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Assignment - Solution 4

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81 views

Assignment - Solution 4

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parmodrtk
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Assignment_solution:4

1. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat transfer
coefficient hx is known to vary as x-1/2, where x is the distance
from the leading edge (x = 0) of the plate. What is the ratio of
the average coefficient between the leading edge and some
location x on the plate to the local coefficient at x?
(2 mark)
(a) 1
(b) 1.25
(c) 1.5
(d) 2
ANS:- option (d)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Variation of hx with x for laminar flow over a flat
plate.
FIND: Ratio of average coefficient, ℎ̅ x , to local coefficient, hx,
at x.
SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: The average value of hx between 0 and x is


1 𝑥 𝐶 𝑥
ℎ̅x = ∫0 ℎxdx = ∫0 𝑥 -1/2dx
𝑥 𝑥
𝐶
ℎ̅x = 2𝑥1/2 = 2Cx-1/2
𝑥
ℎ̅x=2hx .
Hence , x
=2
ℎ𝑥

2. A circular, hot gas jet at T∞ is directed normal to a circular


plate that has radius r0 and is maintained at a uniform
temperature Ts. Gas flow over the plate is axisymmetric,
causing the local convection coefficient to have a radial
dependence of the form h(r) = a +brn, where a, b, and n are
constant. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the plate,
expression your result in term of T∞, Ts, r0, a, b, and n.
(2 mark)
𝑎 2 𝑏
(a) qconv=4𝜋 [ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑜𝑛+2 ] (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
2 𝑜 𝑛+2
𝑎 2 𝑏
(b) qconv=2𝜋 [ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑜𝑛+2 ] (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
2 𝑜 𝑛+2
𝑎 2 𝑏
(c) qconv=6𝜋 [ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑜𝑛+2 ] (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
2 𝑜 𝑛+2
𝑎 2 𝑏
(d) qconv=8𝜋 [ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑜𝑛+2 ] (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
2 𝑜 𝑛+2
ANS:- option (b)

Solution:-

KNOWN: Expression for the local heat transfer coefficient of a


circular, hot gas jet at T∞ directed normal to a circular plate
at Ts of radius ro.
FIND: Heat transfer rate to the plate by convection.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Flow is


axisymmetric about the plate, (3) For h(r), a and b are
constants and n ≠ -2.
ANALYSIS:The convective heat transfer rate to the plate
follows from Newton’s law of cooling

qconv=∫𝐴 𝑑𝑝conv=∫𝐴 ℎ(𝑟) · 𝑑𝐴 ·(T∞-Ts).


The local heat transfer coefficient is known to have the form,

h(r)= a + brn

and the differential area on the plate surface is

dA=2𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟.

Hence, the heat rate is


𝑟
qconv=∫0 𝑜(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑛 ) ·2𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 · (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑟
qconv=2𝜋(T∞-Ts)[ 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 𝑛+2 ] 𝑜
2 𝑛+2 0
𝑎 2 𝑏
qconv=2𝜋 [ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑜𝑛+2 ] (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 ).
2 𝑜 𝑛+2
3. A fan that can provide air speeds up to 50 m/s is to be used in
a low-speed wind tunnel with atmospheric air at 25ºC. If one
wishes to use the wind tunnel to study flat-plate boundary
layer behavior up to Reynolds number of Rex = 108, what is
the minimum plate length that should be used? At what
distance from the leading edge would transition occur if the
critical Reynolds Rex,c = 5×105?
PROPERTIES: Air (25°C = 298K): ν = 15.71 ×10-6m2/s
(2 mark)

(a) Lmin= 25 m and xc = 0.75 m


(b) Lmin= 0.75 m and xc = 25 m
(c) Lmin= 0.157m and xc = 31.4 m
(d) Lmin= 31.4m and xc = 0.157 m
ANS:-option (d)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Air speed and temperature in a wind tunnel
FIND: (a) Minimum plate length to achieve a Reynolds
number of 108 ,
(b) Distance from leading edge at which transition
would occur.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Isothermal conditions, Ts = T∞.


PROPERTIES: Air (25°C = 298K): ν = 15.71 ×10-6m2/s
ANALYSIS: (a) The Reynolds number is
𝜌𝑢 𝑥 𝑢
Rex= ∞ = ∞𝑥.
𝜇 𝑣

To achieve a Reynolds number of 1×108 , the minimum plate


length is then

𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑣 1×108 (15.71×10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠)


Lmin= =
𝑢∞ 50𝑚/𝑠

Lmin= 31.4m.

𝜌𝑢∞ 𝑥 𝑢∞𝑥
R𝑒𝑥 = = .
𝜇 𝑣

(b)For a transition Reynolds number of 5×105


𝑅𝑒𝑥,𝑐 𝑣 5×105 (15.71×10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠)
xc= =
𝑢∞ 50𝑚/𝑠
xc=0.157m.

4. Consider a lightly loaded journal bearing using oil having the


constant properties µ = 10-2kg/s · m and k = 0.15 W/m · K. If
the journal and the bearing are each maintained at a
temperature of 40ºC, what is the maximum temperature in the
oil when the journal is rotating at 10 m/s?
(2 mark)
(a)Tmax =40.830 C
(b) Tmax =830 C
(c) Tmax =400 C
(d) Tmax =500 C
ANS:-option (a)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Oil properties, journal and bearing temperatures,
and journal speed for a lightly loaded journal bearing.
FIND: Maximum oil temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible


fluid with constant properties, (3) Clearance is much less than
journal radius and flow is Couette.
ANALYSIS: The temperature distribution corresponds to the
result obtained in the text Example on Couette flow,

𝜇 𝑦 𝑦 2
T(y)=T0+ 𝑈 2 [ −[ ] ]
2𝑘 𝐿 𝐿
The position of maximum temperature is obtained from
𝑑𝑇 𝜇 2 1 2𝑦
=0= 𝑈 [ − 2]
𝑑𝑦 2𝑘 𝐿 𝐿
Or,
y=L/2.

The temperature is a maximum at this point since


d2T/dy2<0.Hence,
𝜇 1 1 𝜇𝑈 2
Tmax = T(L/2)=T0+ 𝑈 2 [ − ] =T0+
2𝑘 2 4 8𝑘
10−2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠·𝑚(10𝑚/𝑠)2
Tmax = 313K +
8×0.15𝑊/𝑚∙𝐾

Tmax = 313.8333 K
= 40.83ºC.

5. If laminar flow is induced at the surface of the disk due to


rotating about its axis, the local convection coefficient is
known to be a constant, h = c, independence of radius.
Consider condition for which a disk of radius r0=100 mm is
rotating in stagnant air at T∞ = 20ºC and value of C =
20W/m2·K is maintained.

If an embedded electric heater maintain a surface temperature


of Ts = 50ºC, what is the local heat flux at the surface of the
disk? What is the total electric power requirement?
(2 mark)
(a) q  600W / m 2 & pelec  18.9W
(b) q   700W / m 2 & p  25W
elec
(c) q   18.9W / m 2 & p  600W
elec
(d) q   500W / m 2 & p  15W
elec
ANS:-option (a)

Solution:-
KNOWN:Local convection coefficient on rotating disk.
Radius and surface temperature of disk. Temperature of
stagnant air.
FIND: Local heat flux and total heat rate. Nature of
boundary layer.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat transfer from back surface


and edge of disk.
ANALYSIS: If the local convection coefficient is independent of
radius, the local heat flux at every point on the disk is

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