Chapter: 9
Force, Work and Energy
New Terms :
1. Magnetic force : The force applied by a magnet on an object is called
magnetic force or magnetism.
Eg magnet can pull and pick up iron nails.
2. Electrostatic force: On rubbing two things with each other, they
become charged and a force is produced. This force is called electrostatic
force.
Eg. Rubbing of comb on dry hair can attract tiny bits of paper.
3. Gravitational force : Gravitational force or gravity is an attractive force
with which the earth pulls objects towards its centre.
Eg. Any object that is thrown upwards always comes down because of
the earth’s gravity.
4. Frictional force : Frictional force or force of friction is a force that slows
down the movement of objects on a surface. It is also called Force of
Resistance.
1. It always acts opposite to the direction of motion of an object.
2. This force is mainly affected by the surface texture, friction is more on a
rough surface and less on a smooth surface.
5. Buoyant force : The upward force acting on an object in water is called
buoyant force or upthrust. This force acts on every object, even on you
when you enter a swimming pool.
6. Wind energy: The energy that we get from wind is called wind
energy.It is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean and
non-polluting.
7. Solar energy: Energy that we get from the sun is called solar energy. It
is the most readily available source of energy. It is also the important
source of energy because it is non-polluting, plentiful and renewable.
8. Hydroenergy (water energy): It is the energy obtained from flowing
water. The flowing water generates electricity in hydroelectric power
plants which is called hydroelectricity. It is also non-polluting, clean and
renewable source of energy.
Short answer
Q1. Define force and its effects.
Ans. Force is a push or a pull applied on an object
Effects of force are:
1. It moves a stationary object.
2. It stops a moving object.
3. It changes the direction of a moving object.
4. It can change the shape of an object.
Q2. Define work.
Ans: Work is said to be done only when the applied force causes a change
in the position of the object in the direction of the applied force.
Example: When we kick a ball, it moves in the direction of force applied, then
work is said to be done. When we push a wall , there is no change in its
position. Hence no work is done.
Q3. Differentiate between simple and compound machines by giving
examples.
Simple Machines Compound Machines
1. A simple machine is a device A machines that consist of
that makes our work easier several simple machines.
and faster.
2. Ex: scissors, axe, knives, A bicycle is a compound machine
tongs etc which consists of screws, pulley
and wheel and axle.
Q4. What is an inclined plane? How is it useful for us?
Ans. An inclined plane is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with
one end higher than the other. It is used as an aid for raising or lowering a
load which makes our work easier.
Examples: a plank of wood is used to load or unload a truck, ramp in
hospitals to carry patient’s wheel chair, slides in the parks for children,
stairs to climb up etc.
Answer the following questions
Q1. List advantages and disadvantages of friction with examples.
Ans: Frictional Force is said to be a necessary evil because it is useful as well
as harmful.
Advantage: Friction helps us
1. to walk
2. towrite
3. to hold things
4. to erase pencil marks and
5. movement of vehicles on road, etc.
Disadvantage:
1. Frictional force causes heating, wear and tear of moving parts of a
machine, which reduces the life of machine parts.
2. It also damages the tyres of vehicles and soles of our shoes
and slippers. 3. It stops or slows down the moving vehicles.
Q2. Define mechanical energy? Explain its types?
Ans. Mechanical energy is the energy which is possessed by an object due
to its motion or due to its position.
Mechanical energy can be either Potential energy (energy in a body due to
its position) or Kinetic energy (energy in a body due to its motion.)
Q3.What is a lever. Explain diagrammatically classes of lever with the
help of examples.
Ans: Lever is a type of simple machine that turns around a fixed point known
as fulcrum. Levers are classified on the basis of the positions of the fulcrum,
the load and the effort.(FLE) There are three types of levers:
1. First class lever: Class 1 has the fulcrum placed between the
effort and load. Eg scissors, nailcutter etc.
2. Second class lever: Class 2 has the load in-between the effort
and the fulcrum, Eg: Wheelbarrows, nut crackers, bottle
opener etc.
3. Third class lever: Class 3 has the effort between the load
and the fulcrum. Eg: Tweezers, Tongs, fishing rod, baseball
bat etc.
Classes of Lever
(Draw the give diagram on plain side of your notebook and mark Fulcrum,
Load and Effort on the given objects)
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Q4. Define pulley. What is the difference between single fixed pulley and
single movable pulley?
Ans: A pulley is a simple machine used to lift and move heavy loads. It
consists of an axle, a circular disc or wheel with groves and a rope fits into
these groves. There are two types of pulleys.
Single fixed pulley Single movable pulley
1. A fixed pulley has a fixed axle. A movable pulley has a free axle.
2 Ex: it is used draw water Movable pulleys include
from wells, venetian blinds construction cranes, modern
etc. elevators, and some types of weight
lifting machines at the gym.
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Q5. Does a screw join two pieces of wood better than a nail? How?
Ans. Yes, when we join things together with a screw, they are held together
through a longer distance as it has groves to hold object very tightly and thus
cannot be forced apart easily. On the other hand when we join things with a
nail, they are held together only for a short distance, that is through the
length of nail.
Think and answer
Q1.Ramesh throws a ball from the roof of his house. What kind of
energy does the ball possess? Give the name of force acting on the ball.
Ans. The ball possess potential energy due to its height at a position above
the ground but when the ball comes down it possess kinetic energy due its
motion.
The force acting on the ball is gravitational force.
Wedge Activity
Paste two inclined planes (on plain paper of your notebook) back to back and
label it properly
Two inclined planes joined back to back to form wedge
Draw one picture each of pulley, wedge, screw, inclined
plane, wheel and axle on plain left side of your notebook.
Screw
Wheel and Axle (Screwdriver)
Inclined Plane (Ramp) Wedge(Knife)
Pulley in Well
Hw( To be done in fair notebook)
Let’s check out the kind mechanical energy possessed by these. Mention
‘K’ for Kinetic energy and ‘P’ for Potential Energy. (Write answers with
two different colour pencils)
a) A compressed coiled spring. ( )
b) A moving vehicle. ( )
c) A raised weight by weightlifter. ( )
d) A skier traveling down a hill. ( )
e) An archer's bow with the string pulled back. ( )
f) Wheels on roller skates before someone skates. ( )
g) A flowing river. ( )
h) Water that is behind a dam. ( )
i) A ball thrown by a bowler. ( )
j) A stretched elastic in a catapult. ( )
k) An asteroid falling to earth. ( )
l) A flying insect flying. ( )
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