International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Production and Test of Mechanical

Properties of Ceiling Board Produced From
Local Waste Materials
(SAW DUST, WASTE PAPER AND PALM KERNEL CHAFF)

1
Agaja S.A., 2 Ayourim P. and 3Nwaezeapu A. O.
1
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT,
2
SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT,
PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE P.M.B 20 EFFURUN, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

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Submitted: 25-10-2021 Revised: 31-10-2021 Accepted: 05-11-2021
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ABSTRACT Several studies on the use of agricultural
This paper presents the production and the test of waste for production of ceiling board have been
the mechanical properties of ceiling board reported. (Oban, 2012) produced ceiling boards
produced from local waste materials (saw dust, using saw dust, waste paper and starch. This was
waste paper and palm kernel shaft) for sustainable aimed at to produce alternative ceiling boards to
use of raw materials in finding good substitute traditional asbestos ceiling boards that pose threat
which have good tensile strength and poor heat to human health, and also being expensive. A
conductivity was developed. Reuse of waste laboratory experimental procedures were used to
materials to produce new and useful ceiling board determine the production of the composition. This
was done in the laboratory. The following tests procedure subjected the produced ceiling boards to
were performed on the produced ceiling board. test such as thermal conductivity test which had an
Water absorption, flexural strength and flaking average of 9.2 × 10−2 w/mk, flexural strength of
strength. The results for water absorption obtained 0.05N/mm2 , flakiness test 6.8 × 10−3 N/mm2 .
2
were 20.3% of the dry sample, flexural 0.02Nmm The production of ceiling boards from agricultural
to 0.03Nmm2 with the mean of 0.030N/mm2 flaking waste such as saw dust, rice husk and maize husk
strength and 6.18 × 10−3 to 6,54 × 10−3 with an aimed at eliminating or reducing agricultural waste,
average of 6.30 × 10−3 respectively. The used of asbestos ceiling boards and to effectively
compressive strength was equally tested and the minimizing the high cost of asbestos was done by
result was 1.29kpa to 1.88kpa. The work shows (Yahaya et al., 2017). The composite ceiling boards
good potentials of ceiling board from local waste were produced and subjected to thermal
materials when compared to the industrially made conductivity test, water absorption test, flexural
ceiling board. test, modulus of elasticity and density in
Key words: Ceiling board, sawdust, Palm Kernel accordance with ASTM and British standards.
chaff, waste paper,Water absorption,flexural Results were obtained for water absorption
strength and flaking strength. properties, thermal conductivity, flexural strength,
density of composite material as; 12.30% to
I. INTRODUCTION 23.35%, 0.098 to 0.065, 0.1N/mm2 , and 103kg/
A ceiling board is a horizontal slab m3 and 190kg/m3 respectively.
covering the upper section of a room or internal This work therefore, is based on how these natural
space. It is generally not structural but it is a shell fibres, waste papers and saw dust can be used in the
concealing the details of the above. However, it production of ceiling boards, in order to reduce
may be holding up building materials such as heat cost, reduce the use of asbestos, its effects on
or sound insulation (Isheni, 2017). Ceiling boards human health.
are grouped in accordance with the type of raw
materials used in the production. These includes: II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
gypsum fibre ceiling boards, acoustical ceiling 2.1 Sample Collection
boards, cement fibre ceiling boards, gypsum ceiling Waste papers, were collected from
boards etc. (Achema, 2017). Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun and sawdust,
DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 99
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

cardboard, palm kernel chaff, cement, gypsum and W2 – W1

W. A = × 100
starch were obtained from the market. W1
2.2 Preparation of Sample
One kilogram (1kg) of waste paper and Where WA = water absorption
cardboard were cut into sizeable pieces and soaked W2 = final weight
for one hour and was then mashed using pestle and W1 = initial weight
mortar until appeared smooth. 1kg of palm kernel 2.4.2 Flaking Test:
chaff was dried and grinded to the least grain size The dried board sample was weighed (W1)
and placed in a sample bow. 1kg of sawdust was and hard brush was used to rub the two surfaces of
also dried and grinded to the least grain size. the sample board. 50 strokes of forward and
Cement was prepared by mixing with water, dried backward movements were made against the
starch was prepared using hot water with surfaces. The flaked particles from the surfaces
continuous stirring to mix properly until it becomes were collected and weighed. The flaked board was
sticky. also weighed (W2). The same procedure was
2.3 Production Process repeated for nine (9) more samples. Flaking
The prepared sticky sample was placed in concentration (Fc) is given as
a metallic mould of 2mm x 300nm and was lightly W −W
Fc = 1 2
oiled with petroleum lubricant. The mixture was W1
then casted on the mould by manual compaction. A 2.4.3 Flexural Strength:
trowel was used to smoothen the exposed surface The composite was casted to size
and was sundry in an open air for some time. The 100x100x500 mm of the sample beam. The
cast was then removed from the mould after it was hardened samples were subjected to flexural
observed that it was properly dried and has gained (BENDING) stress. Flexural stress is given as:
enough strength.
The same process above was repeated for the PI
F =
production of Sawdust and palm kernel chaff bd2
ceiling boards.
where:
2.4 Tests Carried Out on the Ceiling Board F is flexural strength
Samples P is the maximum load on the beam
2.4.1 Water Absorption: I is the span of beam
All samples were weighed before and after soaking b is the width of the beam
in water and noted as W2 and W1respectively. d is the depth of the beam
Water absorption is given as: 2.4.5 Compressive Strength:
this was done using Instron 4250 universal testing
machine in the mechanical laboratory.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Water Absorption Test of Board Samples
Sample No. Sample Dry weight of Weight of surface Percentage water
board sample (kg) wet sample (kg) absorption (%)

1 Waste paper 1.40 1.79 28.0

2 Palm kernel 1.30 1.44 11.0

chaff

3 Sawdust 1.20 1.60 33.0

5 Waste paper 1.60 1.90 19.0

+ palm
kernel chaff

6 Sawdust + 1.50 1.83 22.0

palm kernel
chaff

DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 100
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

7 Waste paper 1.89 1.96 4.0

+ sawdust +
palm kernel
chaff

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1.49kpa. However, if these compressible strength

Table 1-4 showed the various test results is compound to the work of Ekpunobi 2015
performed on the materials used as well as the have shown that the
various composite materials produced. In the The production of ceiling board using
following mix: water t palm kernel chaff, saw dust waste materials like waste pater + sawdust palm
t palm kernel chaff. kernel chaff have shown to be of good composite
Fig. 1-4 were also used to illustrate the materials for ceiling board production.
result pictorially. Compressible strength of produced ceiling board
In table 1. The waste pater + sawdust + from waste materials ranged from 2.0-6.0 which is
palm kernel chaff. quite higher from this waste.
Gave the least percentage water
absorption of 46 while, sawdust+ palm kernel IV. CONCLUSION
chalff showed 22% water absorption. These results This work has shown that wastes materials
where to be compound with similarwork done (agricultural or domestic) can be put into a
earlier by Yakub et al., 2017 they reported water sustainable use as a raw material to produce useful
absorption of 15.8%. the waste paper + sawdust + and economic materials. The waste materials used
palm kernel chaff composite this work should in this paper were waste paper, palm kernel chaff
improvement of about 400% above their result. and sawdust. The wastes materials were produced
In tables 2 and 3 the flaking and flexuaral in there composite materials; waste paper +
strength tests for the three composites were almost sawdust, waste paper + palm kernel chaff
the same values, (6.25-6.30) N/mm2 and 0.003 respectively. Laboratory test were performed of
N/mm2 respectively these results compares the ceiling bound materials like water absorption
favourably with the similar test on ceiling bound flake strength, flexurial strength and compressible
from composite Agricultural wastes materials by strength. From the various tests. The waste paper
Sylvester 2012. In table 4 the compressible + sawdust + palm kernel combination gave the best
strength test result were presented the waste paper favourable result to be use as ceiling board.
+ palm kernel chaff gave the highest valve of
1.88kpa. The sawdust + palmkernel chaff gave

Table 2: Flaking Test of the Boards

Sample Sample Board Dry Weight of Weight Weight flake Flaking Strength
No. Sample (W1) (g) of Flake Sampl when Fe(x10-3)Nmm2
Sample Wet (W3) (g)
(W2) (g)

1 Waste paper 1.400 0.90 13.910 6.42

2 Palm kernel chaff 1.300 0.85 129.15 6.54

3 Sawdust 1.200 0.80 119.20 6.67
4 Waste paper + 1.700 1.05 168.95 6.18
sawdust
5 Waste paper + 1.600 1.00 159.00 6.25
palm kernel chaff
6 Sawdust + palm 1.500 0.95 149.05 6.33
kernel chaff
7 Waste paper + 1.890 1.19 187.81 6.30
sawdust + palm
kernel chaff

DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 101
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Table 3: Flexural Strength Test

Sample No. Sample Board Maximum Load Flexural
(N) stress
(N/mm2)

1 Waste paper 39.25 0.020

2 Palm kernel chaff 49.05 0.025

3 Sawdust 41.20 0.020

4 Waste paper + sawdust 54.45 0.025

5 Waste paper + palm kernel chaff 53.00 0.030

6 Sawdust + palm kernel chaff 56.09 0.030

7 Waste paper + sawdust + palm kernel 56.09 0.030

chaff

Table 4: Compressive Strength Test

Sample No. Sample Board Compressive
Strength (kpa)

1 Waste paper 1.39

2 Palm kernel chaff 1.29

3 Sawdust 1.19

5 Waste paper + sawdust 1.69

6 Waste paper + palm kernel chaff 1.59

7 Sawdust + palm kernel chaff 1.49

Waste paper + sawdust + palm kernel chaff 1.88

DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 102
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

35

30 1. Waste Paper
WATER ABSORPTION (%)

25 2. Palm Kernel chaff

20 3. Sawdust

15 4. Waste Paper + Sawdust

10 5. Waste Paper + Palm

Kernel chaff
5 6. Sawdust + Palm Kernel
chaff
0 7. Waste Paper + Sawdust
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + Palm Kernel chaff

SAMPLE BOARDS

Figure 1: Water Absorption Percentage of Sample Boards

6.8
1. Waste Paper
6.7
FLAKING STRENTH (X10-3)

6.6
2. Palm Kernel chaff
6.5

6.4 3. Sawdust

6.3

6.2 4. Waste Paper +

Sawdust
6.1
5. Waste Paper +
6 Palm Kernel chaff

5.9
6. Sawdust + Palm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kernel chaff
SAMPLE BOARDS

Figure 2: Flaking Test of the Boards

DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 103
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

0.035

0.03 1. Waste paper

FLEXURAL STRENGTH (N/MM2

0.025 2. Palm kernel chaff

0.02 3. Sawdust

0.015 4. Waste paper + sawdust

0.01 5. Waste paper + palm

kernel chaff
0.005
6. Sawdust + palm kernel
chaff
0
7. Waste paper + sawdust +
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 palm kernel chaff
SAMPLE BOARDS

Figure 3: Flexural Strength Test

2
1.8
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (κρa)

1. Waste paper
1.6
1.4 2. Palm kernel chaff

1.2
3. Sawdust
1
0.8 4. Waste paper + sawdust

0.6
5. Waste paper + palm
0.4 kernel chaff

0.2 6. Sawdust + palm kernel

chaff
0
7. Waste paper + sawdust
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + palm kernel chaff
SAMPLE BOARDS

Figure 4: compressive Strength Test

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DOI: 10.35629/5252-031199105 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 104
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Volume 3, Issue 11 Nov 2021, pp: 99-105 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

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