrogen gas (Nz).

c) Compatibility of SF6 gas: Pure SF6 gas is an inactive material. Up to the

temperature of about 180°C its compatibility with materials used in electrical
equipment construction is similar to that of nitrogen gas. Higher temperature
operation may be possible with the pure gas but the merits of
each case must be considered separately. Electrical discharges in equipment cause
dissociation of the pure gas, the breakdown products may be incompatible
with construction material.

d) Effects of impurities on properties of SF6 gas: The properties of SF6 gas

are affected generally the impurities present in SF6 gas as supplied commercially.
These impurities arise from the manufacturing processes, from leakage in
manufacturing plant, or from contamination from the containing cylinders. The new
SF6 gas conforming to IEC-60376 standard must not contain more than the
maximum allowable quantities of impurities shown in the table given below. Gas
must not be inhaled unless it is known to comply with the toxicity requirements.

Maximum permitted
Impurities or group of impurities
concentration mass by mass
CF4 (carbon tetra fluoride) 0.05%
Oxygen + nitrogen, air 0.05%
Water 15ppm
Acidity expressed as HF (hydrofluoric 0.3ppm

acid)
Hydrolysable fluorides, expressed as HF 1.0ppm
Oil content 10ppm
90
Table; Showing the maximum allowable quantities of impurities in new
SF6 gas

Some impurities (mainly acidic impurities) that can be present in new gas have
an odour, but the quantities of such impurities in the gas conforming to IEC-
60376 standard are not large enough for any smell to be detectable by normal
human being.

e) The heat transfer capability of SF6 is approximately 2.5 time that of air. This
is an asset for metal-enclosed switchgear and bus duct since it reduces the
temperature rise in the current carrying parts by rapidly transferring the heat
produced to the grounded metal enclosure for subsequent dissipation to atmosphere.
t) SF6 gas is a greenhouse gas and it has global warning potential (GWP). The
other green house gases (GHG) are carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and
Nitrous oxide (N20). The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth
experiences because of certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapour, carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane), trap energy from the sun. Without these
gases heat would escape back into space and earth's average temperature would
be about 60°F colder. Because of how they warm out world, these gases are
referred to as greenhouse gases. Global warming refers to an average
increase in the earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A
warmer earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide
range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. The bye-laws of
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency are also applicable in this regard.

g) In order to minimize the greenhouse effects of SF 6 gas insulated switch gear

or other electrical equipment, (either through leakages or for disposal purpose), the
workers should pay due attention while handling SF6 gas during filling or releasing
or evacuating processes.

Handling SF6 Gas

a) SF6 gas handling, in filling or releasing from SF6 insulted apparatus should
preferably be done outdoor, however, if indoors, give ventilating equipment in
operation. Personnel should refrain from smoking. No exposed heaters, flames or
arc producing equipment should be used in the area where the gas is being handled.
If during handling used SF6 gas, leakage results indoor in form of smell like rotten
eggs, personnel should evacuate the area unless equipped with respiratory
equipment. Significant and audible leakage should not be tolerated at hose fittings
etc., due to the possibility of gas build up in local or low areas.

b) For identification of SF6 gas cylinders, each cylinder should be legibly

marked at the valve and preferably on the cylinder body with:
91
- The symbol SF6,
- -Sulphur hexafluoride" in words, in the language of the country of origin,
- The tare weight of the cylinder without protective cap,
- Additional markings, colourings, etc may be added in accordance with national
manufacturer's practice,
- The standard sizes of cylinders, expressed in liters for SF6 are:
3,5,10,20,40,80,150 and 500.

c) SF6 gas is supplied in pressurized cylinders, which like any other gas cylinder
is capable of being damaged or ruptured by careless handling. Cylinders should
never be left standing without secure protection against falling or being knocked
over. Cylinders can develop accidental leak, they

should thus not be stored in an unventilated area where escaping gas can cause SF6
contamination build-up.

d) For work on SF6 gas circuit breakers or on GIS system, etc. strictly follow the
safety guidelines given in their instruction manuals.

f) For making SF6 gas connections for filling, releasing or testing purposes hold the
hose piping and coupling or adapters firmly and secure connections at the desired
points, then open the release valves or regulators. Do not open the SF6 gas release
valves or regulators without and/or loose connections at the other end.

g) Use only the properly tested SF6 gas (Dew point test and purity test) and in
accordance with the equipment manufacturer's specifications.

Safety Precautions
a) Work on SF6 Gas shall be governed by the precautions meant for work in
confined spaces.
b) The new SF6 gas is not a hazardous substance, however when used in high
voltage switchgears decomposition products can irritate mucous membrane, the
respiratory tract, as well as other unprotected skin surfaces. Personnel must
therefore, observe the applicable safety measures at all times when working on
dismantled SF6 gas switchgear.
c) Gas must not be inhaled unless it is known to comply with the toxicity
requirements.
d) Eating, drinking, smoking and the storage of food are absolutely
prohibited in rooms containing SF6 systems. This applies particularly to
maintenance work, when gas compartments are open.

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t) Do not touch parts in the vicinity of the insulating gas without proper
protective clothing and/or equipment.

g) Do not stir up the powdery decomposition products.

h) Make sure the room is well ventilated when working on indoor SF6 gas
switchgear.

i) Use only the minimum number of personnel absolutely necessary for

performing the work.

j) Wash the body thoroughly after work.

k) Personnel must be equipped with the following protective devices in
addition to the PPE when doing any work involving used or contaminated SF6
gas:
- Appropriate protective respiratory equipment such as a full-face respirator
(gas mask) or a respirator plus gas-tight safety glasses.

- Dust-tight protective suit made of non-woven material (disposable

coveralls).

- Rubber gloves or disposable gloves.

- Rubber boots or disposable boots.

I) After work is completed, clean the respirator, safety glasses, rubber boots,
overalls and rubber gloves with water. Collect the water. Dispose of both the water
and the protective overalls separately.
4.3.7 High voltage static capacitor banks
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and ensure
the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) All capacitors shall be treated as energized until proven otherwise and terminals
shorted or earthed.

c) All high voltage capacitors whether a single unit or a bank shall be de-
energized and grounded at their terminals before starting work on them.

d) The discharged time constant of capacitors is given in the name plate data
which must be considered to discharge the capacitor for safe working.
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e) Handle carefully the bulged tank capacitors and leaking fluid capacitors.

t) The capacitors of 132kV capacitor banks have one terminal at body

potential and the other insulated from body (unlike the capacitors of llkV
capacitor banks which have both the terminals insulated from body). So, while
working on capacitors take care of their construction design.
g) For switching (ON/OFF) of the llkV capacitor bank follow the sequence
as given hereunder:

- For shut-down on the source power transformer first put the 11kV
capacitor bank OFF and rack out the trolley.

- For restoration of the power transformer, put the llkV capacitor bank ON
at last after racking in the trolley.

4.3.8 High voltage cables

No doubt cables are insulated to withstand the operating voltage with a good
factor of safety still there is a tendency for workers to be misguided about the
hazardous aspects while handling high voltage cables. The following safety
measures shall be followed while working on power cables in addition to the
specific instructions of their manufacturer.
a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.
b) Live cables should not be handled unless it is sure they are safe to touch.
c) Ensure healthy connections of sheath grounding as per the cable laying
scheme.

d) Moving or bending the energized cables can be dangerous and should only
be done when specially authorized.
e) In order to work safely on de-energized open laid or under- ground cables,
it must be positively identified, checked as de-energized, tagged, and finely
grounded. Phase marking on both ends and polarity must be considered while
handling cables for new connections, maintenance and testing.
f) Cable man-holes should not be entered without proper safety.
g) The Hi-pot test voltages for cables are much higher than their operating voltages.
Therefore, it is most important to disconnect other equipment from the cable

94
and protect such equipment during cable testing by keeping them apart at proper
distances.

h) Hi-pot test should not be performed if the cable has failed in insulation
resistance test. It is necessary to perform insulation resistance test on the cable
before and after Hi-pot test to ascertain its healthiness.

i) Specific safety instructions pertaining to the different types of cable such as

XLPE cables, PVC cables, Oil filled cables etc., shall be followed while working
on them.
4.3.9 Transformrs
a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.
b) The application of heat inside a transformer tank for such work as
repairing windings, soldering/brazing/welding activities, etc. shall be treated
with all possible cautions and only under certain authority.
c) Any transformer which has been removed from service due to internal
problems may contain poisonous and explosive gases. Therefore, extra care shall
be exercised while ventilating and/or entering it for work.
d) Tanks containing gasoline or other flammable liquids shall, in addition to being
adequately ventilated, be purged by an approved method before any worker is
permitted to enter.

e) Transformers which have been shipped or stored air or gas-filled must be

purged by an approved method before entering in their tanks.
t) Before starting work on transformers ensure for its isolation and all the
transformer windings (HV/LV/MV) shall be earthed as close as possible to the
bushing terminals. to the possibility of unplanned back-feed, abnormal voltage,
or other dangerous conditions shall be eliminated.
g) To isolate and de-energize the station service auxiliary transformers or
distribution transformers insulated rods/sticks shall be used when operating the
controlling cutouts and disconnects which are meant for such operation. Whenever
possible, fused cartridges should be installed or removed with fuse sticks or
tongs.
h) Whenever transformers are replaced, the new transformer shall be
checked and tested in accordance with the standard commissioning procedures

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i) Whenever distribution transformers are replaced, new transformer shall be tested
and checked for proper primary/secondary voltages before connecting to
secondary circuits. Phase sequence must be checked.

j) Take care while working on slippery surfaces on power transformer top

cover. Use travel restrict and fall-arrest safety devices for such protections.
k) For safe operation of transformers due care must be taken to their
loading, voltage regulation and oil/ winding temperature rise.
l) The routine and diagnostic test results should be carefully interpreted. For some
tests such as Winding Resistance, C&DF and Insulation Resistance (Meggar Test)
the measures values are on the prevailing oil temperature, which should be corrected
at certain reference temperatures, i.e. (75oC for winding resistance test and 20°C
for dissipation factor and insulation tests). The same should be corrected by
applying necessary correction factors or by using the standard formula/table.
m) The oil level shall be maintained correctly according to the oil
temperature to compensate for the change in oil volume due to thermal cycling
and hence to avoid indiscriminate operation of the protection system and
safety pressure relief devices. Keep in mind the construction design of the
conservator tank (with or without rubber bellow/partition.
n) For voltage regulation high voltage transformers and extra high voltage
transformers are provided with on load tap changers (OLTC). Some time both
the on load tap changers as well as off load tap changers are specified based on the
system requirements. OLTCs have provisions for operation on local or remote or
auto modes. The operation of these tap changers should be made in accordance
with the SOP issued by NPCC/RCC or vide their timely instructions.
o) The distribution transformers or auxiliary supply transformers at grid stations
are only provided with off voltage tap changers. These tap changers should be
operated after isolation of the transformer from both the primary side and
secondary side.
p) Before energizing the transformer, ensure that the oil valves between conservator
tank and main tank/OLTC compartments and radiator tube valves are in open
position. Also bleed the trapped air in the transformer and conform healthy
functioning of the silica-gel breather.

4.3.10 Circuit Breakers

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a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.

b) The switching operations of circuit breaker should be preferably carried out

from remote. However, if local control is involved, the employees should
stand clear from the circuit breakers at sufficient distance (about
50meters) to remain safe from the porcelain bursting hazards.

c) Never operate circuit breaker when:

- There is no oil or the oil level is low in oil circuit breakers.

- There is no SF6 gas or gas pressure is below the minimum permissible limit in
SF6 gas circuit breakers.

d) The spring-charged mechanism of circuit breakers should never be operated

without coupling with the circuit breaker.

e) When working on SF6 gas circuit breakers follow the safety measures at all times
as applicable to SF6 gas and outlined at serial No. 4.3.6.1.

f) Pole columns are shipped at a gas gauge pressure of approximately

O.OSMPa (0.5 bar). If handled improperly, the support porcelains may burst and
cause damage to persons and property. To minimize the consequences of porcelain
breakage never move the pole columns if the pressure exceeds the shipping
pressure.

g) While filling or checking SF6 gas pressure, the gauge pressure reading should
be corrected as 20°C by using the standard formula/table, to compensate for
the change in gas pressure due to thermal cycling and hence to avoid indiscriminate
operation of the protection system and safety pressure relief devices.

h) While filling SF6 gas, purge the hose pipes with SF6 gas into atmosphere to
remove any air from the hose pipe to avoid the chances of undue contamination of
gas in the circuit breaker and adverse affects on the internal insulation of the
circuit breaker.

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i) Never try to make interlocking (electrical or mechanical) inoperative between
disconnect switch/isolator and circuit breaker, position lockout, close/open
lockout, without proper authority. Never temper or modify setting of indication
alarms or lockouts.

4.3.11 D.C station batteries

a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.

b) Tools being used on batteries should be insulated.

c) While working on batteries if the electrolyte gets on the body flush it thoroughly
with water and seek medical service if needed.

d) Do not work on battery while it is on equalizing charge or gassing

heavily.

e) There should be no sparks, smoking or open flames in battery room.

t) While preparing electrolyte for lead acid battery, always add acid to water.
Never add water to acid.

g) For safe operation of station batteries due care must be given not to exceed
the electrolyte temperature of any cell more than 45 oc in routine
service and/or while charging and discharging the battery.

h) For routine and diagnostic testing/checking different test such as such as AH

Capacity test, Impedance test and Specitic Gravity measurements, due care must
be given while interpreting the test results. Temperature correction factors
must be applied to AH Capacity test result and specitic gravity value for
correction at reference temperature 25 °C.

i) For installation of new battery bank or replacement of cells follow the prescribed
procedure as per SOP. Due care must be given to leveling. Inter- cell spacing,
series connection between cells, tightening of terminal nut/bolts with
recommended torque, etc.

4.3.12 Disconnect switches/isolators

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a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.

b) The operation of any disconnect switch/isolator shall be performed with the

knowledge and consent of the controlling authority except in the case of
emergency.
c) The order to operate shall be exercised in accordance with the requirement of
the work protection code and approved instructions/procedures.

d) While operating the disconnect switch/isolator manually the operator

should stay at ground-potential gradient control mat.

e) The disconnect switch/isolator to be operated shall be clearly identified and

checked according to sequence of operation. After the operation, all phases/poles
shall be checked that they are in the desired position.

f) Isolators/disconnect switches shall not be used to interrupt load currents many

case.

g) The open position of the circuit breaker in series with a disconnect

switch/isolator must be confirmed before operating the energized
disconnect switch/isolator.

h) If a disconnect switch/isolator has been closed wrongly, it will not be opened

unless it is sure that no dangerous arc will occur upon its opening.

i) If a disconnecting switch has been opened wrongly, it shall not be closed without
ensuring safe operation. If it is obvious that the switch is being opened in an
error and the arc is not yet broken, the switch shall be closed immediately.

j) Load break switches used for interrupting current shall not be operated in a
hesitating manner. They shall be closed by using sufficient force to make a full
contact of blades with one movement and shall be opened with a quick and
firm movement.
k) Only approved insulation switch-sticks/rods in good condition shall be used
for the operation of load break switches.

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l) Employees involved in the energizing or synchronizing of the lines must follow
approved instructions/ procedures.

n) Line disconnect switch/isolator (provided with earth switch) should be

operated in correct order.

o) Never try to make interlocking (electrical or mechanical) inoperative

between disconnect switch/isolator and circuit breaker or between disconnect
switch/isolator and earth switch without proper authority.
m) Neutral ground switches or connections shall not be opened under load.

4.3.13 Instrument transformers (CTs, PTs and CVTs)

Owing to the high voltage which can develop on an open-circuited

secondary of a current transformer which is carrying primary load current, the
person-in-charge shall exercise the following precautions:

a) Follow the approved work program and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices.

b) Before proceeding to work on any current transformer cables or

connections, the secondary leads shall be securely short-circuited with
current links or wire of sufficient size to carry the secondary current. The
preferable short-circuiting location is as close as possible to the current transformer.

c) Spare cores of secondary windings of CTs should not be left open- circuit.
Short-circuit the spare cores at the terminals in the secondary terminal box.

d) Body ground connection of instrument transformer shall not be disconnected

or disturbed during its normal service.

e) Star point in the secondary connections shall be grounded at one point only.

f) While testing current transformers with primary injection in one-and-half circuit

breaker scheme take care of the indiscriminate tripping operation of differential
protection.
4.3.14 High voltage overhead lines

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and ensure
the use of PPE and other protective devices.

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b) High voltage overhead lines work should be done by trained workers.

c) Unless or otherwise specified high voltage overhead line work should be done
on deadlines.
d) For climbing poles, towers and structures follow the safety instructions
and guidelines given in section 4.1.4, 4.1.5 and 4.2.

e) The prescribed safe limits of approach and working clearance for the
workers, mobile plants, aerial devices, etc. given in Data section-10 shall be
followed.

t) While planning high voltage overhead line work, clearly identifY and
understand the design of transmission line i.e. single or multiple circuits, vertical
or horizontal formation of circuits, transposition locations, etc.

g) Sky-wires insulated from towers shall be treated as capable of being made

alive. Before undertaking work on sky-wires precautions must be taken in
accordance with the work protection code unless approved live line techniques are
employed.

4.3.15 Single or multiple circuit high voltage overhead lines with all
conductors dead

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and ensure
the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) Follow the safety instructions and guidelines for high voltage overhead lines
given in section 4.3.14.
4.3.16 Double circuit high voltage overhead lines with one circuit live

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and
ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.
b) Follow the safety instructions and guidelines for high voltage overhead lines
given in section 4.3.14.
c) Identify and distinguish clearly the live and the dead circuit and
transposition locations.

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d) The work on one dead circuit of double circuit high voltage overhead line
with one circuit live should only be done when the both the circuits are in vertical
formation and the each circuit on separate side (right side or left side).
e) The work on one dead circuit of double circuit high voltage overhead line
having horizontal formation with one circuit live should only be done when the
circuit to be worked upon is dead and on lower side.

4.3.17 High voltage overhead lines with more than two circuits with one or
more circuit live
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and
ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) Follow the safety instructions and guidelines for high voltage overhead
lines given in section 4.3.14.
c) Identify and distinguish clearly the live and the dead circuits and
transposition locations.

d) The work on one dead circuit of multiple circuit high voltage overhead line
having horizontal formation with one or more circuits live should only be done
when the circuit to be worked upon is dead and on lowest side.

e) The work on one dead circuit of multiple circuit high voltage overhead line
having vertical formation with one or more circuits live should only be done
when the circuit to be worked upon is on outer most side (right side or left side).
4.3.18 High voltage regulators
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and
ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.
b) Voltage regulators are special type of transformers which are used to
regulate feeder or line voltages under load over a small range of the
nominal voltage (typically in the order of 10%). High voltage regulators are not
used in NTDC power system like an independent apparatus or
equipment however 11kV voltage regulators are and/or were used in llkV
distribution network in DISCOs. In NTDC power system voltage regulation is
achieved through on load tap changers (OLTC) which are a built in part of
high voltage transformers. In EHV transformers (220kV and 500kV) some
time both the on load tap changers as well as off load tap changers are specified
based on the system requirements. The operation of these tap changers
should be made in accordance with the SOP issued by NPCC/RCC
or vide their timely instructions.

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c) While working on voltage regulators or removal from service of a
regulator is required, put the regulator on neutral tap position (not
necessarily the mid tap) before the by-pass switch is closed and the series
service switches (provided on both sides of the regulator) are opened.
Return of the regulator to servtce reqmres the reverse procedure with
respect to the switches.

4.4 Safety precautions for high voltage live-line work on high voltage
overhead lines

4.4.1 The authorization requirements for staff carrying out the

operations
a) Live-Line work shall only be performed where practicable and necessary to
avoid interruption in the system.

b) The work shall be performed by specially trained crews in accordance with

the Live-Line Work Manuals.

c) Necessary approval of the competent authority shall be obtained as per the

standing procedure prescribed by NPCC for sanction of HOLD OFF to carry
out live-line work.

d) Follow the approved work program under HOLD OFF work protection and
ensure the use of PPE, other general protective devices and special protective
devices for live line work.

e) Ensure that the auto re-closer system is blocked during HOLD OFF
status.
4.4.2 Live-line tools and equipment to be used and the arrangements
for keeping them in good condition
a) List of live-line tools and equipment to be used for live-line work is
given as under:
- Complete package of T&P (general hand tools and machine tools for
high voltage line work).
- Extension ladder fiber.
- Adjustable strain pole.
- Conductive shoes.
- Conductive suit (Socks, gloves, trousers, shirt etc.)

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- Capstan hoist
- Turnion nut
- Turnion ratchet wrench.
- Strain link stick.
- Hot-end suspension yoke.
- Cotter key pusher.
- Shepherd hook.
- Strain pole carrier.
- Moisture eater.
- Abrasive cleaning pad.
- Hot-stick wiping cloth.
- Cargo boom.
- Hot-stick tester.
- Hi-test insulator tester.
- Generator SKW.
- Live-line rope.
b) The following arrangements shall be made for keeping live-line tools and
equipment in good condition:

- Live-line tools shall not be altered or repaired except by those authorized to do

so and the electrical or mechanical properties are not affected.

- The tools and equipment shall be inspected regularly by the supervisor for any
damage. by the supervisor or a qualified employee delegated to such a duty.
Auxiliary equipment, such as rope-blocks shall be included in this inspection and
shall be maintained in good condition.

- Insulating quality of sticks must be maintained. Maintenance of insulation shall

not be attempted in the field except for touch-up of minor scratches.

- Special attention shall be given to the channel for the operating rod of the tie-
cutter and clamp stick. It must always be kept thoroughly clean and dry.

- Live-line tools shall not be left lying on the ground where they might absorb
moisture or otherwise be subject to misuse.
- Live-line tools shall not be dropped from aloft, but shall be raised and
lowered by means ofhand-line.

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- Live-line tools shall be carried and stored only in an approved container and
kept in a dry location. The rubber supports and seals of these containers shall be
maintained in good condition at all times.
- Live-line tools shall be securely packed. Material and tools which are not part
of the set shall not be carried in live- line tool trailers or boxes unless special
provisions are made so that the live-line tools do not get damaged.

c) Care and use of live-line rope

- The working load on rope should not exceed its safe working load. The
minimum safe limit for working load of live-line rope is 1500 lb. (682 kg).
However, the working load is limited by the rating of the block to a
maximum of 1000 lb. (454 kg).

- The rope- block, safety hook, swivel eye, etc. should be of the reputed
manufacturer and suitable for the rated working load strength of the rope.
- A tarpaulin shall be spread on the ground at the work site to prevent the rope
from contacting the ground and picking up contamination or moisture.
- Clean gloves shall be used to handle the rope and the rope blocks must be kept
clean. Care must be taken to prevent pick up dirt.
- The rope is not to be used in rain or foggy weather. If these conditions develop
while work is in progress, the rope must be removed from the line as soon as
possible. A second dry rope can be used, if required, to complete the work when
weather conditions improve.
- There shall be two live-line ropes on the job so that a second rope is
available if the first one gets wet or damaged.
- It is recommended that when splicing HI D Orange rope, four full tucks be
taken, followed by two further tucks using 2/3rd of the rope yams in the strand,
and finally two more tucks using l/3rd of the yams.

4.4.3 Safety precautions to follow for live-line work

-Work shall be carried out on a live circuit only by the use of live-line tools or
other approved live-line techniques.

- Only approved tools, techniques and equipment shall be used for live-line work.

105
- The supervisor or person in-charge shall plan the work carefully in
advance and shall brief his workers the detail before work is started.

- The supervisor shall be responsible for ensuring that live- line tools and
equipment are tested in accordance with the requirement of the Live-Line Work
Manual.

- The supervisor and each worker shall be responsible at the beginning of each
working day for the inspection of all live-line tools and associated equipment to
be used.

- Close co-operation must be obtained from every worker on the job. Each person
shall observe closely the progress of work performed by fellow workers
and shall look to the safety of his fellow workers as well as his own.

- Haste, inconsistent with safety, shall not be permitted.

- Live-line work should not be carried out during adverse weather

conditions. Tools may be left on the line until weather is improved, or
overnight if work conditions do not permit removal of the tools. However, it is
the responsibility of the worker to ensure that the tools are dry and safe to handle
when work is again undertaken.

- When Live-line work is carried out at night, adequate lighting must be

provided.

- The electrical and mechanical safety limits of live-line tools shall be

observed.

- Clearance from live line conductors, consistent with safety and efficiency,
shall be maintained by the workers handling live-line tools.

- Live-line connectors shall be operated alive in accordance with Live-Line

Work Manual.

106
- Pulling an unsupported conductor away from the work area with line
sticks is prohibited where failure of the support will endanger the
personnel.

- Either live-line tools shall be used to handle unsupported springy

conductor ends in close proximity to live conductors or the unsupported
length of conductor shall be limited to the prescribed safe limit of approach.

4.5 Safety precautions for the testing of high voltage apparatus

For testing high voltage apparatus or equipment, follow the approved work
program under PTW work protection and ensure the use of PPE and other
protective devices. The general safety precautions, limitations of work and
importance of safe test procedures are described as under.

4.5.1 General precautions to be taken

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and
ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) Do not work alone for testing high voltage equipment.

c) Locate all hazardous potential sources and accessible points before

making test connections as voltage may appear unexpectedly in faulty equipment.
d) Do not hold or touch the high voltage testing leads while energized.
e) The manual safety-interlock key of high voltage test equipment should remain
in the custody of its user during testing.
f) Follow the particular operation instructions of the test equipment as applicable,
such as zero check and infinity check of insulation resistance tester (Megger),
self test run, accuracy check, etc.
g) The specific safety precautions recommended by the manufacturers of
testing equipment or the equipment under test must be followed.
h) The range selections, multipliers, correction factors of different testing
equipment should carefully selected and applied as applicable.

107
i) The Ground and Guard terminals of testing equipment as applicable
should be connected correctly as this is important for safety of the worker as
well as of the equipment.
j) At the termination of all high voltage tests, the apparatus or equipment tested
should be properly discharged through grounding switches or by portable
temporary grounds.

k) Periodic self testing/calibration of the testing equipment should be carried

out as per SOP.
4.5.2 Work under a sanction for test

a) For any work to be carried out on NTDC system under a sanction for test it
must be ensured the that the safety of the general public and the NTDC employees
and equipment in not jeopardized and that the risk to power supplies and
facilities of the NTDC and users, and the integrity and security of the system are
maintained at the highest levels possible under such specified conditions.
b) Work under a sanction of test is prohibited which require operation of the
device (s) guaranteed for another work protection or would energize apparatus
isolated for another work protection. The person in-charge of the testing will
become wholly responsible for complying with safety rules/code within
the isolated section.

4.5.3 The testing of high voltage apparatus

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection and
ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) All high voltage testing including Hi-pot tests (AC or DC), power
frequency voltage withstand tests, impulse voltage withstand tests, high
current tests etc. shall be conducted in accordance with approved work
procedures.

c) The value of test voltage or test current and time duration for which to be
applied whether for new or repaired high voltage apparatus or equipment should
be in accordance with the specified test values or relevant IEC standard.

108
d) During high voltage testing such as C&DF test, the employees should stand
clear of the bushings and test leads as the body capacitance may influence
test results.
e) The high voltage withstand test specified for insulation coordination
purposes (impulse voltage withstand or power frequency voltage withstand test)
have destructive effects on the insulation system of the electrical apparatus
or equipment, therefore, the extensively or repetitively performing
these tests should be avoided. Follow only the standard procedures and
practices for carrying out these tests.
f) All types of testing of grid station equipments, protective relays,
transmission lines, etc. shall be carried out in accordance with the approved
instructions, proper authorization, safe procedures and SOP.

g) All types of tests whether type tests or routine tests or field tests, etc. shall
be in accordance with the provisions and limits specified in NTDC Design
specifications and/or equivalent recognized international standards in terms
ofthe safety of personal as well as ofthe equipment.

h) Test lead connections should be made carefully and in accordance with the
prescribed sequence to avoid step-up of the test potentials for safety of the
worker as well as of the equipment or apparatus.

i) Never try to make safety interlocking (electrical or mechanical)

inoperative during high voltage testing.

4.6 Safety precautions and procedures applicable to low voltage system

The low voltage (LV) electrical system in NTDC comprises secondary

circuits of auxiliary apparatus or equipment having voltages up to 400V AC
phase-to-phase and 220 DC. LV system is designed for either to control and
support the high voltage apparatus or equipment (such as controlling, monitoring,
protection system and communication system, etc.) or for general operations
and utilities at NTDC premises. The secondary voltage distribution circuits of a
distribution transformer or station service transformer fall in the category of low
voltage system, The very common low voltage levels being used are; VAC
(PT or CVT secondary supply), single-phase 230VAC, three- phase 400
VAC, 110 VDC, 220VDC.
4.6.1 General requirements for work on dead low voltage apparatus and
line

109
a) LV system are equally, even more dangerous for electrical shock hazards
than the HV System. This is because the line HV circuits are generally
inaccessible and are conspicuously dangerous, i.e. intense electrostatic field
or humming noise warns those approaching, whereas, LV circuits give no
warning prior to contact and are generally easily accessible. The can lead
one to be more careless around lower voltages.

The general safety precautions and procedures applicable to low voltage

electrical system are almost the same as for high voltage system which are
described in the previous sections of this Safety Code such as basic safety
guidelines, general provisions, etc. Some specific safety precautions and their
applications for work on live or dead low voltage system are given here under
in this section. PTW work protection is not always applicable for work on low
voltage system unlike the high voltage system where PTW work protection is a
mandatory application.
c) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

d) The LV cubicles, enclosures and panels are designed and fabricated in

accordance with an IP Code (International Protection), to provide a certain
degree of protection against ingress of moisture or free water, solid particles, dust,
human body or figure contact with live or moving parts, etc. such protections
must not be impaired.

4.6.2 Additional precautions for work on dead low voltage cables

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) For work on a neutral cable conductor, the neutral must be positively

identified. If there is no ground connection, then a temporary grounding
device shall be applied to the neutral conductor before starting to work or
approved live line techniques shall be used.

c) Under no circumstances shall a multi-grounded neutral be cut or

disconnected without by-pass jumpers being installed while the primary is

110
alive, except when the circuit is carrying no load and then by means of
approved live-line tools.

d) A damaged or broken neutral must be jumpered using approved live-line tools.

4.6.3 Additional precautions for work on dead low voltage overhead lines
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) When installing or extending the secondary circuits on poles carrying live

primary circuits, the secondary conductors in the proximity of live primary
conductors shall be kept under control at all the times.

c) When erecting a new secondary service or reconnecting a secondary service or

transferring or extending a secondary bus bar on a transformer pole, where the
secondary is located above the transformer, the primary or neutral drop leads to
the transformer shall be isolated.

d) For work on a neutral conductor, the neutral must be positively identified. If

there is no ground connection, then a temporary grounding device shall be
applied to the neutral conductor before starting to work or approved live line
techniques shall be used.

e) Under no circumstances shall a multi-grounded neutral be cut or

disconnected without by-pass jumpers being installed while the primary is
alive, except when the circuit is carrying no load and then by means of
approved live-line tools.
t) A damaged or broken neutral must be jumpered using approved live-line
tools.
4.6.4 Precautions for work on live low voltage apparatus
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as applicable)
and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.

b) Work on live low voltage apparatus or equipment shall only be

performed where practicable and necessary to avoid interruption in the
system.

111
d) Work on live low voltage apparatus or equipment shall always be done by
the trained workers using low voltage live-line work techniques.
e) The use of approved insulated tools and insulated rubber gloves must be
ensured. Rubber gloves shall thoroughly be checked for puncture/abrasions or
surface cut/hard spot and air tested at least once each day before initial use
f) Necessary approval of the competent authority shall be obtained as per the
standing procedure.
g) Do not work alone on live low voltage apparatus or equipment.

h) Distribution transformer or station service transformer work on live lines (such

as new transformer installation or re lacing transformer or examining transformer)
shall be carried out by disconnecting the primary drop leads from
the primary conductors. The person-in-charge shall make certain that there is no
possibility of any secondary feedback.

i) Insulating rubber gloves shall be worn to connect or disconnect live

conductors or connectors.
j) Approve fuse pullers in good condition shall always be used to place or
remove cartridge-type fuses.
k) When a fuse must be rep laced, the circuit shall first be opened at a switch if
practical. An approved procedure shall be used when a fuse is to be replaced
without opening the circuit.

l) Potential test indicators shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for
which they are designed.
m) Multi-meters shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for which they are
designed.

4.6.5 Precautions for work on live low voltage overhead lines

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.
b) Work on live low voltage overhead lines shall only be performed where
practicable and necessary to avoid interruption in the system.

c) Work on live low voltage overhead lines shall always be done by the
trained workers and using low voltage live-line work techniques.

112
d) The use of approved insulated tools and insulated rubber gloves must be
ensured. Rubber gloves shall thoroughly be checked for puncture/abrasions or
surface cut/hard spot and air tested at least once each day before initial use.
e) Necessary approval of the competent authority shall be obtained as per the
standing procedure.

f) Do not work alone on live low voltage overhead lines.

g) Insulating rubber gloves shall be worn to connect or disconnect live

connectors or conductors.

h) Insulated ladders shall be used climb poles or structures for work on live
low voltage over head lines.

i) While planning low voltage overhead line work, clearly identify and
understand the design of line, i.e. single or multiple circuits, vertical or
horizontal formation of circuits, safe clearances and limits of approach, etc.
j) Potential test indicators shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for
which they are designed.
k) Multi-meters shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for which they are
designed.

4.6.6 Precautions for work on live low voltage cables

a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.
b) Work on live low voltage cables shall only be performed where
practicable and necessary to avoid interruption in the system.
c) Work on live low voltage cables shall always be done by the trained
workers and using low voltage live-line work techniques.

d) The use of approved insulated tools and insulated rubber gloves must be
ensured. Rubber gloves shall thoroughly be checked for puncture/abrasions or
surface cut/hard spot and air tested at least once each day before initial use
e) Necessary approval of the competent authority shall be obtained as per the
standing procedure.

113
f) Do not work alone on live low voltage cables.

g) All insulated live conductors or cables shall be checked by a qualified

person for signs of damage, ageing, or other reduction of insulating qualities,
before being handled, with careful consideration being given to the potential in the
conductor.
h) Live cables shall not be handled until one is sure they are safe to touch.

i) Moving or bending of live cables could be dangerous, and should only be

done when authorized.
j) Ensure for healthy grounding of shield of the cables at least at one points.

k) Potential test indicators shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for
which they are designed.

1) Multi-meters shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for which they are
designed.
4.6.7 Testing of low voltage apparatus
a) Follow the approved work program under PTW work protection (as
applicable) and ensure the use of PPE and other protective devices.
b) The common tests of low voltage apparatus are the continuity test and the
insulation resistance test (Megger test), potential test, phase-sequence test, etc. When
performing these tests follow the safe and approved test procedures.
c) Whenever work has been done which involved a possibility of incorrect phase
relationship when the apparatus is placed in service, phasing out test or phase
sequence check shall first be made and the apparatus shall not be placed in service
until the phase relationship is positively known to be correct.

d) Where phase rotation is the only important consideration and other tests are
impracticable, the phase rotation shall be tested by observing the direction of
rotation of a three-phase motor or by the other suitable methods.

e) Potential test indicators shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for
which they are designed.

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f) Multi-meters shall not be used beyond the voltage limits for which they are
designed.

g) Hi-pot test voltages applicable for cables are much higher than those
applicable to other equipment, therefore it is of upmost importance to
disconnect other equipment from the cable and protect such equipment and
personnel during the cable test. The test set shall be earthed properly.

4.7 Responsibilities of Persons

All employees are required to exercise intelligence and constant care and shall use
PPE and other protective devices for the protection of themselves, fellow
employees and the general public from accidents.In particular, an employee is
always responsible for his own safety. The safety related responsibilities of
different cadres of the employees are outlined as under.
4.7.1 Competent person

Trained workers are the competent persons, they are:

a) Responsible for having knowledge of all safety rules pertaining to his work. He
shall request clarification of any rule about which he has any doubt.
b) To understand and implement the safe limitations of tools, equipment and
materials used and must understand all work techniques associated therewith.
c) Responsible to develop habits of safe working among the junior employees.
d) Responsible as required for holding protection guarantees.

4.7.2 Authorized person

Foremen or Line Superintendents, etc. are the authorized persons, they are
responsible for:
a) Ensuring safe working conditions for his crew and direct his men in
ensuring safe practices.
b) Ensuring the PPE of his crew is in good condition and used when required.

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c) Seeing that the actions of his crew are not creating hazards to the public or

other groups.

d) Being familiar or obtaining advice with respect to safe application of tools,

equipment and material not regularly used.

4.7.3 Senior authorized person

Junior Engineers/Assistant Managers are the senior authorized persons, they

are responsible for:
a) Ensuring that all work is performed in accordance with the prescribed
documents, i.e. Rules, Work procedures, Instructions, etc.

b) For seeing that the required information is transmitted to all employees

under their care and that these employees are adequately instructed and trained to
perform their work safely.

4.7.4 Control Engineer

Project Managers or Deputy Managers being the executing engineer are the
control engineers in their area ofjurisdiction, they are responsible for:

a) Establishment of conditions which combined with appropriate work

practices and equipment will provide a safe working environment.

b) Observance of both the principles of work protection code and safe work
practices which are essential for work safety.

c) For regularly reviewing the work protection code and testing the staff as to
their understanding of the code contents.

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5. POWER PLANT

5.1 General instructions

NTDC does not deal with the high voltage or industrial power plant like GENCOs,
IPPs or Industries, etc., however it has concern with the diesel or petrol engine-
driven low voltage power plants or portable generator set for standby and
emergency use at sub stations or at other work premises. These generator set are
400 and/or 230VAC 50Hz and range from a few KVA to some tens KVA capacity.
The following general electro-technical instructions shall be followed while
dealing small and medium and power plants/generator sets.

a) While connecting the generator output with the existing system, the person-
in-charge shall make certain that there is no possibility of any secondary feed-
back.
b) Whenever connecting generator output with the existing system there is
possibility of incorrect phase relationship when the apparatus is placed in

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service, phasing out test or phase sequence check shall first be made and the
apparatus shall not be placed in service until the phase relationship is
positively known to be correct.
c) The generator set should be earthed properly.
d) The engine should be operated and maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions and guidelines (such as replacement of filters, engine
oil, etc.).
e) The plants meant for standby or emergency use should be checked and test
operated to ensure for their health operating condition.
f) The plant room should be treated as confined space for personnel safety as well
as plant safety.
g) Use the proper change over switch for shifting load between the
permanent supply source and the standby source to avoid any mishap.

5.2 Particular safety precautions for work on power plants

In addition to the general instructions as above and different electro- technical
and human safety rules and safety instructions included in this Power Safety
Code the following particular safety instruction are also applicable for
operations and handling these small power plants/generator sets.
a) For safe and reliable operation of the engine it is essential that the recommended
procedures as outlined in the plant instruction manual are adhered to, and
where necessary the special tools are used. Improper operation or maintenance
procedures are dangerous and could result in injury or death of the plant operator.

b) The operator should check before the operation that all basic safety
precaution have been carried out to avoid an accident occurring.

c) Ensure that guards are fitted on over exposed rotating parts, hot surfaces, air
intakes, live electrical terminals (high and low tension), etc.

d) Ensure for use of PPE (when working on a power plant such as, using inhibitors,
using anti-freeze, taking pressure cap off radiator or heat exchange filler,
working underneath engine, using air pressure line, changing lubricating
oil/filter, working in enclosed engine room, changing electrolyte in battery, etc.

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e) Do not smoke or carry naked flame while checking battery electrolyte, when
working in engine room, when operating or servicing engine.

t) Fuel/oil pipes: check for leaks or for spilt oil (clean up), always use
barrier cream on hands.

g) Gas/air pipes: regularly check for gas/air mixture leaks, never run gas
engine with failed pressure disc, ensure that the gas line and valves meet local
safety standards, and ensure that the gas line pressure is correct.

h) Shutdown equipment should be provided:

- For stopping engine in case of over speed, high water temperature or low oil
pressure.
- For heat sensors, methane or heat detectors.
- To test that protection system is working correctly.
Note. The operator should always be in a position to stop engine (even
remotely).
i) Start up operation:

- Disconnect battery or any other means in case of accidental start up when

working on engine.

- Never start engine with governor linkage disconnected.

- Do not hold stop lever in run position when starting engine.

- Always hold stop lever in stop position when cranking only.

j) Electrical equipment:

- Check that the plant is earthed to local safety standards.

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- Disconnect electrical supply to water jacket heater (if fitted) before
working on engine.

- Take care against electric shocks.

- Never re-adjust setting of electronic control equipment with reference to

operation manual.

k) Moving and hot parts of the plant:

- Always wear heat resistant gloves and use correct handling equipment.
- Check for leaks.
- Check for correct ventilation of engine room.
- Check that guards are fitted.
- Check that diesel exhaust is clear.
- Check that pipe work allows gas to escape upwards.
- Check that pipe work is supported.
- Do not wear loose clothing, ties, jewellery, etc. while working near
moving or rotating parts.

l) Stop the engine:

- Before changing lubricating oil.
- Before filling radiator or topping up with anti-freez.
- Before repairing engine.
- Before adjusting belts.
-Before adjusting tappets.
- Before changing spark plugs/injectors.
- Before changing air/oil/fuel filters.
- Before tightening fixing nut/bolts, etc.
m) Never store flammable fluids near engine and never use them near
naked light.
n) While handling/cutting gaskets and joints containing asbestos:
- Always wear respiratory protection.
- Always provide dust extraction system.

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- Always wear both hand gloves and eye protection when handling o-
rings/gaskets which have been exposed to very high temperatures and
handling de-scaling chemical solutions.

o) When lifting heavy components:

- Use correct lifting devices.
- Do not work alone.
- Always wear helmet.
p) Waste disposal:

-Always replace spillage contaminated overall/dangry immediate.

- Do not leave oil rags on or near the engine.

- Do not leave loose items on or near the engine.

- Provide fireproof container for oil rags.

- Always dispose of waste in accordance with the local/legislative

requirement.

q) Should a procedure be used not specially recommended then you must

satisfy that it is safe and will not damage the engine.

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6. TRANSPORTATION

6.1 General Instructions

a) The Chief Engineers are responsible for the coordination of the use of all types
of load/passenger carrying vehicles within their areas of jurisdiction. The
responsibility for proper utilization, management and maintenance of road
transport is that of the head of Divisions/organizations in respect of vehicles
allotted to them and that of Deputy Director Transport Headquarters
for vehicles held in control pool.

b) It is the responsibility of driver and/or the employees who drive NTDC vehicles
to know and obey all laws covering the territory in which they live and work and
to be familiar with and abide by the rules and policy relating to the operation of
NTDC vehicles. Employees shall be personally responsible for all fines and other
penalties imposed upon them.

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c) Vehicles should be kept in good working condition and operated in a safe
and courteous manner. Before operating NTDC vehicles, drivers shall make sure
that the vehicles are in proper operating condition. Any unsafe conditions of the
vehicles should be reported and corrected before use.

d) The employees shall drive NTDC vehicles upon a public road unless they
have proper license in their possession. Supervisors shall not permit an unqualified
employee to drive any vehicle for NTDC.

e) Before filling the fuel tank, the engine shall always be turned off and the hose
nozzle shall be kept in contact with the fuel tanks to avoid static sparks.
Smoking and open flames shall not be permitted while fueling of vehicles.
Overfilling of fuel tanks should be avoided.

6.2 Driving

a) Responsibilities of the driver

- He is responsible for daily maintenance and general cleanliness of his vehicle.

- He is responsible for reporting faults and malfunctioning of the vehicle

immediately on occurrence for rectification so as to prevent development of major
defects and becoming the vehicle unsafe for use.

- He is responsible for maintaining correct air pressure in the tyres of the vehicle
suitable for metalled road and cross country and in accordance with the weather
seasons.
- He is responsible for strict observance of traffic rules and be fully
conversant with high-way code.
- He shall inspect the vehicle for fitness/defects before proceeding on duty such
as engine oil level, radiator water level, tyre inflation, function of horns,
lights, brakes, steering and any other defects to fore-stall the possibilities
of accidents.

- He shall carefully observe traces of oil in the water of radiator to look for any
mixing of oil in water.

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- He shall inspect the vehicle for fitness/defects during halts on long
journey such as engine oil level, radiator water level, wheel drums, any other
abnormal noises, etc.

b) General safety precautions and instruction

- NTDC vehicles shall be operated within the legal speed limit.

Seat belts, when provided, shall be used by drivers and workers.

- Upon the approach of an emergency vehicle, such as ambulance, police car or

fire-fighting equipment, pull to the left side of the street or highway and stop until
the emergency vehicle has passed.

- Do not follow another vehicle too close or at speed so fast that you
cannot stop.
- Use low head light beam when approaching a vehicle from the opposite
direction.
- Do not attempt to overtake any vehicle unless you can see far enough ahead
to be sure that you can overtake safely. Proper horn or signals shall be given to
warn the driver of the vehicle being overtaken. Use proper indicators to warn
other drivers of your intention.
- Do not drive to the right of road center when approaching the crest of a hill,
an intersection, railroad crossing or curve or where a full view of the roadway
ahead is obstructed for any other reason.

- Before crossing railroad tracks, the driver of any vehicle shall reduce speed,
observe crossing guards/gates and take all precautions necessary to determine that
it is safe to cross.

- Defensive driving shall be practiced by all NTDC drivers. They shall not insist
for right of way, but shall make every effort to avoid an accident.

- Pedestrians should be given all possible considerations of the right-of-

way at all times. Hom/warning signals shall be used.

- Backing should be avoided where possible. When required to back a

vehicle, the driver shall take all precautions necessary to ensure a sate
operation. Where vision is not clear, the driver shall walk around the
vehicle to check the obstacles and clearances or position another worker to give
directions.
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6.3 Parking

- Use care in parking vehicles to avoid accidents or damage to property. All

traffic laws shall be obeyed.

- Where the job requires that a truck be parked on the traveled portion of a
street or highway or within 1 meter thereto, four way flasher lights should first
be used to allow time for placing or pickup of other warning devices. Warning
signs, flashers or flags by day, and approved reflectors or flares by night should
be posted not less than 60 meters ahead of and behind the vehicle in open
areas, but may be close to the vehicle in built up areas.
- When it is necessary to park a vehicle with the engine running, some
windows should be left open to provide adequate ventilation.

- Do not leave engine running in an enclosed area.

- When parking on a grade/slope, place vehicle in gear, set hand brake, or block
the vehicle so that it cannot accidentally roll.

-To change a tyre or make other necessary repairs along the highway, pull off
the side of the road as far as possible. Vehicle flasher lights, if provided, shall
be used and a man placed each way from the vehicle to warn the public
and traffic.
- Before leaving a parked vehicle in an unsecured location, the ignition key shall
be removed to prevent theft or unauthorized starting of the vehicle.
- If vehicle doors must be opened on road side, use extreme care to see that no
other vehicle is near.

- Before moving a parked vehicle, look in front and rear to make sure that
persons and objects are out of the way.

- Before pulling out of parking space into traffic lane, make sure that you have
plenty of room to do so safely.

6.4 Operation of trucks and trailers

- Before moving a truck, it should be carefully inspected to see that all
operating controls for mechanized equipment are in proper position,
material is properly loaded and that all workers are safely aboard. It is the
responsibility of the driver to see that all employees, who are not riding in the

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cab of the vehicle, are properly seated in the cargo area with their backs to the
cab.

- Loading of vehicles should not exceed their rated capacity, and objects
should not be permitted to extend beyond the sides.

- Select proper type of trailer to suit the size, weight and shape of the load. For
heavy transformers or similar loads always use low-bed trailers and ensure
the use of proper securing devices.
- Where objects extend more that one meter beyond the rear of the truck, the
projecting end shall be marked with a red flag during day and a red light or
reflectors during night.

- The driver shall not permit more than two persons in the front seat for the safe
operation of the vehicle.

- Trailers, while being towed, shall be securely coupled to the truck and also
joined by auxiliary chains or cables. Safety chains shall be of sufficient strength
and so attached as to safely control the load in case the coupling device fails.
Where required, trailers shall be equipped with brakes and brake lights.

- Trailers, while being towed, shall be marked with red flags in the daytime and
red lights or reflectors at night. These warnings should be placed at the extreme
end of the trailer load and at such intervals as the length of the load warrants.
- On vehicles equipped with outriggers for stability, the operator shall make
sure that no one gets injured when outriggers are lowered. Outriggers shall be
placed on a firm surface or cribbing shall be used.

6.5 Operation of forklift trucks

- Only lift trucks, authorized for such use, shall be operated in hazardous
atmospheres or handle loads of hazardous liquids or gases.

- Unauthorized modifications of lift trucks, affecting their capacity or safe

operation, shall not be permitted.

- Only trained and tested personnel shall operate power-operated lift trucks.

- Lift trucks shall be operated at speeds which are safe for existing
conditions.

- Drivers shall approach blind corners cautiously and sound the horn.
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- If the load being carried obstructs forward view, the driver shall drive the load
behind him (in reverse).

- Loads shall be picked up near the center of their weight and should be
hauled with the load tilted back to avoid pitching forward in case of sudden stop.

- Loose material shall be secured to prevent shifting or toppling while in

motion.

- Employees shall not be lifted from one elevation to another by a fork lift
truck unless it is equipped with proper controls and approved platform with
railing and toe boards securely fastened to the forks.

- No person shall be allowed to stand or pass under the elevated portion of any
forklift truck, whether it is loaded or empty.
- When not in use, the forks or platform shall be in the lowered position.

- When leaving a power operated lift truck, the forks or platform shall be
fully lowered, the controls shall be neutralized, power shut off brakes set
and the key or connector plug removed. If parked on a slope, the wheels
shall be blocked.
- Stunt driving or horseplay, such as driving up to anyone standing in front of a
fixed object, shall not be permitted.

- Brakes shall be set and wheel blocks shall be in place to prevent

movement of trucks, trailers or railroad cars while being boarded by lift
trucks. Uncoupled semi trailers may require fixed jacks to prevent
upending.

- Only approved dock boards or bridge plates of adequate capacity shall be

used, and they shall be properly secured before they are driven over.

- Power-operated lift trucks shall be inspected periodically. Any defect or

unsafe condition found during inspections or use shall be promptly
reported.

6.6 Principles, procedure and instructions to be followed at the time of

traffic accidents

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Like the potential accidents in power system affecting employees as well the
equipment, road traffic or transport accidents also endanger the life of
employees and the vehicles. Therefore the possible causes of transport
accidents and their remedial measure should be well understood by the
concerned. NTDC employees and drivers shall learn and understand the
following information, instructions and safety guidelines for dealing with
the road traffic accidents:

a) Causes of transport accidents; Following are some of the main causes of

accidents which result in loss of valuable life and property and must
therefore, be avoided at all costs:

- Unsound selection and employment of illiterate drivers.

- Bad Manners; Lack of consideration towards other road users.

- Lack of Road Sense; Taken to be a natural instinct.

- Lack of Imagination/Fore Thought; Not knowing what mistake to expect from

others or failure to be on the alert.
- Lack of Confidence; Confidence is a great help to a driver. It enables him to
keep calm and to think quickly without becoming confused or frustrated in the
face of a possible accident. Over confidence on the other hand is a source of
danger. In short confidence is a great asset when put to the right use, but a danger
when unwarranted or abused.
-Lack of knowledge of High Way Code.

- Quick change over of drivers from one vehicle to another.

- Lack of incentive and deterrent punishment.

- Bad road conditions, i.e. bumpy, slippery and narrow road with steep
gradients.

- Insufficiency of roads for over increasing traffic.

- Lack of road sense and courtesy by other users and lack of sign posting.

- Lack of mechanical devices like indicators and trafficators.

- Use of left hand and right hand drive vehicles.

- Ineffective implementation of existing orders

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- Over speeding or careless driving.

-Use of mechanically defective vehicles.

- Vehicles driven by unauthorized persons.

- Over loading or incorrect loading of vehicles.

-Unauthorized use of vehicles.
- Tiredness or sickness of drivers.

-Non-compliance of traffic rules.

- Poor visibility and view obstruction.

-Bursting of tyres/tubes.

-On-equalized brakes which throw the vehicle into spin when braking hard on
slippery surface.

b) Preventive measures transport accidents;Following preventive measures

should contribute towards avoiding/ minimizing the transport accidents:

- Employment of drivers; Drivers of good physical standard with 3 years

driving experience and with some basic education should only be employed after
they have qualified in technical driving and medical tests.

- Annual fitness; Each driver in NTDC should be made to undergo medical

checkup and driving test for retention in service by a Driving Test Boar
headed by at least an Executive Engineer.

- Surprise check; Surprise check post be established by respective DDT on

main High Way to check over-speeding of vehicles.

-Driving by authorized persons; No vehicle should be driven by any person

other than he licensed driver in-charge of the vehicle.

- Changeover of drivers; Drivers may not be changed too frequently from

one vehicle o another.

- Road sense; Efforts should be made to inculcate road sense and

observance of High Way Code by the derivers. Transport officers should
give lectures on High Way Code at least once a month with the help of
charts.

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- Obedience to orders; Tendency for negligent driving and casual attitude be
curbed by instilling discipline and obedience to orders.

- Drivers check; Vehicle must be carefully checked by the driver as per

requirement for fitness before the move with particular attention to the
condition and air pressure of tyres.

- Incentive and deterrent punishment; Drivers with accident free and good
performance al-round over a period may be suitably awarded and the
habitual offenders punished severely.

c) Dealing with transport accidents; Following actions will be taken by the

person accompanying the vehicle and/or driver on involvement in transport
accident:
- Stop and not to leave the scene of an accident when he is involved in the
accident.
- Do not become involved in an argument as to who was responsible for an
accident.
- Do not lose your temper; try to be courteous and helpful.

- Do not admit responsibility or offer to make any kind of settlement.

Representatives of NTDC or the insurance company will handle this.
- Turn on four-way flasher, if provided, and set out flags or flares to warn
traffic.
-Assist injured persons, giving immediate attention to severe bleeding. Do
not move seriously injured persons unless necessary for their protection,
give them possible First Aid. Badly injured persons should be shifted to
nearest Hospital/Doctor.

- Clear the road if blocked by the accident, mark the place of accident and
arrange traffic control where necessary.

- Guard against fire and pilferage of vehicle or its load.

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- When requested by law enforcement officer, give your name, address,
NTDC job description and show your driving license.

- Obtain the name, address and license number of the other driver, vehicle
registration number, and names of owner and insurance company.

- Record name and badge number of any Police officer present.

- Notify your supervisor or office through a written or oral report about the
incident, who should arrange recovery of the vehicle if so required. Also fill
up the accident Performa showing the details as applicable including sketch of
scene of accident (refer Data section 10).

- If fire extinguisher or first-aid kit has been used, report this fact to your
supervisor.

- Report to Police in case other person, property or animals have been

injured I damaged.

- The office should commence a court of inquiry immediately in

accordance with the transport rules.

- If investigation indicates that the NTDC employee is at fault, he should be

held responsible for the accident involving NTDC owned vehicle or rented
vehicle or other vehicles on NTDC duty.

- All accidents involving privately-owned vehicles on NTDC duty shall be

reported promptly to the immediate supervisor.

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7. FIRST AID PROCEDURES

7.1 General Instructions

Procedures outlined in this section are intended only to give a general knowledge
of safe and effective methods of applying first aid for certain types of injuries.

- Keep the injured person lying down in a comfortable position, head level with
the body, until you know that the injury is serious?

- Look for discharge of blood, stoppage of breathing, signs of poisoning, burns,

fractures and dislocations. Remember that serious bleeding, stoppage of breathing,
and internal poisoning must be treated immediately in that order before anything
else is done.

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- Send someone to call a Doctor or ambulance.

- Never give water or other liquids to an unconscious person.

-Keep onlookers away from the injured person.

- Do not let the victim see the injury.

- Make the victim comfortable and cheerful, if possible.

- Keep the victim warm, but maintain normal body temperature.

- Keep calm and do not be hurried into moving the injured person unless
absolutely necessary.

7.2 Hemorrhages (Bleeding)

- With all serious arterial bleeding, think first of pressure and call a Doctor.
- Most external bleeding can be controlled by placing a compress over the wound
and bandaging snugly. Then, if needed, apply firm pressure with the hand directly
over the bandage until bleeding stops. Elevation of the injured part is helpful.

- For especially quick action, in some cases you can use your fingers or the heel of
your hand to press the supplying vein against an underlying bone.
Such pressure may diminish but does not stop the bleeding entirely.
Meanwhile, prepare to apply pressure directly over the wound as described above.
- There are only two points on each side of the body where pressure against the
supplying vessel is of occasional practical use: (1) pressure on the inner half of
the arm midway between the elbow and armpit, compresses the main vein
against the bone and diminish bleeding in upper extremity below the point of
pressure, and (2) pressure applied just below the groin on the front, inner half
of the thigh compresses the main vein against the underlying pelvic bone.
If considerable force is applied, bleeding should be diminished in the extremity
below the point of pressure.

7.2.1 Internal hemorrhage

- If the bleeding is from the lungs, the blood will be bright red and frothy, and will
be coughed up. If the bleeding is from the stomach, the blood will look like coffee
grounds and is vomited.

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- Send or call a doctor at once. Keep the victim lying on his back as flat as possible.
Turn the head to one side for vomiting or coughing. Keep the victim perfectly
quiet. Move victim only when absolutely necessary and then keep the victim
in a lying position. Keep the victim warm and reassured.

7.2.2 External hemorrhage

Nose bleeding

- Have the patient sit up with the head thrown slightly, back him for
breathing through the mouth. Loosen collar and anything tight around the neck.
- Apply cold, wet compresses over the nose, pressing the nostril on the
bleeding side firmly against the middle partition often stops the bleeding and
provides opportunity for a clot to form. Pressure must usually be applied at
least four to five minutes to be effective. The victim should remain quiet.
- If these measures do not stop the bleeding in a few minutes, a doctor is needed
at once. Meanwhile, gently pack a narrow strip of sterile gauze of lint back (not
up) into the nostril, leaving the end outside so that it can be easily removed.

7.3 Physical shock

Physical shock is the failure of many body functions due to inadequate
circulation of blood.

7.4 Electric shock

The sensation and muscular spasm caused by electric current following

through the body is referred as electric shock whereas the death caused by
electric current through the body is referred as electrocution.

- Shock occurs when there is severe injury to any part of the body from any reason.
The degree of shock may be anything trom a mild form, lasting only a short
time, to severe forms which frequently result in death.

- Symptoms of shock are; pale face; cold, moist skin; rapid, weak pulse,
shallow, irregular breathing, vacant, lackluster eyes and dilated pupils.
Nausea and vomiting often occur.
- Treatment must start immediately without waiting for symptoms to
develop.

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- Keep patient lying on the back with the head low. If blood loss has been severe,
raise the foot of the stretcher 15 to 20 em or place pillows or substitutes
under the feet. This elevation should not be done if there is a head injury or
difficulty in breathing or; if the patient complains of pain when such elevation
is attempted.

- If the victim is lying on the ground or floor, place a blanket; under the body.
Cover the victim carefully according to the surrounding temperature. It is better
that the victim be slightly cool than to warm: do not cause sweating.
Remember, the purpose is to conserve body heat, not to add heat.

- Fluids have value in shock cases and may be given by mouth, if tolerated by the
victim. Plain water, neither hot nor cold, is the best fluid. Never attempt to
give fluids by mouth to an unconscious victim. If the victim is only partly
conscious, is trying to vomit, has an abdominal injury, or probably faces
an early operation, the feeding of fluids should not be attempted.

7.5 Sunstroke and Heatstroke

- Sunstroke and heatstroke have the common symptoms but the cause may be
slightly different. Sunstroke results from excessive direct exposure to the sun
rays, while exhaustion is caused either by direct exposure to the sun rays or by
indoor heat.

-Symptoms and treatment are entirely ditTerent for sunstroke or heatstroke,

and heat exhaustion as indicated below:-

Sunstroke and Heatstroke Heat Exhaustion

Cause: Exposure to heat, particularly Cause: Exposure to heat, either sun
sun rays. rays or indoor.

Symptoms: Red face; hot, dry skin; Symptoms: Pale face; cool, moist
no sweating; strong rapid pulse; very skin; profuse sweating; weak pulse;
high temperature; headache; usually temperature near normal, often faint but
un-conscious. seldom unconscious.

Treatment: Call a doctor; lay Treatment: Keep victim's head low;

victim with head elevated; cool give salt solution, 1 teaspoon full per
body with bath or cold glass of water, medical care needed in
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 applications; do not give severe cases.
stimulants.

7.6 Fainting

Have victim lie flat with head low. If this is not feasible at the moment, have
victim lower the head between the knees. Loosen tight clothing around
neck. Keep victim lying down until recovery seems assured. Usually the
victim regains consciousness in a short time. If victim does not awake, cover victim
and call a doctor.

7.7 Transportation of victims

- Do not be hurried into moving an injured person. Always be careful in

handling and transporting the injured. Improper methods frequently

increase severity of injury and may even cause death. Acquaint yourself with
the various safe carrier careful and efficient methods of transporting.

- For stretcher cases, three persons are necessary to place victim properly on
stretcher- one person to litl the head and shoulders, second to lift the hips, the
third to lift the legs. Place stretcher alongside the victims, helpers should kneel
on one knee at side of victims away from the stretcher, and simultaneously lift
victim first to their bended knees, then gently onto stretcher.
7.8 Wounds and fractures
- For small wounds not bleeding severely, apply mild antiseptic, allow to dry
the wounds and then cover with sterile gauze-compress or lint. Until healing
is completed, observe wound for any sign of inflammation or infection, in
such case consult a doctor immediately.
- Puncture wounds are more likely to become infected than open wounds for
several reasons, such as:

a) Puncture wounds usually do not bleed freely, and hence do not clean
themselves,

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b) These are difficult to clean out,
c) Air cannot get to the wound. Lack of air greatly favors growth of certain germs,
particularly the one causing tetanus or lockjaw.

- First aid for a puncture wound is to encourage bleeding by mild pressure. Always
see a doctor, who will not only treat the wound itself but often give tetanus antitoxin.

- If a fracture (broken bones) is suspected, treat it as such. Keep the broken ends
from moving. Keep the adjacent joints from moving. If they bend, the muscles act
against the fractured bone, causing motion Give first aid for shock. If the
fracture is compound, treat for hemorrhage. (A fracture is considered compound
fracture when the broken bones have separated and cut into the surrounding skin
causing bleeding under the skin or out through the skin).

- Do not move vtctlm unless absolutely necessary. Call a doctor. If

necessary to move the victim, always apply splints before moving. Handle the
victim carefully to prevent sharp ends of bones cutting through the flesh.
7.9 Splinters or foreign substances in body
- If foreign body is near skin surface it can be picked out after applying
antiseptic to skin. Use sterilized forceps or pincers, sterilized needle, or the
sterilized point of a knife blade to remove splinters, etc. After foreign body has
been removed, induce some bleeding by gentle pressure above the wound.
After bleeding has stopped, apply a sterilize compress. If foreign body is deeply
buried, apply a sterilize compress, and take victim to a doctor.

7.10 Animal bites

- Severe infection may follow the bite of any animal, but dog bites are the most
common. Special danger from animal bites is the possibility of rabies, or
hydrophobia. Rabies is always fatal when symptoms develop, but can usually
be prevented by the prompt immunizing method known as Pasteur treatment. It is
very important that anyone bitten by an animal receives prompt medical advice.
Animal bites on the face and head are especially dangerous. Consult a doctor
immediately.

- For first aid, wash the bite thoroughly to remove saliva, using a gauze
compress and a thick solution of soap and water to scrub the wound; then rinse

137
it with clean running water. Apply a mild antiseptic, allow to dry and cover with
a sterilize gauze compress. Always consult a doctor at once.

7.11 Snake bites

Poisonous or non-poisonous, a snake bite must have medical attention. A snakebite

victim should be taken to a hospital as quickly as possible, even in case when
snakebite is only suspected. The symptoms of snake bite are:

- Mild to moderate symptoms include mild swelling or discoloration and mild

to moderate pain at the wound site with tingling sensations, rapid pulse,
weakness, dimness of vision, nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath.

-Severe symptoms include rapid swelling and numbness, followed by

severe pain at the wound site. Other effects include pinpoint pupils, twitching
slurred speech, shock, convulsions, paralysis, unconsciousness, and no
breathing or pulse.
- Get the victim to a hospital as quickly as possible. Meanwhile, take the following
general first aid measures:

- Keep the victim as calm as possible, preferably lying down.

- Keep the victim from moving around

- If a hospital can be reached within 4 or 5 hours and no symptom develop, this is

all that is necessary.

- If mild to moderate symptoms develop, apply a constricting band from 5 to 10

cm above the bite but not around a joint (i.e. elbow knee, wrist or ankle) and
not around the head, neck, or trunk. The band should be from 2 to 4 cm wide, not
thin like a rubber hand. The band should be snug, but loose enough to slip on
finger underneath. Be alert to watch swelling; loosen the band if it becomes
too tight, but do not remove it. To ensure that blood flow has not been stopped,
periodically check the pulse in the extremity beyond the bite.
- If sever symptoms develop, incisions and suction should be performed
immediately. Apply constricting band, if not already done, and make a cut in the
skin with a sharp sterilized blade through the fang mark(s). Cuts should be no
deeper than just through the skin and should be 2 em long, extending over the
suspected venom deposit point (because a snake strikes downward, the deposit
point usually lower than the fang mark). Cuts should be made along the long axis

138
of the limb. Do not make cross cut incisions; do not make cuts on the head, neck or
trunk. Suction should be applied with a suction cup for 30 minutes. If a suction
cup is not available, use the mouth. There is a little risk to the rescuer, who uses
his mouth, but it is recommended that the venom not be swallowed and that
the mouth be rinsed.

- If the hospital is not near (cannot be reached within 4 to 5 hours).

- Continue try to obtain professional care by transportation of the victim or by

communication with a rescue service.
- If no symptoms develop, continue trying to reach the hospital and give the general
first aid as described above.

-If any symptom develops, apply a constricting band and perform incisions and
suction immediately, as described above.

- Some other considerations for handling snake bite victim are:

- Shock: Keep the victim lying down and comfortable, maintain body temperature.

- Breathing and heartbeat: If breathing stops, give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

If breathing stops and there is no pulse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
should be performed by those trained to do so.

- Identifying the snake: If the snake can be killed without risk or delay, it should
be brought with care, to the hospital for identification.

- Cleaning the bitten area: The bitten area may be washed with soap and water
and blotted dry with sterilize gauze. Dressings and bandages can be applied,
but only for a short period of time.

- Cold therapy: Cold compresses, Ice, dry ice, chemical ice packs, spray
refrigerants, and other methods of cold therapy are NOT recommended in the
first aid treatment of snakebite.

- Medicine to relieve pain: Non- aspirin pain relievers can be given to the victim
for relief of pain. DO NOT give alcohol, sedatives, aspirin, or other medications.

- Snakebite kits: Keep a kit accessible for all outings in snake-infested or

primitive areas.

139
7.12 Burns- (thermal, electrical and chemical)
a) Thermal burns

- Burns are caused by heat of any kind, friction, chemicals such as acids or alkalis,
electric current and radiant energy such as sun's rays or electric arc. Burns are
classified also according to the degree and effects as follows:

- First degree - Skin reddened

- Second degree - Skin blistered
- Third degree - Skin and deeper underlying tissues destroyed.
- The main dangers of severe bums are shock and infection. Most of the
deaths occurring within the first few days are caused by shock. Keep the
victim lying down and avoid exposure or cold. If transportation to a
hospital is soon available, simply cover the victim with a clean sheet or
blanket and move to a hospital.

- Where first aid treatment is indicated for a third degree burn, remove loose
clothing, but not if it sticks. Cut clothing around the adhered area so that body
movement will not pull the burn. Leave the remainder for the doctor to
remove. Cover with sterilize dry dressing to exclude air. Use no ointment. Treat
a second degree burn where blistered skin has broken, as if it were a third degree
burn.
- Treatment of first degree burns with cold water is recommended, and also at
second degree burns where blistered skin is not broken. The actual treatment
consists of immersion of burn into a basin of cold water as soon as possible. The
temperature of the water should be as cold as the patient finds comfortable. Ice
may be added to keep the water at this temperature. Where it is impractical to
immerse the burn, moist cold towels or compresses may be used.

b) Electrical burns

- When current passes through the body, tissues starts burning or

destroying. It makes a third degree burn which may be smaller on the surface
than underneath and is slow to heal.
- Flash burns may occur when current flashes to ground or phase to phase. Flash
burns to the skin are usually not deep, usually first or second degree. Electrical
burns should be treated the same as thermal burns.

140
- Flash burns to the eyes may not show at once but some time later. In first aid for
flash burns of the eye, light should be excluded by using a moist compress
held lightly in place with a bandage. Eye burns should have a doctor's attention
as soon as possible.

c) Chemical burns

- Burns caused by an acid (such as acetic, formic, hydrochloric,

hydrofluoric, nitric, oxalic or sulfuric), or alkali (such as ammonia, caustic soda,
caustic potash, soda-ash, lime), should be washed immediately with large
quantities of water until the chemical is thoroughly washed away. Then apply
an ointment dressing and see a doctor.

7.13 Eye injuries

- Loose particles may be removed from the eye with the corner of a clean bandage
or handkerchief. If the particle cannot be removed easily, consult a Doctor.

- Foreign particles imbedded in the eye should be left for a doctor. Never violate
this rule, otherwise permanent damage or blindness may result.

- In case of serious eye injury or if there is difficulty in removing a foreign particle,

simply apply a clean pad or compress, and see a doctor.

- Chemical in the eye should be washed out immediately with large

quantities of water and see a doctor.

7.14 Sprains and strains

- Sprains are partial or complete tears of ligaments caused by violent

stretching or twisting of a joint.

- First aid for sprains consists of elevating the injured part and cold
applications. If the sprain is severe, the part should not be used until a doctor
examines it. The difference between a sprain and a fracture at the joint, which
may occur together, is often difficult to determine. If in doubt, treat the injury as a
fracture.

141
- A strain is a muscle or tendon injury resulting from severe exertion, such as
lifting from improper position, lifting too heavy a load, and quick wrenches.

- For first aid for strain, resting the injured muscle is necessary. Heat applied
in any convenient way provides relief from pain. Gentle rubbing of the part
stimulates circulation and may help. Always rub upward on the part because this
helps the return of blood in the veins. A little massage may help to loosen up
the muscles.
7.15 Bruises
- bruise is caused by a blow, which breaks the small blood vessels in the tissues
just under the skin.
- Ice or cloths wrung out of very cold water, if applied immediately, help to
prevent discoloration, minimize the swelling and relieve pain.

7.16 Frost bite

- Frost bite is more likely to occur during a high cold wind, which takes heat
from the body rapidly. Usually considerable pain exists if the hands or feet are
frosted. But cheeks, nose or ears often are not painful and victim may not be
aware of their condition until someone tells him. Frosted areas become a dead
grayish white because of ice frozen in tissues.

- Rubbing frozen parts is not proper treatment. Rubbing with snow is

particularly bad. Massage will bruise frozen tissue and may result in
gangrene. Until victim can be brought indoors, frozen part should be covered
with woolen cloth or clothing, and victim made warm with blankets or
extra clothing. As soon as possible, the victim should be brought into a
warm room and given warm drink. Handle frozen part gently. It should be
thawed by immersing momentarily in lukewarm (not hot) water. Hot water
bottles or heating pad should not be used. After frostbitten toes and fingers
are thawed, they should be exercised.

7.17 Heimlich Maneuver (first aid for victims of food choking)

The Heimlich maneuver was developed by Dr. Henry Heimlich, to help

victims of food choking where medical assistance is not available.

- Do not mistake food choking for a heart attack.

142
- Do not try to give artificial respiration before blocked food is removed from
windpipe.

- Do not wait for an ambulance or Doctor.

- Do not offer water to choking victims.

- Do not slap choking adults or adolescents on the back. However, a small child
can be held upside down and slapped sharply between the shoulder blades to
dislodge the food.

- For standing or sitting victim; Stand behind victim and wrap your arms around
victim's waist.
-Allow victim's head, arms and upper body to hang forward.

- Grasp your fist with other hand.

- Place fist against victim's abdomen below rib cage, slightly above navel.

- With quick upward thrust, press your fist forcefully into the victim's
abdomen. Repeat several times if necessary.

- Victim alone; If you choke on food and are alone you should attempt to perform
the Heimlich maneuver on yourself by pressing your fist upward into the
abdomen.

143
8. RESUSCITATION AND RESCUE PROCEDURES
8.1 General
Resuscitation or artificial respiration is the emergency support of one or both of
the two functions continuously necessary to sustain life i.e. respiration (or
breathing) and the circulation of blood.

The procedure presented hereunder represents recognized methods of

meeting resuscitation emergencies which must be studied and practiced for
proficiency:
- Any method of artificial respiration that will maintain an open air
passageway to the lungs and provide for an alternate increase and decrease in the
size of the chest, either internally or externally will move air in and out of a person
whose breathing has been accidentally suspended.

- When a person is unconscious and not breathing, the base of the tongue tends
to press against and blocks the air passage. It is essential in any method of
artificial respiration to make sure that there is a clear passage for the life
sustaining air. The chin-up, neck extended position is the best assurance of
providing this clear air passage.

-Since different circumstances, such as location of the victim, the nature of the
injury, or personal feelings may prevent the use of one method of resuscitation
while favouring another, employees are advised to become proficient in several

144
methods mentioned herein this Safety Code or in other First Aid/resuscitation
books.

- Since the brain cannot survive, if the oxygen is stopped for more than three
to five minutes, the artificial respiration must be given soon enough to protect this
most vulnerable area without wasting a second.

8.2 Methods of pole top rescue

- Each crew or team of workers shall have at least one dry bamboo stick, at least 2
meters in length, at each job site. The strength of stick shall be proved, by
applying a strain, to withstand the weight of a man. While wearing all
personal insulating protective equipment, use the stick to separate the person
from the source of energy. If there is knowledge of the energy supply and it can be
disconnected within a few minutes, this shall be done first.

- The primary concern should be to get the victim lowered as quickly as possible
- seconds count. All efforts should be directed to any safe means of lowering the
victim without dropping him or making electrical contact.
- Each worker should learn and practice all methods of pole top rescue so as to be
prepared to use the method or combination of methods best suited to the
circumstances he may find. The following methods are examples which are
considered safe and fast, if practiced and performed correctly. Other methods
and variations should not be eliminated from consideration if they meet the
requirements:
a) Method-1
One quick and effective method of lowering victim from pole is as under:-

-Pass line over cross arm (not through pulley)

- With three meters or more of working end, run end of line under one arm of victim
and across the back to and through the 0-shape ring of the lineman's belt.

-Continue line across the victim's waist and through the opposite D-ring.

- Bring line up across back forming a figure 'X'

145
-Bring line forward under other arm and secure with bowline knot. It is not
important how short the bowline is tied.

-Unfasten victim's safety strap and lower him to ground.

b) Method-2
An alternate method which does not make use of the victim's climbing equipment
may be found desirable in some cases, especially where only one rescuer is
available.

- Pass line over cross arm.

- Working from either in front of or behind victim, take end of line around victim
chest, under arms and make a half hitch leaving sufficient line for rest of tie (about
2½ to 3 meters).

- Place line between victim’s legs, making a complete wrap around both legs and
return end of line between legs.
- Unfasten victim's belt and lower him to ground.
c) Method-3
Another method which may be found effective and time saving in some cases:
- Pass hand-line over cross arm.
-Run single end of spare safety strap through victim's dee (D) rings.

- Run single end through loop of safety strap.

-Slide victim's belt under arm pits.

- Snap end of safety strap to hand line.

-Unfasten victim's safety strap.

- Lower him from pole.

146
- Where extra safety strap is not available, the hand line is run through both
0-rings, tied with a bowline knot and the body belt slide up under the victim's
arm pits.
8.3 Artificial respiration

Knowledge and constant practice of the common techniques of artificial

respiration is important, because delay in commencing the same could be fatal.
Artificial respiration should be applied at the earliest possible moment,
following electrical shock or drowning, as an early application offers the best
hope of saving the life of the victim.
The employees are advised to become proficient in several methods
mentioned herein this Safety Code or in other First Aid/resuscitation books.
Following are the recommended methods of artificial respiration:

a) Direct methods

- Mouth-to-mouth
- Mouth-to-nose
- Mouth-to-mouth and nose

- Mouth-to-stoma

b) Indirect methods.

- Silvester method (chest pressure- arm lift method)

- Holger- Nelson method (back pressure- arm lift method)

- Schafer method

147
9. DATA SECTION

The information given in this section is a ready reference for use in

different operations in NTDC.

Moreover, the information given in the form of data and limiting values, is
basically for guidelines for supervisors and employees of the company and is
subject to be reviewed to pace with the on-going research and
development both in accordance with the local and international safety
standards. For seeking any other information in this context, the employees
should consult reference books mentioned in the Reference Section or other
books.

148
149
9.1; Chart of Different Types of Ladders and scaffoldings

Step Ladder Insulated Combination: Straight/Step Ladder

Reference: Catalogue- CATU Paris (France) Edition 1975
150
9.2 Conversion table of different units

Weight/mans Pressure

1 Ton = 1000 Kg Atmosphere (standard) = 101.325 Kpa

1 Kg = 2.204 Pound (lb) = 14.7 psi
1 lb = 0.453 Kg
Gauge pressure = Actual pressure+
Length Atmosphere pressure

1 micron = 1.0 micro meter 1 bar = 100 Kpa = 0.1 Mpa

1 mil = 25.4 (m 1 Kpa = 10 mbar
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 Mpa = 10 bar
1 mm = 0.039 inch 1 bar = 14.5 psi = 1.02 Kg/cm2
1 foot = 0.305 m 1 psi = 0.07 Kg/cm2
1m = 3.280 foot 1 Kg/ cm2 = 14.21 psi
1 mile = 1.609 km 1 Torr = 133.328 Pa = 1.33 mbar
1 Pa = 0.0075 torr
Force/moment of force/torque 1 Kpa = 7.5 m torr
1 mbar = 0.75 torr
1 Kg = 9.806 N 1 psi = 6.894 Kpa
1N = 0.102 Kg 1 Kpa = 0.145 psi
1 Lb = 4.448 N 1 Kg/ cm2 = 98.066 Kpa
1N = 0.224 Lb 1 Kpa = 0.010 Kg/Cm
1 pound foot = 1.355 Nm 1 Kg/litre = 10.1 Pound per gallon
1 Nm = 0.749 lb.ft 1 Pound per gallon = 0.099 Kg/litre
1 Kgm = 9.806 Nm 1 atm = 29.98 inch of Hg at 20oC
1 Nm = 0.102 Kgm 14.9 Psi = 76 cm of Hg at 20oC
1 Kgm = 7.336 lb.ft Vacuum = (-)ve pressure < 1 atm
1 lb.ft = 0.138 Kgm 1 torr = 1 mm Hg at 20oC

Temperature
C=(F-32)x5/9
F=(Cx9/5)+32

151
9.3 Minimum clearance of overhead lines (at 150oF/65.5oC)

400V &BELOW 11KV & 33KV 66KV 132KV 220KV 500KV

DESCRIPTION
ft(m) ft(m) ft(m) ft(m) ft(m) ft(m)
Across Country 20(6.1) 22(6.7) 23(7.0) 27(8.2)

a) Across Street or 19 (5.8) 20 (6.1)

intersection

b) Along a Street 17 (5.2) 20 (6.1)

c) Across Private 15 (4.6) 15 (4.6)

Property, Footpath
and places
inaccessible to
vehicular Traffic
Roads and Highways - - 26(7.9) 26(7.9) 26(7.9) 31(9.45)
Rivers and Major - - 30(9.1) 30(9.1) 30(9.1) 30(9.1)
Canals from H.F.L
Railway Track
- Inside Station Limit 31(9.5) 33(10.0) 34(10.4) 36(11.0) 37(11.3) 39(11.9)
- Outside Station Limit 23(7.0) 25(7.6) 26(7.9) 28(8.5) 29(8.8) 30(9.1)
Building Part
- Vertical 8(2.4) 12(3.7) 15(4.6) 17(5.2) 20(6.1) 25(7.6)
- Horizontal 4(1.2) 6(1.8) 15(4.6) 20(6.1) 25(7.6) 30(9.1)
Bottom/Earth Part of 2(0.61) 6(1.8) 7(2.7) 11(3.4) 13(4.0) 15(4.6)
Lines (Insulated
services, Guys, Earth Wire
etc.)
Telegraph Lines 4(1.2) 6(1.8) 9(2.7) 11(3.4) 13(4.0) 15(4.6)
400 Volt Lines and Below 2(0.61) 6(1.8)
7(2.1) 9(2.7) 11(3.4) 13(4.6
11KV Lines - 4(1.2) 7(2.1) 9(2.7) 11(3.4) 13(4.0)
33KV Lines - 6(1.8) 7(2.1) 9(2.7) 11(3.4) 13(4.0)
33KV Lines - - 10(3.0) 12(3.7) 14(4.3) 16(4.9)
132KV Lines - - - 12(3.7) 14(4.3) 16(4.9)
220KV Lines - - - - 16.5(4.3) 18(5.5)
500KV Lines - - - - - 22(6.7)

Reference: Wapda Design NTDC Specification SDI – 21

152
9.4; Safe limits of approach for workers while working in vicinity of
live electrical apparatus
For unqualified workers Nominal Phase to Phase Limits of
Voltage Range (Volts) approach

750 to 150 000 3.05 m (10 ft)

150 000 to 250 000 3.58 m (15 ft)
250 000 to 550 000 6.10 m (20 ft)

For qualified workers Nominal Phase to Phase Limits of

Voltage Range (Volts) approach

750 to 15 000 0.92 m (3 ft)

15 000 to 50 000 1.22 m (4 ft)
50 000 to 150 000 1.53 m (5 ft)
150 000 to 250 000 2.14 m (7 ft)
250 000 to 550 000 3.66 m (12 ft)

For specially qualified Nominal Phase to Phase Limits of

workers Voltage Range (Volts) approach

750 to 15 000 0.31 m (1 ft)

15 000 to 50 000 0.46 m (1.5ft)
50 000 to 150 000 0.92 m (3 ft)
150 000 to 250 000 1.22 m (4 ft)
250 000 to 550 000 2.75 m (9 ft)

Reference: Ontario Hydro Corporate Safety Rules, 1979

153
9.5; Safe limits of approach for mobile cranes while working in
vicinity of live electrical apparatus

For cranes and Nominal Phase to Phase Limits of

power shovels Voltage Range (Volts) approach

750 to 15 000 3.05 m (10 ft)

15 000 to 50 000 3.05 m (10 ft)
50 000 to 150 000 3.05 m (10 ft)
150 000 to 250 000 4.58 m (15 ft)
250 000 to 550 000 6.10 m (20 ft)

For Aerial Frames and Nominal Phase to Phase Limits of

ladders Voltage Range (Volts) approach

750 to 15 000 0.92 m (3 ft)

15 000 to 50 000 1.22 m (4 ft)
50 000 to 150 000 2.44 m (8 ft)
150 000 to 250 000 3.05 m (10 ft)
250 000 to 550 000 4.58 m (15 ft)

Reference: Ontario Hydro Corporate Safety Rules, 1979

154
9.6 Standard hand signals for crane operation

Reference: Rigging Manual ONTARIO HYDRO Canada (Edition-1975) – CIDA

/Wapda Training Program -1985

155
9.6; Standard hand signals for crane operation (continued)

156
157
 9.7; Useful knots

Reference: Rigging Hand book ONTARIO HYDRO Canada – CIDA /Wapda Training Program -1985

158
159
9.4.1 Common defects of wire ropes

160
Reference: Rigging Manual ONTARIO HYDRO Canada (Edition-1975) – CIDA/Wapda
Training Program -1985
9.9; Strength and weight of materials
Weight of materials (based on volume)
Approximate Approximate
Weight Weight
Material Material
Lbs. per Lbs. per
Cubic Foot Cubic Foot
Metals Timber, Air dry
Aluminum 165 Cedar 22
Brass 535 Fir, Douglas, seasoned 34
Bronze 500 Fir, Douglas, unseasoned 40
Copper 560 Fir, Douglas, wet 50
Iron 480 Fir, Douglas, glue laminated 34
Lead 710 Hemlock 30
Steel 490 Pine 30
Tin 460 Poplar 30
Spruce 28
Masonry
Ashlar masonry 140-160 Liquids
Brick masonry, soft 110 Alcohol, pure 49
Brick masonry, common Gasoline 42
(about 3tons per thousand) 125 Oils 58
Brick masonry, pressed 140 Water 62
Clay tile masonry, average 60
Rubble masonry 130-155 Earth
Concrete, cinder, haydite 100-110 Earth, wet 100
Concrete, slag 130 Earth, dry (about 2050 lbs.
Concrete stone 144 per cu.yd.) 75
Concrete, stone, reinforced Sand and gravel, wet 120
(4050 lbs. per cu. yd.) 150 Sand and gravel, dry 105
River sand (about 3240 lbs.
Ice and snow per cu. yd) 120
Ice 56
Snow, dry, fresh/fallen 8 Various building materials
Snow, dry, packed 12-25 Cement, portland, loose 94
Snow wet 27-40 Cement, portland, set 183
Lime, gypsum, loose 53-64
Miscellaneous Mortar, cement-lime, set 103
Asphalt 80 Crushed rock (about 2565 lbs
Tar 75 per cu. yd) 90-110
Glass 160
Paper 60

161
Rigging Manual ONTARIO HYDRO Canada (Edition 1975) CIDA/Wapda Program 1985

9.10; Safe loads on different types of ropes

Nominal Rope Manila Rope Nylon Rope

Diameter (inch) (SWL) (SWL)
(pounds) (pounds)
3/16 100 200

¼ 120 300

5/18 200 500

3/8 270 700

½ 500 1250

⅝ 880 2000

¾ 1080 2800

⅞ 1540 3800

1 1800 4800

1⅛ 2400 6300

1¼ 2700 7200

1½ 3700 10200

1⅝ 4500 12400

1¾ 5300 15000

2 6200 17900

Rigging Manual ONTARIO HYDRO Canada (Edition 1975) CIDA/Wapda

Program 1985

162
9.7; Fire extinguishers and identification of different classes of fire

Different classes of fire

Fire Class Description

A Solid matters such as wood, rubber, paper textiles etc.

B Liquid combustible material such as petrol, oils, alcohol,

grease, ether etc.

C Burning gases, acetylene, propane, butane, methane etc.

D Combustible light metals such as lithium, sodium, magnesium,

calcium etc

E Fire on electrical plants

Fire types of the fire extinguishers

In order to extinguish fire, the following substances are generally used:

1) Water type (soda acid) sodium bicarbonate solution-Red colour

2) Water type (gas press) CO2 cartridge-Red colour

3) Foam type (chemical) sodium bicarbonate plus aluminum sulfate

Solution-Cream colour

4) CO2 type- Black colour

5) Dry chemical (sodium bicarbonate, mono ammonium phosphate,

Potassium (Chloride, Potassium bicarbonate)-Blue colour

6) Dry power (sodium chloride, graphite base powers) for metals fires
Only-Blue colour

7) Halon (BCF or BTM) 1301 & 1211- Green colour.

163
9.12; Road and traffic signs

164
9.12 Road and traffic signs (continued)

165
9.12 Road and traffic signs (continued)

166
9.12 Road and traffic signs (continued)

167
9.12 Road and traffic signs (continued)

168
169
9.13;
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH COMPANY LTD

PERMIT-TO-WORK (PTW)

It is safe to work on the following apparatus which is dead, isolated from all live
conductors, and is earthed. All other parts are dangerous.

State below exactly the apparatus on which it is safe to work:

1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

State below exactly at what point (s) the apparatus is connected to earth:

1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Signature: __________________________
Designation: __________________________

170
Date ______________________
Time ___________________(Hrs)

171
 PTO
(Back side of PTW Form)
RECEIPT OF CLEARANCE

This form after being signed for the work to proceed must be retained by the authorized person in
charge of the work until the work is suspended or completed.
I hereby declare that I am the authorized person in charge of work, for which the apparatus mentioned
hereon has been made dead.

Signature_______________ Designation __________________________

Date _________________________ Time _______________________(Hrs)
_______________________________________________________________
RETURN OF CLEARANCE

The apparatus mentioned hereon must not be again made live until this Form has been signed and
returned by the authorized person in charge of the work. In case where more than one Permit-to-Work
has been issued for the same apparatus, it must not be again made live until all forms have been signed
and returned by all the authorized persons in charge of the work.

I hereby declare that all men under my charge have been withdrawn and warned that it is no longer
safe to work on the apparatus specified in this Form, and that gear, tools, temporary earth connections
are all clear, leaving that portion of the apparatus upon which my men have been working ready for
placing into commission.

Signature______________ Designation __________________________________________

Authorized person in charge of the work
Date _________________________ Time _______________________(Hrs)
____________________________________________________________________________
CANCELLATION OF CLEARANCE.

I hereby declare this Form cancelled

Signature__________________ Designation ________________________

Date _________________________ Time _______________________(Hrs)

Note:

This Form, duly completed, must be kept for record by the RE/AE/AM
according to instructions.

172
9.14; Caution Notice

NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH CO LTD.

CAUTION

MEN WORKING ON THIS APPARATUS

TO MAKE IT LIVE WILL KILL THEM

No: ______________
Aerial Line ____________________________________________________________

Electrical Apparatus _____________________________________________________

Working party in charge of_____________________ designation _________________

This C132-136aution Notice placed on controlling switch gear at

_________________________

A.M/P.M (date) ______________________

Signed by _________ Local Manager

Sub-station Operator•

Working being done______________________________________________________

This Caution Notice removed from the controlling switchgear in the presence of _____
______________________________________________________________________

In charge of the, working party

____________________________________________________

A.M/P.M (date) _______________________

Signed by _________________

Designation _________________

Signed by _________ Local Manager

Sub-station Operator•
• Strike out the designation which does not apply
+ Signature of the authorized person in charge of the working party.

173
9.15; Electrical Incident Reporting Format

a). Particulars of the employee effected.

- Name & Designation: __________________________________________
- Formation ___________________________________________________
b). Senior Official/Officer (accompany with)
- Name & Designation: _________________________________________
- Formation __________________________________________________
c). Detail of the incident
- Date/Time/Place of the incident _________________________________
- Description of the incident
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

d). Nature of Casualties

- No(s). killed ________________________________________________
- No(s). seriously injured _______________________________________
_________________________________________________________No(s).
Received minor injury ______________________________________________
e). Nature and extent of damage to NTDC property (not the actual cost).
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
f). Detail of immediate action taken
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
g) Remedial measures proposed
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
h) Whether FIR lodged with the Police Station or not?
i). Particular of the witnesses
- Name & Contact detail:

174
 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
j) Signatures

Effected Employee ____________________________________________

Witness Person ______________________________________________

Note: This report is not the substitute of an enquiry which must be held
later on.

175
9.16; Transport Accident Report Format
1. Particulars of Driver
a). Name: ____________________________________________________
b). Formation _________________________________________________
c). Driving License No: _________ Date ________ Valid upto __________
2. Senior Official/Officer (if any) traveling in the vehicle.
a). Name & Designation: _______________________________________
b). Formation/Organization/Project _______________________________
3. Vehicle and documents
a). Regd. No: _______________ Type _______________
b). Duty Slip No: ______________ dated _______________
c) Nature and place of duty as given in the Duty Slip _________________
__________________________________________________________
d). Whether proceeding on authorized route/duty _____________________
e). If not given the irregularities committed _________________________
4. Other vehicles involved
a). Regd. No: _______________
b). Type ___________________
c). Particular of driver. _______________
e). Address __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

5. The accident

176
 a). Date _______________Time ________hrs. Place __________
b). State of road. _____________________________________________
c). Weather/Visibility _________________________________________
d). Traffic density____________________________________________

6). Casualties
a). No. killed ______________________________________
b). No. seriously injured _____________________________
c). No. received minor injury __________________________

7). Damage of property.

a). Government Property (including Vehicle) _____________________
___________________________________________________________
(only on the extent of damage is to be given and not the actual cost)

b). Civil/Private Property (including Vehicle. if any) ________________

___________________________________________________________
8). Record of witnesses, attached their written statement, where possible
a). Eye-witnesses
1). Name __________________ Address ________________
2). Name __________________ Address ________________
3). Name __________________ Address ________________
b). Other Witnesses
1). Name __________________ Address ________________
2). Name __________________ Address ________________
3). Name __________________ Address ________________

9. Case Registered with Civil Police or NOT _____________________

10. Brief report of the accident (cause of accident and who is to be blamed based on
the available facts/information of scene of accident and sketch plan of accident).

177
 11. Orders of the competent financial authority to regularize the loss.

Note: This form is not substitute of inquiry which must be held in all serious cases as per
Chapter IV.

9.17; Effects of Electric Current

Current Level Effects

Less than 1 milliampere No Sensation
1 milliampere Faint tingle, perception level
1-3 milliampere Not painful, but disturbing
3-10 milliampere Painful, muscle control lost
10 milliampere Paralysis threshold of arms
30 milliampere Respiratory Paralysis, Breathing stop
75 milliampere Ventricular Fibrillation Threshold 0.5%
250 milliampere Ventricular Fibrillation Threshold 99.5%
4 Ampere for Heart Paralysis Threshold Heart stops
duration of current
passage
More than 5 amperes Tissue Burning, Heart Valve Injury

178
10. TERMS & DEFINITATIONS
Accident; An undesired event giving nse to death, ill health, InJury, damage or
other loss.

Apparatus; means all electrical devices such as machines, transformers, capacitors,

regulators, re-closers, switchgear, electric transmission and distribution lines,
underground cables and fittings, which are used for the generation, transmission
distribution and utilization of electrical energy.

Approved; used in this code means approved by NTDC.

Authorized Person; means a person who is authorized to perform the duties

pertaining to his employment, the authorization being by an officer of NTDC,
empowered for that purpose.

Bare; means not covered with insulating material.

Barricade; is a temporary obstruction, such as a rope or fence, erected to limit the

distance the public can approach to a protected area.

Barrier; is a temporary non-conducting obstacle that is placed to limit the distance, workers
can reach or approach to anything that is at a different electrical potential from them.

179
Bonding; is the process of electrically connecting conductive objects together to
bring them to the same electric potential.

Bonding Cable; provides electrical connection between two objects. A bonding

cable does not have to be insulated and shall be at least 95 sq. mm copper conductor. A
bonding cable is expected to carry fault current for the length of time of normal isolation.

Bonding Conductor; means any metallic path interconnecting metallic parts or

conductors. A bonding conductor is used to bring metallic parts to the same potential
or to achieve a desired distribution of current within the grounding system and to reduce
interference on communication circuits.
Bus Bar; a low impedance conductor to which several electrical circuits can be
connected separately is termed as bus bar.
Caution Notice; means a notice attached to dead electrical apparatus to prevent
such equipment being made live.
Circuit; means a conductor or system of conductors through which an electric current is
intended to f1ow.
Competent; shall mean an employee who is considered adequately trained and
experienced for the task being assigned.

Conductor; means a body or substance which offers a low resistance to the passage of
an electric current and is arranged to be electrically connected to a system.

Counterpoise; is a conductor or system of conductors, arranged beneath the line,

located on, above, or most frequently below the surface of the earth, and
connected to the footings of the towers poles supporting the lines. A counterpoise
is used to reduce the ground surge impedance of the structure footing and/or to
provide an additional return path to the in-feed station for ground fault current.

Danger; means danger to health or danger to life or limb from shock, burn, or other
injury to persons.
Danger Notice; means a notice attached to a live electrical apparatus, calling
attention to the danger of touching or interfering with such apparatus.
Dead; means de-energized and earthed.
Dead; means de-energized and earthed.
Earth; means the conducting mass of the earth or of any conductor in direct
electrical connection with earth.
Earth Connection; means a metallic conductor for connecting electrical equipment to
earth.

180
Earth Mesh; means a network of a copper conductor buried in the earth and
connected with earth mass through earth electrodes to control step and touch
potential and to provide easy earth connection to the equipment.
Earth System; means an electrical system in which all the conductors are earthed.
Electric Shock; is the sensation and muscular spasm caused by electric current t1owing
through the body.
Electrocution; death caused by electric current flowing through the body.

Employee; means a person who is in receipt of wages, salary or pay in return for
services rendered to NTDC.

Environment; surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water,

land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation.

Environmental Aspect; elements of an organization's activities or products or

services that can interact with the environment.

Environmental Impact; any change to the environment weather adverse or beneticial,

wholly or partially resulting from organization's environmental aspects.

Hazard; is any unsafe act or unsafe condition that may lead to injury to persons or
damage to property.

High Tension or H.T; means a voltage in a system normally operating above 400/230
volts where the electrical energy is used.ft

HOLD OFF; is a legal document of NTDC power system and means a form of
declaration signed and given by the authorized person to authorized in-charge of work
to be carried out on LIVE LINE on a specitied transmission line that the line
under HOLD OFF shall not be re-energized if it tripped during LIVE LINE work due
to any reason until the HOLD OFF is not returned/canceled.

Hot or Live (or alive); means electrically energized as distinguished from dead" or
de-energized.

181
Insulated; is a term used to describe a device or medium isolated from earth or other
potential by an insulating material. However, it shall not be considered safe to touch
unless proper personal insulating protective equipment is used or apparatus or line
is made dead.

Insulated Working Support or Insulated Tool; is a support or tool insulated

from earth or other potential by an insulating material
Insulating; is a term used to describe a device or medium made from an insulating
material having the required electrical insulation.

Insulating Gloves; means rubber gloves to be worn with leather protectors.

Insulating Gloves Method of working; is performing work when workers wear

insulating protective equipment as insulation between themselves and energized
equipment on which work is being performed. Not to advocate "Hot Work".

Insulating Protective Equipment; is protective equipment made of rubber or other

approved insulating material used during work on energized lines or equipment.

Insulator; is a non-conducting support that provides physical separation between

equipment that may be at different potentials.

Low Tension or L.T; means a voltage in a system normally operating at 400/230

volts where the electrical energy is used.
Nominal Voltage; of circuit or system is the rated voltage assigned for convenient
designation between phase conductors of a three-phase line, or the two conductors of
a single-phase line, whether or not one of the conductors is earthed.

Permit to Work (PTW); means a form of declaration signed and given by one authorized
person to another in-charge of work to be carried out on any electrical apparatus, aerial
line or cable for the purpose of making known to such later person exactly what
apparatus or lines are made dead and earthed at the sub-station end.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); is protective equipment worn by a person during

work on energized lines or equipment.

Potential; is the degree of electrification at a point in an electric circuit with respect

to some other point of reference such as earth.
182
Qualified; shall mean successful completion of safety awareness program.

Risk; the combination of likelihood and consequences of a specified

hazardous event occurring.

Risk Assessment; overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding
whether or not the risk is tolerable.
Safety; is the freedom from unacceptable risk of

harm. Shall; means mandatory, Should; means

recommended.

Station Ground Potential Rise; means the Potential rise with respect to remote earth
produced by that portion of fault current that flows through the station ground resistance.

Step Voltage; means the potential ditierence between two points one meter apart on the
earth's surface in the direction of maximum potential gradient.
OR
Means difference of voltage between the steps of an operator, human being or animal
coming in contact or operating electrical facilities of the distribution company.

Substation; a part of an electrical system, confined to a given area, mainly connecting

end of transmission or distribution lines, electrical switchgear and control-gear,
buildings and transformers. A substation generally includes safety or control
devices (for example protection relays).

System; means an electrical system in which all the conductors and apparatus
are electrically connected to a common source of voltage.

Touch Voltage; means the potential difference between a grounded metallic

structure that can be touched and a point one meter away on the earth's surface.

Transformer substation; a substation containing transformers inter connecting two or

more networks of different voltages.

183
Use of Energy; means the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical or chemical
energy, heat or light for the purpose of providing mechanical energy, electrolysis, heat
or light.

Voltage; is a measure of the difference in electrical potential between two points in

an electric circuit.

Working Clearance; is the minimum distance that workers shall approach anything that
is at a different potential from them.

Working Space; is the amount of room required for live conductors to perform a job
safely.

II. REFERENCES

1. WAPDA Power Safety Code Edition January, 1987

2. Ontario Hydro Corporate Safety Rules, 1979

3. Rigging Manual Ontario Hydro Canada (Edition 1975)

4. Work Protection Code Edition 1977 Ontario Hydro Canada

5. Craning Book Edition 1980 Ontario Hydro Canada

6. Rigging Hand Book Ontario Hydro Canada

7. Safe Practice for Temporary Grounding Techniques of Electrical Utility

Association Edition 1980 Ontario Canada

8. Operation Manual of Power Plant WAPDA Hospital Complex Lahore

(Safety Instructions)

9. NDTC Grid Code

184
12 INDEX

A
Accident: 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 30, 31, 33, 37, 38, 42, 66, 73, 79,
112, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 142, 169, 170, 172
Apparatus: 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 23, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 44, 60, 61, 62, 63,
68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 89, 100,105, 106, 107,
109, 112, 115, 150, 151, 164, 165, 166, 172, 173, 174, 175,176.
Approved: 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46,
48, 50, 56, 57, 59, 61' 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70 71' 73, 74, 75, 77, 79,
80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105,
106,107,108,109,110,111,112,122,124,125,172,175.
Artificial Respiration: 8, 140, 142, 144.
Authorized Person: 7, 18, 31, 60, 76, 77,113,126,127,165, 166,172,174,
175.
B
Bare: 166, 172,

185
Barricade: 16, 39, 57, 172, .
Barrier: 24, 27, 31, 58, 75, 77, 116, 172. Bonding:
172.
Bonding Cable: 172.
Bonding Conductor: 172.
Bus Bar: 6, 81, 82, 83, 84, 109, 172,

C
Caution Notice: 9, 20, 60, 65, 77, 83, 84, 166, 172.
Chemical Burns: 132
Circuit: 6, 26, 27, 34, 35, 43, 44, 60, 68, 69, 72, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87,
90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 172, 173, 174, 175,
176.
Clearance: 149
Conductor: 5, 6, 17, 25, 26, 27, 38, 39, 46, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 66, 67, 68,
71, 73, 74, 75, 80, 82, 99, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 164, 172, 173, 175, 176.
Counterpoise: 173.
D
Danger/dangerous: 10, 15, 17, 21, 27, 34, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48, 49, 53, 57, 61,
65, 67, 70, 73, 83, 87, 92, 93, 97, 107, 111, 116, 125, 135, 137, 159, 160,
164, 173.
Danger Notice: 83, 84, 173.

E
Earth/earthing/earthed: 6, 17, 41, 58, 60, 68, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82, 84,
88, 89, 91, 93, 97,112, 115,117,156,164,165,173,174,175,176.
Earth Connection: 165, 173.
Earth Mesh: 173.
Earth System: 173.
Electric Shock: 8, 9, 117, 132,
171, 173.
Electrocution: 132, 174.
Employee:3,4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19,21,22,23,24,25,26,28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36,37, 38,39,41,44,45,46,47, 50, 51, 52, 53,
54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 70 78, 80, 87, 95, 97, 102, 106, 112, 113,
120, 123, 124, 125, 142, 144, 146, 167, 168, 173, 174. Employer:
4, 32.
Environment/Environmental Aspect/Environmental Impact: 11, 14, 18, 22,
29, 32, 64, 86, 87, 89, 114, 174. Electrical Burns: 138.

186
Electrical Incident Reporting Format: 9, 30, 167. Extra High Voltage(EHV):
19,100.

F
First Aid: 7, 8, 10, 31, 32, 63, 128, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,
142, 144.
Fire: 4, 5, 8, 17, 21, 22, 23, 30, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 58, 61, 64, 65, 86,
119,121,126,128,158.

G
Gas Welding: 22, 63.
Glove: 16, 17, 25, 26, 34, 35, 59, 91, 101, 103, 109, 110, 111, 117, 118,
175.
Grounds: 4, 25, 27, 29, 31, 58, 72, 80, 105,131.
Guard/Guarding: 5, 15, 16, 17, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 49, 54, 60, 70, 73,
77, 78, 105, 116, 117, 122, 128.
GIS: 72, 74, 87, 90.

H
Hazard/Hazardous: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 33, 34,35,37,
38,39,40,42,52, 54, 56, 5 60,61,62,65,66, 70,71,74,779, 80, 86,
90, 92,105,107,113,124,174,175.
High Tension or H.T: 74, 174, 180.
Hot or Live (or alive): 174.
High Voltage: 5, 6, 7, 10, 16, 19, 27, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 83,
84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 115,
HOLD OFF: 101, 174
I
Insulated: 167, 34, 35, 69, 73, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 09,110,111, 147,
172, 174.

187
Insulated Working Support or Insulated Tool: 174,
Insulating/Insulating Gloves/Insulating Gloves Method of working/Insulating
Protective Equipment: 59, 64,75, 85, 86, 90, 102, 110,
111,142,172,174,175.
Insulator: 6, 38, 40, 67, 74, 83, 102, 175.
Insulated Working Support or Insulated Tool: 174,
Insulating/Insulating Gloves/Insulating Gloves Method of working/Insulating
Protective Equipment: 59, 64,75, 85, 86, 90, 102, 110, 111,142,172,174,175.
Insulator: 6, 38, 40, 67, 74, 83, 102, 175.

J
Job Changes: 15
Job Planning: 30,36.
Job Briefing: 4, 36, 37.

K
Knots: 8, 53, 55, 154.

L
Ladders: 5, 8, 37, 41, 48, 49, 58, 65, 66, 70, 75, 83, 111, 147, 151.
Live-Line Work: 101, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111.
Live-Line Tools: 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 109.
Low Tension or L.T: 175.
Low Voltage: 6, 7, 27, 35,69,72, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115
Live: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 17,25, 26, 27, 52, 54, 57, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 83,
84, 92, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 116, 120, 150, 151,
164, 165, 166, 172, 173, 174, 176.

M
Minimum clearance of overhead lines: 149,
Maintenance: 3, 12, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, 34, 36, 55, 56, 60, 72, 90, 92, 102,
116, 120.
Medium Voltages (MV): 19,

N
NEPRA: 2, 10, 13, 18, 28, 68.
Nominal Voltage: 100, 175.
NPCC/RCC: 18, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 78, 94, 100.
NTDC Grid Code: 10, 28, 78.
NTDC: 1,2,3,4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19,20,22,24,28,29,30,31,
32,33,34,37,38,39,42,44,45,63,68,74,75,76,79, 80,81, 82,83, 100,

188
106, 107, 115, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 146, 167, 172, 174
O
Oil: 5, 17, 38, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56, 59, 63, 64, 65, 72, 85, 86, 87,
88, 93, 95, 95,115,116,118,119,121,156,158.
Operation: 3,4,5,7,8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19,20,22,23,24,26,2 28,29,
33,34,41,47, 57,61,63,65,67,68,69,72,75,76,79,80,81,85,87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 116, 117, 120
122, 123, 124, 132, 146, 152, 155, 177.
P
Permit to Work (PTW): 6, 20, 68, 72, 76, 77, 78, 81, 91, 98, 99, 100, 105,
106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 164, 165.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): 25, 31, 33, 34, 56, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65,
69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100,
101,105,106,108,109,110,111,112,113,116,175.
Potential: 14, 15, 21, 37, 58, 62, 64, 69, 71, 73, 75, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88, 91,
97, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 125, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176. Portable
Temporary Ground (PTG): 58, 72, 73, 77.
Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl (PCB): 86, 87.

Q
Qualified: 21, 25, 26, 33, 53, 60, 61, 62, 65, 69, 76, 79, 102, 111, 120, 127,
150,175.

R
Risk: 14, 57, 78, 106, 136, 137, 175.
Risk Assessment: 14, 175.
Road and traffic signs: 159,160,161,162,163.
Ropes: 5, 8, 49, 50, 53, 55, 58, 103, 154, 155, 157.

s
Safety: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24,
60, 61, 65,
25,26,27,28,29, 30, 32, 33, 34,35, 36,39,41,46,449,54,55,56,57,58,
68, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 887, 90, 91, 92, 93
94,95,98,99, 100,101,203,104,105,106,107,108,112,113,114,115,
116,117,12,123,125,142,143,144,146,150,151,175,176,177,181. Scaffolding: 5, 8, 58,
75, 147.
Station Ground Potential Rise: 176. Step Voltage: 176.
189
 Substation: 4, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 38, 61, 75, 76, 87, 176.
System: 4, 5, 7, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 44, 45, 50, 63,
68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 90, 94, 95, 100,
101,106, 106, 108, 110, 111, 15, 116, 118, 125, 172, 173, 174, 175,176,
179.
Safe limits of approach: 8, 23, 25, 53, 56, 57, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76,
80, 99, 150, 151.
Shall: 170.
Should: 170.
SF6 Gas: 6,64,72,87,88,89,90,91,95.

T
Touch Voltage: 176.
Transport Accident Report Format: 169. Transformer substation: 176.
Thermal Burns: 137, 138.
T P: 29, 33,37,45, 101.

u
Unsafe acts: 16, 30, 37.
Unsafe conditions: 16, 23, 24, 30, 37, 38, 79, 120.
Use of Energy: 23, 176.

v
Voltage: 5, 6, 7, 10, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 35, 46, 60, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74,
75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105,
106,107,108,109,110,111,112,115,150,151,174,175,176,179,180,
181.

•
Working Clearance: 37, 74, 76, 99, 176.
Working Space: 16, 176.

X
Cross-arm: 38, 51.

190
Z
Zebra crossing: 163.

191
Revision Table

Code No: Contents of Revision Reasons for Revision Date of Revision Person Incharge
PSC-006/R0 New Issue - June, 2014 Mohammad Arshad
Mirza

192
 Mailing Address
Chief Engineer (TSG) NTDCL,
TSG Training Center
220kV Grid Station, NKLP Feroze Pur Road Lahore
Telephone: 042 5821418
Fax: 042 35821498

193