PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY - Set of hardware components that make up
the computer itself and where the software
MAIN TOPIC 1: is written
INTRODUCTION TO PLATFORM
TECHNOLOGIES - Common Types:
1. Commodity computing platforms
Computing Platform - Pre-existing hardware 2. Video game consoles
environment, a piece of software that is designed 3. Midrange computers
to run within it 4. Mainframe computers
5. Supercomputers
Platform - Any base of technologies on which WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
other technologies or processes are built
Computer System - composed of hardware (the
computer itself), software (programs or
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTING instructions installed in the hardware), and the
people who use the hardware
1945 - 1945
- Vacuum Tubes ➢ The software may be categorized in two:
- Punch cards and machine languages 1. Systems Software - programs or
1955 - 1965 instructions developed to handle
- Transistors and Batch Systems the performance and control of the
- Mainframes (IBM 1401, IBM 7095), hardware
FORTRAN compiler 2. Application Software - programs
1965 - 1980 written to facilitate the word of the
- ICs and Multiprogramming user
- IBM Systerm/360, OS/360,
multiprogramming, timesharing, MULTICS OPERATING SYSTEM
1980 - Present
- Personal Computers - A program that manages all the resources
- IBM PC, Macintosh, Windows, Linux of the computer system
1990 - Present - Responsible for the management and
- Mobile Computers coordination of activities and the sharing
- PDAs, Symbian OS, Blackberry OS, of resources on the computer
Smartphones, iOS, Android - Intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware
MODERN COMPUTERS - Manages communication between the
different components of a computer
Consists of: system, the different application programs
- One of more processors residing in memory and the user of the
- Main memory computer system
- Disks - Controls the computer and acts as the
- Printers supervisor that handles all activities within
- Various inputs/outputs the hardware
- Involved with everything inside the
HARDWARE ARCHITECHTURE hardware, sending data, retrieving data,
keeping everything in place
- A set of disciplines that describe a
computer system by specifying its parts PURPOSE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
and their relations provides the physical
environment - Provides an environment within the
hardware so that users can execute their
programs smoothly without mishaps or
glitches.
- Servers as platforms where programs can 2. Operating System - controls and
run coordinates use of hardware among
- Should provide convenience and various applications and users
efficiency 3. Application Programs - ways in w/c the
system resources are used to solve the
● As receptionist computing problems of users
○ Handles user interface
○ Considered as the welcoming Examples: Word processors, compilers,
committee that assists the user all web browsers, database systems, video
throughout his/her contact with games
hardware 4. Users - people, machines, other
● As dispatcher computers
○ Managing the queue of programs
scheduled for processing and OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS
activation
● As manager - In relation to hardware, description of the
○ Handles allocation of resources overall standard of a computer’s hardware
○ Resources - any object that can and/or software
be allocated within the system - In relation to software, environment or
such as processor use, I/O venue where other software is launched
devices, files, and memory
(RAM) LOADING THE OPERATING SYSTEM
○ Performs the ff tasks
1. Monitors resources ● Read-only Memory (ROM) - stores
2. Enforces policies and permanent data, can only be read and can
decides which gets what, never be written with anything onto
how much, and when ● Random Access Memory (RAM) -
3. Allocates resources primary storage, main storage
4. De-allocate resources ● Boot process
● As traffic officer - Procedure of loading the operating
○ Directs the passage of data system
through the CPU - Activated when the computer turns
○ Guides the CPU when to look in on
memory, when to read or write on ● Bootstrap Program
data storage, when to display data - Resides in ROM
on screen or provide hard copy - Looks for OS in the hard disk
using printer ● Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
● As security guard - Provides the diagnostic test of the
○ Controls access to the system and computer’s main circuitry, screen
files display, memory, and keyboard
○ prevents user from accidentally or - Notifies if there is a hardware
intentionally interfering w/ each problem by issuing error message
other on screen or continuous beeping
● As accountant
○ Keeps track of how a file has been ● The Actual Process:
accessed, who accessed it, what 1. POST is performed
file and when it was accessed. 2. OS identifies the peripherals
connected to the computer and
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM checks its settings
3. OS is loaded from the hard disk to
1. Hardware - provides basic computing the RAM
resources 4CPU, memory, I/O devices 4. The microprocessor reads the
configuration data and executes
any customized startup routines Bootstrap Program
specified by user - Small program that is stored on a very
5. The computer is ready to accept small section of ROM
commands; will display either an - When the computer is turned on, the CPU
OS prompt or Windows desktop counter is set to the first instruction of this
bootstrap program and executes the
_______________________________________ instructions in this program.
MAIN TOPIC 2: Bootstrap Process
OPERATING SYSTEMS 1. Bootstrap program runs
2. OS is loaded
OPERATING SYSTEM 3. OS runs
- Manages all the available resources on a
computer, from the CPU to memory, to EVOLUTION
hard disk accesses
- Programs that ats as the intermediary Batch Systems
between user and hardware - Designed in the 1950s to control
mainframe computers
TASKS OF OS - At that time, computers were large
1. Control Hardware - gets everything machines that used punched cards for
working together input, line printers for output, and tape
2. Run Applications (software applications) drives for secondary storage media.
3. Manages Data and Files - organize data; - Each program to be executed was called
copy, move, delete, and rename data; a job
STATIC VIEW OF SYSTEM Time-sharing System
- Multiprogramming
- Introduced to use computer
resources efficiently
- Idea was to hold multiple jobs at a
time
- Brought the idea of time-sharing
- resources could be shared between
different jobs, with each job being
allocated a portion of time to use a
resource.
Personal System
- there was a need for an operating system
DYNAMIC VIEW OF SYSTEMS COMPONENTS
for this new type of computer.
- Disk Operating System (DOS) -
single-user operating systems were
introduced
Parallel System
- There was a need for more speed and
efficiency
- Multiple CPUs on the same machine;
many tasks are accomplished in parallel
instead of serially
- The OS required are more complex
Distributed System - Each utility carries out specific operations
- Networking and internetworking created a such as creating files, deleting
new dimension on OS directories, retrieving system
- A job done on one computer can be information, or configuring the user
shared between computers that may be a environment.
thousand miles apart
- Controlling security LINUX
- Has been around since mid-1990s
Real-time System - Actually everywhere: phones,
- Expected to do tasks within a specific time thermostats, cars, refrigerators, Roku
constraint devices, televisions
- Used with real-time apps, which monitor, - One of the most reliable, secure,
respond to, or control external processes worry-free OS available.
or events - Designed to be similar to Unix, but has
evolved to run on wide variety of hardware
UNIX - Can choose whether Linux OS or Linux
- Multiuser, multitasking OS designed for Server
flexibility and adaptability
- Developed in 1970s SEVERAL DIFFERENT PIECES OF LINUX OS
- First to be written in C programming
language 1. Bootloader
- Offers portability, stability, and - Manages the boot process of
interoperability across a range of computer
heterogeneous environments and device 2. Kernel
types. - Core of the system and manages
CPU, memory, and peripheral
HISTORY OF UNIX devices
- The lowest level of the OS
Bell Labs (later AT&T), General Electric, and - a set of software packages that
Massachusetts Institute of Technology make up the rest of the operating
- Attempted to develop an interactive system.
time-sharing system called Multics - 3. Init system
Multiplexed Information and Computing - Sub-system that bootstraps the
Service that enables multiple users to user space and is charged with
access mainframe simultaneously controlling daemons.
- Most used init systems, also most
WHAT IS UNIX FOR? controversial
4. Daemons
Unix - background services that either
- modular OS made up of a number of startup during boot or after logging
essential components including kernel, in to the desktop
shell, file system, and a core set of - Printing, sound, scheduling
utilities or programs. 5. Graphical Server
- Displays the graphic on a monitor
Shell - Referred to as X server or just X
- Where user interacts in a Unix 6. Desktop Environment
environment - Where the user actually interacts
- A CLI for entering commands that are - GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate,
passed to the kernel for execution Pantheon, Enlightenment, KDE,
Xfce, etc.
Command 7. Applications
- Used to invoke one of the available - Linux offers thousands upon
utilities thousands of high-quality software
titles that can be easily found and
installed
WHY USE LINUX?
1. No threats of virus
2. Extremely stable
3. Free
4. Comes with most of the required software
pre-installed
5. Updates all software with minimum fuss
6. Never gets slow
7. Does not need defragmentation
8. Can run on the oldest hardware
9. Adding software is a matter of clicks
10. Most Windows-only apps have either their
native version or alternatives for Linux
11. Gets the highest degree of possible
customizability
