Buying and selling Unit 15 Topic vocabulary A Circle the correct word. -—— ‘Getting to the Top’ business seminar So, you've seen (1) an advertisement / a bargain for someone to work in business? But do you really know what you're doing? Do you know how to keep the (2) customers / debts happy? Can you make a (3) cost / profit again and ‘again? At ‘Getting to the Top Business Education’ we'll help you to help yourself. | Why don't you attend our specialist business seminar and ... learn how to make | a (4) catalogue / fortune in business! Our course leader, Richard Sugar, says, | ‘Being big in business (5) exports / requires a certain way of thinking. You need | to know what your customers will (6) afford / demand and then find a way to (7) owe / supply them with it at the right price.’ Come and join our seminar and we'll ... ‘get you to the top’! Complete using the correct form of the verbs in the box. import + invest » obtain waste wn * purchase * save « select 1. We've decided to .....:v:u::u:mssusu:mmnns Money in Jake's new business. Hope it's successful! 2 Let's stay in tonight and coonmmmnnun OUF Money for the trip next week. 3 Don't snannunnnunusnnenn all YOUF pocket Money on sweets and chocolate. 4 The company has permission to start selling in China. 5 You usually have to pay tax when you sunsssnunuoun things from other countries. 6 Colin is so rich that he sostusinutnnnsnneee fOUF Rolls-Royces! TZ JOAN osu con feW pairs of jeans and went to try them on. 8 It says here that they give you a free glass with every pint of milk YOU ..nscinnnnnnnnnennanens | Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write the correct word We don't usually get that property of washing powder. We can only take the item back if you've stil got the change. The best thing about the new shopping centre is that there's a lot of fee. What's the design on a French one euro sale? Carter and Sons have got some really good things in the receipt. My mum didn't like me selling my bike, but she said it was my coin, so it was my decision. When we bought the house, we had to pay a huge brand to a lawyer. The taxi driver wasn't very happy when | told him | didn’t have any variety. .... AaRwne ~ co 6162 Unit 15 Vocabulary Phrasal verbs [D] Write one word in each gap. SHE'S ecssseisnnneenn UP. TROY eeesennnne ‘them away. He's just we BACK. SHE'S aeseeesnnnnn it BACK. Prepositional phrases [E] Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once. by 1 It can be very worrying when YOU'T vronmuman & lOt of debt. 2. Can | pay for this... uensewne CHEQUE? 3 Did you see that the house next door is .. Sale? 4. They took ten per cent off because | paid . cash. 5 We need to find an office... .-rent in the centre of town. 6 | got quite a lot of money for the car because it WAS ..cs.ni---» SUCH good condition.Buying and selling Unit 15 Word formation FF] one of the words in each sentence is in the wrong form. Write the correct word. The serve in this place is absolutely terrible and | want to see the manager. Could you help me make a decide? | don’t know which phone to get. Even very good quality clothes are quite afford in this shop. Companies should always tell the true in advertisements. Credit cards are really use, but you have to be careful with them. | read a compare of all the supermarkets and Safeshop was the most expensive. My grandma had no idea that her old vase was so value. Pete never shops at Mayfield’s because he says it’s too expense. Before you borrow from the bank, you have to make a judge about whether you can pay it back or not. Is the bill right? Could you just check your add, please? AaRwne won q S Word patterns {G] circle the correct word. Don't lend any money on / to George because youll never get it back. Where did you buy your new shoes at / from? They're great! Let me just pay about / for these things and then we can go home. There's something wrong in / with the CD player I've just bought. Carol seems to spend all her pocket money for / on going out. Look inside the wallet and maybe we can find out who it belongs in / to. Have you decided in / on a name for your new business? NoOoRwNne H]} Complete using the words in the box. Add any other words you need. advertisement * borrowed * choose + compare * wrong 1 [need to get a new bag for school but | Can't... these two. What do you think? 2. This CD player seems expensive, DUt if YOU .enoeernnnnnnnn the one in the other shop, it's actually not bad. 3 Madeleine oacscnennenenennnnenn & Aly MICE LOD cence Me and she stil hasn't given it back! A. THE wsmmmannnnnnnen the website said you could sell your old things to people all over the country. 5 The shop assistant was . osm the price so | had to show her the label. 63Review 5 [A] Write one word in each gap co eBay ONE OF (1) ....numnnnesee WDSites that has been very successful in recent years is eBay. On eBay, beople take things that belong (2) eu... them and offer them for sale. Other people offer (3) ssvmeone. @MOunt Of Money, and (4) -snennnneneen PEFSON WhO offers the most money wins the item. They then pay (5) .~ the item (6) . cheque or credit card. It's (7) conconemennn Simple idea, but it's become avery popular way of buying and selling. Even if you only have a (8)... .- of money, you can often find something you want on eBay. Most of the items are (9) ... ..« 00d condition, and eBay has a (10)........ happy users. of (1 mark per answer} Complete by changing the form of the word in capitals when this is necessary. 11 Te made MY ....sssnmsnnssssnn (DECIDE). 'm going to buy the blue one. 12 This dress is wonderful — but it's a little too — vovnennn (EXPENSE) for me. 13 [I've broken my new CD player and now it's vcs. o (USE)! 14 In the past, rich people often had.... 15 We offer top quality products at ... (AFFORD) prices! 16 The advert was (TRUE), so | complained to the manager. 17 Please be careful with that painting — it’s extremely .. ssssnee (VALUE). 18 When you... swvnnennnenemenene (COMPARE) Our prices with other shops, we're the cheapest! (SERVE) to do everything for them. (1 mark per answer) Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 Could you lend some money to me until the weekend? from Could | .. yOu until the weekend? 20 | cant decide which shoes | ike most, the blue ones or the green ones. choose FAME cen teem . the blue shoes and the green shoes. 21 Why don't you return the sweater to the shop you got it from? back Why don't You... to the shop you got it from? 22 It can be very worrying wien y you owe money to the bank. debt tt can be very worrying when you .. . We need to go auickly or the shons will be closed. up We need t0 rn se ... or the shops will be closed. 24 | paid for the co using notes and ¢ coins and then left the shop. cash | paid for the CD......... — and then left the shop. to the bank. 2. 3Units 13, 14 and 15 Rev! 25 | don't agree with your opinion of the new shopping centre. wrong I think you the new shopping centre. 26 Do they rent cars 5 here? rent Do they have ... es here? {2 marks per answer) PD] Choose the correct answer. 27 | heard there's smncvnewe MEW Sports shop in 31 In my experience, .....rnnnnnm AF VEY town. Let's see what they have. friendly. Aa Can AChinese C the Chinese B the Done Ba Chinese D this Chinese 28 | don't have .. nomenon MONEY, SOM have to 32 Dad has to GO tO eens early tomorrow wait to get a new coat. to meet an important customer. Aa piece of C much Awork C awork Bafew D many B the work D that work 29 It's going to be very expensive to send a 33 Which is more important - money or person to ... S| AaMars C the Mars A environment C an environment B one Mars D Mars B the environment D one environment g 30 I don't know much about computers, sol asked 3. the assistant f0F sm. advice. : o Aa lot Cafew Aan Europe C the Europe B many Dailttle B a Europe D Europe Apparently, it's the largest computer store in {1 mark per answer) [E] choose the correct answer. 35 Let me just add... soomee What I'm buying B down D back to see if I've got enough money. Aon C over 39. | couldn't sell my old magazines, so | gave them B = : " Dm A over Cup 36 Bob... a lot of money in his, B off Daway ‘ b id mad ane usiness and made 40) | gave the waiter a €50 note and waited for my A spent C saved - B invested D owed Achange. C cash B supply Dcost I cket money...... ree 41 Home Lovers have got lots Of sano iM Aout Cup their sale this year. A debts C bargains B down Dane B fortunes D fees 38 The old man took the book -» from the shelf and looked at the price. 42 usually spend any money | have Aup C out sweets and video games. (1 mark per answer) [50 65 Total mark: ..Grammar Pronouns and possessive determiners © Subject pronouns 1/you/he / she / it /we / they Use Example The subject of a verb They built the first aeroplane. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, but he did it by mistake! © Object pronouns me / you / him /her /it/us / them Use Example The object of a verb Could you give me that equipment? Could you give that equipment to me? ssive determiners my / your / his / her / its / our / their Eemple ETS To show who owns or That's their car. + Possessive determiners are always followed by a noun. has something v Is this my coffee? Use Its and it's do not mean the same thing. v Here's the dog's water and here's its food. ( = the dog’s food) v It’s the best camera I've ever had. ( = Itis © Possessive pronouns mine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs Example To show who owns or That caris ours. |» Possessive pronouns are not followed by a noun. |_has something X Thiststers car: i i j 1 Use There is no possessive pronoun for it. © Reflexive pronouns neni myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself / ourselves / yourselves / themselves Use Example To describe actions where the My computer turns itself off after half an hour. “_subject and object are the same | To emphasise who does something Nobody helped me. | did it myself! onaneneneenenandan EERE EERE 66Pronouns and possessive determiners Unit 16 A] Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once. you * he © she « it » we « they ... asked Mr Simons, my science teacher, what glass WaS ANd vse... Said that ... is a liquid! 2 Hi Diana! ATE seo .. Still coming shopping with us tomorrow? 3. My mum uted history at university. ..... SAYS se .. Was @ really interesting course. 4 Scientists are working hard to find cures for lots of diseases, buUt .......u..u. haven't found a cure for the common cold yet. 5 Adam, dO occensusesnns think snunew ShOUId all bring some food with us to your party? 6 Dad, do know if mmm S@ll Computer games in the market? Replace each word or phrase in bold with a word from the box. You have to use some words more than once. him 1 Did you give that book back to Alicia? 2 I told Bill that you don’t eat meat. 3 Why does she always give our class more tests than the other class? 4 They paid Kate Winslet a lot of money to be in this film. 5 Ihaven't seen Rich and Andy for ages. 6 Did you give an invitation to Mr and Mrs Clark? 7 ATV channel has invited my family to take part in a game show! [C] Rewrite the sentences using the word given, This is where we live. house This is ... That wallet cbr to me! That vo Wallet! n 3 Do those shoes belong to yout your Are ? 4 That car doesn't belong to them. car That's 5. This is where she er. bed This os 6 That isn't what he does. job That ... 7 Have you seen the aes blanket? its Where's .. oe a 67Unit 16 Grammar D] 'f a sentence is correct, put a tick (V). If there is an extra word in a sente write the word. 1 Is that my milkshake or yours milkshake? 2 Look where the dog has put its bone! 3 | haven't got a camera with me because I've lent mine to my brother. 4 Your DVD player is just the same as theirs is. 5 Was it your decision or hers decision? 6 You can borrow my laptop, but why aren't you using yours laptop? 7 | think those are your CDs and these are ours. 8 This is her book, these are your books and these two are mine books. 9 That video belongs to Carol and Doug — at least, | think it's theirs video. Ej Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write the correct word 1 That's great, Cathy. Did you make that herself? 2 Doug hit myself in the eye by mistake with his toothbrush! 3 Cats can look after yourself, can't they? 4 I hope you all enjoy himself on holiday! 5. Dad didn't help me. | did it all themselves! 6 We painted the room yourselves; we didn't pay anyone to do it. 7 This kitchen isn’t going to clean ourselves, you know! se 8 Wendy decided that she would buy itself a new dress in the Sal€8. o.com Complete using the correct pronouns or determiners. ;Inventions If you invented something important, (1) would want to make money out of (2) mons » Fight? Most of us would want to make some money from (3) - woe invention. It seems only fair - we did the work, so the money should be (4) too. Many inventors who have had (5) ........0 inventions produced, have become rich and famous and we shouldn't blame (6) oocecnenmnnee fOr that. But have (7) .. wee heard of Tim Berners-Lee? (8) ........ “om invented the World Wide Web on the Internet, one of the most important inventions of the last fifty years. Millions of lives have been changed by (9) ... introduction. When Tim Berners-Lee invented the Web, he made a Promise to (10) 7 that he wouldn't make any money out of it, and that he would give (11) soounae invention to the world. He did, and now the Web belongs to all of (12)........ . Ask (13) os what life would be like if the World Wide Web wasn't free. We should be grateful to Tim Berners-Lee, and thank (14)....... wow for (15) ...... ... amazing gift to the world. 68V Grammar Relative clauses We use relative pronouns in relative clauses. We use relative clauses to give more information about something, without having to start a new sentence. That man over there is called Bill Gates. He started Microsoft. ——> That man over there, who's called Bill Gates, started Microsoft. Use Example who for people What's the name of the man who created the Internet? which for things and animals _ The experiment which worked was the last one. where for places This is the town where Albert Einstein was born. whose to show possession That's the man whose sister discovered a new planet. Nateh) » We can use who for animals when we give them a personality. ¥ Our dog, who's called Benji, is eight years old. + When there is a relative pronoun, remember not to repeat the subject/object. X What's the name of the man who he created the World Wide Web? X This is the experiment which I'm doing it at the moment. ONon-defining relati Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. The sentence makes sense without the relative clause. That man over there, who is called Bill Gates, started Microsoft. lf we remove the relative clause, the sentence still makes sense: That man over there started Microsoft. Use Example rctntul hints ES To give extra information _—_This program, which is totally free, We use commas with non-defining protects your computer against viruses. relative clauses. ¥ Carl, whose sister is famous, is a friend of mine. Defining relative clauses give very important information. if we remove a defining relative clause, the sentence doesn't make sense. Imagine that there are lots of people in a room. Only one of them is wearing a blue shirt. The person who is wearing the blue shirt started Microsoft. If we remove the relative clause, we won't know which person it is. ai —§ To define who or what This is the TV which . "t fir we are taking about works. This is the TV We don't use commas with defining relative clauses. which doesn't work. + We can use that instead of who and which. ¥ Did you see the programme about the woman who invented Tippex? | 7 Did you see the programme about the woman that invented Tippex? 6970 Unit 17 Grammar > Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once. where » which 1. There's a film on tonight .......0:0euene | really want to see. 2 Do you know any restaurants they serve vegetarian dishes? 3 Can you remember .............-. told you about the new nightclub? 4 The film, .. Stars Tom Hanks, is based on a book by Dan Brown. 5 I've never met anyone before ......... 6 Lorenzo, is from Spain originally, has lived here for about ten years. 7 Carla, parents are from Mexico, was born in the UK. 8 Here's a photo of the hotel.... we stayed. mother was famous! Circle the extra word in each sentence. 1 The boy who he sits next to me in class is called Vladimir. 2 This book, which | started reading it last week, is really funny. 3 Jean, whose her mother is a nurse, wants to be a doctor. 4 My mum and dad, who they got married fifteen years ago, met over thirty years ago. 5 The jeans which | was telling you about them are over there. Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause. My grandfather was an airline pilot. He is sixty-five years old now. My. grandfather, who is sixty-five years old now, was.an airline. pi n Friendly People is a comedy. It's my favourite programme. w My friend Michael often comes to play with me. He hasn't got any brothers and sisters. a This CD is scratched. | only bought it yesterday. N wy brother George has got some great shirts! He hates me borrowing his clothes. cy Our neighbours have never invited us to dinner. Their house is directly opposite ours.m Relative clauses Unit 17 Look at the pictures and use the prompts to write sentences. 1 A tree / tall / have / leaves The tree which is tall doesn’t have any leaves. B trees / have / leaves / be / short 2A bottle / big / full | B bottles / small / empty 3A girl / has / short hair / be called / Melissa B girls / hair / be / long / be called / Lucy, Tina and Debbi 4 A boy /hold / black basketball / wear / school uniform B boys / basketballs / be / white / wear / tracksuits Tick (V) the sentences in exercise D where the relative pronoun can be replac: by the word that. Put a cross (X) where that cannot replace the relative pronou 1A B 4a B BA ae B 2A B Write one word in each gap Actuaries —— Did you know that there are people (1) «nc... af paid to predict the future? They're called ‘actuaries’. I'd never heard of actuaries until my friend Greg, (2)........ mother is an actuary, told me about them. It's a job (3) .. Sounds quite interesting. Actuaries usually work for companies, like insurance companies, (4) .... deal with the chances of things happening in the future. Actuaries have to decide how probable it is that something will happen. For example, it's more probable that buildings will be flooded in places (5)... it rains a lot. Greg’s MUM, (6) wn vm has been an actuary for about five years, is involved with car insurance. ‘She works in an office (7) ... they decide how much car insurance people should pay. It's more probable that a CaF (B) ..cccemn is new is safer and more reliable than a very old car, so people (9) . Cars are new pay less insurance. If there are drivers (10) sommes She thinks will probably have more accidents, she makes them pay more insurance! TlVocabulary Inventions and discoveries vocabular see page 190 for definitions | artificial (adj) experiment (v, n) operate (v) automatic (adj) gadget (n) plastic (n, adj) complicated (adj) hardware (n) program (v, n) decrease (v, n) invent (v) research (n) digital (ad) involve (y) run (V) discover (v) | laboratory (n) screen (n) | effect (n) lack (v, n) software (n) | equipment (n) laptop (n) sudden (ad)) estimate (v) maximum (adj) technology (n) exact (ad) minimum (adi) _ | unique (ad) @HeiNacs ‘© Prepositional phrase | break down stop working (for a machine, etc) | | at last come across find sth by chance | | by chance find out discover information, etc in my opinion | make up invent an explanation, excuse, etc in the end pull off break by pulling | in the future throw away put sth ina rubbish bin out of order turn off ‘stop a machine working ~ turn on start a machine working _ | GX boil boiler, boiling history historic, historian | chemist chemical, chemistry | identical identically | | conclude conclusion long length examine examination), examiner measure measurement fascinate fascination, fascinating science scientist ; GIIcas | adjectives diferent from/to result in - | | tutor nouns a difference between verbs begin sth with an idea about connect sth to/with a number of | disconnect sth from a reason for fil sth with a type of 12Inventions and discoveries Unit 18 Topic vocabulary [A] Match the pictures with the words in the box. hardware screen » software equipment * experiment » gadgets [B]} complete using the words in the box. artificial * automatic * complicated digital * exact * maximum minimum » plastic » sudden » unique 1 It’s not a/an .. ... watch. It's got hands. 2 Ifyou play this stereo on ... volume, you'll go deaf! 3 It's not a/an .. experiment. In fact, it's really simple. 4 Are leather chairs more e comfortable than ... . ones? 5 There aren't any windows in the lab, so all the light is ... 6 Was it a/an decision, or had you thought about it for along time? 7 The lights are — they come on when you enter the room, and go off when you leave. 8 Each person's fingerprints are ... ou « No two people have the same fingerprints. 9 The... number of patients necessary to test the new drug is 50. Any less than that and the ‘scientists won't know if it works properly or not. 10 | can’t remember the ... ... year it was discovered, but it was around 1976. Circle the correct word. 1 Do you know who invented / discovered the planet Mars? 2. The number of people dying of malaria has run / decreased enormously over the last 100 years. 3 You need at least three people to operate / estimate this machine safely. 7374 Unit 18 Vocabulary Modern technology / equipment makes all our lives easier. We've done a lot of research / experiment into why people are scared of spiders. 'm using a computer research / program that translates from English into Greek. This drug seems to have no effect / lack on humans at all The experiment just involves / operates answering a few questions. Could you program / estimate how many times a week you eat cheese? 10 Do you think anyone will ever invent / discover a time machine? 11 Professor Reinhart decreases / runs the computer lab with her three assistants. 12 There's a lack / an effect of phones in this office. We need some more! wry aar © Phrasal verbs D Choose the correct answer. I across this book about the up a story about being attacked by a cat! moon in the library. It's really interesting! A took C created Awent C came B wrote D made ine D looked 6 vo the TV off. This show is boring, 2 Jenny pulled... the handle so we APut C Turn can't open the cupboard now. B Set D Make Aoff Cin Samy D over 7 I'm going to throw these old shoes . | never wear them anymore. 3d ike to find .cnonnnmen MOFE about being off C down a computer programmer. B away D back Aacross C off Bup Dout 8 | turned .... _ the tap but no water came out. 4. Our car has BIOKEN essen Bain, Aover C round Aff C out Bup Don B down Din 5 Dean was late for physics so he Prepositional phrases E]} Complete using the words in the box. chance * end » future » last opinion ° order 1 These toilets have been out of... ... for a week now. When are they going to fix them? QI MY voesessssnnsmnane , humans will never live on other planets. 3 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by ... . nommnmnnees « He didn't expect to find it at all 4. | wonder what new technology willbe invented in the .. 5 Helen couldn't get the experiment to work for ages, but in the 6 It's so nice to have my own computer at it was fine.Inventions and discoveries Unit 18 Word formation Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in tt he gap in the same line. Mr Thomas Mr Thomas was a teacher at our school, He'd trained as a (1) HISTORY and usually taught history. He definitely wasn't a (2) sbutfor SCIENCE some strange reason he taught us (3) .. son for aterm. His lessons CHEMIST were always (4) oon.nnsinnnnne , but that was mainly because his experiments FASCINATE always went wrong! If he was supposed to US€ (5) cwnnnnsrninnnnnnn Water for BOIL an experiment, Mr Thomas would use cold water by mistake. Once, he was measuring the (6) snnnun OF Some pieces of sodium. can't remember exactly LONG why he needed this (7) a jug of water and the sodium caught fire. He almost burnt the lab down and they had to call the fire brigade. | think after that Mr Thomas came to the (9) that he should stick to history! I learnt a lot from him, though. Whenever there was a question in a science (10) .. about what happens when sodium reacts with water, | always got the answer “right! Word patterns Match to make sentences. 1 What's the difference A inus having to call the fire brigade. 2 This box is full B to that piece of equipment over there. 3 This resulted C about how to do this experiment. 4 Connect this cable D between H20 and H2SOq? 5 I've had an idea E with water? 6 Could you fill this bottle F of old camping equipment. Write one word in each gap. aonwne This program is very different the one you're using at the moment. Let's begin the lesson _.. @ Short test on the names of the different parts of an insect. Disconnect your PC the power supply before you take the case off. There are a number...... different ways of doing this experiment. How many tyPeS ...0nn Building can you think of? What were your reasons .. . choosing to do biology at university? ones y but | think he wanted all the pieces. MEASURE £0 Feact (8) venninnnnnnnn - Ashe picked up the ruler, his arm knocked over IDENTICAL | | i | | 7Review 6 AJ} Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, Write between two and five words. 1 | found the photo by chance when | was feving my room. across . the phate when | was tidying my room. 2 Fridges and freezers are not the same thing. difference THEE von fridges and freezers. 3 Scientists should never invent their results. made Results should never ..... 7 ... Scientists, 4 Dortt put those plastic bags in the bin - use them again! away Don't... “ use them again! [B] Write one word in each gap. 9 Turn all the lights .. when you leave the room. We don't t ‘want to waste electricity! 10 ..... . my opinion, modern technology has improved all our lives. 11 Could you disconnect your laptop the Internet when you've finished checking your e-mail? 12 We thought the experiment would work, but .. the end it didn't. 17 THE vos train is exactly 100 metres. 18 | think astronomy is absolutely = .. (FASCINATE)! (LONG) of the 5. Our car stopped working on the motorway, s¢ we had to call a mechanic. down We had to call a mechanic when our car on the motorway. Anew medicine was developed because of the work Dr Wang did. resulted Dr Wang's anew medicine being developed. There are quite a few things that I'd like to invent! number There are .. things that I'd lke to invent! Make sure you fill the bottle with water before you start the experiment. full Make sure the bottle .... = water before you start the experiment. o ~ oo (2 marks per answer) 135. svn last, Someone has built a battery powered skateboard! How many different types... building can you think of? 15 That programme is about to start, so I'll turn munmnenne the TV. 1 5 16 Ice floats in water. Can you think of a reason - that? (1 mark per answer) Complete by changing the form of the word in capitals. 19 Lee and Greg are twins, but they don't dress (IDENTICAL), 20 I've come to the . (CONCLUDE) that no one should have acar.Units 16,17 and 18 Review 6 21 Why do all... = “ wu (SCIENCE) 23 Make sure your —— have untidy hair? (MEASURE) are accurate. 22 POUL the «ren vw (BOIL) water 24 My brother is studying ... over the tea bag and leave for a few minutes, (CHEMIST) at university. (1 mark per answer) Choose th 28 Did someone help Alison or did she do all the 29. This isthe laboratory oe... we do all CALCUIALIONS occa ? the experiments. Aher Bhers C herself A that Bwhich _C where 26 That's not your calculator. I'S nonce. 30 Novosibirsk, ~ is a big city in Kme Bmine my Siberia, is famous for its university. . A who Bwhich —C where 27 Einstein is the perSOM voces. ShOWEE that time can speed up and slow down, 31. That's the it ...nns0n father Says he's ‘Awhich B who C whose invented a time machine! 28 DO YOU KNOW .onsnnnn idea it was? Was it Awho ye Greg's or Fiona’? 32. |s this Our DVD OF Sit .-sssssoaean 2 Awho Bwhich whose A them Btheir —C theirs (1 mark per answer) jose the correct wer. Technology and the young = Modern technology is changing and improving all and dads and grandparents often find using new the time. Every month, scientists (33) ... technology (39)... and difficult. new gadgets and (34)......... vt help us But if you're a teenager who criticises with our daily lives, and (35) ---« Ways to your parents for their (40) ... of make existing technology faster and better. Our technological awareness, don't be too hard on homes are full of hardware (such as DVD players them! Some time (43) .......... the future, and computers) and (36) wns (SUCh aS when you've got children of your ow, your ability | computer games and MP3s). to deal with new technology will probably i (87) oo nmnnone SUBBESS, however, that its (42... . and your children will feel more | young people who are best able to deal with this comfortable with new technology than you do. i change. Whereas teenagers have no problem You won't want them to criticise you, will you? (38) vesssennen @ DVD player, their mums 33 Aestimate B invent C involve D experiment 34 Aexperiments 8 effects C laboratories —_D equipment 35 Ainvolve B discover C decrease D connect 36 A screens B gadgets C software D laptops 37 AResearch BExperiment _C Program D Technology 38 A involving Boperating C discovering _D inventing 39 Aautomatic —B unique C sudden D complicated 40 Aresearch Bexperiment _C effect Diack 41 Ato Bin Con Dat (1 mark per answer) 42 Adecrease B involve C lack Destimate Total mark:Grammar Modals 1: ability, permission, advice The modal verbs are: statement negative statement negative can can't / cannot could couldn't / could not may may not might mightn't / might not well won't / will not would wouldn't / would not shall shan't / shall not should shouldn't / should not must mustn't / must not All modal verbs: Semi-modals + have only one form There are also some phrases that we use like modals: Vyou/he/she/it/we/they may write an email.» ought to (ought not to) «© are followed by the bare infinitive * have to (don't have to) You should call Stella. * need to (don't need to / needn't) * do not have an infinitive Like modals, ought to doesn't change. Have to and need to change for person and tense like normal verbs and have infinitives. We form questions with modal verbs like this: ¥ Can you understand what he's saying? » We use modals with the passive voice like this: v The address should be written clearly on the front of the envelope. Modal Example Ability now or generally can Can you use a fax machine? Ability in the past could Tom could read when he was two years old. We use be able to to form other tenses. ¥ It's useful to be able to order things by e-mail. (infinitive) ¥ Soon, Il be able to speak Italian quite well. (future) v Have you been able to speak English for a long time? (present perfect) OQ Pernissio._ Use Modal Example Asking for permission can / could /may Can / Could / May | use the phone? Giving permission can / may You can / may send the fax when you like. May is more polite than could and could is more polite than can. Use Modal Example Asking for and giving advice should Liam ought to / should watch less TV. ought toModals 1: ability, permission, advice Unit 19 A} Underline the mistake in each sentence and write the correct words. My older brother can to ride a motorbike, but | can't. He'll has his dinner early today because he's going out Do you can come to my party? You should to see a doctor about your foot. | couldn't bought any bread because the baker's was closed. You needn't to do the washingup. I've already done it. The school ought listen to pupils’ opinions. People shouldn't to drop their rubbish in the street. wMIYHTFwWNH B] Look at the pictures and complete the sentences using can, could or the correct form of be able to. You may have to use some negative forms Amy really loves playing chess and she Amy has (4)...... - ride a bicycle () een snmmemnnnewnee Play very well. When since she was three. She wants to learn to drive she was a a baby she (2) — when she grows up, though. When she's eighteen, play chess. She thinks that when she’s older, ‘she hopes she'll (5) do her SHE (3) onrssemnemennnnnenmnennene WiN the National driving test. She (6)..... drive a championships! car now though. It’s against the law! what they say using the word given. Tony wants to borrow his friend's pencil. could “Could I borrow your pencil. ie ? Alex wants to allow her friend to use her dictionary. can n w Julie wants p permission from her teacher to leave the classroom, t may Lou wants to wear ‘his brothers new w trainers, can > a Terry wants to ask her boss for permission to take the day off work. could " 2 Diane wants to use her dad's car this weekend, can Cy 2 A teacher wants to gle her students five extra minutes to finish the test. may N 7980 Unit 19 Grammar [D} Rewrite the sentences using should or ought to and the words in brackets You may have to use some negative forms. 1 ‘Ineed to earn more money.’ (a, get, job, new, you) ‘You should ought to get.a new job 2 ‘Brenda is anary about what sad’ (are, say, sorry, you you) 3 ‘Tom est uderstr his homework: tabout, ask, it, he, his, teacher) 4 ‘like to learn to aye piano. “having lessons, start, yu) 5 ‘Tina is often tired at work." tat, ate, maint she, TV, watch) 6 ‘Idon't seem to have much energy at the moment.” (exercise, get, some, e, you) [E] Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 Ive been having swimming lessons and now | can / could swim really wel, 2 Please could / should | use your mobile phone? Mine doesn't have any power. 3 Sam could / ought to get a job instead of complaining about having no money. 4 Okay, yes - you can / should leave five minutes early today. 5 Do you think | must / should tell Michael the truth about what happened? 6 can't / couldn't read until | was five years old. 7 I'm sorry, but you can’t / couldn’t leave your car there. 8 If you want to pass the exam, you can / ought to do some revision. 9. I know John lived in Tokyo, but | don't think he ean / may speak Japanese. 10 Tracy can / could sing really well now that she’s had a few lessons. LF] match to make sentences. 1 There's a lot of washing-up; | think we should 2 It's getting quite late and we ought 3 I don't have much money, but you can 4 It's amazing that Andrew could B borrow some if you need it. C to think about getting a taxi. D offer to do it. 5 Passengers travelling in first class may ras E walk when he was just six months « A. wait for their flight in the VIP area.Grammar Modals 2: obligation, probability, possibility © Obligation Use Modal Example Present or future obligation must / mustn't All visitors must turn off their mobile phones. have to You have to/need to press ‘send’ need to No present or future obligation don't have to You don't have to/don't need to/needn't pay to send don'tneedto an email, needn't Past obligation had to Yesterday, Sam had to buy more stamps. | No past obligation didn't have to I learnt a little Italian, but everyone spoke English, didn'tneed to _so | didn't have to/didn't need to use it. Helpful hints - ~ In spoken English, have to is more common than must. Must is often used in written notices and instructions. ¥ ‘We have to pay the phone bill today,’ Rita said. ¥ Passengers must turn off all mobile phones. (ens ‘Mustn't and don't have to do not mean the same. ¥ You mustn't do that! ( = Don't do that!) ¥ You don't have to do that. ( = You can do that if you want to, but it's not necessary.) © Probability and possibility Use Modal Example Present strong probability must The phone is ringing - it must be Simon. can't This letter can't/couldn't be from Japan because it's couldn't, got a French stamp. Present and future probability should We ought to/should hear from Cheryl this weekend. ought to Present and future possibility could I'm not sure what language it is — it could/may/might may be Polish. might SEs ‘We often use must, can't and couldn't for probability when we have some evidence for our opinion. ¥ |just rang Paul, but there's no answer. He must be out. To talk about possibility and probability about the past, we use a modal and the perfect infinitive. See Unit 22. 81Unit 20 Grammar > Choose the sentence (A, B or C) which means the same as the first sentence. 1 We have to pay the electricity bill before Friday. 5 Students mustn't run in school buildings. A We can pay it if we want to. A They can run if they want to. B We must pay it. B Students don't like running. C We've already paid it. C Running isn't allowed. 2 You don't need to buy me a birthday present. 6 All passengers must fasten their seatbelts. A You must buy me a birthday present. A They have to fasten their seatbelts now. B It's not necessary to buy me a birthday present. _B They dor't have to fasten their seatbelts. C You mustn't buy me a birthday present. C They can fasten their seatbelts. 3. Ihave to do some work on my project this 7 Mr Reed had to go to the police station to evening. answer some questions. Al haven't got time to do the work. AMr Reed was able to go to the police static B I've already done the work. B Mr Reed forgot to go to the police station. CI need to do the work. C Mr Reed was obliged to go to the police 4. Lenny didn’t have to see the head teacher after station: all. 8 It’s kind of you to offer to help, but you really Alt wasn't necessary for Lenny to see the don't need to. head teacher. A| don't want you to help me. B Lenny went to see the head teacher. B Your help isn’t necessary. C Lenny is waiting to see the head teacher. C You won't be able to help me Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 ‘Smoking isr't allowed in the airport.” 5 ‘You can contact us by either phone or e-mail.’ You mustn’t / don’t have to smoke in the You mustn't / don’t have to phone them. airport 6 ‘in my country, you can carry your passport 2 ‘its not necessary to come to the train station —_with you if you want, but it's not necessary.” to meet me.’ in her country, you don’t need to / mustn't You have to / don’t have to meet her at the carry your passport with you. train| stations 7. ‘My grandfather was made to start work when 3. We were forced to wait for over two hours in he was just fourteen years old.” the rain!’ He had to / must start work when he was They had to / didn’t need to wait for over just fourteen years old. two hours in the rain, 8 ‘it’s not necessary to book a hotel; you can 4 ‘The instructions tell you to write in pencil.” stay in our spare room.’ You must / needn’t write in pencil. You mustn’t / don’t have to stay in a hotel. Complete using the correct form of have to. You may have to use some negative forms. 1 Jade can't come out tonight. She usm (OOK after her little brother. 2.| didn’t have enough money, so | borrow some from Yuri. 3 ts raining really hard, but lUcKily We ......m2msemmnenen GO OUt this evening. 4 To start the laptop you press the power button. 5 Robbie worked last weekend, but I. seen: 6 YOU ssn 60 tO piano lessons when you were younger?Modals 2: obligation, probability, possibility Unit 20 } Match the sentences with the explanations. You have to use some of the explanations more wBIKHFWNHH on> LE) Rewr n w + oa a ~ cy n once, ‘Someone is at the door. It must be Mrs Johnson from next door.’ ‘Lena might not know where the cinema is.’ ‘Dad should know what the capital of New Zealand is.’ ‘Greg can't be in the final! He's a terrible player! ‘The dog is wet. It must be raining outside.” ‘We may go to the Canary Islands for Easter.’ ‘Ken must like that film. He’s seen it six times!’ ‘Barry ought to be able to cook Chinese food. He lived there for two years.” I'm almost certain. Its probable. Maybe / Perhaps. g the words given. You're expecting David to ring. The phone rings. must Anna is a better runner than Rula. You think Anna will probably win the race tomorrow. should Aletter arrives. It's possible that it's from your cousin, Janice. could There's a knock at the door. Your mum says it might be Colin, but you know Colin is on holiday. can’t You see someone wearing a costume. You think there's a strong probability that she's going to a fancy-dress party. must Your sister is looking for her hairbrush. You think it's possible that it's in the living room. might You're waiting for Harriet to arrive. You think she'll probably be there in half an hour. should You're talking about why James seems to be sad. You think it's possible he's in trouble at school. could 83Vocabulary Sending and rec see page 191 for defnitons accent (n) informal (adj) “publish Ww announcement (n) Internet (n) report (v, n) | broadcast (v, n) interrupt (v) request (v, n) | channel (n) link (v, n) ring (v) | clear (adi) media (n) signal (n) click (v) mobile phone (n phr) swear (v) contact (v, n) online (adj, adv) type (v) file (n) pause (v, n) viewer (n) formal (adi) persuade (v) website (n) image (n) pronounce (v) whisper (v, n) @iiize WSUS © Prepositional phrase: | call back ring again on the phone by email/phone/letter | come out be published on the Internet cut off disconnect (phone, electricity, etc) | on the news fill in add information in the spaces on a form, ete on the phone | hang up put the receiver down to end a phone call | on the radio | log off disconnect from the Internet/a website on TV log on(to) connect to the Internet/a website — print out make a paper copy of sth on a computer GRRE certain certainly, certainty inform informative, information communicate communication predict prediction, (unpredictable connect connection, disconnect secret secretly, secrecy j deliver delivery speak spoke, spoken, speaker, speech express expression, expressive translate translation, translator verbs comment on talk (to sb) about communicate with tell sb about glance at translate (from sth) into receive sth from write (to sb) about reply to nouns information about send sth to sb a letter (rom sb) about 84Sending and receiving Unit 21 Topic vocabulary mplete using a word formed from the letters given. 1 You can tell Martin is from Denmark by his 7 YOU NEED £0 osnssnminsenne the Computers sen NCECTA together and then you can send things directly 2 Did the vases say that our plane was from one to the other. NIK L delayed or cancelled? EUNTNECMANON 8 You shouldn't believe everything you read or hear IM THE on onnmnmmenennen » DEATM 3 We've got relatives in Canada, but we don't have much sown With them, 9 Aecorting tothe. amet TTACNCO news, the Prime Minister is coming to our town 4 You need to save what you've written as a soon TOE Fie and then send it tome by 10 You can't listen to the radio when you're on the email. EILF underground because the aa isn't 5 The fitSt sonnmmnnnn that was sent by radio «Stn enough. ANG SIL from New York to London was a picture of the 11. If you're a regular... oe OF OUF American president. ALE G M! programme, then you'll know that we often 6 THe vossnsnnssmann Started in the 1980s and interview ordinary people. | E VR now it connects millions of computers around the 12 | got the information from a. world. TNRTNEIE Hang on and I'll give you the address. 1B E s w TE | Pause * publish » ring » swear type 1 You have to....... : on the picture by pressing the left button on your mouse. 2. Writing and sending e-mails is a lot faster if you learn how to ... . sououee Properly. 3 | couldn't believe it when Greg ........ . in front of the head teacher! 4 The man on the telephone . a for @ moment and then said, ‘Tell no one!’ 5. This programme was first .. in 1967 and hasn't been shown on TV since then. 6 Please don't me. Let me finish what | wanted to say. 7 Our school might a weekly magazine to keep parents and students informed about what's happening. 8 You should ... Michael and let him know about the plan for this evening. C] Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 What John said on the phone wasn't very clear / online so | asked him to repeat it. 2. Sandy waited until the teacher was looking the other way. ‘Meet me after school,’ he whispered / requested quietly in my ear. 3 How do you persuade / pronounce your name? 4 You should use formal / informal language when you're writing to someone you don't know personally. 5 Why do you keep on switching channels / mobile phones? I'm trying to watch this film! 85Unit 21 Vocabulary Phrasal verbs D Complete using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. call back » come out + cut off » filin » hangup » log off » log ontto) » print out _| 1 I've got an e-mail from Mick! Wait a second and I'I........ It sosamsnmnnmnee $0 YOU don't have to read it on the screen. 2 [was talking to Matt on the phone when the train went into a tunnel and we were 3. You just have to .... ... this form and we'll send the money for you. 4 My favourite magazine, Teen Scene, ncn every Friday. 5 Len was talking on the phone, but when | entered the room he 6 Ican't uw because | can't remember my password. 7 I'm afraid Mr Brown isn’t here. Could you .... woo i an hour? 8 Tom surfed the Internet for hours and ... at three in the morning! Prepositional phrases E] Write one word in each gap. Fie=-ww'ss travels fast These days, there's no excuse for not knowing what's happening in the world. (1) ..... TV and 09 (2) summon FadiO, News programmes keep us up to date with all the important events. We read about problems on the other side of the world (3) .... ... the Internet as soon as they happen, and we see live pictures (4) ........... the ne news 24 hours a day. Even personal news travels fast today. Whether we keep in touch (5)... phone or e-mail, we're never more than a few seconds away from friends and family. The days when the only means of communication was (6)... letter are gone forever. So, the next time you're (7) the phone, just remember how things have changed. Word formation [E} complete by changing the form of the word in capitals 1 My.. soos is that one day all phone calls will be free. PREDICT Politicians often have a 2 .».with them when they go to other countries. TRANSLATE, 3 I would hate to give a in front of hundreds of people! SPEAK . will be invented in the future? COMMUNICATE to the Internet, so | can’t send and 4 Who knows what means of..... There's something wrong with my receive e-mails. CONNECT The Mobile PhONE HAS ......./rsemeene a oa .. made life a lot easier. CERTAIN2 Sending and receiving Unit 21 Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line The Secret Message | was walking down the street when a woman appeared in front of me. ‘Please! You must help met’ she cried. | could tell from her (1)... nn that she was frightened. She EXPRESS (2) ... English with a Russian accent. She put a piece of paper into my hand. SPEAK ‘This contains important (3) .......0:.0m0 | can't say any more, but there will be a INFORM. (4) bs tonight.’ She started to leave. ‘Contact the person in the message. DELIVER But do it (5)...... !No one must know!’ | looked at the message but didn’t SECRET understand, When | looked up, she was gone. That was how my adventures began ... Word patterns [H} Write one word in each gap. 1 I didn't read the newspaper properly. | just glanced coo it, really. 2 Ive got an e-mail in Spanish, Could you translate it... English for me? 3. My grandma says people dont talk... @ach other like they used to. 4. You should receive a letter... our company in the next few days. 5 Press this button to reply the email. 6 [gota letter from AEX... HEF New job. It sounds interesting. Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words. 1 Did Olivia say amine about your website? comment Did Olivia - . your website? 2 Carl described his new y mobile phone to me. told Carl....... sven his new mobile phone. 3 This website describes the | history of communication. information. This website has vw the history of communication. 4 Remind me to send Nigel a letter about our plans. write Remind me to ‘our plans. 5 Some chimpanzees use sign language to talk to people. communicate Some chimpanzees ... _— people through sign language. 6 Could you tell Gail about the party by er mai send Could you — sue Gail about the party? 87Review 7 A] Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. From one language to another Finding an accurate (1) from one language to another is TRANSLATE. not always easy and the job of an interpreter can be (2)... sosnsmminineneanine + PREDICT Many (3)... “ ~in one language don’t work in another language EXPRESS and trying to give a good idea of what a (4) o.oo soomnnnnnnee Wants to Say SPEAK can be difficult. The most important thing is that no (5) INFORM should be lost. The interpreter has to have complete (6) CERTAIN that they understand the message and their (7)........ ee .. language SPEAK has to be very good. Interpreters can provide a real (8).............. sue CONNECT for people who speak different languages. They are (9)........... CERTAIN an important part of international (10) COMMUNICATE (1 mark per answer) [B) w 11 When does Stephen King’s new book come 2 12 We didn't pay the bill, so they cut our phone . 13 Could you ask Mr Jones to call M@ «scum later today? 14 The woman on the phone started shouting at me, so | hung 15 I'd like to print this e-mail Is that possible? 16 | logged .. my favourite website and started reading the latest news. 17 You have to fill .... @ form to enter the competition. 18 | finished reading the web page, logged ... and then went to watch TV. e one word in each gap. (1 mark per answer) C] Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 Katy sent me a text message. received stn Katy. 20 Its not necessary to pay to use the office phone. have You .. soe ssomunnnne Pay to use the office phone. Mike i is able to read and write ‘Japanese. can omnes JAPANESE, 22 It wasn't necessary for me ~— buy a ema for my letter. need Voss .. to buy a stamp for my letter. 23 Its possible that the e- aii is from Alex. might The e-mail from Alex. 2Units 19, 20 and 21 Review 7 24 Jill described her holiday to me. told 1 .. her holiday. 25 Companies shouldn't ring people at home to sell them things. ought Companies os souaus fing people at home to sell them things. 26 I'm almost certain this prone is broken because | can’t hear anything. must This phone ... cee. BECAUSE | Can't hear anything. (2 marks per answer) Choose the correct answer. 27 I couldn't ....... the programme so! 31 All compositions........ ... be handed in to turned the TV up. me by Friday at the latest. Ahear C hearing Amust Chave Bheard D to hear Bneed D ought 28 My brother write when he was just 32 That be my mobile - mine is silver three years old. and that one is black. Acan C might Amustn't C wouldn't B could D should B shouldn't D can't 29 luse your computer to check my 33 | sent the letter yesterday, $0 it 00:0 email? get there tomorrow. AWill C May Acan C should B Ought D Would Bneed D ought 30. My teacher thinks I... wnoneane tO pay MOre 34 Did you......... to pay to send the attention in class. package back? A might C ought Amust C ought B may D would B should D have (1 mark per answer) Choose th 35. Did you write to Irina su... her visit this 39 When you have written your letter, save the summer? in ‘My Documents’. Afor Con A paper C file Bof D about B notebook Diine 36 You have to...... ‘on the word ‘Next’ to 40 | finally managed to .. .... Simon to lend see the next web page. me his laptop. Apress C push Apersuade Csay B click Dhit B make Dallow 37 | read about the accident .........nnmnn the 41 Even when he's very angry, my dad never Internet. i or uses bad language. Aon Cto A swears C whispers Bin Dat Btells D broadcasts 38 Please don't....... me when I'm 42 | didn't read the message carefully. | just glanced speaking. 7 wa it Abreak C pause Con B prevent D interrupt Bto Dat (1 mark per answer) Total mark: ......../50 89Units 1-21 Progress Test 1 EN} Choose the correct answer. 1 When you get to YOUr ......nnninnue » YOU have to show your ticket to leave the station. A destination B harbour C souvenir D passport 2 BraZil nen COffee all over the world. Ainvests B demands C exports D affords 3 How do you . ‘csr? A interrupt swear C guess D pronounce 4 Dogs make Very wu. Pets. They'll always stay by your side, Amental B private C loyal D digital 5 Let's go for a swim as soon as we .. .. the hotel! Aarrive B get C reach D meet 6 YOU HAVE £0... rnsnnnne OF YOU Won't understand the explanation. A concentrate B contact C consider D involve 7 There's a train coming. Don't stand at the edge Of the .occcuussmns « A property Blink C platform D resort 8 I. .~- @ lot of money on my credit cards and | don’t know if | can pay it back. Aown B obtain C cost Dowe (1 mark per answer) Write one word in each gap. Lucky accidents Sometimes, scientists know what they (9) «0.0.0... looking for and they find it. At other times, things (10)....... ~. discovered by accident. Two famous examples of this are gravity and penicillin. Isaac Newton, (11) . ...« first used maths to describe gravity, was sitting (12)... his garden when he saw (13)... apple fall — some say it fell on his head! This made him think about why, and he realised he (14)....... explain it using maths. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, (15) .. .. was the first antibiotic. It completely changed medicine. He was working (16).... ... his laboratory when he saw that something (17) .~. Started growing on one of his experiments. He analysed it and realised that it (18) be very useful in fighting disease. Sometimes luck can be a big help! (1 mark per answer) Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words. 19 My computer doesn't work, so | can't e-mail you. wrong There's . my computer, so | can't email you. 20 When we started our journey towards the mountains, the sun was shining. off When we ee . .. towards the mountains, the sun was shining.2 Did you mention the glans for this weekend to Matt? talk Did you vu the plans for this weekend? | think we should build a new theatre in town. favour FIM sen ae building a new theatre in town. 2 8 2. 3. You lost Jil's camera and | think you should say sorry. apologise I think you should .. .. losing her camera. 24. Have you ever partpated ina swimming race? part Have you ever .. . in a swimming race? a a Remove any mistakes you make using a rubber. rub If you make any mistakes, iar 3 soneensneones With @ rubber. Please play youre electric gutar more aust down Please .. _ ... your electric guitar! 27 How long has Alice been Tonys sitriend? out How long has Alice De€N «rm . son Tony? 28 When was the last time you heard from Nigel? contact When was the last time you were Faas 2 & Nigel? {2 marks per answer) | Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Top tips for writers None of us find writing easy. When you can't see the person who you're talking to, (29)... soommmnnamonn i§ Much more difficult. You have to be COMMUNICATE (30) es ... to communicate your message clearly, but how CARE do you do that? The first thing you must think about is who you're writing to. Then you can make a (31).... about how formal it DECIDE should be. A letter to a friend is more ike (32)... ‘SPEAK English, $0 your (33) 0... — should bein your writing, while a = PERSON letter to a hotel manager is formal. You also need to think about what kind of thing you're writing. The language in a story, for example, should be (34) “ , but the iil ina report or an article EXPRESS, should be much more (35). —_ wow + When you're writing a INFORM formal essay giving your opinion, make sure the (86) nssnsinsinnnn INTRODUCE gives a general idea of the subject. Later, in the (37) cnn , CONCLUDE you should summarise your opinion. Each time you write, you have to make (38)... -sosnsunanne AbOUt What you're going to do. If you do that right, CHOOSE then there's nothing to stop you becoming a good writer! i a z {1 mark per answer)39 40 4 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 4 5 51 5. 5. 54 55 St sé Bk a 5 58 59 gS 6 61 62 6: 64 6! 66 8 8 & Why don't you borrow a pencil sm Someone else? | don't think 1 caM Cope 1... Studying and having a job at the same time. | finally succeeded .. jumping over the box on my skateboard. My uncle asked me to help him translate a menu cue English. Ed glanced nnn the message on his mobile phone and then carried on talking. Did you know that our head teacher is married... aN actress? | had no idea. This area is famous om its cheese and its bread. I don't Know very MUCH ....00:00 €OOking, but | can make an omelette! I've always been interested .. -u« insects and spiders. | don't know why! Jessie seemed to be getting a bit bored .. the game, so | suggested watching TV. (1 mark per answer) | think I'm going to take A off, Iheld my dad's hand tightly. AAs our plane took . B after my younger sister when she was small. Mr and Mrs Davies have spit... C out where the concert is going to happen. I hope we manage to find D off the TV and find something else to do. | often had to look E up me and my brother because my parents worked. You should turn .. F_up a musical instrument, maybe the violin, Ive fallen .. G out with Kelly because she hurt my feelings. My grandmother brought H up after more than twenty years together. (1 mark per answer) Its true! Dor't call me a lie. 'need a new chair for my bedroom - this one is so comfort! After not speaking to her for a week, | finally forgive Gemma for not inviting me. Its important to get a good educate if you want a good job. The book is €10 and you have to pay €2 for deliver. Losing your keys while playing football was really care! | would love to be a music, but | dor't play any instruments. Mum can speak four languages and she works as a translate. | spent my child on a farm, so | know a lot about animals. Do we have to memory all these words? (1 mark per answer)67 68 69 70 7. 72 73 74 7 76 7 7 7 8 81 8. a Ssaxr 8 83 8 g 8 & 86 87 8 & 8 S 9 Ss Did you break the window on —— some OF Was it an accident? The weather was really bad, but our boat still left on Our car broke down, so we had to go the rest of the way on..... | loved the poem so much that | learnt it by I knew I had a lot in...... ... with Yiota the first time | met her. We use lasers in all kinds of things these days ~ DVD players, for | sing for .. ..~ | don't want to do it as a job. Thadn’t planned tm mat Wendy in London. It happened completely by (1 mark per answer) Why won't this dog jUSt £0 m0: and leave me alone? When does the new Movie Magazine come .. If you're not sure how to spell a word, look it . | was trying to open the door when | pulled the handle. .. Oops! Could you please read .... uu What you've written so that everyone can hear? | was looking for something when | came .............0.... @ Very old picture of my dad. What do you want to be when you grow enn Did you really see an alien, or are you Making it aucune ? (1 mark per answer) ‘What .... vw When you saw the man?’ the police officer asked, Ahave you done B were you doing Care you doing D do you do Thomas Edison, conus WaS American, invented many things, including the light bulb. Awhich B who C that D what Thope we're staying .........0.|0.-D@ good hotel this time! Aat Bto C with Don | know London quite well because | wo. there. Aused live B used to living C was used to live Dused to live My DIKE no ! Call the police! A was being stolen B has been stolen C stole D was stealing Him tired because I o.com Since eight this morning. Ahave been working _B work C am working D had worked Do you think | could have .... water, please? Aa few B mucl Cfew Dalittle Is that Paul? He MUSt ne from Australia, Areturn B had returned C have returned D returning (1 mark per answer) Total mark: [100 93Grammar Modals 3: the modal perfect modal + have + past participle statement negative question You should have told me you You shouldn't (should not) Should | have invited Carol were going shopping. have told Liz what Bill said. to the party? ‘Some verbs have irregular past participle forms. See page 182. Modal Example To say that someone had the could We could have gone to the party, but we opportunity or ability to do decided not to in the end. something, but didn't do it We use this for things that someone didn't actually do. For general ability in the past, we use could + bare infinitive (see Unit 19). ¥ | could play the guitar when | was seven. ( = | knew how to play the guitar.) v | could have played the guitar. ( = | had the opportunity to play the guitar, but | didn't actually play it.) Modal ought to / should Example To say that someone's past You should have invited Carol to your party. behaviour was bad or wrong ( = You didn't invite Carol and that was wrong.) Y Probability and possi) | Use Modal must / can't Example They must have had a lovely holiday! (= It's almost certain that they had a lovely holiday.) They can't have had any sleep! (= Its almost certain that they didn’t have any sleep. could /may /might Helen might have found a new house. (= It's possible, but I'm not certain.) ‘Strong probability Possibility Modal Example To show you expected the past ought to / should Jim should have arrived half an hour ago. to be different from what | wonder where he is. actually happened 941 We could (take) the bus, but in the end we decided to walk. 2. Although | could (buy) the DVD, | actually got the video. 3. Alan could (go) to the concert with Sindy, but he stayed at home instead. 4 They could (catch) an earlier plane, but they decided to get the later one. 5 Could you (stay) longer or did you have to leave then? pictures and 2 sentences. Use should or shouldn't and ct form of the mpl erbs in the bi 1 Mr Appleby an umbrella with him. 2 Jenny her room. 3 Alex the ball so hard. 4 Tim a fancy-dress costume. 5 They there earlier. 6 They so much! it has a similar s. h second s o the first sent ntence using the word given, so that e. Write between two and five ¥ There's a chance that someone saw us. may | expect Adrian did a lot of revision. must 4 . Someone ou US. Adrian ..... a lot of revision. 5 t's possible that Tim hasn't arrived yet. might 2 I don't believe that Jim stole the money. can’t Tim sn saan Yt iT nnn -the mm sure that Irene wasn't at the party because money. she was ill. have 3 t's possible that | have made a mistake, HONE oases at the could party because she was ill. I 7 a mistake. 95Unit 22 Grammar Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. We were expecting Dave to call, but he hasn't. Dave should have, n They said they were © going to deliver the camper at lunchtime, but ue they didn't. They should ..0 | was expecting the film to come out at the cinema last week. The film ought fern — The shop wasn't spose to close so cea, The shop shouldr't... w = a Was the programme sonnet to start at at o'clock? Should ..... 3 Choose the correct answer. TOMMY vnnsssnnunen haVE gone to Switzerland, 4 They. have seen the play last but I'm not totally sure. night a: y went to a football match instead. Amust C can't Acould C might B could D should B must D can't 2 You noo Have lied tome! Why didn't = 5 Carl have been here by now. you tell me the truth? Maybe he got stuck in traffic. A mustn't C shouldn't Amight C should B might not D couldn't B must D can't 3 Helen ... to have seen a doctor 6 You have been really excited weeks ago. Why didn’t she? when you heard you'd won the competition! A ought C must Amust C might B should Dcan't B should D could Write one word in each gap. — My cousin Tina My cousin Tina is a professional dancer. Her mum - my aunt ~ says that Tina (1)... dance really well even before she was able to walk! When Tina was ten, she Could (2)... gone to a special school for dancers in Nev York, but she decided not to because she didn't want to leave her friends. Even today, Tina's mum thir that Tina (3) «0.0. Pan have gone to the school. I'm sure it (4)..... have been a very difficult decision for Tina to make, but she says that she doesr't regret not going. SI carried on dancing in her spare time, often getting up at five o'clock in the morning for a dance lesson before school. That can't have (5) much fun! Today, she’s really successful. She's been in lots of shows and she's even appeared on TV a few times In fact, she (6) sunnemnnneen have got the main part in a new show in London. She's not sut yet. They (7) .. 7 to have contacted her yesterday about it, but they didn’t. Hopeft she'll hear in the next few days. Whether she gets the part or not, I'm really proud of my cousin!Grammar Questions, question tags, indirect questions Normal main verbs Simple tenses « Do you feel cold? » Did they go shopping? Continuous tenses » Am | annoying you? » Were they waiting for you? Perfect tenses » Have you seen this film? » Had it started? Beas amain ver) » Am late? » Were you all right? » Have you been ill? Have as a main verb» Does she have a bath every day? » Did they have lunch at one o'clock? Modals Should | call the police? « Could you call me later? Question words ‘© Who was in prison? » What's your name? » Where do they live? + Why did you do that? To form questions in the passive, we put the __* With the question words who and what, we use auxiliary verb before the subject. If there is more do as an auxiliary verb if the question word than one auxiliary verb, only the first one goes _refers to the object of the verb. before the subject. ¥ Who told you?( = Someone told you. Who?) v Was Mr Jenkins arrested yesterday? / Who did you tell? ( = You told someone. Who?) ¥ Has Mr Jenkins been arrested? | Example I To ask someone to agree with us It's confusing, isn’t it? } To check whether something is true ___‘You haven't been to prison, have you? ft Normal main verbs Simple tenses » Phil works here, doesn't he? » They didn't leave, did they? Continuous tenses = You are coming, aren't you? » They weren't looking, were they? Perfect tenses + They've gone, haven't they? + You hadn't seen it, had you? Be as amain verb + He’s new here, isn’t he?» You weren't old enough, were you? Have as amain verb « They have a car, haven't / don't they? « You didn't have a shower every day, did you? Modals ____« Jan should be here by now, shouldn't she? « You won't make a mess, will you? —#——__— In sentences with I am, we use aren't I? In sentences with I'm not, we use am I? ? ¥ I'mright, aren't? / I'm not stupid, am With Let's, we use shallin the question tag. ¥ Let's do the washing-up later, shall we? Example To ask questions politely Can/Could you tell me where the bank is? ‘Can/Could you let me know what time the film starts? Do you know if Alison lives there? I wonder if you could tell me where the toilets are. Twonder if you know how much this costs. | We don't use question word order in the second half of the sentence. 9798 Unit 23. Grammar The words and phrases in bold in each sentence are wrong. Write the correct word or phrase. 1 Does Debbie likes Greek food? 2. Did Anne and Carlo went to Spain last year? 3. Was Dawn and Jennifer with you? 4 Has Claudia a haircut every Thursday? 5 Have you buy the new Arctic Monkeys’ CD yet? 6 Does Tim going to be in the school play? 7 It would be the best thing to do? 8 Were you play basketball when it started snowing? Write one word in each gap. Rachel: Hi, Ben! (1)......... seven AF@ YOU? Ben: I'm fine. (2) .. you hear about Mr Watkins, the maths teacher? Rachel: No. (3)........ zs happened to him? Ben: He fell out of the window of his classroom! Rachel: (4)... susesnee Pushed him? Ben: No one! Rachel: So how (5) 0... it happen? Ben: He was sitting on the windowsill and he just fell backwards! Rachel: Oh dear! Poor Mr Watkins. (6) o........cccs0. he hurt? Ben: No. Luckily his classroom is on the ground floor. Rachel: That's lucky! (7) ..ccsnensne you there at the time? Ben: Yes! We were having a maths lesson, Rachel: So (8)... ww did you all do? Ben: We ran outside to help him. We were all laughing, though! Rachel: (9)...... ..... he think it was funny, too? Ben: Not at first, but he laughed about it afterwards. Match to make sentences. 1 You live in a village, A weren't they? 2 You're not fifteen years old, B have you? 3 Carol has a maths test tomorrow, C don't you? 4 They were having lunch at the time, D didn’t they? 5 You've been to France, E are you? 6 I'm not the only one, F haven't you? 7 They all passed the test, G will she? 8 You haven't seen Linda anywhere, H doesn't she? 9 She won't tell anyone else, | isn’t it? 0 This is the right DVD, J ameion tags, indirect questions Unit 23 Complete the question tags. Mark doesn't eat meat. ........ We should phone Grandma, ....0..0..1enus WE? | didn't get you into trouble, You weren't waiting for me, Jill has finished her homework, You'll call me later, .. Let's go out tonight, 8 I'm going to pass the exam, NoOaRwne Choose the correct answer. 1 Excuse me. Could you tell me how much .. =» Please? Aare these jeans B these jeans are 2 Can you let me know what time ? A does the train arrive B the train arrives 3 Do you know if at seven o'clock? Athe show starts B does the show start 4 | wonder if you could tell me what : Ais the difference B the difference i 5 | wonder if you know who........... ask. Al should B should | Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Where's the post office? | wonder if you could tell me Why did you do that? Could you tell us ... How much will the holiday cost? Can you let me know ... Are there any cafés near here? Could you tell me if.......... Does Jim lke jazz music? Do you know . n w a 9gBum 9 100 People and daily life lary, Vocabulary see page 192 for definitions wash up wash plates, cups, cutlery, etc © Word formation admit (v) | bit | routine (n, ad) arrest (v) | identity card (n phr) | schedule (n) charity (n) | illegal (adi) | situation (n) } commit (v) | polities (n) social (adj) | community (n) population (n) society (n) court (n) | prison (n) | steal (v) criminal (, adj) | protest (, n) tradition (n) culture (n) | resident (n) typical (adj) familiar (ad) | responsible (ad) vote (v, n) government (n) rob (v) youth club (n phr) ‘© Prepositional pt break in(to) enter illegally against the law catch up (with) reach the same point/evel as L at the age of get away with escape punishment for in public get up leave your bed E in response to move in start living in a new house, etc a in touch (with) put away return sth to where it belongs in your teens/twenties/etc wake up stop being asleep . = | agree agreement, disagree life lve, alive | belief believe, (unbelievable nation nationality, (international courage courageous peace peacefully) elect election prison prisoner equal equality, unequal shoot shot, shooting adjectives angry (with sb) about forget about | guilty of forgive sb for ; verbs ‘accuse sb of | invite sb to E blame sb for punish sb for blame sth on | share sth with } j criticise sb for | smile at |