KABANANA SECONDARY SCHOOL

G12 BIOLOGY P2 MOCK EXAMINATION MARKING SCHEME -2023

Section A [44 marks]

1.

(a) (i)

O Vacuole ;

N Cytoplasm;

(ii) Cell sap / sugar/ salt and water;

(b) (i) plasmolysis;

(ii)The cell lost water in to a concentrated solution /hypertonic solution/named ;

(iii) (Distilled) water/hypotonic solution;

(iv) Plasmolysed cell; Reject plasmolysis [Total:7]

(a) PH 4;
(b) Stomach;
(c) (i)

1. 30 oC Enzyme reaction would be faster;

2. . 70 oC There would be no reaction ;

(ii)

1 . Every10 oC increase in temperature doubles the enzyme activities / Enzyme would

2. Enzyme would be denatured ;

[Total :6]

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3.(a)(i) Glucose → lactic acid + energy ;

(ii) is the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose while breathing is the taking in

and out of air ;

(b)

(i) When tar reaches the alveoli, it weakens them and irritates them; The irritation causes

coughing which makes the alveoli burst;

(ii) This is the uncontrolled or abnormal; division of cells in the lungs ;

[Total :6]

4. (a)(i)

A left auricle/left atrium ;

B left ventricle ;

(ii) type of vessel : vein ;

Reason: C is taking blood towards the heart ;

(b)

1 . Blood in vessel C has more carbon-dioxide from respiring cells than blood in vessel E.;

2 . Blood in vessel E has more oxygen from gaseous exchange in the alveoli than blood in

vessel C;

[Total :6]

5.

(a) (i) Ovulation;

(ii) Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes/ having half the number of chromosomes

compared to diploid ;

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 (b) (i) Note: 1 mark for a correct pair/ no mark if the pair is incomplete or wrongly given

feature egg cells sperm cells

site of production
ovaries Testis/testicles ;

relative size
Larger (100um) Smaller (10um);

numbers produced
produced in less Produced in large
numbers numbers ;

mobility
immobile mobile ;

[4]

(ii)

(iii) Ovaries/graafian follicle ;

(iv) -builds up the lining of the uterus(endometrium);

-inhibits further secretion of follicle stimulating hormone;

- stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone ; [ Max 2]

(c)

feature : Blocked oviducts/ fallopian tubes ;

explanations: Ova and sperms cannot meet for fertilization ;

[Total :11]

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5.

(a)

(i) Rr ;

(ii) rr ;

(b)

[ MAX 5]

(c). The accumulation of thick and sticky mucus in the breathing tubes would block the tubes;

leading to difficulties in breathing ;

[Total :8]

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Section B [36 marks]

Answer any three questions

All answers should be in sentence form in paragraphs

6 .(a) Describe how seeds and fruits are adapted for dispersal

Adaptations of seeds and fruits dispersed by Wind

Small and light-to float in air or be blown away by wind ;

Have wing-like structures to increase buoyancy in air ;

Adaptations of seeds and fruits dispersed by Animals

Edible succulent fruits;

Are brightly coloured ;

Have small and hard seeds-resist digestion once swallowed; e.g. guava seeds ;

Are scented to attract animals ;

Have hook like structures ; that help them stick on the skin/fur/clothes; e.g.

black jack;

Adaptations of seeds and fruits dispersed by water

Water proof skin ( epicarp);

Fibrous mesocarp with numerous air spaces-enables floating on water;

Light and corky ;

Adaptations of seeds and fruits dispersed by Self explosive mechanism

Burst open ejecting seeds;

Have lines of weaknesses along their edges ;

Example legume fruits ;

[ MAX 6]

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(b) Describe the adaptations of wind pollinated flowers

Adaptations of wind pollinated flowers

The petals and sepals are green in colour and inconspicuous are absent ;

Have long stamen ;

Many pollen grains produced per anther;

Stigma is feathery and hangs out of the flower ;

The flowers are unscented ;

Flowers are small in size ;

Lack nectar ;
Pollen grains are small in size, smooth and light ; [Max: 6]

7. (a) (i) Define the term disease

any physical or mental disorder that interferes with normal functioning of

the body; and has a characteristic set of signs and symptoms ; [2]

(ii) Discuss the causative agent, signs and symptoms and method of transmission of
malaria
Causative agent: a protozoan called plasmodium;
Signs and symptoms

headache;

fever ;

anaemia ;

pain in muscles and joints ;

shivering;

sweating ;

Method of transmission

Bite from female anopheles mosquito;

(b) Discuss the treatment and methods of control of the disease Cholera [4]

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 Treatment

Treatment with antibiotics ; replacement of salts and water using oral rehydration salt;
(ORS)
Methods of control

Sanitary disposal of faeces ;

Boiling or chlorination of drinking water ;

Warming and covering of food ;

Quarantine of patients ;

[Max 4]

8. (a) Discuss methods which improve and retain soil fertility [6]

METHOD: SUITABLE PH ;

How it improves and retains soil fertility

-acidic PH reduces the ability of decomposers (Bacteria) to put the minerals

back into the soil. ;

- Lime (calcium carbonate ), is added to acidic soil to raise the PH; and make the soil

more alkaline,

- Peat (decomposed vegetable matter) ; is added to alkaline soils to lower the PH and make the

soil more acidic;

METHOD: WEEDING;

-Removes unwanted plants; which compete with crops for air,/nutrients/water and space;

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METHOD: APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER;

How it improves and retains soil fertility

- Organic (manure and compost) and inorganic fertilizers; supply plant nutrients essential for the

growth of plants;

METHOD: CROP ROTATION;

How it improves and retains soil fertility

-Growing of different types of crops in the same area, one season after another retains nitrogen in
the soil ; e.g. legumes;

METHOD: CONSERVATION FARMING;

Conservation farming means looking after the pH of the soil, weeding, application of organic
fertilizer and practicing crop rotation;

How it improves and retains soil fertility

Knowledge about good farming and soil conservation practices sustain (keep) soil healthy and
fertile;

[Max 6]

(b) Describe the important roles played by earth worms in improving soil fertility [3]

- Decomposing plant organic matter is eaten by the earth worms and then expelled in a more

broken down form;

-Earth worms move organic matter from the surface of the soil into the soil;

- Tunnels made by earth worms improves aeration and water infiltration;

- The castings from earth worms improve soil structure ; [MAX 3]

(d)Explain the advantages of using organic fertilizers over inorganic (chemical )

Organic fertilizer
Contains organic matter that improves soil structure, aeration and moisture retention +

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Inorganic (chemical) fertilizer
Does not contain organic matter that improves soil structure, aeration and moisture retention ;

Organic fertilizer
Supports soil organisms and earth worms that build soil over time +
Inorganic (chemical) fertilizer
Does not support beneficial soil organisms and earth worms that build soil over time ;

Organic fertilizer
Slow decomposition rate makes it unlikely that excess nitrogen will run off, leach into the soil
and contaminate water supplies +

Inorganic (chemical) fertilizer

Nitrogen leaches through soil quickly and contaminates water supplies.; This means that more
application is required ;

[MAX 3]

[Total:12]

9. (a)What is meant by the following terms ;

(i) Habitat [2]

A place where an organism lives;, e.g. water for fish, forest for animals;

(ii) population [2]

A group of organisms of the same species; living in the same area at the same time;

(iii) community [2]

A group of populations; found in the same area ; and interact with each other;

(b) Differentiate biotic factors from abiotic factors [2]

Biotic factors are the living components of a habitat while abiotic factors are the non living

components of a habitat ;

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 Examples of biotic factors are trees /animals while examples of abiotic factors are

minerals/stones/ air ;

(c) Describe the effects of introducing raw (untreated) sewage in a water body such as a
river [4]
Raw sewage when added into the water deprives the water of oxygen; because bacteria and

Fungi; when decomposing organic matter have high biological oxygen demand;

Aquatic plants and animal life suffer ;

Contaminates water with harmful microorganisms hence water becomes unsafe for use ;

Causes water borne diseases;

[MAX 4]

10. (a) What is meant by the term pupil reflex? [3]

Refers to changes in the size of the pupil in response to change in light intensity;

Pupil becomes larger in light of low intensity and smaller in light of high intensity;

This action is controlled by radial and circular muscles of the iris ;

(b) (i) Explain how the image of a distant object is focused on the retina of the eye [5]

The circular muscles of the ciliary body relax; suspensory ligaments pulled ; lens becomes
flatter; long & thin in the middle; less convex ; image focussed on the retina;

(ii) Describe the changes which take place if the eye then focuses on the near object [4]

The circular muscles of the ciliary body contract; suspensory ligaments slacken; lens becomes
shorter & thicker in the middle; more convex ; image focussed on the retina ;

[Total:12]

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