UNIT-03

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN STAR HOTEL

 CONTENT
• Sources of electricity
• Working mechanism of Generator/Invertor
• Calculation of monthly electricity Bills based upon the device’s consumption
• Types of Wire in Electrical system
• Types of circuit system
• Emergency Electrical supply system in Hotel
• Types of current (AC /DC)
• Electrical protection Devices in Hotel
• Electrical safety precaution steps
 ELECTRICITY
• Electricity is one of the basic essential part of the human life where
the daily electrical equipments are run over for a period of time.
• The consumption of the electricity depends upon the consumer and
its electrical equipments.
• Electricity is defined as the flow of electrons or electric current
which is an invisible form of energy that can be transform into other
form of energy like heat and light.
• The consumption of electricity are recorded as per the electrical
meter box setup by electricity distribution board.
• The utilization of electricity might have different sources i.e. wind,
hydropower, Bio-mass, Solar energy etc.
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY

Hydro-Electricity Solar Energy Wind Energy Biomass energy

1. Hydro- Electricity
• The energy extracted out from the water sources by
storage or direct circulation of water to a mechanical
unit( Turbine) is a hydro-electric system.
• Water flows rotate the turbine which converts into
the electric current and are stored in generator which
is finally transferred to grid line through transformer
to consumer.
• In Nepal, 90% of energy are from hydroelectric
system and is a clean renewable energy.
2. Solar Energy
• Solar energy is a clean renewable energy where the heat
from sun is converted into the electric current.
• The converted electric current is a Direct Current (DC).
• It is less costlier than other sources of electricity.
Working of Solar plant
a) Heat is trapped in solar cell of solar panels which
converts heat energy to electrical energy (DC current).
b) DC current is passed through invertor which converts
DC into AC current and they are consumed by several
electrical appliances.
c) At the same time, DC current through invertor passed to
the batteries for the non-supply electrical period.
d) The large production of solar energy might be
connected to the national grid line for the regular
electrical supply to the consumers.
3. Wind Energy
- Wind is the main sources of wind energy
generation which on rotates the blades of the
fan to convert the wind energy to the
electrical energy.
- These converted energy are transferred to the
generator through which it is passed to the
transformer for the linear supply of the
current to the distribution line.
- Wind Energy Generation is a clean
renewable energy with high installation and
maintenance cost.

Fig: Wind Energy Generation

4. Biomass Energy
• Bio-mass energy is a type of biofuel that is
naturally produced from the decomposition of
organic waste.
• When organic matter, such as food scraps and
animal waste, break down in an environment
in absence of oxygen, they release a blend of
gases like carbon dioxide.
• These produced gases with high pressure and
temperature produce a series of electricity
generation passing through turbines driving a
generator.
• It is a sources of electricity where the
environment are more polluted with respect to
other sources

Fig: Bio-Mass Energy Generation

Importance of Electricity
1) To power the electrical and electronic appliance used in daily purposes.
2) To enhance the thermal comfort of the surrounding environment
3) To illuminate the space with appropriate intensity of light
4) To power the mass transportation vehicles to initiate and reduce Global warming scenario.
5) Portable form of energy and are transferable.
6) To standarise the economy level by trading.
7) To increase the productivity of the raw materials
8) For better safety and security.
 Component of Electrical system

1) Generation – It generally include the source of

electricity.
2) Transmission- Transferring of the main grid line to
sub main grid line
3) Distribution- Division of the sub main grid line to
the consumer areas
4) Consumption- It include the electricity consumption
units and the mechanical equipments.

Generation Transmission

Consumption Distribution

Fig: Different component of electrical system

Phase wire & Neutral wire
• In AC circuit, current flows in both the direction.
Phase acts as a main supply line while neutral acts like
a return path for the circuit to be completed
• Phase has some potential value whereas Neutral wire
has zero potential value.
• Neutral wire carries the circuit back to the original
power source which helps to utilize the flow of
electricity without any loss.
• In case of short circuit or electrical fault, the flow of
current takes place from neutral wire.
• Unstable voltages & currents and unwanted electric
shocks are seen if neutral wire is abrupted.
Alternating Current (AC)
• Alternating current is an electric current flowing through back and forth
motion (sine wave)
• Alternating Current always have a pulsating voltage system with respect
to time.
• Electrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC
voltage may be increased and decreased which is regulated with the
transformers allowing the power to transmitted through power lines
efficiently at high voltages to the consumers.
• Alternating current is a 3-phased line system (Red(R), Yellow(Y),
Blue(B)) and one additional center for the earthen line to the ground.
• Single phase line is used for residential purposes whereas 3-phase line
are used for industrial & Commercial purposes.
Direct Current (DC)
• Direct current is unidirectional flow of electric charges.
• Direct current may flow from single wire where electric charges
are constant.
• DC can be converted into AC by using Invertor and it is
produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies, solar
cells, or dynamos.
• DC power is widely used in low voltage applications such as
charging batteries, automotive applications, aircraft applications
and other low voltage, low current applications. All solar panels
nowadays produce DC power
 DIFFERENCE
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
1) It is the current of magnitude varying with 1) It is the current of constant magnitude with time.
time
2) It flow in the single direction
2) It reverses its direction while flowing in the
circuit 3) The frequency of DC current is zero
3) The frequency of AC is 50/60 HZ 4) DC voltage loses energy when travelled across a
long distance
4) Amount of energy capacity to transfer a
long distance is possible 5) Source: Battery, cell etc.
5) Source- AC Generators, Electric Mains etc.
NUMERICALS FORMULAES
1) Energy consumption by electrical appliances= Number of electrical appliances x Capacity of the electrical
appliances x Time period per day

2) Total cost of electricity= Energy consumption by electrical appliances x Rate of electricity per unit

3) 1 Unit = 1 Kwhr/month

4) Consumption of electricity are always recorded at the end of the month.

 Open and closed circuit

- Closed circuit is an electric circuit which provides an endless

continuous path for uninterrupted supply of electric current.
- Opened circuit is a broken/incomplete electrical circuit in which
normal path of current has been interrupted.
- The major component of this circuit are switch, bulb(load),
resistance and source( AC/DC)

Fig:-Circuit Diagram
 DIFFERENCE
CONTENT OPEN CIRCUIT CLOSED CIRCUIT

1. Basic 1) An open circuit make a incomplete path to 1) A closed circuit makes a complete path to flow the
flow the energy from source to load. energy from source to load.
2. Electric Current
2) In electric circuit, the current doesn’t flow 2) In electric circuit, current flows from positive to
negative charge particles.
3. Potential Difference 3) In electric current, the potential difference
doesn’t occur between two terminals of an 3) In electric current, the potential difference occurs
open circuit. between the two terminal of the closed circuit.

4. Nature 4) Open circuit can’t conduct electricity 4) Closed circuit conducts electricity with the helps of
elements like cell, battery etc.
5. State 5) The circuit works as an “OFF” state position
5) The circuit works continuously “ON” state position
 Emergency Electrical Supply System
1) Uninterrupted Power supply (UPS)
- An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is an electrical apparatus MAIN
that provides battery backup when an electrical power fails or POWER
drops to an unacceptable voltage level.
- It ensures that your electrical equipments gets a consistent
current so damage, such as database corruption can be avoided.
- A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such
as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or +
other electrical equipment where an unexpected power INVERTOR -
disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business BATTERY
disruption or data loss.
- The batteries and invertor are connected to and charged by
electrical supply system in Hotel or residential building.

EXTENSION ELECTRICAL
& ADAPTER COMPONENTS
 2) Invertor/ Generator

• In residential and commercial purposes, the Diesel generators is

used to fulfill the backup power during the non-supply electrical
period.
• The switching of the backup power in the absence of the main AC
power through full load generator is supplied with the automatic
switch.
• The major principle of the DC generators is that it is an electrical
machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
and is based on the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction.
• Generator system may be of AC or DC generator.
 GENERATOR
A

230V 3KW OUTBACK POWER

230V
AC MAINS AC main Input INVERTOR/ CHARGER DB Board
AC output
SYSTEM
A= When there is a direct supply of electric line
B= When AC Current is charging the battery from the AC mains
C= When there is no supply of electric line from electricity
Authority
D= When there is a provision of Generator
C Charging during D
supply period
Supply during non-
supply electrical period

B
BATTERIES ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

FIG: WORKING PROCESS OF INVERTOR/ GENERATOR

Electrical Protection Devices
1) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
- A regular circuit breaker used in the distribution system is a
miniature circuit breaker which cuts off circuit when more than
predetermined value of current flows in the circuit.
- The principal of operation is simple. An MCB functions by
interrupting the continuity of electrical flow through
the circuit once a fault is detected.
- In simple terms MCB is a switch which automatically turns off
when the current flowing through it passes the maximum
allowable limit.
- It’s main function is to prevent the electrical appliances from
damages and fire outburst by breaking the circuit.
2. Fuse

- Fuses are used and installed in electrical system to protect the

equipment from malfunctioning including overload and short
circuit.
- Excess of current level in the AC mains are circulated through the
fuse.
- Fuses are the replaceable element when the electric current in the
circuit are breakdown and its essential components is metal wire
or strip that melts when too much current flows through it.
- The fuse element is made of zinc, COPPER, silver, aluminum or
other alloys to provide stable and predictable characteristics.

Symbol of Fuse
3. Earthing

- An earthing system or grounding system connects specific parts of

an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth's
conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes.
- The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and
electromagnetic compatibility of the electrical installation in the
residential and commercial building.
- The main purposes of earthing is to protect from the electric shock
by providing a path for a faulty current to flow down to the earth.
- It also helps the electrical devices to switch off the electric current
that has fault or excess current

Symbol of Earthing
4. Switch

- Switch is a device to either close or open the circuit by

pressing a knob to break the circuit.
- Switch is either used for maintenance or on emergencies
to cut off main current.
- Switch is classified as One way switch and Two-way
switch
- Two way switch is a switch which can be operated from
two different point to switch on and off the circuit.

Symbol of Open switch Symbol of Closed switch

Short circuit
• Short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an
unintended path or connected with a low resistance conductor (wire).
• High current in low resistance wire causes an increase in temperature resulting in
the damages in wire insulation.
• High current can destroy component, melt insulation and causes a fire outburst.
• Fuses and circuit breaker(MCB) helps to disallow the current to flow through the
circuit resulting in a shut down of the power.
• During short circuit, conductor experience resistance(R)= 0, Voltage (V)= 0 &
current(I)= Infinite
• Effect of short circuit:
- When a short circuit occurs, the current in the system increase to an abnormally
high value while the system voltage decrease to a low value.
- The heavy current due to short circuit causes excessive heating which results in
fire outburst
 Transformer
• Transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another through the process of faraday Magnetic field lines
law of electromagnetic induction.
• Transformer are generally used to increase or decrease the voltage
levels between the circuits.
• Transformer are classified as step-up (increase the voltage)and Primary Coil Secondary Coil
step-down transformer(decrease the voltage).
• The current flowing through the coils of transformers are linked
magnetically rather than electrically.
• The magnetic field size and direction changes as there is a flow
of AC current at a frequency of 50 Hertz (Hz).
• The current are transformed from the primary coil periodically to
the secondary coil by the magnetic field lines. Magnetic field lines

• Number of turns in the coil determine the capacity of electricity

it can transferred or the output voltage as measured.

Primary Coil Secondary Coil

ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTION

• Avoid water in contact with electricity

• Broken plugs or damage wire should be
replaced.
• Insulated tools are used to prevent from
electric shock
• Always know the electrical wire code of
your country.
• Electrical repairs are done by shutting down
the main power line.
• Fire extinguishers(Foam form) are installed
with proper maintenance guidelines