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CODE: DRAUGHTMAN 2022/TOTAL STATION

III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,

KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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microprocessor. This single instrument permits

PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY observing distances and directions from a single setup.
KARAIKUDI Important parts of total station
 EDM with laser generator
SYLLABUS
 Endless drives
DRAUGHTMAN (SUBJECT CODE: 388)
 Trigger keys
UNIT 9: TOTAL STATION
 Tribrach with foot screws
9.1. Introduction to total station:
 Communication side cover
Get introduced to the Total station, Learn the
 Bluetooth
evaluation of Total station from the convectional
 Battery downloading port
equipment Total Station, Explain the benefit Total
Station and uses of Total station.
9.2 Types of total station:
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Total
station, Explain the types of Total Station, Explain the
precautions to be taken while using Total Station.
9.3. Measurement with total station:
Explain the equipment required for Total Station
surveying, Explain the procedure of measurement with
Total Station.
9.4. Characteristics and features of total station:
Define the features of Total Station, State the
characteristics of Total Station, Advantages and
disadvantages of Total Station.
9.5. Principle of EDM- Working need setting and
measurement Total Station:
Define EDM, State the principle of EDM, Features of
EDM.
9.6. Setting and measurement Total Station:
Define distance measuring, State principal of EDM,
State classification of EDM.
9.7. Total station Prism- instrument error operation:
Explain Total Station prisms, Describe sources of error
in EDM, EDM instrument operation, Uses of EDM.
9.8. Electronic display and data recording: Features of total station
Define electronic data recording, explain field  The theodolite is offering a complete product
family. It is easy fot a user to switch between
computers, Define recording module, Internal
models without learning a new operation.
memories.  Absolute circle reading.
9.9. Rectangular and Polar Co-ordinate system:  Excellent hardware features, such as laser
Illustrate rectangular and polar coordinates. plummet, endless drives on both sides for Hz and
V, brilliant optics with 30x magnification.
STUDY MATERIAL  Dual-Axis compensation for reliable Hz and V
UNIT 9: TOTAL STATION reading.
 New and intuitive software.
9.1. Introduction to total station:
 Unique levelling guidance for fast and convenient
9.1.1. Get introduced to the Total station. setup.
Definition  Hight resolution LCD display.
Total station is an assembly of a short to  Audible notice for 900 turns and layout.
medium range EDM instrument installed in the  Electronic laser distance measurement.
framework of an electronic theodolite with all  Graphic sketches.
components under the control of a built-in  Hassle-free EDM measurement with red laser on
any target or on the flar-prism.
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 Enter the data at the office and simply call up at the 9. Full GIS creation (using map info software)
site. 10. Local language support
 Upload and transfer data via on board data Disadvantage of total station
connection. 1. Their use does not provide hard copies of field nots.
 Data editing and exchange in total stations. Hence it may be difficult for the surveyor to look
 Connectivity to 3rd party devices. over and check the work while surveying.
2. For an overall check of the survey, it will be
Use of total station necessary to return to the office and prepare the
1. The instrument is mounted on a tripod and is drawings using appropriate software.
leveled by operating levelling screws. 3. They should not be used for observations of the
2. Within a small range instrument is capable of sun, unless special filters, such as the Troelof’s
adjusting itself to the level position. prism, are used. If not, the EDM part of the
3. Then vertical and horizontal reference instrument will be damaged.
directions arid indexed using onboard keys. 4. The instrument is costly, and for conducting
4. It is possible to set required units for distance, surveys using totals station, skilled personnel are
temperature and pressure (FPs or SI). required.
5. Surveyor can select measurement mode like
fine, coarse, single or repeated. 9.2.2 Types of total stations
 When target sighted, horizontal and vertical angles In the early days, three classes of total stations were
as well as sloping distances are measured and by available - manual, semi-automatic and automatic.
pressing appropriated keys they are recorded along
with point number. Manual total stations
 Heights of instrument and targets can be keyed in It was necessary to read the horizontal and vertical
after measuring them with tapes. Then processor angles manually in this type of instrument. The only
computes various information about the point and value that could be read electronically was the slope
displays on screen. distances.
 This information is also stored in electronic note Semi-automatic total stations
book. At the end of the day or whenever  The user had to manually read the horizontal circle
downloaded to computers, the point data for these instruments, but the vertical circule
downloaded to the computer can be used for readings were shown digitally.
further processing.  Slope distances were measured electronically and
 There are software’s like auto civil and auto plotter the instruments could, in most cases be used to
clubbed with AutoCAD which can be used for reduce the values to horizontal and vertical
plotting contours at any specified interval and for components.
plotting cross-section along any specified line. Automatic total stations
 This type is most common total station used now-
9.2 Types of total station: a-days. They sense both the horizontal and vertical
9.2.1 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of angles electronically and measure the slope
Total station distances, compute the horizontal and vertical
Advantages of total station components of those distances, and determine the
The advantages of total station include: coordinates of observed points, it is necessary to
1. Quick setting of the instrument on the tripod using properly orient the instrument of some known
laser plummet. directions such as true north, magnetic north or to
2. On-board area computation programmed to some known bearing.
compute the area of the field.  The coordinate information obtained can either be
3. Greater accuracy in area computation because of stored in the total station’s memory or by using an
the possibility of taking arcs in area computation. external data collector. Manual total stations and
4. Graphical view of plots and land for quick semiautomatic total stations are obsolete now.
visualization.  At present, it is the age of fully automatic total
5. Coding to do automated mapping. As soon as the stations and robotic total stations. Almost all total
field jobs are finished, the map of the area with stations in the market use infrared as the carrier for
dimensions is ready after data transfer. distance measurement.
6. Enormous plotting and area computation at any  The less expensive unit with a single prism reflector
user. can measure distances up to 1000 m. Those in
7. Integration of database (exporting map to GlS higher price range are capable of measuring
packages) distances up to 2000 m, when single prism is used.
8. Automation of old maps.
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 The accuracies of measurements with the less  Choose an adequate instrument station. Make sure
expensive instruments probably run about 6 (5 that an observer can safely operate the instrument
mm/ 5ppm) and the expensive total stations can without knocking it over. It is necessary to have the
run about 6 (1mm/ 1ppm.) centre of the instrument, which is the point of
intersection of the transverse axis of the instrument,
9.3 Measurement with total station: directly over a given point on the ground (the
9.3.1. Explain the equipment required for total station instrument station).
surveying  Remove the plastic cap from the tripod, and leave
 For using the modern electronic survey the instrument in the case until the tripod is nearly
equipment’s, surveyors are need to be more level, Stretch the tripod legs 10 - 15 cm shorter than
maintenance conscious than they were in the past. their maximum length.
 They must have to thorough knowledge, about  Open the legs of the tripod to set the tripod head at
power sources, downloading data and the integrity the level of the operators upper chest. When the
of data. total station is set up on the head, the operator’s eye
 For the survey of an area, the survey crew (two- should be slightly above the eyepiece. The
person crew, consisting of a party chief / rod instrument height is important for an effective and
person and a note keeper / instrument person) comfortable survey. It differs in the looking down
need the following equipment inventory. position and the looking up position. One should
1 Total station set not touch or cling to the tripod during the survey.
 a Total station instrument in a hard case  At a new station without a reference point on the
 b Battery charger ground, level up the total station at an arbitrary
 c Extra batteries point, where a stake can easily go in and be steady,
 d Memory module / card, serial cable and put down the stake at the centre using the
 e Rain cover plummet.
 f User manuals  To occupy an existing station above a reference
 g Tripod point, first roughly level up the tripod head right
 h Tape measure above the point. For levelling up, a small level is
2 Prism set useful to find out the position, use a plumb bob or
 a Prism drop a stone through the hole in the tripod head.
 b Prism holder  Once roughly levelled and centred, push each tip of
 c centring rod the tripod leg firmly into the ground, applying full
3 Back sight set weight of the observer on the step above the tip.
 Prism Apply the weight along the tripod leg without
 Prism holder bending it.
 Prism carrier (to be fixed to tribrach, with  Check the level and centre it again. Adjust the level
optical /laser plummet) by changing the leg length.
 Tribrach (to exchange prism carrier and total  Fix a tribrach with a plummet, a tribrach and a
station) prism carrier with a plummet or a total station with
4 Data Processing a built-in plummet on the tripod head.
 laptop computer with serial port or USB port Adjust the three screws of the tribrach to centre the
 Serial cable or USB-serial adaptor bubble of a spirit level with the following steps:
 Terminal application  Release the lock of the horizontal circle. Rotate the
 Application programme: MS Excel, Adobe instrument to the plate level parallel to AB at the 1st
illustrator-ordinate Converter, etc. Data backup position.
device media (Zip, meaory card, etc.)  Turn the foot screws A and B in the opposite
5 Survey tools direction, the same amount to centre the plate level.
 Stakes, nails, paint, marker  This will adjust the tilt on the aa’ axis.
 Hammer  Rotate the instrument 90° to set the plate level, at
 Thermometer, barometer / altimeter the 2nd position.
 A pair of radio (with hands- free head set)  Turn the foot screw C to the centre plate level,
 Clipboard, field note, pen adjusting the tilt along cc’.
 Compass  Rotate the instrument 90° to set the plate level in the
Setup 3rd position.
 Turn the foot screws A and B in the opposite
The following steps followed for the setup pf a total direction, the same amount to eliminate half the
station, at a station point. centring error.

III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,

KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 Rotate the instrument 90° to set the plate level at the  Measure the instrument height. The centre of the
4th position. total station is marked on the side of the alidade.
 Turn the foot screw C to eliminate half the centring  The vertical distance between the mark and the
error. ground is the instrument height.
 Repeat b to h until the plate level is centred in all  Check the plate level from time to time during the
directions (give a little time for slow movement of measurement before the total station tilts beyond
the bubble in viscous fluid). the automatic correction.
 Pull out the optical plummet and use the optic ring
to focus at the graticule and then focus at the mark Setting up a back sight
on the ground. Turn on the laser plummet. Rotate  A back sight is a reference point for the horizontal
the plummet or the total station to check it is angle.
centred within 1cm from the reference point. If not,  At the beginning of a new survey, a back sight con
estimate the amount of offset and carefully be set at and arbitrary point and marked.
translate the entire tripod as much as offset. Return  The best way to set up a back sight is to use a prism
to 4 and try to level and centre, therefore, rough carrier and tribrach on a tripped the procedure for
centring within 1 cm is necessary. Be careful to see levelling up and centring of the prism is the same
that the centre of the optical plummet or the laset as that for the total station.
point is on an axis perpendicular to the horizontal  If there is not plummet in the tribrach and the prism
circle of the total station. If the total station is not carrier, use the plummet of the total station and
level, the plummet line does not coincide with the then exchange the total station above the tribrach
plumb line. with a prism carrier.
 Put the total station on the tribrach if it is not there.  A prism should be put right on the reference point
 Use the plate level for the final levelling of the total when sighting is possible from the total station.
station. Follow the instructions given in Figure  Measure the target height at the back sight. This
height is the vertical distance between the centre of
the target (prism) and the ground beneath.
 When the station and back sight are ready, measure
the azimuth from the station to the back sight using
a compass.
 The azimuth is between 0°and 360° measured
clockwise from north. Correct the magnetic
declination to get the true azimuth and record the
true azimuth.
 If the geographic coordinate or grid coordinates of
the point occupied by the total station and the
target at the back sight is known, then the total
station will automatically calculate the true
azimuth, provided the station values are fed into
the total station manually.
 When the total station is finely levelled up, use the
plummet to check centring. If the plummet centre is 9.3.2 Measurement with total station
off the reference point, slightly loosen the fixing  When both the total station and back sight are finely
screw below the tripod head and translate the levelled and centred, the hardware setup is over
tribrach to place the plummet centre on the exact and the software setup is to be started.
point. Do not rotate. When the translation is done,  The software setup of a total station differs from
tighten the fixing screw moderately. If any portion one make to another. One has to follow the user’s
of the base of the tribrach goes outside the tripod manual of each instrument.
head, return to 4.  The list below gives common important settings for
 Rotate the total station by 180°. If the plummet most instruments, Most total stations memorize
centre goes away from the point, slightly loosen the these settings, but it is better to check through the
fixing screw and slide the total station halfway to setup menu in order to avoid a false setting.
the centre. System:
 Repeat the steps 12 and 13 until the plummet centre Choose appropriate existing interface for data
stays exactly on the centre of the mark. output.
 Tighten the fixing screw firmly without applying Angle measurements:
too much pressure. Never loosen the screw until all Tilt correction / tilt compensator (2 axis)
the measurements are finished. Horizontal angle increments:
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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At right angles (Clockwise). 10. Input the target height (hr.)

Unit setting: 11. Check the pointing at the prism again.
Angle in degrees / min. / sec., distance in 12. Using the distance calculation key. make the back
meters, temperature in °C and pressure in hPa. sight measurement. From the LCD display of the
EDM settings: total station, not the horizontal angle, the vertical
Select IR laser, fine measuring mode, use RL angle, slope distance, easting, northing and height,
with caution. So appropriate value for the prism and record them in a field book with a sketch of the
constant (from the user’s manual of the equipment). plan. Here the horizontal angle, vertical angle and
Atmospheric parameters: the slope distance are the raw data.
Get ppm for the diagram from the manual of 13. Create a new job or open an existing job. A job is a
the equipment or let the total station calculate from hPa block of data sets stored in the memory like a file.
and degree centigrade. One can creat a new job or append data to an
Communications: existing job. A job name is used as an output file
Set all parameters the same for a total station name in a new Lecia total station with. gsi extension
and data logger / PC. They are rate. Data bits, parity, Precautions to be taken while using a total station
end mark and stop bits. Refer the manual for each The following precautions need to be taken while using
device. a total station:
Total station initial setting (General setting required 1. Always carry a total station in a locked hard case
for all models) even for a very short distance. Take the total station
The following are the steps for the initial setting of a out of the hard case only for fixing it firmly on a
total station: tripod for taking observations.
1. Turn of the total station. 2. Do not move or carry a tripod with the total station
2. Release both horizontal and vertical locks. fixed on it. except for centring.
3. Some total stations require rotating the telescope 3. Use both bands to hold the total station handle.
through 360° along the vertical and horizontal 4. Never release the handle before the total station is
circles to initialize angles. fixed with the tripod’s fixing screw.
4. Adjust the telescope to best fit to the observer’s eye. 5. Set up the tripod as stable as possible.
Using the inner ring of the eyepiece, make the 6. Always keep the top of the tripod, the bottom and
image of the cross-hair sharp and clear. top of the tribrach and the bottom of the station
5. Rotate the alidade until the Hz angle reading is clean and away from any shock and impact.
equal to the azimuth to the back sight measured by 7. Take maximum care when the tribrach is removed
the compass (for Sokkia models only). Push the from the total station.
HOLD key once. The Hz angle will not change until 8. Do not make the total station wet.
the next hold.
6. Aim at the very centre of the prism at the back sight.
For the coarse aiming, rotate the alidade and the 9.4. Characteristics and features of total station:
telescope by hand using optical sight. Adjust focus 9.4.1 FEATURES OF TOTAL STATIONS
using the outer ring of the eyepiece. When the Total station is capable of measuring angles and
prism comes into the sight and close to the centre, distances simultaneously and combine an electronic
lock the horizontal and vertical drives. Then use theodolite with a distance measuring system and a
dials to aim at the exact centre of the prism. microprocessor.
7. For Sokkia models, push HOLD button again. The ANGLE MEASUREMENT
horizontal reading will now change according to  All the components of the electronic theodolite
the rotation of the telescope in the horizontal described in the previous lectures are found total
direction. For Leica models, input the azimuth of stations.
the back sight manually in the measurement setup  The axis configuration is identical and comprises
window. the vertical axis, the tilting axis and line of sight (or
8. If a station ID and back sight ID are required, use a collimation).
2-digit or 3-digit serial number like 101, 102, .......for  The other components include the tribrach with
each reference point. Use a 4-digit number for levelling foot screws, the keyboard with display
unknown points. and the telescope which is mounted on the
9. Input station parameters like hi (height of the standards and which rotates around the tilting axis.
instrument), E0, N0, and H0 (easting, northing and  Levelling is carried out in the same way as for a
RL of the point where the instrument is setup). Use theodolite by adjusting to centralise a plate level or
1000, 1000 and 1000 for E0, N0 and H0 to avoid electronic bubble.
negative figures. If the coordinates are known,  The telescope can be transited and used in the face
manually input the data. left (Or face I) and face right (or face II) positions.
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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Horizontal rotation of the total station about the Capabilities of a Total Station
vertical axis is controlled by a horizontal clamp and  Monitors battery status, signal attenuation,
tangent screw and rotation of the telescope about horizontal
the tilting axis.  and axes status, collimation factors
 The total station is used to measure angles in the  computes coordinate
same way as the electronic theodolite.  Traverse closure and adjustment
Distance measurement  Topography reductions
 All total station will measure a slope distance  Remote object elevation
which the on-board computer uses, together  Distance between remote points
with the zenith angle recorded by the line of  Inversing
sight to calculate the horizontal distance.  Resections
 For distances taken to a prism or reflecting foil,  Horizontal and vertical collimation corrections
the most accurate is precise measurement.  Setting out
 For phase shift system, a typical specification
 Vertical circle indexing
for this is a measurement time of about 1-2s, an
 Records, search and review
accuracy of (2mm +2ppm) and a range of 3-5km
 On-board software
to a single prism.
 Transfer of data to the computer
 Although all manufacturers quote ranges of
 Transfer of computer files to date recorder
several kilometres to a single prism.
Field procedures for Total Station in topographic
 For those construction projects where, long
surveying
distances are required to be measured, GPS
 A set routine should be established for a survey
methods are used in preference to total stations.
crew to follow
There is no standard difference at which the
 Standard operating procedure should require that
change from one to the other occurs, as this will
control points be measured and noted immediately
depend on a number of factors, including the
on the data collector and/or in the field book after
accuracy required and the site topography.
the instrument has been set up and levelled
 Rapid measurement reduces the measurement
 This ensures that the observation to controlling
time to a prism to between 0.5 and 1’s for both
points are established before any outside influences
phase shift and pulsed systems, but the
have had an opportunity to degrade the setup
accuracy for both may degrade slightly.
 In making observations for an extended period of
 Tracking measurements are take extensively
time at a particular instrument location, reonserve
when setting out or for machine control, since
the control points from time to time
readings are updated very quickly and vary in
 This ensures that any data observed between the
response to movements of the prism which is
control shot are good or that a problem has
usually pole-mounted.
developed and appropriate action can be taken to
 In this mode, the distance measurement is
remedy the situation
repeated automatically at intervals of less than
 As a minimum, require survey crews to observe
0.5s.
both vertical and horizontal control points at the
 For reflector less measurements taken with a
beginning of each instrument setup and again
phase shifrsysrem, the range that can be
before the instrinstrument is picked up
obtained is about 100m, with a similar accuracy
 One of the major advantages of using a total station
to that ontained when using a prism or foil.
 equipped with data collection is that some errors
 previously attributed to blunder can be minimized
Characteristics of total station
or eliminated.
1. Angle units’ degree or gon
 Even if the wrong reading is set on the horizontal
2. Distance units’ ft or m
circle on the field or the wrong elevation is used for
3. Pressure unit mHg or mmHg
the bench, the data itself may be precise
4. Temperature units â °F or â °C
 To make the data accurate, many software
5. Prism constant -30 or -40mm
packages will allow the data to be rotated and/or
6. Offset distances
adjusted as it is processed.
7. Face 1 or Face 2 selection
 The only way to assure that these corrections
8. Height of instrument (HI)
and/or observations have been accurately
9. Height of reflector (HR)
processed is to compare the data to control points.
10. Automatic point number incrementation
 Without these observation in the recorded data, the
11. Point numbers and code numbers for occupied and
orientation of the data will always be in question.
sighted stations
12. Date and time settings
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 The use of a total station with a data collection can  Working with total station is not so easy, as more
be looked upon as two separate and distinct skilled surveyors are required to conduct a total
operations. station survey.
Following is the typical procedure for data collection  To check the survey work thoroughly it would be
in total station necessary to come back to the office and prepare the
 Set up and level instrument drawings by using the right software.
 Turn on total station
 Create a file or open existing file
 Record Occupied station Name and instrument 9.5. Principle of EDM- Working need setting and
height measurement Total Station:
 Set Coordinate for Occupied Station 9.5.1 Define EDM
 Set backsight name and reflector height and
EDM is the electronic distance measuring
observe the coordinate of the backsight (known)
device, measures from the instrument to its target.
station and record the data
EEDM sends out laser or in framed beam which is
 Give name for foresight station and set reflector
reflected back the unit and the unit used velocity
height
measurements to calculate the distance travelled by the
 Measure the foresight station and record the data
beam.
 For detailing, set detail point name and reflector
height and start recording the data of different
location.
 After completion of recording the data, Power off
the machine and transfer the instrument to next
station and procedure as above.
 Total station consists of an electronic theodolite, an
electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and a
microprocessor having a memory unit.
 By using this instrument, it is possible to find out
the coordinates of a reflector adjusting the cross
hair of the instrument and at the same time 9.5.2 Principles of EDM
measuring the vertical angles, and slope distances. General principles of EDM
 A microprocessor deals with the recording,
readings, and the fundamental calculation of
measurements.
9.4.2 The major advantages and disadvantages of total
station are as following:
ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION:
 Quick setup of the instrument on the tripod by
utilizing the laser plummets.
 Programmed with on board area computation for
computing the area of a field.
 It supports local languages.
 It shows the graphical view of land and plots.
 No recording and writing errors.
 It gives more accurate measurements than other
conventional surveying instruments.
 Data can be saved and transferred to a PC.
 It has integrated database.
 Computerization of old maps.
 All in one and multitasking instrument, from
surveying to GIS creation by using the appropriate
software. Electromagnetic energy
 Faster work, saves time, quick finishing off the job. Travels based on following relation
DISADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION:
 The instrument is costlier than other conventional v = fλ so λ = v / f v= c/n
surveying instruments. Intensity modulate EM energy to specific frequency
 It might be troublesome for the surveyor to Principles of EDM
investigate and check the work when surveying. EDM Properties
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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They come in long (10-20 km), medium (3-10 km), and  Various atmosphere corrections, grid and geodetic
short range (.5-3 km). Range limits up to 50 km corrections, and elevation factors can be input and
They are typically mounted on top of a theodolite, but applied
can be mounted directly to a tribrach.  The total stations may internally perform and save
the observation or these data may be download to
Total Theodolite with Microprocessor an external data storage
= ±
station built in EDM  Angles can be electronically encoded to one are-
second with a precision down to 0.5 arc-second
9.5.3 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT  Digital readouts eliminate the uncertainty
(EDM) associated with reading and interpolating scale and
DISADVANTAGE OF USING EDM micrometre data
I. Electronic = batterers  The electronic angles - measurement system
II. Accuracy affected by atmospheric conditions. minimizes some of the horizontal and vertical angle
III. Can be expensive errors that normally occur in conventional
USE OF EDM  The modern versions of survey total station called
(a) measuring distance robotic total station, let user control the instrument
(b) setting distance from a distance with the help of remote control.
Different Wavelength Bands Used By EDM  These instruments are also equipped with dual –
Usually, EDM uses three different wavelength bands axis compensator, which automatically correct both
and their characteristics are: horizontal and vertical angles for any deviation in
 Microwave Systems the plumb line.
 Range up to 150 km
 Wavelength 3 cm
 Not limited to line of sight
 Unaffected by visibility 9.6. Setting and measurement Total Station:
 Light Wave Systems Define distance measuring, State principal of EDM,
 Range up to 5 km (for small machines) State classification of EDM.
 Visible light, lasers
9.6.1 Define distance measuring,
 Distance reduced by visibility
Distances determined by calculating the number of
 Infrared Systems
wavelengths travelled.
 Range up to 3 km
 Limited to line of sight L= (nλ + Φ) / 2
 Limited by rain, fog, other airborne particles
Total station :  Errors are generally small and insignificant for
1. Tripod short distances. For longer distances they can be
2. Theodolite more important.
3. Hammer  Errors can be accounted for manually, or by the
4. Plumbob EDM if it has the capability.
5. Peg  The principle of the measurement device in EDM,
6. Traverse which is currently used in a total station and used
7. Procedure along with electronic/optic theodolites, is that it
8. Full transcript calculates the distance by measuring the phase shift
Things to remember in total station during the radiated electromagnetic wave (such as
 A total station is an electronic optical instrument an infrared light or laser light or microwave) from
widely used in modern surveying. the EDM’s main unit, which returns by being
 Total station instrument combines three basic reflected through the reflector.
components. Velocity of light can be affected by:
 An EDM instrument, and electronic digital  Temperature
theodolite and a computer or microprocessor into  Atmospheric pressure
one integral unit.  Water vapor content
 They digitally observe and record horizontal 9.6.2 State principal of EDM,
directions, vertical directions and slope distances. EDM characteristics
 These digital data observations can be adjusted and Distance Range 750-1000 meters
transformed to local X, Y, and Z coordinates using  Distance can be measured up to 1 km using a single
an internal or external microprocessor. prism under average atmospheric conditions. Short
range EDM instruments can measure up to 1250 m
using a single prism.
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 Long range EDM instruments can be used for the  Incorrect recording settings
measurement up to 15 km using 11prisms. (e.g. horizontal vs. slope)
 Operating temperature between -20+50 degree Typical accuracy ± 5 mm + 5ppm
centigrade. Both the prism and EDM should be corrected for off-
Measuring Time centre characteristics. The prism/instrument constant
The measuring time required is 1.5 sec for short (about 30 to 40 mm) can be measured by measure AC,
range measurements and up to 4 sec for long range AB, and BC and then constant = AC-AB-BC
measurements. Both accuracy and time are
considerably reduced for tracking mode
measurements.
Slope Reduction 9.6.3 EDM Classifications
Manual or automatic in some models. The average of Described by form of electromagnetic energy.
repeated measurements is available on some models. First instruments were primarily microwave
Battery Capability (1947)
1500-5000 measurements depending on the power of
the battery and the temperature.
Non-prism measurement
Non-prism measurements are available with same
models They can measure up
They can measure up to 100-350m in case of non-prism
measurements
(a) Microwave (b) Ifra-red
Signal alternation
Some average repeated measurements Present instruments are some form of light, i.e.
EDM Accuracy laser or near-infrared lights.
 For short range EDM Instruments ±15mm+5ppm Described by range of operation.
 For long EDM Instruments ± 3mmt Generally, microwave are 30 - 50 km range. (med)
Distance is computed by (no. of wavelengths generated Developed in the eary 70’s, and were used for
+ partial wavelength)/2. control surveys.
Standard or Random errors are described in the form of Light EDM’s generally 3 - 5 km range. (short)
± (Constant + parts per million). Used in engineering and construction.
 Constant is the accuracy of converting partial
wavelength to a distance.
 ppm is a function of the accuracy of the length of
each wavelength, and the number of
wavelengths.
9.7. Total station Prism- instrument error operation:
EDM Accuracy
9.7.1 Explain Total Station prisms

Table 1: EDM Error Tabulated Over Distance Where

Error is ± (5 mm + 3 PPM)

Error & Accuracy

Blunders:
 Incorrect ‘met’ settings
 Incorrect scale settings
 Prism constants ignored  Made form cube corners
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 Have the property of reflecting rays back 9.7.3 EDM instrument operation
precisely in the same direction. 1 Set up
 They can be tribrach-mounted and cantered with  EDM instruments are inserted in to the tribrach
an optical plumment, or they can be attached  Set over the point by means of the optical
 To a range pole and held vertical on a point with plummet
the aid of a bulls-eye level.  Prisms ard set over the remote station point
 Prisms are used with electro-optical EDM  The EDM turned on
instruments to reflect the transmitted signal  The height of the prism and the EDM should me
 A single reflector is a cube corner prism that has measured
the characteristic to reflecting light rays precisely EDM instrument operation
back to the emitting instrument 2. Aim
 The quality of the prism is determined by the  The EDM is aimed at the prism by using either
flatness of the surface and the perpendicular of the built-in sighting devices on the EDM.
the 90° surface  Telescope (yoke-mount EDMs) will have the
optical line of sight a bit lower than the
9.7.2 Source of Error in EDM: electronic signal
Personal:  When the cross hair is sight on target the
 Careless cantering of instrument and/or electronic signal will be maximized at the centre
reflector Prisms of the prism
 Faulty temperature and pressure measurements  Set the electronic signal precisely on the prism
 Incorrect input of T and P center
Instrumental EDM instrument operation
 Instrument not calibrated 3. Measure
 Electrical centre  The slope measurement is accomplished by
 Prism Constant (see next slide) simply pressing the measure button
Natural  The displays are either liquid crystal (LCD) or
 Varying ‘met’ along line light emitting diode (LED)
 Turbulence in air.  The measurements is shown in two decimals of
a foot or three decimals of a meter
Determination of System Measuring Constant  EDM with built in calculators can now be used
to compute horizontal and vertical distance,
coordinate, atmospheric, curvature and prism
constant corrections.
1. Measure AB, BC and AC EDM instrument operation
2. AC + K = (AB + K) + (BC + K) 4. Record
3. K = AC- (AB + BC)  The measured data can be recorded in the field
4. If electrical centre is calibrated, K represents the note format
prism constant.  Can be entered manually into electronic data
collector
 The distance data must be accompanied by all
Errors/Instrumentation Error
 Microwave relevant atmospheric and instrumental
 Atmospheric conditions correction factors
9.7.4 Uses
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Humidity - must have wet bulb and dry bulb
temperature.
Multi-path
 Reflected signals can give longer distances
Light
 Atmospheric conditions
 Temperature
 Pressure
Prism offset
 Point of measurement is generally behind the
plumb line. Total stations are ideal for collecting large numbers of
 Today usually standardized as 30mm points.
Plane Geometry
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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 More complicated when the EDM is on top of the

theodolite and the prism is higher than the target
(Delta HR not equal to delta hi).
Plane Coordinates

Horizontal Coordinates

They are commonly used for all aspects of modern

surveying. Only when harsh conditions, exist or
distances are short will a transit and tape be used.
Problems
 Total stations are dependant on batteries and
electronics. The LCD screen does not work well
when it is cold.
 Battery life is also short, batteries and electronics
both do not work well when wet.
 Total stations are typically heavier that a transit and
tape
 Loss of data is an important consideration
 Plane geometry vs spherical geometry
Angles error x 1” with in 200 km2 area

Vertical Coordinates

Distances error 0.009 mm pr km

Geometry of EDM Measurement
 Relatively simple if hi = HR
III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,
KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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Trigonometry Levelling 9.8.3 Define recording module.

These are also called memory cards which take
the form of plug-in cards onto which data is
magnetically encoded by a total station. Data is
transmitted to the memory card using a non-contact
magnetic coupling system which eliminates the need to
attach sockets or point to the card.

9.8.4 Internal memories.

A total station can be fitted with an internal
memory capable of storing 900 to 10,000 points. This
enables data to be collected without the need for a
memory card or data recorder.

9.8. Electronic display and data recording: 9.9. Rectangular and Polar Co-ordinate system:
9.9.1 Illustrate rectangular and polar coordinates.
Rectangular and polar co-ordinates

Point p can be located relative to the origin by

Rectangular Coordinates (Xp,Yp) or by Polar
Coordinates
9.8.1 Define electronic data recording
The conventional method of recording surveys
is overtaken by development in computer mapping
and survey instrumentation which made electronic
data recording and transfer essential.
The following are some methods of recording
data electronically.
Data recorders:
These are dedicated to a particular instrument
and can store and process surveying observations.
These are also referred to as electronic field books. They
use solid-state technology enabling them to store large
amounts of data in a device of the size of a pocket
calculator.

9.8.2 explain field computers

These are hand-held computers adapted to
survey data collection. Comparing with a data logger,
they offer a more flexible approach to data collection
since they can be programmed for many forms of data
entry.

III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,

KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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Converts from Polar to Cartesian coordinates.

Transformation coordinates Q (−1,3π / 4) R (3,−45°)

Rectangular Coordinates

Cartesian coordinates
Polar Coordinate System
The Pole: point O
Polar Axis: ray from point O Figure
(along positive x-axis)

Polar coordinates

Polar Coordinates: (r,θ)

r: directed distance from O
θ : directed angle from polar axis

Plot the points with the given polar coordinates

P (2,π / 3)

III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRI RAM NAGAR,

KARAIKUDI. CONTACT 94864 31610, 8524970970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, [email protected]
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