FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

(CRI 169)

Criminal Investigation

✓ The art or science, that deals with the identity, location of the criminal offender and the
gathering or providing evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.
✓ An inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the
matters involved.
✓ It is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information, facts,
circumstance in order to establish the truth.

Laws Applicable in Criminal Investigation

➢ 1973 Philippine Constitution (Art. 3, Sec. 20)

“No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself”

➢ 1987 Philippine Constitution (Art. 3, Sec. 12)

“Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the
right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of a counsel, he must provided with one. These right cannot be waived
EXCEPT in writing, signed and in the presence of a counsel”

➢ RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of a person arrested, detained and under
custodial investigation as well as the duty of the arresting, detaining and
investigating officers and providing penalties for violation thereof.

Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a

person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.

Rights of a Person under Custodial Investigation

1. Right to remain silent. Anything he may say may be used against him in the court of
law.
2. Right to have a counsel preferably of his own choice and if he has none, the
government must provide with one for him.
3. Right to be informed of the nature of the charges against him and whatever he says
maybe used against him.
4. Right to be informed of such right s under the constitution.

Is Criminal Investigation an Art or a Science?

*As an Art
Criminal Investigation is considered as an art because it is governed by rigid rules or
fixed legal procedures but most often based on felicity, intuition and chance.

*As a Science
Criminal Investigation is a science because it involves the application of knowledge
of forensic sciences in the process of identifying, locating, collecting, processing, and/or
evaluating physical evidences.

Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation

“Never touch, alter, move or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is properly
marked, measured, sketched and/ or photograph”

Who is a Criminal Investigator?

• He is the skilled person who is charged with the duty of conducting criminal investigation
when a crime is committed.
• A well-trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of criminal
investigation.

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• A public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as
provided for and embodied under the revised penal code, criminals laws and special
laws which are criminal in nature.
Desirable Qualities
1. Perseverance – refers to steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring the desired
conclusion in spite of obstacles connected with criminal investigation.
2. Endurance – ability of investigator to last physically and mentally.
3. Incorruptible honesty and integrity – refers to the degree of honesty and integrity of
the investigator on several temptations.
4. The Intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon – this is very important in order that the
investigator could easily decipher falsehood from truth.
5. The knowledge of psychology and other natural sciences
6. Acting Ability – refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping down the level of the
subject with respect to age, education, profession etc.
7. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication – should have a basic knowledge
on both oral and written communication in probing a certain issue in order that he will not
suffer setback in getting the accurate facts especially in the preparation of reports.
8. The keen power of observation and description – should be a keen observer and
knows how to accurately describe everything.
9. Courage Sense of justice and Fair Play – moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the
truth irrespective of who gets hurt.
10. Knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency – refers to the investigator’s
capability of defense tactics, use of firearms and the like.
11. Knowledge of Criminal Law – investigator should have basic knowledge on legal
matters concerning investigation

The Elements/Anatomy of Crime

1. MOTIVE- the reason for doing something; the reason that impels a person to
commit criminal act for definite result . Ex. Dispute, economic gain,
jealousy, revenge, insanity, thrill, intoxication , drug addiction.

Intent( mens rea ) - as a general, intent is presumed in any crime.

- It is the thing that you plan to do or achieve; an aim or purpose; the accomplishment of
the criminal act.

2. Opportunity – It is a chance or time given to the offender in committing crime.

3. Instrumentality – this element involves the use of materials and other means
which are essential in the commission of the crime. Ex. Firearm, a bolo, a fan
knife, an ice pick, poison or obnoxious substance, a crow bar, motor vehicle, etc.

The Three Tools or I’s of Investigation

A. INFORMATION

- data gathered by the investigator from other person including the victim himself and from
public records, private records and Modus Operandi
- Knowledge of facts gathered or acquired from persons or documents relevant
concerning the commission of a crime or criminal activities.

Two General classification of sources of information

1. OPEN SOURCES - 99% of the information collected are coming from open source
- Taken from: civilian, captured document, enemy activity
2. CLOSE SOURCES - 1% of information from close sources
- Taken from: surveillance, observation and description

Sources of Information

1. Regular sources – records files from government or non-government agencies,

news items.
2. Cultivated Sources – furnished by informants or informers.

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 3. Grapevines Sources – coming from the underworld characters such as prisoners
or ex-convicts

Informant Net- it is a controlled group of people who worked through the direction of
the agent handler. the informants, supply the agent handler directly or indirectly with
intelligence information.
Informants (Asset) - people selected as a sources of information, which could be
voluntary, or in consideration of price.
Informant - refers to a person who gives information to the police voluntarily or
involuntarily without any consideration.
Informer - those who gives information to the police for price or reward.

B. INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION
Interview Interrogation
1. It is a simple questioning of a 1.Questioning somebody closely, often in an
person who cooperate with the aggressive manner.
investigator. 2. It involves skillful questioning of hostile
2. Witness voluntarily give their witness and suspect.
account about the commission of 3. Interrogation applies to an uncooperative or
the crime reluctant witness.
4. The purpose is to obtain admission or
confession.
C. INSTRUMENTATION

• Scientific examination of real evidences, application of instruments and method of

physical sciences in detecting crime, sometimes called CRIMINALISTICS.
• Use of the police crime laboratory, in the examination of physical evidence such as,
Forensic. Ballistics and other related sciences.

Three Phases of Criminal Investigation

1. To identify the guilty party

2. To locate the guilty party
3. To provide evidence of his guilt

First Phase of Criminal Investigation

To identify the suspect/s through;

A. Confession
B. Admission
C. Eyewitness Testimony
D. Circumstantial Evidence
E. Associative Evidence
F. Tracing Evidence
G. Corpus Delicti

A. Confession – an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution

of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charge.
- As defined in Section 29, rule 130, Rules of Court, “the declaration of an accused
expressly
acknowledging his guilt of the charged, maybe given in evidence against him”

1. There is declaration of the person.

2. The statement of the accused is the, acknowledge of his guilt from the
commission of the crime.
3. Guilt is admitted.

Kinds of Confession

1. Extra Judicial Confession – confession that is made by the suspect during custodial
investigation or those confessions that are made outside of the court.

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 Sec., Rule 133, Rules of Court:
“ Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground for conviction: An extra judicial
confession made by an accused, shall not be sufficient ground for conviction, unless
corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti”

Types of Extra-Judicial Confession

1. Voluntary – when the accused speaks of his free-will and accord, without inducement
of any kind.
2. Involuntary – this confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or
anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
3. Judicial Confession – made by the accused in an open court. The plea of guilty maybe
made during arraignment or on any stage of the proceedings where the accused
charges his plea of not guilty to guilty.

Sec 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court

“Judicial Admission made by the party in the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or
other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be contradicted unless previously
shown to have been made through palpable mistake”

B. Admission – refers to statement of the facts not directly constituting an

acknowledgment of guilt;
1. there is a statement of person.
2. the person only acknowledged facts circumstances of the crime
3. there is no acceptance of guilt

Admission is a voluntary acknowledgment in express terms or by implication, by a

party in interest or by another whose statement is legally bound, against his interest, of
the existence or truth of a fact in dispute material to the issue.
Admission may either be expressed or implied. Admission may also be classified as
judicial admission or extra judicial admission.
Expressed admission in one made in expressed terms in definite, certain and
unequivocal language. Implied admission to those who may be inferred from the acts,
declaration or omission of a party.

Sec 4, Rule 129 of ROC - “An admission, verbal or written made by a party in the
course of proceedings in the same case does not require proof”

C. Eyewitness Testimony - the ideal identification is made by an objective person who is

familiar with the appearance of the accused and who personally witness the commission
of crime.

D. Circumstantial Evidence - in the absence of a confession and eyewitness, the

identification of criminal may be established indirectly by proving other facts and
circumstances from which, either alone or in connection with other facts, the identity of
the perpetrator can be inferred. Evidence of this nature, usually falls into the following
circumstances.

E. Associative Evidence - the physical evidence found at the scene of the crime during
the courses of investigation which could link the identity of criminal by means of clue
materials, personal property or characteristic pattern of procedure deduced from the
arrangement of objects at the crime scene.

F. Tracing Evidence - these are physical evidence which may assist the investigating
officer in locating the suspect. Ex. Shipping or airlines ticket, parking fee ticket,
pawnshop receipt, shopping mall receipt, restaurant food receipt, etc.

G. Corpus Delicti - these are objects or substances which may be part of the body of the
crime.
Ex. The body of the victim, body of the suspects/subjects, guns, knife, slug recovered
from the cadaver during autopsy, body fluid, blood, fingerprints, footprints, etc.

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 Cardinal Question or Principle in Criminal Investigation
*THE FIVE W’s AND H: Who, what, when, where, why and how.

A. INTERVIEW
• simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator
• a friendly or sympathetic question
• is the questioning of a person believed to be possessed knowledge that is of official
interest to the investigation.

Types of Interview
1. Informal (on the scene interview) – conducted by police/investigator at the crime scene
to get description of criminal if seen.
2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator assigned to the case.

General Kinds of Interview

1. Cognitive Interview – it is conducted to willing and cooperative witness, where he is
given a full opportunity to narrate their accounts without interventions, interruption and
interference from the interviewer.
2. Question and Answer – the interview as practiced by some investigators requires the
interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator (interviewer).

Qualities of a Good Interviewer

1. Rapport
2. Forceful Personality
3. Knowledge in Psychology/Psychiatry
5. Conversational Tone of Voice
6. Acting Qualities
7. Humility

Golden Rule in Interview

“Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview
without prior visit to the scene of the crime

Rules in Questioning
1. One question at a time
2. Avoid implied answer
3. Simplicity of question
4. Yes or No answer

B. INTERROGATION
Interrogation - process of obtaining an admission or confession from those suspects
thru skillful questioning.

What is the Main Purpose of Interrogation?

- To obtain admission and confession

Techniques in Interrogation
1. Emotional Appeal – a technique where the investigator, combining the skills of an actor
and a psychologist, addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess.
2. Sympathetic Approach – the investigator, in preliminary or probing questions must dig
into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect.
3. Friendliness – a friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the
suspect to confess.
4. Trick and Bluff Techniques
a. Pretense of Solid Evidence – the investigator bluffs the suspect that even if he will not
confess, there is enough evidence to send him in jail.
b. Weakest Link – among the suspects, there must be a careful selection if who among
them is the weakest link where the interrogation will begin.
c. Drama – The weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by ordering him to shout,
accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to make it appear that a commotion is going
on.

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d. Feigning Contact with Family Members – the suspect could be tricked that the
investigator had gone to the residence and the family members had supplied facts
against the suspects.
e. Police Line Up– the suspect is place among other persons in a line up and he is
identified by a witness or complainants.
f. Stern Approach– the investigators displays a stern (demand immediate response)
personality towards the suspect.
g. Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour– the first set of investigators must appear to be rough,
mean and dangerous. While the second investigator is sympathetic and understanding
who stops the first investigators and begins his interrogation.
h. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier– the interrogator must be of the same ethnic,
tribe or cultural groups of that of the suspects.

Informant
An informant is any person who furnishes the police an information, relevant to a
criminal case or about the activities of criminal or of syndicates without any monetary
considerations.

Types of Informants

1. Anonymous Informant – maybe a phone caller, letter writer or a text sender in which
the identity is not known to the officer.
2. Rival-Elimination Informant – this kind mostly maintains being anonymous with
purpose to eliminate the rival person or gang due to competition.
3. False Informant – usually reveals information with no consequence, value.
4. Frightened Informant – an informant who is prodded with fear or self-interest in giving
information to the police.
5. Self-aggrandizing Informant – this kind of informant moves around the centers of
criminals, groups or syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of
information.
6. Confidential Informant – a person who provides the police with confidential
information concerning a previous crime or a projected and planned crime.
7. Mercenary Informant – this type of informant has information for sale.
8. Double Crosser Informant – uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an
excuse to talk to the police in order to get more information in order to get more
information from them more than he gives.
9. Women Informant – she maybe the female associate of the criminals, who was
roughed up, marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group
10. Criminal Informant- an informant who give information to the police pertaining tgo the
underworld about organized criminals with the understanding that his identity will be
protected.
11. Voluntary Informant- a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a
witness to a certain act.
12. Special Informant- those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and
it is regarded to special treatment by operatives. (teacher, businessmen)

Categories of Informants

1) Incidental Informants - are those who work with authorities on one particular incident
with no intention of providing subsequent information. They are individuals who furnish
information with no intention of repeating their services
2) Casual Informant –an individual who by virtue of his social or professional position
possesses or has access to information with great value to the police. He does
collection of information on a continued basis and voluntarily or willingly provides
information in response to a specific request or on his own initiative.
3) Automatic Informants - an informant who by the nature of his work, position and
occupation in an office or society has a legal moral or ethical responsibility to report or
provide intelligence reports to concerned individuals or agencies.
4) Recruited Informant – an informant who is selected, trained, and utilized as a
continuous or covert source of information concerning specific intelligence targets.

Types of recruited informants

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a) Ordinary informants – individuals who perform counter-intelligence activities under
the control of a particular agency such as police or military.
b) Penetration Informants – are recruited, selected, and trained to disguise or to use an
assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the trust of the intelligence target in order to
gather information.
c) Full-time Informants – informants who are available for counterintelligence missions
at all times and who may derive the major part of their income from their work as
informants of the police or military.

5) Double Agents – are individuals who are simultaneously employed by two “opposing
groups” or intelligence agencies with one of the agencies being aware of his dual role.
6) Dual Agents – are individuals who are simultaneously and independently employed by
two or more “friendly intelligence” agencies or units and do not show preference to
either office or group of individuals. These agents are normally motivated by material
gain or monetary reward and will be working with two different groups of people.

Informer
An informer is a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis
mostly with monetary consideration. They are either paid regularly or in case-to-case
basis, or none at all. They are cultivated and established by the police on a more or less
permanent character and as long as they are loyal and useful to police organization.

Name the two (2) kinds criminal identified by witness

1. Known Fugitives – criminals known by names and other personal circumstances by

the witnesses even before the commission of the crime.
2. Unknown Fugitives – criminals are unknown to the witnesses by names and other
personal circumstances before the commission of the crime.

The value of identification of Eyewitnesses depends on:

a. The ability of the eyewitness to observe and remember the relative “distinctiveness” of
the accused’s appearance.
b. The prevailing conditions of visibility and observations.
c. The lapse of time between the criminal event and the identification.

Types of Witnesses

1. Know-nothing Type – A reluctant type of witness, found among the uneducated and of
low level of intelligence.
2. Disinterested Type – refers to an uncooperative and different subject.
3. The Drunken Type – the style of questioning of the investigator be adapted to the
psychology of the subject.
4. Talkative Type – this is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding irrelevant or new
matters to their narration.
5. Honest Witness – the truthful and cooperative witness where the investigator could rely
upon, with or no problem in handling them.
6. Deceitful Witness – this is a liar type of witness.
7. Timid Witness – this is a shy witness and the approach must be friendly and reassuring
confidentiality of their information.
8. Refusal to Talk Witness – this is the most difficult subject to deal with.

Methods of Identification by Witnesses

1. Verbal Description (PORTRAIT PARLE) – physical description of the unknown fugitive

by witnesses based on the extent and range of their perceptions.

2. Rogue’s Gallery – police files of photograph of known criminals. These photographs

maybe directly taken by the police or those gathered from other sources to form part of
the police gallery.

Mug shot - is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.

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3. General Photographs – The investigator should show to the witnesses a variety of
photographs which does not necessarily represent the criminal in order for the
witnesses to approximate the nearest description of the unknown fugitive. The features
about the degree of baldness, shape of nose, or face, scars will help the witnesses
to arrive at a clear description.

4. Cartographic Sketch (Artist Assistance or Composite Sketches) – the composite

representation reduces to a drawing of the suspects face, made by an artist and based
on the descriptions furnished by the witness

5. POLICE LINE-UP- selecting the suspect from a group of innocent person to eliminate
the power of suggestions as a factor of identification.

ARREST
The term arrest came from the Latin word “arrestare” meaning “cause to stop” and
“Restare” which means “stay behind”

What is Arrest?
Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may bound to answer for
the commission of an offense (Sec.1, Rule 113, RRCP).

How Arrest is Made?

An arrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be arrested or by his
submission to the custody of the person making the arrest (Sec.2, Rule 113, RRCP).

Two Modes of Arrest

1. By virtue of warrant of arrest
2. Arrest without warrant

Arrest without warrant, when lawful:

1. When in his presence; the person to be arrested has committed, actually committing,
attempting to commit an offense.
2. When an offense has just been committed, and has probable cause to believe based on
his personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested has
committed it
3. Prisoner who has escaped from penal establishment/placed where he is serving his final
judgment, temporarily confined while his case is pending. Or an escaped prisoner who
being transferred from one confinement to another
( Sec. 5 rules of court )

Time of making Arrest

An ARREST may be made on any day and at any time of the day or night.
( Sec. 6. Rule 113, Rules of court)

The warrant of Arrest

Is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines signed by
the judge, directed to a peace officer, commanding him to arrest the person described
therein and take him before the court.

Essential Requisites of a Valid Warrant of Arrest

1. It must be issued upon probable cause, determined by a judge, after examination under
oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce.
2. The warrant must particularly describe the person to be seized.

What is Richard Doe/John Doe Warrant?

It is a warrant containing no specific person to be arrested but only descriptions
based from the testimonies of the victim or witness.

Is there an Alias Warrant?

Yes. Alias Warrant refers to the warrant of arrest issued by a judge to the peace
officer after returning the original warrant of arrest after the lapse of the 10th day validity
period.

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 Who is a Warrant Officer?
Warrant officer is any authorized member from the law enforcement agency usually
from the PNP or NBI who holds a warrant for execution.

Who may issue the Warrant of Arrest?

The Judge of any competent court of the Philippines is authorized to issue warrant
of arrest.

The Warrantless Arrest

Any peace officer who arrests a person without warrant maybe liable under Art.125
of the RPC (Arbitrary Detention). In some circumstances the police officer may arrest a
person without warrant based on (Rule 113, Sec. 5, RRCP).

Detention of Arrested Person

1. If the person arrested by virtue of warrant of arrest, he shall be detained until, he posts
bail duly approved by a competent court which then order his release.
2. If he was arrested without warrant, he can be detained:
a. Twelve (12) Hours if the crime is punishable by arresto menor (1 to 30 days), public
censure, fine below 200 pesos.
b. Eighteen (18) Hours if the crime is punishable by prision correcional (6 months, 1 day to
6 years), Arresto mayor (1 month, 1 day to 6 months), suspension, destierro, fine from
200 to 6,000 pesos.
c. Thirty-six (36) hours if the crime is punishable by reclusion perpetua. Reclusion
temporal (12 years, 1 day to 20 years), perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,
prision mayor (6 years, 1 day to 12 years), fine exceeding 6,000 (Art. 124, RPC).

SEARCH AND SEIZURES

What is search warrant?

Search warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by the judge and directed to a peace officer commanding him to
search for personal property described and bring it before the court. (Sec. 1, Rule 126,
RRCP).

Where to apply a search warrant?

1. Any court whose territorial jurisdiction the crime was committed.
2. Any court within the judicial region where the crime was committed if the place of the
commission of the crime is known, or any court within the judicial region where the
warrant shall be enforced.
3. If the criminal action has already been filed, the application shall only be made in court
where the criminal action is pending.

Requisites for the Issuance of search Warrant

1. Probable cause exists in one specific offense.
2. Probable cause is determined personally by the judge.
3. The judge must have personally examined, in the form of searching questions and
answers.
4. The search warrant must particularly describe the place to be searched and the
persons and things to seized.
5. It shall use only for one specific purpose
6. It must not have been issued more than 10 days prior to the search made (Sec. 4,
Rule 126, RRCP)

Time of making search

- the warrant must direct that it be served in the day time.

Validity of Search Warrant

- a search warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from its date

Who should Witness a Search?

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 No search shall be made of any premises except in the presence of any of the
following:
a. The legal occupant
b. Any member of the family
c. In the absence of the latter, two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in
the same locality (Sec. 8, Rule 126, RRC).

What are the Personal Properties to be Search?

a. Subject of the offense.
b. Stolen or embezzled and other proceeds, or fruits of the offense.
c. Used or intended to be used as a means of committing an offense (Sec. 3, Rule 126,
RRC)

Instances of Warrantless Searches

Search warrant should be issued and presented to the person concerned before
search is done. If an officer effect, the search without warrant, he may be liable under
Art. 128 of the RPC (Violation of Domicile) and the evidence obtained in the process of
warrantless search is not admissible as evidence in court for it is considered as “Fruit of
the poisonous tree”. Here are some instances which warrantless searches can be
practiced.

a. Search incidental to a lawful arrest. -This is legally accepted provided that the search
is contemporaneous to the arrest and
within the permissible area
b. Search in violation of tariff and custom laws - this involves illegal entry of smuggled
goods in our country. The search usually conducted by the officers and agents of the
Bureau of Customs.
c. Plain view doctrine search - police officer can seize articles of objects which
inadvertently come to their view without exerting any effort and which object is
incriminatory to the accused.
d. Consented search - if a person submitted himself voluntarily to be searched, it is valid,
as if there is a search warrant because of the consent of the person to be search.
e. Search for moving vehicle - “check point”, the check point must be done in “abnormal
time” when the public welfare is at stake. Thus, every vehicle that passes the certain
check point can be search without search warrant.

Note: Evidence obtained by an unreasonable searches and seizures is excluded

as evidence (Exclusionary Rule)

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Crime Scene is the place where essential ingredients of the criminal act took place.
It includes the setting of the crime and also the adjoining places of entry and exit of both
offender and victim.

Crime scene is said to be a “Treasure Island” in criminal investigation because

several pieces of evidence are mostly found in the crime scene, which are very relevant
for the solution of the crime.

A plan for the search should be formed which will cover all the grounds. Every steps
of an investigation must be undertaken with the thought of ultimate presentation in court.
Notes and measurements must supplement the sketches and photographs.
The basic guides for the investigator to look upon are evidences establish one or
more of the following:
1. The corpus delicti or the fact that a crime was Committed.
2. The methods of operation of the perpetrator.
3. The identity of the guilty party.

Types of Crime Scenes as to Location

1. Indoor Crime Scene – the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place like
room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim.
2. Outdoor Crime Scene – it is located in an open area

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3. Continuing / Running Crime Scene or conveyance – has a mixed location from
indoor to outdoor or vice versa or continuing outdoor alone, or from one place to
another of the same jurisdiction, or from one place crossing to another area of
jurisdiction.

The duty police after receiving a call or walk-in complainants must do the
following:
Duty Desk Officer shall:
a. Record the time it was reported;
b. Get the identity of the caller/complainant;
c. Get the place of the incident;
d. Get the nature of the incident;
e. Get the number of victim/s;
f. Record a brief synopsis of the incident;
g. Direct the nearest mobile car/beat patrollers or the nearest police precinct to act as first
responder equipped with “police line” to secure the place of incident a camera; and
h. Inform the duty investigator (preferably one team of investigators).
Duties of the First Responder
Those who are on patrol are commonly regarded as the first responder as they are
those who are employed in the community with the end purpose of crime prevention.
As part of their duties, first responder must do the following:
a) Proceed to the crime scene to validate the information received;
b) Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent data regarding the incident
c) Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene with a police line or whatever available
material so that unauthorized person cannot enter and destroy the evidence.
d) Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger and call for backup if
necessary;
e) Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary interview
f) Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein the suspect/s is fleeing, make
appropriate notification for dragnet operations;
g) Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely injured persons
h) Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency services;
i) Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons for proper disposition;

Assignment or Duties of Search Team

1. Team Leader – the one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
2. Assistant Team Leader – one who implements or executes the order coming from the
superior.
3. Photographer and photographic Log Recorder – takes photograph of all pieces of
evidence that are relevant to the crime committed.
4. Sketcher/Measurer – makes all relevant measurements of the scene, and make
sketches of the immediate background and inside the scene of the crime.
5. Evidence Recorder/Custodian – The one who writes down in short hand all
observations at the crime scene and records all articles of evidences handed by the
recovery personnel.
6. Evidence Recovery Personnel – the in charge in the collection, preservation, tagging
of the articles of evidence found at the crime scene.
7. Driver/Security – in charge of vehicle to be used for transportation and security of the
rest of the personnel during processing.

Crime Scene Search

First to observed before the searching start:

1. Determine what type of searching patterns is most appropriate to the crime scene.
2. Determine the number of searching team and members of the searching team.
3. Mark/tag position of physical evidence with designated evidence number.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

a. Strip Search Method

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 In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3)
Searchers A, B, and C, proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side
of the rectangle. When a piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery
and the search must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is
called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a
given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new
lanes as shown in the above illustration.

b. Double Strip or Grid Search Method

The double strip or grid method of search is a modification of the Strip Search Method.
Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
c. Spiral Search Method
In this method, the three searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral,
beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the center.
d. Zone Method
In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, and then
each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.

e. . Wheel Search Method

In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The
searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The
procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the
number of searchers.

Photographing the Crime Scene

a. General View – photographed in different angles, showing the specific location of every
physical evidence discovered during the search.
b. Close- up View – photographed in a close- up view different angles. Must be enlarged
in court presentation.
c. Color Photography – It is advisable to use color photograph to enhance their effects on
the sense of the Court.

Guides in Photographing Crime Scene

1. Series of photographs of the crime scene
2. The depicted object in the photograph should not be immaterial or irrelevant.

The Kinds of photograph to be taken at the Scene

1. the deceased showing its relationship with the surroundings, especially the physical
evidence.
2. evidence showing forcible entry, destroyed padlocks, broken doors and windows and
other relevant signs of disturbances.

Sketch is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete
measurements of
the relative distances of relevant object and conditions.

The General Kinds of Sketch

1. Rough Sketch. – It is made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of
important details. But without the scale of proportion. This is used as the basis for the
finished sketch.
2. Finished Sketch. – This is a sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by a
draftsman. The rough sketch and the finished sketch are for courtroom presentation.
Specific Kinds of Sketch

1. Sketch of Locality- it deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the
environs, to include neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to
the scene.
2. Sketch of Grounds- this is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime
with the nearest physical surroundings.
3. Sketch of Details- it includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence
in the crime scene.

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4. Cross Projection/Exploded View- it also describes the immediate scene only,
specifically inside a room as the crime scene.

Types of Measurements
A. Triangulation Method - An object is located by drawing two straight lines from two
fixed points creating a triangle. The triangulation method is useful in an outdoor situation
where there are no easily identified edges of roads or field to use as reference points.
Measurement follows the shape of a triangle.
B. Coordinate/ Angular Method - this method uses two walls in a room as a fixed points,
from which distance are measured at right angles. the baseline could be the wall, or
drawn as a mathematical center of a room.
C. Baseline Method - a straight line is established from one fixed point to another fixed
point. Using one end of the line as starting point , an object can be located by measuring
along either side of the baseline at a right angle to the object.
D. Compass Point Method - a protractor is used to measure the angle between the two
lines. One point a wall is selected as the origin. An axis line drawn from the origin is the
line from which the angle is measured.
E. Grid Method - Starting at a known permanent reference point at the scene, a
measurement of predetermined increments is marked off horizontally or vertically. When
a piece of evidence is found, it is recorded to the nearest increment from the reference
point.

Reconstructing the Crime

It is the assessment made by the investigator after the crime scene investigation, of how
the crime is committed.

Kind of Reconstructing the Crime

A. Physical Reconstruction –based on the physical appearance of the crime scene
mainly focused on the pieces of physical evidence. In the accounts of witnesses and
suspects.
B. Mental Reconstruction – Based on the mental reconstruction, some conclusions could
be formulated taking into account all available pieces of evidence.

“Hot” and “Cold” Case

Cases in criminal investigation are fundamentally classified into “hot” and “cold”.
This distinction is important in interviewing witnesses and interrogating suspects.
● A Hot case is one where the violation of law or regulation has just been unearthed or
discovered and the suspects and witnesses to the case are still emotionally affected,
upset or involved.
● A Cold case is a dormant case where the witnesses and suspects are having the luxury
of ample time to mull over the ramification of the case and to put up their respective alibi,
defenses or otherwise form subjective impressions of the case.

RAID is usually made after careful investigation and when other method accomplishing
the mission is not suitable.

What is Raid?
1. Raid is a surprise invasion of a building or area.
2. It is a small-scale attack of a limited territory.
3. Raid must be conducted in a legal manner through search warrant or warrant of arrest.
4. Raid may be in pursuit a person reasonably believed to be guilty of a felony when it is
known that the felony has just been committed.

Purpose of Raid
1. to effect apprehension
2. to obtain evidence of illegal activity by surprising the offenders in flagrante delicto.
3. to recover stolen property

INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence Personalities

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1. SUN –TZU
A Chinese philosopher takes a more practical approach to practical to intelligence
gathering from diverting from the traditional intelligence gathering which resort to
prophecy and dreams. In his book the Art of War, the coined words were “If you know
the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles; if you
know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat
in every battle.”

2. FREDERICK THE GREAT

he was regarded by the military historians as the “Father of Organized Military
Espionage” He used to classify his agents into four classes: common spies, double
spies, spies of consequence and intimidated spies.
a) Common spies – recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or amount
b) Double Spies - an employee of a secret intelligence service, whose primary purpose
is to spy on a different target organization, but who, in fact, is a member of the target
organization.
c) Spies of Consequence – couriers and noblemen, staff officers and kindred
conspirators invariably requiring substantial bribe.
d) Intimidated spies- persons forced to undertake espionage missions against
their will.

3. HANNIBAL - known as one of the greatest Roman enemy, who ruled and conquered
Rome Italy for 15 years by obtaining common street knowledge by posing as a beggar to
gather first hand information.

4. DELILAH – a biblical personality who was able to gain information through her beauty
and charm. She was responsible for the fall of Samson a known Israelite leader who
terrorized the Philistines.

5. ALFRED REDL - a double spy who while working as intelligence director of Australia
and Hungary and spied for the Russians. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he
was forced to commit suicide.
6. RAHAB - According to the book of Joshua, a woman who lived in Jericho in the
Promised Land and assisted the Israelites in capturing the city, nearly all English
translations of Joshua describe her a harlot or prostitute.

7. KARL SCHULMEISTER - Napoleon’s eye, Napoleon’s military secret. He began

his career in offensive espionage. Under a cover role, he was able to infiltrate the
Australian General staff

Intelligence -Intelligence is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration of all available information which may have immediate or potential
significance to the development and execution of plans, policies and programs of the
users
-Is a processed information.

Intelligence information – information gathered or received which is of intelligence

interest.

Police intelligence - The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation. analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the criminal activities
and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals for the purpose of their
arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit a crime.

INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

Intelligence Community – integrated and neatly organized entity composed of units or

agencies, which have intelligence interest and responsibilities.

• The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) is the primary intelligence

gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine government, in charge of carrying out
overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence programs. The NICA cooperates with

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 friendly countries and government agencies in and out of the country by posting agents
as liaison officers. The agency is led by a director-general and is assisted by deputy
director general. The former reports directly to the president. The NICA has a
National Intelligence Board that serves as an advisory board to the director-general
before he would submit his findings to the president relating to national security matters
affecting the Philippines.

International intelligence Organization

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the

federal government of the United States, tasked with gathering, processing, and
analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use
of human intelligence (HUMINT)

Kinds of Intelligence
1. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE – Any intelligence data that are not of an immediate
value. It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of
personalities, modus operandi, etc. It does not have immediate operational value but
rather long range that may become relevant to future police/military operations.

2. LINE Intelligence (Combat/Tactical) – kind of intelligence required by the commander

to provide for planning and conduct of tactical and administrative operation in counter
insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain
(PWET)
Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:

• People – living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the people,
government livelihood projects, extent of enemy, influence to the people.
• Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain) wind.
• Enemy – location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability,
enemy vulnerability.
• Terrain – relief and drainage system, vegetation, vegetation, surface material,
man-made features. These are military aspects of terrain which includes
cover and concealment obstacle, critical key terrain features, observation
and fields of fire, and avenues of approach.

3. COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE - covers the activity devoted in destroying the

effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and the protection of information against
espionage, subversion and sabotage.

Functional Classification of Police Intel

1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) – Production of intelligence essential to the
prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSINT) - refers to the knowledge essential to the
maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) - refers to the knowledge essential to ensure
the protection of lives and properties.

Forms of Intelligence

1. Sociological intelligence –deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of

groups of people. It includes the population and manpower and the characteristics of
the people, public opinion- attitude of the majority of the people towards matter public
policy and education.

2. Biographical intelligence – deals with individual’s personalities who have actual

possession of power.

3. Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes
the position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of the creation and

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 actual role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military
manpower recruitment and Order of Battle.

4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress of research and development as it

affects the economic and military potential of a nation

Counterintelligence – the aspect of police intelligence relating to all security

measures, both offensive (active) and defensive (passive) designed to ensure the
safeguarding of information, personnel, material and installation against espionage,
sabotage and subversion by foreign nations and dissident groups or individuals that
constitute threat to national security.

Three activities of Counter Intelligence:

a. Protection of information against espionage;
b. Protection of personnel against subversion; and
c. Protection of installations and material against sabotage.

Measures for effective Counter Intelligence

a. Passive (Defensive) – counter intelligence measures that seek to conceal information

from the enemy. Example: secrecy discipline, communication security, concealment,
camouflage
b. Active (Offensive) – CI measures that seek to actively block enemies attempt to gain
information or block enemies effort to engage in espionage, sabotage or subversion.
This includes detection, prevention and neutralization.

Objectives of Counter-Intelligence Operations

1. Prevent espionage, sabotage, subversion, disaffection, treason, or sedition.
2. Security of government, military and police officer’s installations.
3. Deny the enemy of any knowledge pertaining to classified documents and information.
4. Aid activity to achieve surprise against criminal and subversive plans some activities,
and
5. Detect possible disaffection, treason, or sedition within own forces.

Security Intelligence - conceal the national policies, diplomatic decisions, military

data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the security of the nation
from unauthorized persons.

Counter Intelligence – the organized effort to protect specific data that might be of
value to the opponent’s own intelligence organization.

Counter Espionage – to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage

laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators. It is a job to catch spies. It
is basically a police functions.
A basic requirement of the secret agent is disguise himself and his mission.
Much of his training and basic skill is dedicated to concealment.
• Espionage – is the act or practice of spying. The use of spy by a government in order to
discover the military or political secret of other nations.
• Sabotage – destruction of property or obstruction of public service as to undermine a
government, police or military effort.
• Subversion – is an act that seeks to overthrow a constituted government it is also an act
or instance of subverting.
• Treason – disloyalty to one’s own country by giving away or selling its secret to the
enemy or by trying to overthrow it.
• Sedition – is any action promoting or inciting discontent or rebellion against a
government.

Broad categories of Counter Intelligence Operations

a. Police Security
b. Civil Security
c. Special Operation
d. Port Frontier and Travel Security

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e. Censorship

Intelligence Cycle

Intelligence Cycle – cyclical steps followed from intelligence planning to the

dissemination of processed information to appropriate persons, intelligence cycle is
important as it provides the necessary details in attaining the mission. It is a repetitive
process used to produce intelligence from information.

Mission – is the purpose why intelligence should be gathered and use for particular
understanding. The heart of intelligence cycle.

1. Planning Phase
In intelligence cycle, planning is defined as the process of determining the extent
and scope of the needed preparation which includes the supervision of the collection of
information and other requirements base on the standard priorities.
Source of information –pertains to the individual, or group, association or entity
which may possess possible information to which an individual desires to be gathered.
Operations of command – is the manner how the collected agency and even the
agency upon which the data will be gathered
Characteristics of the enemy - refers to the capabilities, power, influence and
connections of every forces or upon any person to whom the date to be collected shall
be directed or used.
Methods in gathering information – refers to the different approaches as to how
information shall be gather or collected. This will help intelligence officer to provide the
necessary Essential Elements of Information (EEI). These are information
pertaining to the target area which the commander feels he needs before he can arrive
an accurate decision.

2. Collection Phase
In intelligence cycle, collection refers to the information gathering done in
compliance with established procedure to avoid detection and penetrate successfully.
3. Collation /Processing Phase
In intelligence cycle, collation refers to the process involve in evaluating the
accuracy and reliability of the information collected.

Reliability – means judging the source of information.

In collation/processing stage all collected information will undergo the following:

1. Recording of Information - Reduction of information to writing or some other form of

graphical representation and the arranging of information into groups of related items.
2. Analysis - the collected information is break into different components and isolate those
that are relevant to the mission or those that has intelligence value which includes
looking into the source of information, truthfulness of information and who provides the
information.
3. Evaluation of Information - determination of the pertinence, reliability, and accuracy
or truth of the information. Determination of the pertinence or significance of the
information relative to the operation, reliability of the sources or agency and accuracy of
the information.

Evaluation Rating

a. The evaluation of each item of information is indicated by a standard system. The

evaluation of reliability is shown by a letter and the evaluation of accuracy by a numeral.
Evaluation ratings are made at the lowest headquarters possible
b. Evaluation of SOURCE and ACCURACY of info.

EVALUATION GUIDE

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 Reliability of Accuracy of
Information(CUF Information Source of Information
NUR) (CCPDIT)
A - Completely 1 - Confirmed by other T - Direct observation by the
reliable sources commander of a unit
B - Usually reliable 2 –Probably true U - Report by a penetration agent or
resident agent
C - Fairly reliable 3 –Possibly true V - Report by AFP/PNP troops
D - Not usually 4 –Doubtfully true W - Interrogation of a captured enemy
reliable
E - Unreliable 5 –Improbable X- Observation by a government or
civilian employee
F - Reliability 6 –Truth cannot be Y - Observation by a member of a
cannot be judged judged populace
Z - documentary

4. Integration – is the combination of all that isolated information from various sources to
produce new
information necessary for the success of the mission.
5. Interpretation – is the process involve in providing meaning and significance of new
information.
6. Synthesis – provide conclusion base on the new information generated in relation to the
current situation.

4. Dissemination Phase
This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of transferring the processed
information to the proper users most particularly the authority that requires the activity.
Extra care should be considered in disseminating information and should be based
on the “need to know principle”. Meaning, information or those that has already
intelligence value should on be passed, handed or disseminated among person who
has the personality to know or acquire the same.

Methods & Techniques In Collection Of Information

a. ELICITATION
b. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION, A.K.A (ODEX)
c. PORTRAIT PARLE (P/P)
d. BACKGROUND CHECKS AND INVESTIGATION (BI)
e. CASING. It is reconnaissance or surveillance of a building, place or area to determine its
suitability for intelligence use or its vulnerability in an intelligence operation.

TYPES OF CASING
a. Exterior Casing – it is an observation of the whole area, building or installation,
possible exits and approaches, types of vicinity that may possibly be of help to any
intelligence or counter-intelligence operations.
b. Interior Casing – it is a close observation of the layout of the building. Included are the
items that can be observed in a building which are of intelligence and counterintelligence
value.

Methods of Casing
a. Personal Reconnaissance - personal reconnaissance of an area is the most effective
method and will produce the most information since you know just what you are looking
for.
b. Map Reconnaissance – A map reconnaissance alone may not be sufficient but it can
produce a certain amount of usable information. From a map, it is possible to get a good
survey of road and street network.
c. Research –Research normally entails a study of unclassified sources such as local
newspapers, periodicals, public bulletins, telephone and city directories, radio and
television broadcasts, etc.
d. Prior Information – Your unit will have on file reports from other activities within your
unit, and also from other intelligence units that may provide you with information. In
addition, town studies, geodetic surveys, etc., can provide you with valuable information.

18
e. Hearsay - Casing should always be done with your ears open when visiting such places
as restaurants, bars, places of amusement, and while riding on a public transport facility.
Some hearsay information maybe gained by discreet questioning of the people in the
area

A. SURVEILLANCE
- It is a clandestine form of investigation which consists of keeping any person, place or
other physical observation in order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to the
purpose of the investigation.
- Is a planned observance of persons, places or objects: objects however, it is concerned
primarily with persons. Places and objects can be closely watched but are generally
incidental to the primary interest of seeking information about people.

Objectives of Surveillance:
● To locate the residence, business places, and other places frequented by associates or
accomplices of persons of interest to the investigation.
● To locate persons of interest to the investigation or habitats and associates.
● To obtain detailed information concerning the scope and nature of a person’s activities.
● To secure bases for obtaining a search warrant.
● To check on the information and their sources.

Term used in surveillance

1. Pre surveillance Conference – a conference held among the team members, the
police intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.
2. Surveillance Plan - a plan established as required according to type of personnel and
general and specific instructions to surveillance.
3. Area Target Study – refers to the area of operation of surveillance activities.
4. Subject of Surveillance – the person, place, or object being watched.
5. Surveillant – the person who does the surveillance or who maintain watch.
6. Convoy – an associate of the subject who follows the subject in an attempt to detect
surveillance.
7. Contact – any person with whom the subject speaks, to whom he pass articles, or from
whom he receives articles.
8. Decoy – a cover supporting the surveilant who can become a convoy whenever
surveillant is burned.
9. Made – the surveillant being recognized as the surveillant by the subject or convoy.
10. Lost – the subject is lost when the surveillant do not know his whereabouts. The subject
is lost when the subject eluded him.
11. Fingerman – an individual who can positively point out the subject.
12. Put the finger on – to identify a subject by pointing him out either in person or in
photograph.
13. Put to bed – when the subject under surveillance has returned to his quarter and
apparently retired for the night.
14. Shadow and tail – to follow an individual whenever he goes, on foot or by vehicle.
15. Burn the surveillance – when a surveillant’s behavior causes the subject to surmise or
know that he is under surveillance.
16. Tailgaiting – a form of open surveillance in which the subject’s vehicle is closely
followed.
17. Close surveillance – the subject is kept under constant surveillance also termed as
“tight surveillance” the aim is not to lose the subject even at the risk of being “made”.
18. Loose surveillance – a cautious surveillance , also termed as “ discreet surveillance
19. Open surveillance - a surveillance with little or no attempt at concealment, also
termed “rough surveillance”. The subject is most likely aware of the surveillance, but
must not be lost.
20. Rabbit (Hare). Term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
21. Test for Tailing. The common trick of the subject (rabbit) when he becomes
conscious that he is being tailed. The rabbit usually boards a public conveyance then
jumping off the vehicle then he looks about quickly to determine if any another person
jumps off also.

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 Types of surveillance

1. According to intensity and Severity

a. Discreet - subject person to be watched is unaware that he is under observation.

b. Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions.
c. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each
occasion.

2. According to Methods

a. Fixed surveillance. Maybe referred as a stakeout . It is conducted when a person,

object, or activity being watched is not expected to move from one area. The surveillant
may however, move from one vantage (position) point to another in the immediate area.
b. Moving surveillance. Maybe referred to as a tail or shadow. A moving surveillance
is conducted when a person, object or activity being watched move from one place to
another. The surveillant may however, move from one vantage point to another in the
immediate area.
c. Technical – this is a surveillance in which use of communications and electronic
hardware’s gadgets system and equipment
d. Audio electronic surveillance - this refers to the employment of bugging or
wiretapping devices
a. bugging - is eavesdropping any communication or conversation with the aid of any bug
devices. Bug is a form of electronic device placed in an establishment to record,
receive or transmit conversation.
b. wiretapping - is the interception of communication lines such as telephone or
cellphone lines in order to listen or record conversation.

Eavesdropping - is the act of listening secretly to any conversation which is within

the same premise as the person who intends to listen to the conversation.

Duties of Surveillant
The surveillant should record all activities taking place in the establishment under
surveillance. The time of arrival and departure of each person should be carefully noted.
Photographs and motion picture film footage should be numbered with reference of
time.
In certain instances, it may be necessary to move the observations post, more the
equipment. Relieve the surveillant or terminate the surveillance. This must be done with
secrecy. It is necessary to have the surveillant to be at its minimum number and the
purpose of the installation not be revealed.

Shadowing or Tailing
Refers to, the act of the surveillant, following his subject to detect criminal activities,
to establish the association of the subject, to find a wanted person etc.

What are the different methods of shadowing by foot?

There are several methods of shadowing by foot. The method used will depend on
the circumstances of the case.
1. One Man Shadow- This is the most common because it involves the use of the least
number of men. In this type of surveillance, the shadower will follow the subject and
makes note authentically of all that the subject does. He will record all contracts,
description of all person encountered, places visited, time spent in various paces, routes
taken, etc.
2. Two Man Shadow- This is more advantageous because it permits immediate change
and are less likely to be recognized. One shadower will follow the subject and the other
may either be abreast, or on the opposite side of the street, or following the shadower.
3. Three man Shadower/ or ABC Method of Shadowing- A, B, and C, A is closest to
subject S. He follows S at a distance which depends on the pedestrian traffic. B follows
A, at about the same distance from A as A is from S, or, if vehicular traffic is moderate,
maybe approximately opposite him on the other side of the street. B and C take turns in
occupying the A position, thus preventing A becoming a familiar and noticeable figure to
S. Prearrange signals should be employed

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 UNDERCOVER OPERATION OR ROPING

Undercover Assignment – it is an investigative technique in which an agent

conceals his official identity in order to obtain information from the target organization.
Roping - A form of investigation or undercover work in which the investigator
assumes a different and unofficial identity to obtain information.
Undercover operation is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a
fictitious identity in order to infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purpose of
obtaining information. This is only resorted to as, a final option if no other effective
means of obtaining information is available. It is a last resort because of the risk involved
which may cause the loss of life or limb of the investigator.
Undercover Agent is a person who conducts an undercover assignment. He
should be knowledgeable on the language or dialect, customs and habit, physical
appearance and others, which are very important in the assignment.

a. Safe house – refers to a safe place where the investigator or his informants meet for
briefing and debriefing purposes.
b. Courier – refers to the person who carries information to another person.
c. Drop – refers to a secure place where the agents or informants give their message to
the other agents which could either be:
• Dead drop- the agent merely leaves a message.
• Live drop – the courier hands over the message directly to the agent.

I. Cover – is the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true
nature of its activities, and/or its existence from the observer. It is also a device or
stratagem by which the intelligence operatives conceal his identity, and his or her
relationship with the intelligence collection agencies
-It is used so that the intelligence operatives may operate with minimal interference
from the outside elements, criminals, subversives or otherwise. By “outside elements”
is meant those not having the “need-to-know.” An undercover is a person with cover.
-refers to the means as to how investigators will hide his original identity
II. Cover story – is the biographical portrayal of the investigator as to what ole he will
depict towards criminal syndicate while collecting vital information.
III. Cover Support –the person who provides support to the investigator

Types of Cover
a. Natural Cover – using true or actual personal background to fit the purpose of
undercover operation.
b. Artificial Cover – a cover using biographical data adopted for a fictitious purpose
c. Cover within a cover – use of secondary cover in case of compromise which
necessitates the admission of a lesser crime.
d. Multiple cover – adoption of any cover identity wished, as wished by the undercover
agent.

ALIAS – a fictitious name of a person. A pseudonym.

BACKSTOP – refers to falsified documents and materials prepared by an undercover
to make his cover story credible.

What are the objectives of Undercover Work?

1. Obtaining Evidence
2. Obtaining Information
3. Checking Informant
4. Fixed Surveillance
5. Checking Loyalty
6. Subversive Organizations
7. Security Check
8. Preliminary to Search or Raid

Types of Undercover Assignments

1. Dwelling – it is one where the undercover agent establishes residence in or near the
dwelling which houses the suspect

21
2. Work Assignment – places the undercover agent in a type of employment where he
can observe the
3. Social Assignment – requires the undercover agent to frequent places of
entertainment and amusement known to be habitually visited by target personalities
and their associates.
4. Multiple Assignments – An undercover is given a task of covering two or more of the
above specific assignments simultaneously.
5. Personal Contact Assignment or “Rope Job” – the undercover agent is required to
developed friendship and trust with the targ3t personality for purposes of obtaining
information or evidence

CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptography - Is the art and science of preparing coded or protected
communications intended to be intelligible only to the person possessing a key. This is
use in order to protect vital information from being intercepted by the enemy or if
intercepted, will disabled them to read or understand the information contained in the
communication.

Cryptography from the Greek word kryptos that means “secret” and graphos that
means “writing”
Important Terminologies in Cryptography
1 Plain text –it is the original communication to be scrambled or enciphered.
2 Cryptogram or unintelligible –means as unreadable. The result of cryptography

CODES
Codes is a system of words, numbers or symbols, that is use to represent a word.
In using codes one must possess a code book.
Code book is defined as a compilation of words, number, symbols or a combination
of either word, number or symbol with their corresponding meaning.
If the code system is use, the term of converting plaintext into unintelligible is known
as encode while converting coded message into plain text is known as decode. Coded
message refers to the product or output of the code system. also, coded message is
the cryptogram in the code system.
CIPHER
Cipher is a system which involves the substitution or transposition of individual
letter to make it unreadable. Cipher can be either transposition cipher or
substitution cipher.

General types of ciphers

1 Transposition cipher the shuffling of individual letter or switching the original position
of individual letter. The original letters in text are present, they are just disarranged.

Original Ciphered Text Original Message (Plain Ciphered

Text Text) Message
Need Eden
From Form Need help from base Eden leph form
Help Leph sabe
Base Sabe

2 Substitution ciphers involves the process of substituting individual letter or number

with another letter or number. This also requires a cipher alphabet to replace plaintext
with other letter or symbols

Example of substitution cipher system

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
The first row provides for the original arrangement of the letters in the alphabet while
the second row provides the propos letter to be used as the substitute.

Using the transposition cipher system, use the above example.

Original Message Ciphered

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 (Plain Text) Message
1. Need help from Pggf ignr htqo
base dcug
2. Attack the base Cwcm vig dcug
3. Retreat and Tgvtgov cpf
defend fghgof

In contrary to the code system, if the cipher system is use then the term of converting
plain text into unintelligible is known as encipher while the term of converting ciphered
message into plain text is known as decipher. Ciphered message refers to the product
or output of the cipher system. Also, ciphered message is the cryptogram in the cipher
system. This is now the unreadable message ready for
transmittal to appropriate person or organization

INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING

Importance of Investigative Reporting

1. It serves as records for police administration in planning, directing, and organizing unit’s
duties.
2. Reports can be used as legal documents in the prosecution of criminals.
3. Reports can be used by other agencies.
4. Reports can be useful to local media which need access to public documents.
5. The author of a report should also consider that his/her (written) work is reflective of his
personality.
6. Reports can be a basis for research.

Requisites of a Good Investigation Report

a) Accuracy – the report should be a true representation of the facts. Information both
favorable and unfavorable to the suspect should be included
b) Completeness – the question of (five) 5 W’s and one (1) H should be answered.
c) Brevity –irrelevant or unnecessary materials should be omitted.
d) Fairness –the investigator should take the facts as he finds them, and if ever he has
theories, it must be consistent with these facts.
e) Form and style-the arrangement of the materials present should be in a manner which
will make the report easy to read. The report should be written in a third person, the
investigator referring to him/herself as “the investigator”
f) Clarity- the language and format of a report are simple and to the point.
g) Specific – use of specific words that bring the reader close to first-hand experience.
h) Timeliness – completion of report promptly.

Types of Report
1. Police Blotter - is a record or log of daily events occurring within the territories or
jurisdiction of a given police unit or command. This report contains 5 W’s 1 H.
2. Spot Report - refers to immediate initial investigative or incident report addressed to
Higher Headquarters pertaining to commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or
manmade disaster or unusual incident involving loss of lives and damage of properties.
3. Progress Report - it is an accounting of the actions or series of actions undertaken in
relation to an ongoing investigation of a case.
4. Special Report - it is done either because one feels he has some reporting to do or a
lower police unit or office is obligated base on the directives or an instruction from the
higher police offices.
5. Final Report - is a thorough, in-depth and lengthy account regarding an investigation
into an incident or cause mandated by higher authorities to established a determination
of truth and or how far it could be determined based on the facts and circumstances with
appropriate recommendation for the proper course of action to be made.
6. Investigation Report - is considered internal communication, and it should be
addressed to the chief or head of police office.. Investigation report is complete when it
is answers the six interrogatives of police report writing- the 5W’s and 1H.

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