DEVELOPING AND ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS USING PSAT SOFTWARE

David Sarussi, Raul Rabinovici

Nuclear Research Center Negev,

The Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
Beer-Sheva, Israel

ABSTRACT paper we try to emphasis the implementations of these three

applications with PSAT.
The paper shows the use of Power System Analysis The paper is organized as follows: Section II illustrates the
Toolbox (PSAT) in analysis of power system stability, in power system under investigation; Section III discusses the
conditions of small and large disturbances. The system classification of power system stability; Section IV illustrates
comprises 13 buses, 5 synchronous generators, 15 the power system performance under small perturbation;
transmission lines and 9 load centers. The PSAT software Section V illustrates the power system under short circuits
runs under Matlab and Simulink environment which offer faults. Finally, Section VI and VII present conclusions and
flexibility and ability of easy simulation and development. future work directions.

Keywords- Transient Stability; small signal stability; 2. POWER SYSTEM UNDER TEST
power flow; time-domain simulation.
The synchronous generators in power system can be
represented in varying levels of detail depending on the
1. INTRODUCTION
phenomenon being tested and simulated. In addition, a wide
range of models exist for various external control
The liberalization of the electricity market in the world has
components like exciters and governors [3, 4]
generated the disassembling of large electrical companies
A classical model is used to analysis the transient
into separated generation, transmission and distribution
stability of a power system without control interventions.
companies with consequent changes in the operating
This simple model requires a minimum amount of data and
conditions of electric power systems. The advances in
can be run under classical software languages. In the
analytical techniques and computer technology have let the
classical model, the loads are represented by constant
implementation of on line security analysis and real time
impedances, the transmission network is represented by the
control of large grids to ensure reliable and secure operation
[Ybus] (the admittances matrix) and the synchronous
of power systems in a deregulated environment. Power
machines are represented electrically by a constant voltage
system stability has been recognized by utilities engineers as
source behind transient reactance models as shown in Fig. 1.
one of the important problem for secure system operation.
Historically, many major blackouts caused by power system
instability have illustrated the importance of this m - Constant
impedance loads
phenomenon [1].
n - Generator System
The PSAT software has been chosen for the simulations E 1 ∠δ1 jx' d1 V1
I
L1
calculations and performance, due to some important
features that simplifies the developing and analysis process. E 2 ∠δ 2 jx' d2 V2
PSAT is an open source power system analysis toolbox and
freely downloadable and has an active forum at the web [2]. Transmission network
I
L2

Traditionally, the usage in software for simulating and

developing power system was done by the utilities. In our
days, the liberalization of energy market together with E n ∠δ n jx' dn Vn

gradually continues growing trend in electrical energy

consumption, and the latest blackout events in North
America and Europe have extended the use in power systems Reference node ILm
software to private companies, for engineering applications,
economic calculation and contingencies analysis. In this
Figure 1. Classical model – dynamic multi-machine representation

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 The first order differential equations that describe the TABLE I. GENERATORS DATA
classical model are given by [8]: Gen. parameters
No Name Xd[pu] H[sec]
• n
2
Mi ω = P 0
Mi − Ei Gii − ∑ j =1
Ei Ej [ B ij sin( δ i − δ j ) 1 PRATTS JC 0.1570 2.30

2 COMFD 0.1360 10.30

j≠i
+ Gij cos( δ i − δ j )] 3 SALEM HBR 0.0717 12.72
• 4 MYSTIC 0.0326 27.00
δ i = ω i
(1) 5 MILLBURY 0.0280 Infinite bus

Numerical techniques are used to solve the set of TABLE II: LINES DATA
differential equations. The rotor angles and the rotor speeds
are obtained by numerical integration method [5 - 7]. From LINES DATA
Bus To Qc[MVAR] at
A typical modern power system is a high-order Bus R[ohm] X[ohm]
100% voltage
multivariable dynamic system whose response is influenced 1-2 0.92 5.82 6.9
by a wide array of devices with different characteristics.
1-12 2.40 8.62 4.1
Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a 13-bus power
system that comprises 5 synchronous generators to 9 load 2 -3 0.00 4.00 0.0
centers trough 15 transmission lines [8]. The capacity of 2 -5 3.10 8.82 1.0
generator 5 is large and can be consider as an infinite busbar.
2-6 2.04 14.20 5.4
For a 4th order model of synchronous generators, the overall
power system dynamic model will be of order 16 [9]. 2-7 2.62 10.94 1.2
2-9 0.98 4.08 1.8
1
3-4 1.42 9.70 69.8
Bus4
5-6 2.00 12.36 1.6
Bus5

6-7 1.18 6.43 4.5

Bus3

8-9 0.80 1.80 18.0

2

Bus6
8-11 0.10 0.40 3.4
3
Bus2
9-10 3.50 13.40 5.2
Bus1

Bus12
Bus7
10-11 3.50 13.40 5.3
10-12 1.96 6.10 2.5
Bus9

Bus10
TABLE III: POWER SYSTEM DATA & POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Bus11
4 BUS DATA & POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Bus8 NAME Bus P-load Q-load P-Gen Voltage
Q-min Q-max
No [%]
type [MW] [MVar] [MW] Phase[º]
[MVAR] [MVAR]

PRATTS 99.6
JC 1 GEN 17 0 90
0.16
-100 100

Figure 2. 12 bus power system configuration constructed at PSAT [Pavel TEWKS 100.2
115 2 LOAD 140 20 0
-1.84
0 0
Omahen]
TEWKS 101.9
230 3 LOAD 0 0 0
2.07
0 0
106.7
COMFD 4 GEN 0 0 175 0 200
The system solution was got by running the power flow 10.76
WARD 99.8
program with PSAT software [10], which converges shortly. HILL 5 LOAD 90 0 0
-3.70
0 0
The amplitude voltages at generators buses and the real SALEM
6 GEN 126 15 320
102.0
0 100
HBR 0.17
power at load centers are given while the generated power at
99.4
the generators buses and the phases at all buses are MELROSE 7 LOAD 135 20 0
-3.61
0 0

calculated by the power flow code. The power system data MYSTIC 8 GEN 250 90 350
100.0
0 200
-2.90
are given in Tables I-III. 99.0
WOBURN 9 LOAD 99 40 0
-3.10
0 0
96.3
FRAM 10 LOAD 56 20 0
-2.50
0 0
99.8
BRIGHT 11 LOAD 56 20 0
-3.00
0 0

SLACK 95.6
MILLBURY 12 reference 0 0 41.5
0.00
1000 1000

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3. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF POWER M – Inertia coefficient = 2H, seconds
SYSTEM STABILITY D – Damping coefficient
K1 – linearization Constant
The classification of power system stability is widely
described in [11]. In our simulation we mostly consider the
ωn= K 1 377
rotor angle stability witch refer to the ability of synchronous
generators of an interconnected multi-machines power 1
system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a ζ= D / K 1 M 377
disturbance. The system response to different kinds of 2
disturbances, starting from the stability of the operating point One form of instability is approached as the damping
trough the system response to a small disturbance such as ratio goes to zero. For conventional ranges of inertia,
adding/removing a small part load from the grid to the severe impedances, and loading values, fdamp will be in a range of 0.5
case of short circuit at different places of the electrical grid – 2 Hz. The change in electromagnetic torque of a
buses were tested. In this examination process we validate by synchronous generator following an interruption can be
simulation the reliability of the power system under tests. resolved into two components:
The reliability could have two meanings, according to the
NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council) [12] - Synchronizing torque component, in phase with rotor
definitions. The first meaning is Adequacy, which is the angle deviation.
ability of the power system to supply the aggregate electric - Damping torque component, in phase with the speed
power and energy requirements of the customer at all times, deviation.
taking into account scheduled and unscheduled out-ages of
system components. The second meaning of reliability can Fig. 3 shows the possible locus of torques that
be regarded as power system Security which defines as the contributes to stabilize the synchronous generator.
ability of the power system to withstand sudden disturbances +∆ω
such as electric short circuits or non anticipated loss of
Locus of
system components. The term reliability from the security positive
point of view relates to the determination of the robustness of electromagnetic
synchronizing
power system relative to imminent disturbances. & damping
torque
Instability of power system can be a phenomenon -∆δ +∆δ
concerning the active power or reactive power. The
phenomenon that connects it to active power is classified as
rotor angle stability while the phenomenon connected to the
reactive power balance is classified as voltage stability [13-
14]. In this paper we are concentrated with the first -∆ω
phenomena.
Figure 3. Electromagnetic synchronizing torque and damping torque
4. SMALL DISTURBANCE ROTOR ANGLE possible locus
STABILITY
The power system stability of multi-machine power
system depends on the existence of both components of
In multi-machine power system there is dynamic interactions torque for each of the synchronous generator. The time
between the synchronous machines that generate the dynamic behavior of the rotor will depends at roots of
electrical power. These interactions can be divided to two equation (2). The rotor will accelerates or decelerate and the
types, mechanical mode interactions and reactive mode speed will increase or decrease according to the power
interactions. From stability point of view, the mechanical system mechanical mode eigen values. The power system
mode is the most dominant mode witch effect the power state space will be convergent to new stable operating point
system stability. The dynamic behavior of the mechanical within accepted range, or to a loss of synchronism.
mode of synchronous generator is of the second-order whose
characteristic equation can be written as: In our tested system, we set the dynamic order of the
synchronous generator model at the software menu to 4 and
d 2 (δ ) d (δ ) we complete the physical characteristic parameters of the
+ ( D /( M )) + ( K 1 * 377 /( M ) = 0 (2) synchronous generators as given in Table IV:
dt dt
2
f damp = ω n 1 − ζ (3)

Where
δ – Moment angle.

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 TABLE IV: SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR PARAMETERS 5. LARGE DISTURBANCE ROTOR ANGLE
GENERATORS CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETAERS
STABILITY
Gen # Ra X Xd Xd' Xd'' T'do T''do Xq Xq' Xq'' T'qo T''qo H D'
[pu] [pu] [pu] [pu] [pu] [s] [s] [pu] [pu] [pu] [s] [s] [s] [pu]
1 0.001 0.05 0.8 0.1570 0.08 8.00 0.04 0.6 0.25 0.08 0.80 0.02 2.30 0.00 As we mention in section III, the ability to assess the
2 0.001 0.05 0.816 0.136 0.082 8.00 0.04 0.6 0.3 0.06 0.80 0.02 10.3 0.0
robustness of power system relative to imminent
3 0.001 0.05 0.43 0.0717 0.043 8.00 0.04 0.4 0.20 0.04 0.80 0.02 12.72 0.00
disturbances by simulation is an important stage in reliability
calculation and estimation of the network to severe
4 0.001 0.05 0.2 0.0326 0.02 8.00 0.04 0.16 0.1 0.02 0.80 0.02 27 0
disturbances such as short circuit on a transmission line. In
this section we will test the dynamic response of the power
The eigen values of the system relate to the power system system in case of short circuit at four points on the grid.
at the equilibrium operating point without PSS (Power
case a – line 1-2 is faulted
System Stabilizers). It can be shown that the dominant eigen
values are those of machine 4 with low damping and close to In this case line 1-2 is faulted by three-phase to ground
the imaginary axis. The eigen values frequencies of the short circuit close to bus 1 .The clearing time is 50ms, after
mechanical mode are 4.1Hz for machine 2, 2.85Hz for that the two breakers at the end of lines 1-2 and 12-1 are
machine 3, and 2.1Hz for machine 1 and 1.4Hz for machine opened. Line 12-1 is auto-reclosed after 50ms and line 1-2
4. The dynamic behavior to a small perturbation such as remained open due to the differential protection. At this case
small load adding/shedding is shown in Fig 4. It fit the eigen the fault is close to Generators 1 and 2.
value frequencies.
case b – bus 3 is faulted
In this case bus 3 is faulted by short circuit to ground. The
0.8 clearing time is 50ms, after that the two breakers at the end
of lines 3-13 and 3-2 are opened. Line 3-2 is auto-reclosed
0.7 after 50ms and line 3-13 remained open due to the
δ Syn 1
δ Syn 2
differential protection [Fig 4].
delta [rad]

0.6
δ Syn 3 2.5
δ Syn 4
0.5
2

0.4 1.5

0.3 1
delta (rad)

0.2 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
time (s) δ Syn 1
0
δ Syn 2
Figure 4. Dynamic response of generators 1 – 4 to 5MW load reject at δ Syn 3
-0.5
bus 3
δ Syn 4
-1
The inherent damping is due to the dynamic interactions
between the reactive modes of the synchronous generators. -1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
The reactive mode which involved the exciter and the time (s)
voltage regulator has a characteristic equation that can be
written in a similar form to the mechanical mode Figure 5. Generator moment angle oscillations due to bus 3 faulted

S 2 + 2ζ ri ω ri S + ω r i 2 = 0 (4)
case c – line 2-9 is faulted

Where ωri is the natural frequency of the reactive mode, In this case line 2-9 is faulted by three-phase to ground
short circuit, close to bus 9. The clearing time is 50ms. After
1 + K 3 K 6 K Ai 1 1 1 that the two breakers at the end of lines 9-8, 2-9 and 9-10 are
ω2ri= K T ' T , ζri= 2ω ( T + K T ' ) (5) opened. Lines 9-8 and 9-10 are auto-reclosed after 200ms
3 doi A i ri Ai 3i doi
and line 2-9 remained open due to the differential protection.
It can be seen from the ζri definition that the natural
case d – line 8-11 is faulted
damping of the power system can be improved by small
values of time constant of open circuit generator, T'do. To In this case line 8-11 is faulted by three-phase to ground
illustrate this we change the T'do's values that appear in Table short circuit, close to bus 11. The clearing time is 50ms.
IV of all generators to a lower value, from 8 seconds to 3 After that the two breakers at the end of lines 8-11 and 2-9
seconds, and we check again the power system eigen values. are opened. Line 8-11 is auto-reclosed after 200ms and line
The eigen values that represent the mechanical modes are 2-9 remained open due to the differential protection.
moved to the left, i.e., the damping would increase.

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From the dynamic response of each generator at different
In the new trend of open electric market
faults cases described above, we can indicate the following developing in the world, this analysis
comments: process can help in assess the impact of
The dynamics interaction due to the ring structure of the independent power producer plant
grid improve the stability of the power system, because in all introduced in an existing power system by
the sever cases the dynamic response would be characterized simulating feasibility transient initiating
by big amplitude oscillations but would not dispersal. events.
As the fault is close to a generator, its amplitude
dynamic response is bigger. 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In all cases described above we enforce a short time of
fault, 50ms. In longer fault time we estimate that the The authors would like to express their thanks to the
generators will loss synchronism. Typical ranges of these Nuclear Research Center Negev-NRCN Institute for
critical times are around 0.25-0.4 sec. supporting the research in Power Systems.
The power system response will be closer to reality as The authors would like to express their thanks to Dr.
the dynamic order of the generator will be bigger and Pavel Omachen, Deputy General Manager of the Electro-
include the subsystems witch influence the dynamic of the Slovenija Company for providing the data of the tested
power system such as voltage regulator, reactive mode and system [15].
governors.
Adding power system stabilizer to each generator will
improve its dynamics response. 9. REFERENCES

6. FUTURE RESEARCH [1] G. Anderson, P. Kundur, and V. Vittal, “Causes of the 2003
Future research should address the influence of clearing time Major Grid Blackouts in North America and Europe, and
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