Construcción A - Construcción Afirmativa

Construcción B - Construcción Negativa

Construcción C - Pregunta Simple.

Want

La Palabra Básica "want" (querer).

I want to buy a car.

I don’t want to sell.

Do you want to clean?

Need

La Palabra Básica "need" (necesitar).

I need to sleep.

I don’t need to wash.

Does she need to watch?

Have

La Palabra Básica "have" (tener que).

I have to pay.

He has to pay.

Yo don’t have to change.

Do the have the desposite?

Como verbo auxiliar, significando «haber»

Oraciones en voz activa

En las oraciones en voz activa, el verbo auxiliar have permite formar los tiempos perfectos. En
estos casos, have se conjuga en presente, have o has, o pasado, had, y se combina con el verbo
principal de la oración en participio en las formas simples, o en gerundio en las formas continuas
junto con el verbo be en participio.

Present perfect simple:

He has played football.

Past perfect simple:

He had played football.

Present perfect continuous:

He has been playing football.

Past perfect continuous:

He had been playing footbal

Oraciones en voz pasiva

En las oraciones en voz pasiva, el verbo have se conjuga en presente o en pasado y se combina con
el verbo be y el verbo principal de la oración en participio.

Present perfect/Past perfect:

The house has/had been built

Si se usa have got, como se comporta como un verbo auxiliar, no hace falta el uso de ningún otro
verbo auxiliar para formar oraciones negativas e interrogativas.

como auxiliar:

I have not got a car.

Have I got a car

Wish

Palabra Básica "wish" (desear).

I wish to spend.

I don’t wish to leave.

Do you wish to drive?

Can

Palabra Básica "can" (poder).

I can build.
She can’t sweep the floor.

Do you can build?

Must:

Palabra Básica "must" (deber)

I must work.

She musn’t sign.

Must she attend?

Will

La Palabra Básica "will". Esta Palabra Básica no tiene traducción, sólo ayuda a formar
Construcciones que expresen lo que se hará.

I Will Paint.

I won’t celebrate.

She won’t celebrate.

Will she sing.

El verbo will solo existe como verbo auxiliar. A diferencia del resto de verbos, y como ocurre con
los verbos modales, no añade nunca una s para la tercera persona del singular. La contracción de
will con la negación es won’t.

Ejemplo:

I will, he will

I will not = I won’t

El verbo auxiliar will sirve para formar los tiempos del futuro: future simple, future perfect, future
continuous, y el first conditional.

ejemplo:

He will not play football.

He will have played football.

If he pays football, he will be tired

To be
Palabra Auxiliar "to be" (ser, estar). Además, utilizaremos la Palabra Básica "going" (ir a).

I am going to practice.

I am not going to mail.

Are you going to forget?

"to be" (estar)

Una Palabra de Acción con la terminación "-ing", que corresponde a las terminaciones "-ando" o "-
iendo" en español.

Forma continua

En la forma continua, el verbo be se conjuga en presente, pasado, presente perfecto o pasado

perfecto y se combina con el verbo principal de la oración en gerundio, es decir, acabado en -ing.

Present continuous:

He is playing football.

He is not telling the story.

Past continuous:

He was playing football.

Present perfect continuous:

He has been playing football.

Past perfect continuous:

He had been playing football

Voz pasiva

En pasiva, el verbo be se conjuga en presente o pasado simple, o presente o pasado perfecto, o en

futuro y se combina con el verbo principal de la oración en participio.

Present Simple/Past Simple:

The house is/was built.

Present Perfect/Past Perfect:

The house has/had been built.

Futur Simple:

The house will be built

Do

El verbo do puede funcionar como verbo principal, con el significado «hacer», o como verbo
auxiliar, sin significado. Tiene una conjugación irregular en todos los tiempos.

Present Simple:

I/we/you/they do

he/she/it does

Past Simple:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

Como auxiliar, el verbo do sirve para formar oraciones negativas e interrogativas en presente y en
pasado.

En oraciones negativas

Para formar oraciones negativas, el verbo auxiliar do se conjuga en presente, do o does, o en

pasado, did, y se combina con el verbo principal de la oración en infinitivo.

Present Simple:

He does not play football.

Past Simple:

He did not play football.

En oraciones interrogativas

En las oraciones interrogativas, el verbo auxiliar do se conjuga en presente, do o does, o en

pasado, did, y encabeza la interrogación, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal de la oración en
infinitivo.

Present Simple:

Does he play football?

Past Simple:

Did he play football?

Where - Donde

Para responder las Preguntas Generales con la Palabra Interrogativa where (dónde), podemos
utilizar las siguientes palabras:

here: aquí near: cerca de

far: lejos up: arriba
down: abajo at: en
there: allí, allá in front of: enfrente de
in: en, dentro in back of: detrás de
to: a above: encima
outside: afuera, afuera de between: entre dos
out: afuera below: abajo, debajo de
on: en, sobre among: entre más de dos
inside: adentro

When - Cuando

Las Preguntas Generales con when (cuándo), se responden con las palabras de la lista a
continuación:

Indicadores de Tiempo

today: during: then: after:

hoy durante entonces después
never: tomorrow: next: late:
nunca mañana luego, siguiente tarde
afterwards: later: soon: at:
después de más tarde pronto a, a las
on:
tonight: early: often:
en, el (Para los
esta noche temprano frecuentemente
días de la semana).
always: now: before: in:
siempre ahora antes en

How – Cómo

La Palabra Interrogativa "how" (cómo), se puede responder con Calificadores de Acción (Cal/Acc) o
Calificadores de Objetos (Cal/Obj).
Calificadores de Acción:

fast: carefully: carelessly:

rápido cuidadosamente descuidadamente
hard: well: incorrectly:
duro, fuerte, difícil bien incorrectamente
softly: too: badly:
suavemente también, demasiado gravemente, muy mal
slowly: very: quietly:
lentamente muy calmadamente
correctly: loudly: sincerely:
correctamente en voz alta sinceramente
quickly:
rápidamente

Calificadores de Objeto:

sad: thirsty: tired: cold:

triste sediento cansado frío
hungry: sick: hot: bad:
hambriento enfermo caliente malo
happy: angry: fine:
feliz, alegre enojado bien, fino

"how much" (cuánto) y "how many" (cuántos)

Las Preguntas Generales con las Palabras Interrogativas "how much"/"how many", se pueden
responder con Indicadores de Cantidad (Ind/Cant).

a lot: plenty:
mucho bastante
dozen: cent:
docena centavo
little: a few:
poco unos pocos
pound: dollar:
libra dólar
enough: many:
bastante, suficiente muchos, muchas
pint: inch:
pinta pulgada
some: of:
algún, algunos de
quarter: foot:
cuarto pie
all: a:
todos un, una
gallon: yard:
galón yarda

How much does he earn?

He earns a lot.

How many do you use?

I use many.

Los Objetos que se utilizan en la Pregunta General con la Palabra Interrogativa "how much", no
tienen forma plural. En ambos casos, los Objetos deben situarse después de la Palabra
Interrogativa.

Ejemplo: "the water" (el agua).

"How much water do you buy?" (¿Cuánta agua compra usted?)

Por otra parte, los Objetos que se usan con la Palabra Interrogativa "how many", deben tener
forma plural.

Ejemplo: "the water" (el agua).

"How many gallons of water do you buy?" (¿Cuántos galones de agua compra usted?)

Wich

La Palabra Interrogativa "which" (cuál/cuáles) para preguntar por algo o por alguien en específico.
Esta Palabra Interrogativa se utiliza siempre seguida por un Objeto o de las siguientes formas:
"which one" (cuál) o "which ones" (cuáles).

Cuando hacemos Preguntas Generales con la Palabra Interrogativa "which", podemos

usar la palabra "one" para referirnos a un Objeto previamente mencionado, o cuando ya
sabemos de qué Objeto u Objetos estamos hablando. Para Objetos en plural se utiliza
"ones".
Ejemplo:
Do you buy water? (¿Compra usted agua?)
Yes, I buy water. (Sí, yo compro agua.)
Which one do you buy? (¿Cuál compra usted?)

I buy the cold one. (Yo compro la fría.)

La Palabra Interrogativa "which" (cuál/cuáles), se puede responder con Palabras que
Identifican o Calificadores.
Palabras que Identifican (P/Iden):
these:
this (one): that (one): those:
estos-as
este-a ese-a esos-as

Calificadores:
big: good: blue: tall:
grande bueno azul alto
small: bad: yellow: thin:
pequeño malo amarillo delgado
cold: white: green: long:
frío blanco verde largo
hot: red: black: short:
caliente rojo negro corto, bajo de estatura

Who

Palabra Interrogativa "who" (quién/quiénes) iniciando las Preguntas Generales. Con esta Palabra
Interrogativa nos referimos a personas

La Palabra Interrogativa "who" (quién/quiénes) se puede responder con las siguientes opciones:

Formas Objeto (F/Obj):

me: yo/a mí

you: usted/a usted

him: él/a él

her: ella/a ella

us: nosotros/nosotras/a nosotros/a nosotras

you: ustedes/a ustedes/les/los/las

them: ellos/ellas/a ellos/a ellas/les/los/las

Who do you invite?

I invite the family.

Estas son otras opciones que ayudan a contestar las preguntas con la Palabra Interrogativa "who"
y que suelen ir al final de las Preguntas Generales.

to: a

with: con

for: por/para

from: de

by: por

Who do you have to talk to?

I have to talk to Mary.

Why

La Palabra Interrogativa "why" (por qué) al inicio de las Preguntas Generales. Esta palabra se
responde con "because" (porque), para dar una razón.

La Palabra Interrogativa "why" (por qué) se responde dando una razón con la palabra "because".

Why are you tired? (¿Por qué está usted cansado?)

I am tired because I work a lot. (Yo estoy cansado porque trabajo mucho.)

"going" y la Palabra Auxiliar "to be"

La Palabra Básica "going" y la Palabra Auxiliar "to be" (was, were). Ejemplo: "I was going to work".
(Yo iba a trabajar.)

“Could”

La Palabra Básica "could" (pudo, pude, pudieron, pudimos). Para sugerir una posibilidad.

Ejemplos:

“Whose notebook is this? It could be Nelly’s notebook.” (¿De quién es este cuaderno? Podría ser
de Nelly).

Para pedir cortésmente.

Ejemplo:
“Could you please move it

Could" es una Palabra Básica que no necesita "to" al usarse con una Palabra de Acción. Could
tampoco necesita una Señal en las Construcciones Negativas e Interrogativas. En la Construcción
Negativa la abreviación de "could" y la negación "not", es "couldn't" para todas las Formas
Personales.

Like

La Palabra Básica "like" (gustar)

I like to sleep.

I don’t like to sing the song.

Do you like to sing?

Love

Palabra Básica "love" (encantar, amar)

I love to study english.

He doesn´t love to study english.

Do you love to study english?

Hope

Palabra Básica "hope" (tener esperanza de)

I hope to buy the furniture

Do you hope to buy a furniture?

No, i don´t hope to buy a furniture.

Expect

Palabra Básica "expect" (esperar)

I expect to receive the package tomorrow.

He doesn’t expect to talk.

Do you expecto to talk to the teacher.

know how

Palabra Básica "know how" (saber cómo)

I know how to sell.

You don’t know how to teach.

Does he know how to teach spanish?

Necessary

Palabra Básica "necessary" (necesario).

It is neccesary to learn.

En las Construcciones Afirmativas con la Palabra Básica "necessary" se utiliza siempre la Forma
Personal "it!, antes de la Palabra Auxiliar "to be". Cuando utilizamos la Palabra Básica necessary,
podemos usar la palabra "for" con las palabras "me", "him", "he"r, etc.

Is it neccesary for you to fix the car?

No, it isn´t neccesary form me to fix the car.

should debería

“Should” se puede utilizar:

Para expresar algo que es probable.

Ejemplos:

“John should be here by 2:00 PM.” (John debería venir aquí a las 14h.)

“He should be bringing Jennifer with him.” (Él debe traer Jennifer con él.)
Para pedir o dar consejos.

Ejemplos:

“Should we turn left at this street?” (¿Giramos a la izquierda en esta calle?)

Para demostrar la obligación, dar consejos o incluso una opinión.

Ejemplos:

“You should stop eating fast food.” (Deberías dejar de comer comida rápida).

“Would” se puede utilizar:

Para preguntas acerca de las posibilidades.

Ejemplos:

“How would you do that?” (¿Cómo harías eso?)

Para realizar una solicitud educadamente u ofrecer algo.

Ejemplos:

“Would you like some tea?” (¿Quieres té?)

En situaciones hipotéticas.

Ejemplos:

“If I had a lot of money, I would like to own a farm one day.” (Si tuviera mucho dinero, me gustaría
un día tener una granja.)

his box?” (¿Podrías mover esta caja?)

might podría
es expresar poca probabilidad o posibilidad en el presente o en el futuro y va acompañado de un
verbo en infinitivo. Su significado en español es: puede que, podría, quizás. Es un verbo modal muy
similar al may.

Modal verb might en interrogativo

Might para expresar permiso.

‘Might I speak to you for a moment?’ (‘¿Puedo hablarte un momento?’)

ought to debería

ought to tiene el mismo significado que should: debería, tendría que. Quizás te preguntes:
“entonces, ¿para qué aprenderlo si ya conozco el uso de should?” Pues porque si pronto tendrás
un exámen lo más probable es que te caiga algún ejercicio con ought to.

Una vez hecho un repaso de su uso y significado, veamos algunas oraciones con ought to:

·You ought to rest a little more – Deberías descansar un poco más

· My mother ought not to spend so much money – Mi madre no debería gastar tanto dinero

Imperative forms

Inicia con verbo.

Reflexive forms.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.

Posesive Forms.

My car.

Your car.

Her Car.

His Car.

Its Car.

Ours

Theirs

Objetive forms

Me Your

Her

Him

Us

Them

Paul's Family

Comparative

er more

Superalitve

est most

Superlative

We are the thinnest

The car is more expensive than the byke

She Walks faster than the boy.

They arrived the earliest.

my sister washes the dishes the fastest

my sister's friend works more slow than them.

my sister's friend works slower than them.

el hijo de mi amigo lee la lección mas rapido que nosotros

the mi friend's son reads the lessonfaster than us.

nuestra lección es mas larga que la de ellos.

our lesson is larger than theirs

la lección del profesor es la hora más corta.

the teacher's lesson is the shortest hour.

my house isn't bigger than my father's

la casa de mi mama es la mas pequeña

my mom´s house is the smallest

nuestra casa es más pequeña que la tuya

our house is smaller than yours

A ti te encanta comprar el celular mas nuevo que el de ella.

Do you love to buy a newer celphone than hers?

Su celular es el menos nuevo.

Her celphone is the least new.

The toys are all over the house.

Que pelicula es la mas interesante?

wich movie is the most interesting for you?

he is working faster than his partner

Eldest

Mayor.

How can she hit him?

Who is the oldest person of your family?

Why is your grandmother the oldest in the family?

Because she was born in the last century.

I dont'f feel ashamed off my favorite color.

Why did you feel the most tired worker of the office?

Why is your blanketh pretier mine?

To promise Bank

I don´t promise been the more responsable client of the bank.

Passive Voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not imiportan or not kwow.

Howwerv, who or what is perfoming the action.

Objet auxilary word action word in participle.

My bike was stolen.

A mistake was made

Active Passive

He delivers the letters. The letters are deliverd.

Indicative Phrase

I drove the car over the bridge.

Informatión about the time or the plaes.

Objet form

I sold him the records.

Qualifyin Action

I watched the dancing women.

Complementary construction

what where when who that

Objet of action

Crossing the street is difficult

She should punish him for writting on the walls.

I enjoy knittign sweaters

Indicative Phrase to indicate places or time

I drove the car over the bridge

I drove ther car in ther morning.

who quien for people

which el cual for things

whose cuyo possesive form people, animals and things

Whom a quien for people

That, que Se usa para reemplazar personas y objetos. for people, animals and things

When cuando for time

Where donde, lugar

why porque for a reason

Indicador
after objet form

She should punish him for writing on the wall.

PF + Aux/W + So + Qua
You use it before the Qualifiers or It's so hot!
So
the Action Qualifiers PF + AW + So + Act/Qua
You drive so quickly!
PF+ Aux/W + Such + Qua + Obj
You use it before a It's such a nice day!
Such
Qualifier + Object. PF + Aux/W + Such + Qua + Obj
They're such good teachers!

Such

This is such a big house.

So

The house is so big.

I can see so many people.

Many contable objects.

He has so much money.

Much uncontable objects.

Two part Action word.

consist of an Action Word (AW) and an Indicator (Ind). Both words may have different meanings,
but put together they express a new one.

a division, dispersal, or disintegration of a personal or business

to break up
relationship.
to break down to stop functioning.
to get away to go on or take vacations.
to fill in to add information to a form.
to fill out to complete a form by adding required information.
to fill up to its full capacity.
to finish off to finish a task completely.
to leave out to forget, omit.
to try out to use a machine to determine how well it works/to try to win a place
 on a team.
to try on to wear something briefly to check its fit, how it looks, etc.
to turn on to start by turning a handle or switch/to interest very much; to excite.
to stop the operation of a machine or device /to affect with boredom or
to turn off
dislike.
to wear out to wear something/to become exhausted.
to build muscles, body tone, etc./to solve a problem/to resolve a
to work out
difficult situation.
to find out to discover or confirm the truth of something.

Try on

She should try on the dress.

Middle action qualifier.

Before de action word.

already ya basically básicamente

occasionally ocasionalmente usually usualmente
probably probablemente sometimes algunas veces
frequently frecuentemente seldom rara vez
finally finalmente never nunca
finalmente,
definitely definitivamente eventually
eventualmente
always siempre

He occasionally irons his shirts.

Fase 1

Indicators

Before: Antes

After: Después

For: Para

In: En

With: Con

Without: Sin
About: Acerca de

At: En

Of: De

On: En

By: Por

AP2

Contrast Word

But: pero

But: it comes between two Constructions you want to contrast: I had money, but I didn't buy the
car.

Although: Aunque

Although: you can use it at the beginning or between the Constructions: Although I had money, I
didn't buy the car

In spite of / Despite: A pesar de

In spite of/despite: they are the same. You use them before an Object or an Object of Action
(Obj/Act) at the beginning or in the middle: I didn't buy the car despite having money. - In spite of
having money, I didn't buy the car.

He will play baseball despite the rain.

However/ Nevertheless: sin embargo, no obstante.

However/nevertheless: they express contrast in a more formal way: I had money; however, I
didn't buy the car.

Yet: pero, sin embargo, aun así

Yet: it emphasizes the contrast in relation to what you have already said:

I didn't have money, yet I bought the car.

Indefine form

People Things
 Every Everyone/Everybody Cada uno/Tods Everything Todo
Some Someone/Somebody Alguien Something Algo
Any Anybody/Anyone Nadie Anything Algo
(negativo) (interrogativo)
Alguien Nada (negativo)
interrogativo Cualquier cosa
Cualquiera (afirmativo)
(afirmativo)
No No one / Nadie Nothing Nada
Nobody

Anyone can learn English.

Action qualifier

Already: Ya

It refers to something that happened before now. Type of Construction: Construction A,

sometimes in the Interrogative Constructions. Most common position: middle part.

I have already eaten.

Still: Todavia

Use it when you talk about a situation that began in the past and continues happening in the
present. Type of Construction: Constructions A and C.

Most common position: middle part.

She still needs some money

She is still eating.

Yet: Todavía

It means something that did not happen up to this time, but it may happen in the future.

Type of Construction: Constructions B and C Most common position: end of the Construction.

He hasn't eaten yet.

Have you eaten yet?

Anymore: Ya no

It refers to something that was true in the past, but it isn't true now. Type of Construction:

Construction B. Most common position: end of the Construction.

I'm not eating anymore.

Degree Word

Very: Muy

Pretty: Bastante

Rather: Bastante, Mas bien.

Quite: Bastante

Fairly: bastante

Degree Word
Degree Example
(Deg/W)
Very ++++ I am very happy.
Pretty +++ The team plays pretty well.
Rather +++ She is rather tired.
Quite ++ The book is quite long.
The movie was fairly good.
Fairly +
I didn't like the actors.

The examn was rather easy.

AP3

Linking Forms

Either, neither and both to talk about two Objects or people in a Construction. Either means: one
or the other, it doesn’t matter which one, neither indicates none of the two. Both means the two
of them.
Linking
Use Example
Form
either It is a choice between two PF + BW + LF + AW + Obj or Obj
alternatives in an Affirmative I can either drink Coke or coffee.
Construction. You separate the two (Yo puedo tomar Coca-Cola o café.)
 options (Actions Words, Action
Qualifiers, or Objects) with “or.” In a PF + BW + not + AW + Obj or Obj + LF
negative Construction, its meaning I can't drink a Coke or coffee either.
is the same as neither. (Yo no puedo tomar ni Coca-Cola ni café.)
It is used to link two negative ideas
PF+ BW + LF + AW nor AW
in an Affirmative Construction and
neither She could neither swim nor dance.
requires nor between the two
(Ella no podía ni nadar ni bailar.)
elements.
PF+ BW + LF + Obj and Obj + Ind/P
Both needs the word and to We expected both Nick and Tom at the
both connect two elements, which are store.
equal in a Construction. (Nosotros esperábamos a ambos Nick y a Tom
en el almacén.)

Neglected drivers can be life-threatening

Let's practice the Qualifiers that have -ed and -ing endings. We will call them the ing-ed Qualifiers.
On the one hand, we use the ing-Qualifiers to describe the characteristic of people or things, and
on the other hand, the ed-Qualifiers are used to describe our feelings.

1. Qualifiers ending in -ing describe the effect that something or someone has on you.

Example:

Poss/Qua + Obj + Aux/W + Qua/ing + Obj

My grandmother is an amazing woman. (Mi abuela es una mujer asombrosa.)

2. The Qualifiers in a Construction, which have -ed ending describe people's feelings.

Example:

PF + Aux/W + Qua/ed + Obj

They are neglected employees. (Ellos son empleados descuidados.)

IW + BW + Aux/W + the most + Qua/ed + Obj

Who has been the most excited boy? (¿Quién ha sido el niño más emocionado?)

Qua/ing Qua/ed
amazing amazed asombroso / asombrado
annoying annoyed irritante / irritado
astonishing astonished aterrador / aterrado, asombroso / asombrado
boring Bored aburridor / aburrido
confusing confused confuso / confundido
disappointing disappointed decepcionante / decepcionado
embarrassin
embarrassedavergonzante / vergonzado
g
exciting excited emocionante / emocionado
frightening frightened espantoso / espantado
interesting interested interesante / interesado
shocking shocked impactante / impactado
surprising surprised sorprendente, sorpresivo / sorprendido
threatening threatened amenazante / amenazado
tiring Tired agotador / agotado
distracting distracted distractor / distraído

Be a good father in order to make good sons

As and like are Indicators that you use before an Object:

It's like a championship boxing match…

The person working as a ticket scalper…

As can be used before a Construction:

Example:

Nobody sings as she does

Do it as I taught you.

You can also use the as if combination before a Complementary Construction to express similarity
between two ideas.

Example:

PF + AW + Ind + If + PF + Aux/W + Qua

You look as if you were sick.

We say as usual not like always.

Example:
PF + AW + Act/Qua + Ind + usual

He arrived late as usual.

Express: Be a good father in order to make good sons

In this Phase we will work with the Motive Indicator (M/Ind). You can use the Motive Indicator
to/in order to in a Construction when you wish to express the reason or purpose why you do
something. You use the Motive Indicator to/in order to before the Action Word that explains your
motive in the construction.

When we use in order to it sounds a bit more formal and explicit than to by itself, but both are
equally possible in both spoken and written English. They both convey exactly the same meaning
when expressing purpose:

I use the lawnmower to/in order to cut the grass.

In order to is normal before a negative base form of an Action Word. We do not usually use to by
itself here:

In order not to arrive late, I will get up early.

You can also use it as a different option instead of because, when answering a General Question
with: Why?

Example:

IW + Signal + FP + AW + Ind/P?

Why did you go to the office?

I went to the office because I needed to work.

I went to the office in order to work.