PREFACE

With a growing emphasis on competency-based education globally, the educational landscape in

India has also steered towards high-quality learning experiences that allow learners to incorporate
critical thinking and problem-solving approaches. This approach goes beyond rote memorisation and
focuses on developing the skills and knowledge that students need to apply in their real-world
scenarios.
The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), as a national-level progressive
examination board, has taken several steps to infuse competency-based education in CISCE schools
through teacher capacity-building on item development for competency-based assessments and the
incorporation of competency-focused questions at the ICSE and ISC levels from the examination
year 2024.
To further facilitate the adoption of competency-based assessment practices in schools and to support
teachers and students towards the preparation for attempting higher-order thinking questions in future
board examinations, Item Banks of Competency-Focused Practice Questions for selected subjects
at the ICSE and ISC levels have been developed. This Item Bank consists of a rich variety of
questions, both objective and subjective in categories, aimed at enhancing the subject-specific critical
and analytical thinking skills of the students.
In this Item Bank, each question is accompanied by the topic and cognitive learning domain/s that it
intends to capture. The cognitive domains reflected in these questions include understanding,
analysis, application, evaluation and creativity, along with some questions of the higher-order recall
domain. The Answer Key at the end presents the possible answers to a given question, but it is neither
limiting nor exhaustive.
These practice questions are also meant to serve as teacher resources for classroom assignments and
as samplers to develop their own repository of competency-focused questions. Apart from offering a
good practice of higher-order thinking skills, engaging with these questions would allow students to
gauge their own subject competencies and use these assessments for learning to develop individual
learning pathways.
During the development of this Item Bank, a large pool of questions was prepared by a team of
experienced CISCE teachers. The questions that were finalised by the internal and external reviewers
as being higher-order competency-focused questions have been collated in this item bank.
I acknowledge and appreciate all the ICSE and the ISC subject matter experts who have contributed
to the development and review of these high-quality competency-focused questions for CISCE
students.
We are hopeful that teachers and students will utilise these questions to support their
teaching-learning processes.

August 2024 Dr. Joseph Emmanuel

Chief Executive & Secretary
CISCE
Physics ISC-Class XII

Table of Contents

S.No. Types of Questions Page Nos.

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1-11

II. Assertion-Reason Questions 12-13

III. Very Short Answer Questions 14-18

IV. Short Answer Questions 19-26

V. Long Answer Questions 27-37

VI. Very Long Answer Questions 38-42

Answer Key 43-57

ISC Competency-Focused Practice Questions

Physics ISC-Class XII

COMPETENCY-FOCUSED PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ISC-CLASS XII
Physics

I: Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

1. [Optics]
Three lenses L 1, L 2, and L 3 are specified in the given table below. To construct an
astronomical telescope, which one of the following is to be used as an eyepiece and as an
objective?
Lens Aperture Power
(cm) (D)
L1 8 3
L2 1 10
L3 1 6
(a) L1, L2
(b) L2, L1
(c) L2, L3
(d) L3, L1 (Analysis)

2. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

An ideal Moving Coil Galvanometer (MCG) cannot be used as an ammeter to measure
the value of current in a given circuit. The following reasons are:

(i) it has a high current sensitivity value.

(ii) for a minimal amount of current the galvanometer deflection will be maximum.
(iii) it has a low least count.

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii), and (iii) (Analysis)

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3. [Electronic Devices]
What will be the output for the given circuit?

(a) Zero
(b)
(c)
(d)

(Understanding)

4. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

The graphs shown below are for three different Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance
(LCR) circuits. Identify their nature based on the phase difference between VS and I.
Vs Vs
I I

(1) (2)
Vs
I

(3)
(a) Inductive, Capacitive, and Resistive.
(b) Capacitive, Resistive, and Inductive.
(c) Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive.
(d) Inductive, Resistive, and Capacitive.
(Understanding)

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5. [Current Electricity]
Sheetal had 6 identical cells, each of electromotive force (emf) 4 V and internal resistance
'r'. She connected them to an external resistor 'R' in two different arrangements as shown
and measured the current as 'I1' and 'I2' respectively.

If 'I2' is found to be greater than 'I1', then which relation is true?

(a) R > r
(b) R = r
(c) R < r
(d) R = 6r (Application)

6. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

Lorenz's force is:
(a) the vector sum of electrostatic and magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle.
(b) the sum of electrostatic and magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle.
(c) electrostatic force acting on a charged particle only.
(d) the magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle only.
(Understanding)

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7. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A charged particle is moving with velocity '𝑣𝑣⃗' in a magnetic field of induction ����⃗
′𝐵𝐵 ′. The
force on the particle will be maximum when:
(a) '𝑣𝑣⃗′ and����⃗
′𝐵𝐵 ′ are at an angle of 45°.
���⃗ and ����⃗
(b) '𝑣𝑣′ ′𝐵𝐵 ′ are perpendicular.
(c) ���⃗
𝑣𝑣′ and ����⃗
′𝐵𝐵 ′ are in the same direction i.e., at an angle of 00.
���⃗and ����⃗
(d) ′𝑣𝑣′ ′𝐵𝐵 ′ are in opposite directions i.e., at an angle of 1800. (Analysis)

8. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

Ampere's circuital law states that:
(a) the line integral of a magnetic field along the boundary of the closed loop is equal to
µ0 times the total current passing near the surface.
(b) the line integral of a magnetic field along the boundary of the closed loop is equal to
µ0 times the total current passing through the surface.
(c) the surface integral of the magnetic field over the closed loop is equal to µ0 times the
total current passing through the surface.
(d) the surface integral of the magnetic field over the closed loop is equal to µ0 times the
total current passing near the surface. (Recall)

9. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

The magnetic induction at any point due to a long straight wire carrying a current is:
(a) inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.
(b) inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the wire.
(c) does not depend on distance.
(d) proportional to the distance from the wire. (Recall)

10. [Atoms and Nuclei]

The energy of an electron in the ground state of a hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV. What will
be the ratios of energies in the first orbit to that in the second orbit, if the radius of the
first orbit is r1 and the second radius is r2?
(a) r12 : r22
(b) r1: r2
(c) r2: r1
(d) r22 : r12 (Application)

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S.No. Questions

11. [Atoms and Nuclei]

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Bohr’s theory?
(a) It does not include the electrical forces between electrons which necessarily appear in
multi-electron atoms.
(b) The model is unable to explain the relative intensities of the frequencies in the
spectrum.
(c) In a hydrogen atom, an electron revolves in certain stable orbits without the emission
of radiant energy.
(d) It cannot explain the characteristic line spectra of atoms of different elements.
(Analysis)
12. [Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]
It was found that certain metals like Zinc, Cadmium, Magnesium, etc. are photosensitive
only to ultraviolet light. However, some alkali metals such as Lithium, Sodium, and
Potassium, were photosensitive even to visible light.
If ultraviolet light of the same frequency and the same intensity is incident on Zinc and
Sodium metal, then which of the following quantities may be the same?

(a) Kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted by the two metals.

(b) Photoelectric current flowing through the two metals.
(c) Stopping potential.
(d) The potential energy of the photoelectrons emitted by the two metals.
(Analysis)
13. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]
An alternating current (a.c.) voltage source at 50 Hz is applied to a series combination of
π
resistor A of resistance ‘P' and component B of reactance ‘Y'. The phase angle is + .
4
Which of the following is true?

(a) B is a capacitor and Y = 2P.

(b) B is an inductor and Y = 2P.
(c) B is a capacitor and Y = P.
(d) B is an inductor and Y = P. (Analysis)

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14. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Consider an alternating current (a.c.) source whose angular frequency (ω) changes
constantly but has a fixed peak voltage 'V'. This source is connected to an ideal capacitor
(C) and electric bulb of resistance 'R'. When (ω) starts to reduce gradually, then which of
the following condition happens?
(a) The bulb starts to dim.
(b) The bulb starts to glow brighter than before.
(c) The brightness of the bulb is independent of changes in (ω).
(d) The bulb will fuse out. (Application)
15. [Electromagnetic Waves]
The speed of electromagnetic waves in free space is given by (in usual notations):
(a) ∈0µ0
1
(b)
∈0µ0
(c) ∈µ
1
(d) (Recall)
∈µ

16. [Electromagnetic Waves]

Which of the following statement is true?
(a) According to both Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and Huygens’s wave theory,
light is treated as a wave in nature and requires a medium to travel.
(b) According to both Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and Huygens’s wave theory,
light is treated as a particle in nature and requires a medium to travel.
(c) According to both Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and Huygens’s wave theory,
light is treated as a wave in nature and does not require a medium to travel.
(d) According to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, light is treated as a wave in nature
and requires no medium to travel. However, according to Huygens’s theory, light is
treated as a wave in nature and requires a medium to travel.
(Recall)

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S.No. Questions

17. [Current Electricity]

The current passing through a wire varies with time as provided below.

The charge passing through the wire from 0s to 5s is:

(a) 12.5 mC
(b) 9 mC
(c) 4.5 mC
(d) 10.5 mC (Evaluate)

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S.No. Questions

18. [Current Electricity]

A current I is flowing through a wire of non-uniform cross-section as shown in the figure.
Which of the following options gives the correct variation of current (i), drift velocity
(v), and current density (j) across the wire?

S.No. Current Current Drift velocity

density
(a) I1 > I2 j2 = j1 v2 < v1
(b) I1 = I2 j2 > j1 v2 > v1
(c) I1 < I2 j2 < j1 v2 = v1
(d) I1 = I2 j2 = j1 v2 = v1

(Evaluate)

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S.No. Questions

19. [Current Electricity]

Each of the batteries connected in the circuit is of electromotive force (emf) 4V and
internal resistance of 1 ohm. What is the potential difference across the battery B 2 ?

(a) 0V
(b) 2.67 V
(c) 4V
(d) 1.33 V (Application)

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S.No. Questions

20. [Electrostatics]
A non-conducting sphere A, attached to an insulated handle is given a charge +q. It is
brought near a non-conducting sphere B, having a charge +Q, placed on a platform
attached to a spring and placed at a vertical distance R from sphere B. The spring
compresses by a distance d 1 . Now, if sphere B is replaced by a similar conducting sphere
and sphere A is brought vertically at the same distance from B, without touching it, the
spring compresses by a distance d 2 .

Choose the correct option based on the above situation and diagram:
(a) 𝑑𝑑2 > 𝑑𝑑1
(b) 𝑑𝑑2 < 𝑑𝑑1
(c) 𝑑𝑑2 = 𝑑𝑑1
(d) insufficient information to compare 𝑑𝑑2 and 𝑑𝑑1.
(Application)

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S.No. Questions

21. [[Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]

The work function of caesium metal is 2.04 eV and a graph between the variation of
photoelectric current with a collector plate potential of caesium, for incident radiation is
given below. If the frequency of the incident radiation is doubled, which of the following
combinations is correct?

→
i

−0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

V0 (eV) →

S.No. Work function Stopping potential

(a) 2.04eV -0.6 V
(b) 4.08 eV -0.6V
(c) 4.08eV −3.24V
(d) 2.04eV −3.24V

(Analysis)

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II. Assertion-Reason Questions (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

22. [Electrostatics]
The diagram below shows the equipotential surfaces in a given region of space. The
potential difference between any two consecutive surfaces is equal. There are five points
marked in the space, namely A, B, C, D, and E as shown.

A B C D E

Assertion (A): The electric field strength is greatest at point A and reduces from A to E.
Reason (R): The potential difference in a region of space is equal to the negative electric
field gradient in that region.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (Analysis)

23. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

Assertion (A): In a ferromagnetic material, all the atomic magnets have dipole moments
in the same direction.
Reason (R): It is due to strong exchange coupling between neighbouring atoms in a
domain.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false, and Reason is true.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (Understanding)

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24. [Optics]
Assertion (A): The graph for 'v' versus 'u’ of a concave mirror forming real images, falls
within the second quadrant.
Reason (R): For concave mirrors, according to the sign convention for real images, 'u'
is negative, and 'v' is positive.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (Application)
25. [Atoms and Nuclei]
Assertion (A): The wave nature of matter is what prevents atoms from collapsing and
gives atoms their sizes.
Reason (R): Only those orbits where the circumference of the orbit is an integral
multiple of de Broglie wavelength exist or are “allowed.” And it is not possible lower
than the lowest orbit in an atom.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (Analysis)

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III: Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

26. [Electrostatics]
The given graph shows the variation of charge on plates (q) versus the potential
difference (V) between the plates of two capacitors C1 and C2. Both the capacitors have
the same plate area but the plate separation of C1 is twice that of C2. Which graph
corresponds to C1?

q B

V
(Analysis)

27. [Electrostatics]
A hollow sphere made of material 'X' is placed in a region of electric field. The pattern
of electric field lines around the sphere is observed to be like the figure shown below.

Plot the resistivity versus temperature graph for the material of the sphere. (Analysis)

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28. [Electrostatics]
Four charges +Q, +Q, −Q, and –Q are placed in an arrangement as shown. The direction
of the net electric field at a point 'P' (on the diagram) is best indicated by which of the
following vectors: A, B, C, D, or E?

(Understanding)

29. [Electrostatics]
Using a cell of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 𝜀𝜀 and internal resistance 'r', a student designs
an electrical circuit to calculate current 'I' through a variable resistor 'R'. The student
plots her findings on a graph as shown.
1
I

What does the slope of the graph indicate?

(Evaluate)

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30. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A finite-length Movable wire (XY) carrying current i 1 is kept parallel to another infinite-
length Fixed wire (PQ) carrying current i 2 above it. In this setup, the Movable wire
(XY) is stationary as depicted below.

Redraw a new setup such that the Movable wire (XY) remains stationary and is placed
parallel below the Fixed wire (PQ) carrying current i 2 .
Label the direction of current i 1 in the Movable wire (XY). (Create)

31. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A charge 10 µC enters a region of the uniform magnetic field with a velocity (4i + 5j)
m/s and experiences a force (5i−Cj) N. Find the value of 'C'.
(Analysis & Evaluate)

32. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A galvanometer of resistance 3G can carry a maximum current of 25 mA. Calculate the
value of shunt resistance to be used so that it works as an ammeter to read the current up
to 0.1 A. (Application)

33. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

In the X - Y plane, a magnetic field of 4 T is applied along the Y-axis. Calculate the
magnetic force on a proton, if it moves at 3 × 106 m/s along the +Y-axis.

(Application)

34. [Optics]
How is the refractive index of the material of a prism dependent on the angle of
incidence? (Understanding)

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35. [Optics]
If you had to construct an optical fibre using the two materials, which would you prefer
for the core and the cladding? X: with a refractive index of 1.4905 or Y: of refractive
index of 1.337? (Analysis)

36. [Optics]
A lens forms the image of an object as shown in the figure. Identify the type of lens.

Image Object
(Application)

37. [Optics]
Redraw the diagram with the correct orientation of the obscured (hidden) optical device,
so that when a plane wavefront is incident upon it, the transmitted wavefront matches
the depicted figure.

Transmitted wavefront Incident wavefront

(Create)

38. [Electronic Devices]

A light-emitting diode (LED) is connected in forward biasing. If its potential barrier is
given by ‘V0’ when no biasing is there, as shown in the diagram, then draw the diagram
showing the new position of potential barrier.

V0

(Understanding)

39. [Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]

An electron is revolving around the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. If the radius of the first
orbit is 0.53 × 10−10 m, calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the moving electron in
the orbit. (Application)

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40. [Atoms and Nuclei]

A 9.2 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What
series of wavelengths will be emitted if any? (Application)

41. [Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]

Calculate the wavelength of a photon needed to ionize a hydrogen atom.
(Application)

42. [Atoms and Nuclei]

The kinetic energy of an α-particle incident on a gold foil is doubled. How does the
distance of the closest approach change? (Application)

43. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction B to A is decreasing. What is the
direction of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire, as shown in the
figure?

A B
(Analysis)

44. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A circular coil of radius 8 cm and 20 turns rotates about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 50 s−1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3 × 10−2 T.
Obtain the average electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced in the coil in each rotation.
(Evaluate)

45. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Give the expression for the power factor in an LR circuit in terms of the resistance ‘R’
and inductive reactance ‘XL’. (Recall)

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IV: Short Answer Questions (2 Marks Each)

S.No. Questions

46. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Two long wires carrying current are kept crossed (not touching each other) as shown in
figure. If resultant magnetic induction at P is zero, then find the relation between I1 and
I2.

(Application)
47. [Optics]
Which material is used to make this glass slab?

(Analysis)

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48. [Electrostatics]

In a Wheatstone bridge, three resistances P, Q, and R are connected in the three arms,
and the fourth arm is formed by two resistances S1 and S2 connected in parallel.
Evaluate the new condition for the bridge to be balanced.
(Create)

49. [Optics]

A thin convex lens of focal length f is cut into parts and then combined as shown in
Fig 1 and Fig 2.
Evaluate the focal length of the combination, in:
(a) figure 1
(b) figure 2 (Evaluate)

50. [Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]

A changing electric field produces a magnetic field and vice versa, resulting in an
electromagnetic wave. If a charged particle is passed through a crossed field, under what
circumstances will this charge experience no deviation? Also, obtain a formula that
proves that electromagnetic (e.m.) waves carry both energy and momentum.
(Analysis)

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51. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

The first diagram depicts a bar magnet of pole strength ‘m’ and separation between the
poles ‘’. If the magnetic moment in the first diagram is ‘M’, then the new magnetic
dipole moment in the second diagram is:

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
(Analysis)

52. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Observe the two diagrams and state which diagram corresponds to diamagnetic and
ferromagnetic.

Figure 1

Figure 2
(Understanding)

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53. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in the north-to-south
direction. Give the magnitude and direction of ‘B’ at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.
(Application)

54. [Optics]

|m|

0 20 40 |v| in cm

(a) Name the type of mirror used here.

(b) What is its focal length?
(Application)

55. [Optics]

35
53 45 45
42

Calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism. (Evaluate)

56. [Optics]
Give the values of X and Y in terms of 𝜆𝜆 and the corresponding phase difference.

Path difference
X Y
(Application)

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57. [Current Electricity]

Two cells of electromotive forces (e.m.f.s.) approximately 5 V and 10 V are to be
accurately compared using a potentiometer of length 400 cm. The student sets up the
circuit as shown in the diagram. However, he is not able to measure the ratio of e.m.f.s
correctly. Analyse the circuit shown and spot a minimum of two errors in the circuit.
Explain with proper reasoning.
E1 K1

E2 K2
10 V A

A B

(Analysis)

58. [Electrostatics]
A student wants to place three charges ‘−q’, ‘Q’, and ‘−q’ in such a way that the potential
energy of the system is zero. The three charges are arranged in a straight line at an equal
distance from each other. Calculate the ratio of ‘Q’ to ‘q’ for such an arrangement.
(Evaluate)

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59. [Current Electricity]

The student sets up an experiment in the lab to determine the internal resistance of a cell
by graphical method. The setup of the circuit is done as shown below using a cell of
e.m.f. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’, a variable resistor ‘R’, and a milliammeter. A
voltmeter ‘V’ is connected to the circuit as shown.

(a) Draw the nature of the graph so determined. What does the Y-intercept of the graph
represent?
(b) How can internal resistance be calculated from the graph?
(Evaluate)

60. [Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter]

Images produced by positron emitters have become important in recent years. When the
emitted positron (β+) encounters an electron, mutual annihilation occurs, producing two
γ-rays. These rays have identical 0.511 MeV energies and they move directly away from
one another, allowing detectors to determine their point of origin accurately. The system
is called positron emission tomography (PET). It requires detectors on opposite sides to
simultaneously (i.e., at the same time) detect photons of 0.511-MeV energy and utilises
computer imaging techniques similar to those in SPECT and computed tomography
(CT) scans. Its resolution of 0.5 cm is better than that of Single-photon emission
computed tomography (SPECT); the accuracy and sensitivity of PET scans make them
useful for examining the brain’s anatomy and function.
(a) Why two ‘γ’ photons are produced?
(b) Why energy of each produced ‘γ’ photon is 0.511 MeV?
(Application)

61. [Atoms and Nuclei]

In the first atomic bomb, the energy released was equivalent to about 30 kilotons of
Trinitrotoluene (TNT), where a ton of TNT releases an energy of about 4 × 109 J.
Estimate the amount of mass converted into energy in this event.
(Application)

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62. [Atoms and Nuclei]

Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy (in eV) versus the first five
principal quantum numbers in a hydrogen atom. (Application)

63. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

An inductor-resistor circuit (LR) series circuit connected to an alternating current (a.c.)
1
source of 220 V, 50 Hz, the resistor value is 11 ohms, and the power factor is .
2
Calculate the value of inductance in the circuit. (Recall)

64. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

The graph here shows a variation of Irms with angular frequency ‘ω’ for two different
LCR circuits. Which of the two will have:
(a) lower power factor.
(b) calculate resonance frequency for the two different LCR circuits.

(Application)

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S.No. Questions

65. [Electromagnetic Waves]

Analyse the figures given below and mention the significance of electromagnetic waves
in each case.

(Understanding)

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Physics ISC-Class XII

V. Long Answer Questions (3 Marks Each)

S.No. Questions

66. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A synchrotron uses a combination of solenoid and toroid to generate high magnetic fields.
Charged particles like electrons and protons can be accelerated to very high energies using
a synchrotron. A synchrotron adjusts the magnetic field such that the particles are kept in a
circular orbit. It is used to study high-energy particle collisions.
(a) If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive Y-axis and the charged particle is moving
along the positive X-axis, which way would the Lorentz force be for:
(i) an electron.
(ii) a proton.
(b) An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of uniform
magnetic field. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
(Application)
67. [Optics]
Both students i.e. Student 1 and Student 2, had an intention of stargazing at night and knew
that a telescope would be required for viewing distant stars. Student 1 visited a shop to
purchase the necessary equipment for stargazing and purchased two lenses X and Y, the
former being thicker and the latter thinner. On the other hand, Student 2 opted for a different
approach. He decided to build his telescope by combining a concave mirror of focal length
25 cm and a plane mirror, along with a convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) Which lens would Student 1 use as an objective, X or Y?
(b) Give any one advantage of the telescope of Student 2 over the telescope of Student 1.
(c) What is the length of the telescope of Student 1 when the final image is formed at infinity,
assuming she uses the same eyepiece as Student 2 but achieves twice the magnifying
power?
(Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

68. [Electrostatics]
A student starts working on a problem on Gauss' theorem to calculate the flux and hence
the electric field at a given point due to a system of discreet charges. The teacher gives him
certain instructions and the student responds to each instruction as per her understanding of
the concept. State whether the student's response is correct or incorrect. Give a reason for
your answer.
(a) Examiner: Draw a Gaussian surface for the given system of charges.
Student: Draws a symmetric surface passing through the point at which the electric
field is to be calculated.
Examiner: Suggest a way to double the flux through the given surface.
Student: Doubles the surface area of the Gaussian surface.
(c) Examiner: Calculate the electric flux of a point charge of 2 µC, placed 5 cm above the
centre of a square plate of side 10 cm, through the given plate.
Student: As the charge is not enclosed by the surface, the flux through the surface is
zero. (Application)
69. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]
A student was given a frequency generator, a source, an inductor, a capacitor, a resistor and
an ammeter. After connecting the circuit correctly, the student tabulated the readings as
shown below.
S .No. Frequency(kHz ) Ammeter reading (mA)
1 1.20 13.8
2 1.38 16.3
3 1.71 19.4
4 2.08 22.0
5 2.39 19.5
6 2.57 17.6
7 2.79 16.0
8 3.10 14.5
(a) What is the resonant frequency of the circuit?
(b) Plot the graph for the given data using proper axes.
(Evaluate)

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S.No. Questions

70. [Atoms and Nuclei]

Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to separate an atomic nucleus into its
constituent protons and neutrons, or, equivalently, the energy that would be liberated by
combining individual protons and neutrons into a single nucleus. For example, the nucleus
of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, which is composed of one proton and one neutron, can
be separated by supplying 2.23 million electron volts (MeV) of energy. Conversely, when a
slowly moving neutron and proton combine to form a deuterium nucleus, 2.23 MeV energy
is liberated in the form of gamma rays.
(a) Why is the energy needed to separate an atomic nucleus into its constituents?
(b) In the case of two atoms 3X6 and 3Y7, which atom is likely to be more stable and why?
(c) Calculate mass defect when a neutron and a proton combine to form a deuterium nucleus.
(Application)

71. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A circular coil of 20 turns and a radius of 10 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.10 T normal to the plane of the coil. If the current in the coil is 5 A, what will be:
(a) the total torque on the coil?
(b) the total force on the coil?
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field. (The coil is made of
copper wire of a cross-sectional area of 10−5 m2, and the free electron density in copper
is given to be about 1029 m−3).
(Evaluate)

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S.No. Questions

72. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

A toroid is a hollow non-conducting circular ring, on which a large number of turns of a
conducting wire are closely wound. If a solenoid is bent into a circular shape and the ends
are joined, we get a toroid. Consider a toroid having centre O, number of turns N and each
carrying a current I.

By Ampere's law, in the case of a toroid:

→ →
STEP 1: B ⋅ dl = µ0 (Total current) = µ0__I
(Rewrite STEP 1 and fill in the blank with an appropriate substitution)
STEP 2: B___ = µ0NI
(Rewrite STEP 2 and fill in the blank with an appropriate substitution)
µ0NI N
∴ B = 2πr = µ0I 2πr
 
N
If n is the number of turns per unit length, then n =
2πr
STEP 3: B = µ0___I

(Rewrite STEP 3 and fill in the blank with an appropriate substitution)

(Application)

73. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

An electron emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated through a potential difference of
2 kV, enters a region with a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. Determine the radius and the
trajectory of the electron if the field is:
(a) transverse to its initial velocity.
(b) makes an angle of 30° with the initial velocity.
(Application)

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S.No. Questions

74. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

In the figure, the straight wire AB is fixed while the loop PQRS is free to move.

Give a reason for your response in each sub-part.

(a) What is the force experienced by arms QR and SP?
(b) What is the nature of force experienced by arms PQ and RS?
(c) In which direction, does the loop begin to move? (Application)

75. [Optics]
The teacher is demonstrating the experiment of the focal length of a convex lens using the
u-v method. After the teacher takes readings P and Q. He/she assigns two students
(Student 1 and Student 2) to take the subsequent readings, assuming that the teacher is right.

(a) What is the focal length of the given lens?

(b) How should Student 2 adjust the screen to obtain an accurate reading?
(c) What error do you observe in the readings of Student 1?
(Analysis)

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S.No. Questions

76. [Optics]

(a) If the graph depicts intensity versus phase difference for double-slit interference. What
do points A and B symbolise?
(b) If the waves have amplitudes 1:3, then find the ratio of intensities at A and C.
(Understanding)

77. [Optics]

(a) Identify two errors in the student's attempt to draw a ray diagram of a compound
microscope.
(b) Which position A, B, or C, is optimal for placing the object?
(Analysis)

78. [Optics]
For a science project, two fish tanks with lids were constructed as shown in the figure. Tank
X has a lid with a convex shape, while Tank Y has a lid with a concave shape and no space
between the lid and the liquid. Both tanks have the same height of 24 cm and are made of
glass with a refractive index of 1.5. The radius of curvature of both lids is 40 cm. Which
tank appears to have the fish positioned higher? Support the answer with necessary
calculations.

(Understanding)
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S.No. Questions

79. [Electrostatics]

An alpha particle is made to move through two plates 10 cm apart. The speed with which
it enters the gap in the first plate is 2.5×106 m s−1. The particle exits the second plate with
a velocity of 5×106 m s−1.
(a) Calculate the potential difference between the plates.
(b) Calculate the electric field between the plates.
(c) Name a device where this principle is used.
(Application)
80. [Electrostatics]
For the given electrical circuit, calculate the current through each branch using Kirchhoff's
laws.
2.5 Ω 5Ω
Ω

3 V, 2 Ω 2Ω
.5
Ω 3
5
0.

4Ω
V,
2

(Application)

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S.No. Questions

81. [Electrostatics]
The computer’s keyboards make use of capacitors at the base of their keys (as shown in the
diagram).

Each key is connected to a movable plate, which represents one side of the capacitor. The
fixed plate on the keyboard's bottom represents the capacitor's other side. External
electronic circuits recognize each key in its capacitance when pressed.
(a) How would the capacitance of the capacitor so formed change, when the key is pressed?
(b) If the plate area is 2 cm2 and the plate separation is 1 mm, calculate the charge density
on the plate, if the potential difference between the plates is 3 V. The plates are separated
by a dielectric of K = 5.
(c) Sketch a graph showing the variation of electric field E between the plates with distance
'd' from the first plate till the second plate.
(Understanding & Application)

82. [Atoms and Nuclei]

Given two nuclei 29Cu64 and 13Al27.
(a) Calculate the ratio of the radii.
(b) What will be the ratio of their densities?
(c) Compare their nuclear density to the density of water.
(Application & Analysis)

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S.No. Questions

83. [Atoms and Nuclei]

A graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number is given
below. In the graph mark regions where nuclei are:

(a) Prone to fusion.

(b) Prone to fission.
(c) Give a reason for your marking. (Analysis)

84. [Atoms and Nuclei]

The energy of the thermal neutrons required for the fission of U235 nuclei is of the order of
0.025 eV. However, the neutrons produced in the fission of U235 possess quite large energy
as compared to the energy of thermal neutrons. As these neutrons escape the U235 block
without causing the fission of U235 nuclei. Due to this, in a nuclear reactor, it is important
that the energy of neutrons is absorbed, and some neutrons are also absorbed.
Name the substance:
(a) used to absorb the energy of the neutrons.
(b) used for absorbing neutrons.
(c) write condition when U235 is said to be of critical size. (Application)

85. [Atoms and Nuclei]

The Lyman series spectrum of an atom contains wavelengths of 176.7 nm and 137.5 nm.
The energy of the ground level of the atom is -10 eV. Determine the ratio of kinetic energies
of electrons in the first excited state and the second excited state. (Application)
86. [Atoms and Nuclei]
(a) Calculate the angular momentum of a ‘γ’ photon which is emitted when an electron
jumps from the 3rd energy state to the 2nd energy state in a hydrogen atom.
1
(b) A charged particle of energy, [ E = mv2] bombards a heavy target of charge Ze, then
2
shows with the help of a graph how the distance of the closest approach varies with the
mass of the particle. (Application)

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S.No. Questions

87. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

An arc lamp takes 10 A at 50 V. Calculate the impedance of a choke of 1-ohm resistance to
be connected in series with an arc lamp so that the lamp may be used on 200 V, 50 Hz
supply. Use the data from the circuit diagram and the phasor voltage triangle and calculate
the total active power and the power factor.
AB – drop across arc lamp
BC – drop across 1-ohm resistance of the choke
CD – drop across the inductor
BD – total drop across the choke

(Application)

88. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Power Corporation of India wanted to transmit power of 11 kW from tower 1 to tower 2 at
220 V or 22000 V. Which of the two voltages is better for transmission of alternating current
(a.c.) power? Support the answer with a mathematical calculation.
(Application)

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S.No. Questions

89. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]

Match the following:
1 The current is in phase with voltage
1. ωL > (i)
ωC V.
1 The current lags in phase with
2. ωL < (ii)
ωC voltage V.
1 The current leads in phase with
3. ωL = (iii)
ωC voltage V.
(Analysis)
90. [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents]
In an inductance-capacitance-resistance (LCR) series circuit, which is connected to an
alternating current (a.c.) source of a frequency (ν), its signal voltage (v) is equal to vx for
an instantaneous time between 0 and half its time period (T) and equal to zero during the
next half period.
(a) Suppose the frequency of the source is gradually increased, what happens to inductance
and capacitance?
(b) Calculate the root mean square (r.m.s.) voltage of the signal.
(c) If XC = 2XL = R, calculate the total impedance of the circuit.
(Evaluate)

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VI: Very Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each)

S.No. Questions

91. [Electrostatics]
Electrostatic precipitators: Electrostatic precipitators are devices used to remove
particles, such as dust and ash, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge. It consists of two sets of electrodes: positive and negative. The
negative electrodes are in the form of a wire mesh, and the positive electrodes are plates.
These electrodes are vertically placed and alternate to each other. High Direct Current
(DC) voltage is fed to the discharge electrodes, generating a negative electric field around
them. The gas-borne particles such as ash are ionised by the corona effect. When the
polluted gas passes through the electric field, the particles become charged and are
attracted to oppositely charged collector plates, where they adhere until they are removed.

Answer the following questions.

(a) Name any two electrostatic processes involved in the working of an electrostatic
precipitator.
(b) If the medium between the mesh and the plates is filled with a dielectric medium of
dielectric constant K = 10, what will happen to the efficiency of working of the
device?
(c) What is the strength of the electric field between two parallel conducting plates
separated by 2 cm and having a potential difference (voltage) between them of 1.50
× 104 V?
(d) Name any other device used in day-to-day life, based on the principle of the
electrostatic precipitator.
(Analysis)

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S.No. Questions

92. [Optics]
Student 1 and Student 2 conducted experiments using coherent sources of light, with
Student 1 using a single slit and Student 2 using a double slit.

Answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the patterns resulting from Student 1 and Student 2 experiments.
(b) Give two reasons that assisted you in recognizing the patterns.
(c) Upon utilizing a monochromatic source of light of 500 nm wavelength, Student 1
observed that the distance between the initial minimum and the centre of the fringe
matched the width of the slit. Calculate the distance of this initial minimum from the
centre of the fringe, given that the screen is situated 1 m away from the slit.
(d) Student 2 observes 10 fringes within a specific portion of the screen using the same
monochromatic source of light. If he were to immerse his entire experimental setup
in a liquid of refractive index 5/3, what alteration should he make to the distance of
the screen to maintain the same number of fringes?
(Analysis)

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S.No. Questions

93. [Electronic Devices]

A solar cell is a junction diode. A very thin layer of p-type semiconductor is grown on a
relatively thicker n-type semiconductor, having a few finer electrodes on the top of the p-
type semiconductor layer.
These electrodes do not obstruct light from reaching the thin p-type layer. Just below the
p-type layer, there is a p-n junction. We also provide a current-collecting electrode at the
bottom of the n-type layer.
Similarly, the holes in the depletion can quickly come to the p-type side of the junction.
Once, the newly created free electrons come to the n-type side, cannot further cross the
junction because of the barrier potential of the junction.
Similarly, the newly created holes once come to the p-type side cannot further cross the
junction because of the same barrier potential of the junction. As the concentration of
electrons becomes higher on one side, the p-n junction will behave like a small battery
cell. A voltage is set up which is known as photovoltage. If we connect a small load across
the junction, there will be a tiny current flowing through it. The IV characteristic of solar
cells is given below:

V0
v

Imax

Answer the following questions.

(a) Is the principle of a solar cell the same as that of a photodiode?

(b) What is the suitable band gap of the semiconductors used as solar cell materials?
(a) 0 to 0.5 eV
(b) 0.5 to 1 eV
(c) 1.1 to 2 eV
(d) 0 to 0.8 eV
(c) What does V0 represent in the characteristic curve?
(d) Is Imax independent of the intensity of incident radiation?

(e) Why do holes in the depletion region quickly come to the p-side?
(Analysis & Evaluate)

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S.No. Questions

94. [Electromagnetic Waves]

Read the passage and answer the questions carefully.
A joint family stayed happily in a town. As a family, they watched the Asian games that
took place in Hangzhou, China from September 23 to October 8, 2023. During
advertising breaks, one of the parents made popcorn in the microwave oven for the family.
One day, the grandparent tripped and fell on her elbows, and she was rushed to the
hospital. However, the parent used Google Maps to find the way to the hospital. The
orthopaedic with the help of an X-ray machine, imaged her ankle to confirm that the
grandparent had a hairline fracture and treated her appropriately. As the grandparent was
healed, the family decided to go on a pilgrimage in their car. There was unexpected fog
and mist during their night journey, but they were still able to click clear pictures using
their camera. Since they were thousands of kilometres away, the family was able to
communicate with their relatives using mobile phones once a day. After a weeklong trip,
the family resumed their daily activities.

Based on the above situation, answer the questions that follow.

(a) Popcorns are made in the microwave oven. Name one property of the waves in the
oven that is used to make popcorn.
(b) Why are X-rays not used to image the flesh of the body, but can photograph the bone?
(c) Name the electromagnetic (e.m.) wave used for Google mapping to find the way to
the hospital.
(d) Name the type of wave that carries information from one mobile phone to another for
thousands of kilometres.
(e) What is the reason that the family was able to click clear pictures on camera despite
fog?

(Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

95. [Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism]

→ → →
The diagram depicts v , E and B are mutually perpendicular.

→ ∧ → ∧
If direction of E is indicated with j , direction of B is indicated with k then direction of
→
v is indicated as …….
The force value in each case is stated. State the value of E and B as equal to zero or not
equal to zero in each case.
(a) The value of resultant F = 0 if E = 0 and B …… (choose B = 0 OR B ≠ 0)
(b) The value of resultant F may be zero (if θ = 0° or 180°) if B ≠ 0 and
E …… (choose E = 0 OR E ≠ 0)
→ →
(c) F = 0 (if Fe = Fm and their directions are opposite) if E ≠ 0,
B …… (choose B = 0 OR B ≠ 0)
→
(d) F ≠ 0 (because v ≠ constant) if E ≠ 0, B …… (choose B = 0 OR B ≠ 0)

(Analysis)

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ANSWER KEY

S.No. Expected Answers

1. (b) L 2 , L 1
Explanation: The objective should have a large aperture and large focal length, while the
eyepiece should have a small aperture and small focal length.

2. (a) (i) and (ii)

3. (b)

During the first half diode is in reverse biasing so it does not conduct, and we get the same
voltage in output. But in the second half, it is in forward bias, so it conducts, hence the
circuit is shortened, and we do not get any voltage in output.

4. (b) Capacitive, Resistive and Inductive.

5. (c) R < r

6. (a) The vector sum of electrostatic and magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle.
Explanation: As Lorenz force is given by,
→ → → → → → →
F = q( E + v × B) = q E + q( v × B)

→ → →
F = FE + FB

7. (b) '𝑣𝑣⃗′ and ����⃗

′𝐵𝐵 ′are perpendicular.
Explanation: Since F = q ('𝑣𝑣⃗′ × ����⃗
′𝐵𝐵 ′)
or F = qvB sin θ

'F' will be the maximum when θ = 90°.

8. (b) The line integral of a magnetic field along the boundary of the closed loop is equal to
µ0 times the total current passing through the surface.
→ →
Explanation: According to Ampere's circuital law, ∮B⋅d = µ0I

9. (a) inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.

µ0I I
Explanation: B = or B ∝ r
2πr

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Physics ISC-Class XII

S.No. Expected Answers

10. (c) r2: r1

𝑒𝑒 2
Solution: E= −
8𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0 𝑟𝑟

11. (c) In a hydrogen atom, an electron revolves in certain stable orbits without the emission
of radiant energy.
12. (b) Photoelectric current flowing through the two metals.

13. (c) B is a capacitor and Y = P.

14. (a) The bulb starts to dim.

15. (b)
1
∈0µ0

16. (d) According to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, light is treated as a wave in nature
and requires no medium to travel. However, according to Huygens's theory, light is
treated as a wave in nature and requires a medium to travel.

17. (d) 10.5mC. Explanation: Under the graph

18. (b) Current: I 1= I 2 ; Current density: j 2 > j 1 ; Drift velocity: v 2 > v 1

19. (a) 0 V.
Explanation: As the battery is short-circuited, the potential difference is 0 V.

20. (b) d 2 < d 1

Electrons on the conducting sphere will be attracted to the excess positive charges on
Sphere A and move closer to Sphere A. This leaves the opposite side of the conducting
sphere more positively charged which results in less electric repulsion between the spheres
and as a result, less compression in the spring.

21. (d) Work function: 2.04 eV; Stopping Potential: -3.24V.

22. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

23. (c) Assertion is false, and Reason is true.

24. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

25. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

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Physics ISC-Class XII

S.No. Expected Answers

26. Slope = qV = C. The higher slope corresponds to higher capacitance.

1
Also, C ∝ . The lesser the value of 'd', the more the capacitance.
𝑑𝑑

Hence, graph 'B' corresponds to 'C 1 '.

27. Conductor

Resistivity →

Temperature →

28. C

29. 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝜀𝜀
30.

As we know magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity of the charge particle,
31.
→ → →
given as F = q( v × B) .
→ → → →
As F is perpendicular to v , we use F× v = 0 F.v = 0
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
(5 i − C j) ⋅ (4 i + 5 j) = 0
20 – 5C = 0
20
C= =4
5

32. G

33. Zero

34. It is independent of the angle of incidence.

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Physics ISC-Class XII

S.No. Expected Answers

35. X: refractive index of 1.4905: Core

Y: refractive index of 1.337: Cladding

36. Convex lens

37.

Transmitted wavefront Incident wavefront

38.

V0
New potential barrier

39. According to Bohr’s quantization condition, 2πr = nλ.

∴ λ = 2πr, since n = 1
λ = 2 × 3.14 × 0.53 × 10−10
= 3.328 × 10−10 m.

40. No series. (At room temperature electrons remain present in the ground state.)

41. hc 6.6 ×10−34 ×3×108

λ= = = 909.9 × 10−10 m
E 13.6×1.6×10−19

42. 1
K.E. ∝ , where ‘r0’ is the distance of closest approach. So, when the kinetic energy is
r0
doubled, the distance of the closest approach is halved.

43. By right-hand thumb rule, the magnetic field of the current in wire AB acts on the loop in
a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and inwards. By Lenz’s law, the induced
current should oppose the decrease in flux, i.e., it should also produce inward flux. So, the
induced current flows in the clockwise direction.

44. ε = NBAω sin ωt = ε0 sin ωt

Since the average value of sin ωt over a cycle is zero, therefore, εav = 0.
45. R
cos θ =
R + X 2L
2

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Physics ISC-Class XII

S.No. Expected Answers

→ → →
46. BP = B1(in) + B2(out)
µ0 2I1 µ0 2I2
BP = B1 − B2 = -
4π x 4π y
The resultant magnetic field induction at point P is 0.
µ0 2I1 µ0 2I2
0= -
4π x 4π y
µ0 2I1 µ0 2I2
=
4π x 4π y
I1 x
∴ I =y
2

47. t sin(i − r) 10×0.5

Lateral disp = → cos r = = 0.8772 → r = 28.69°
cos r 5.7
sin i sin 58.69
Refractive index = = = 1.77
sin r sin 28.69
The material is sapphire.

48. P R R(S1 + S2)

= =
Q S S 1S 2

(a) F = f/2
49.
(b) F = ∞
E
50. When the velocity of the charged particle is E/B. Then, p = proves that e.m. waves
c
carry both energy and momentum.
51. M=m×
After bending, the new separation between the poles = 2r.
Now, πr = 

∴ r=
π
2
New dipole moment, M1 = m × 2r = m ×
π
2M
∴ M1 =
π

52. Figure 1 – Diamagnetic

Figure 2 – Ferromagnetic

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S.No. Expected Answers

53. I = 50 A, r = 2.5 m
µ0 2I 4π× 10−7× 50 −6
B= = = 4 × 10 T
4π r 2π× 2.5
Applying the right-hand thumb rule, we find the magnetic field will be perpendicular outward
at a point 2.5 m east of the power line.

54. (a) Concave mirror; (b) 20 cm

55. From the first diagram, I + e = A + d A = 53 + 42 – 35 = 60°

From the second diagram, the angle of minimum deviation = 2i – A = 30°
A+d
sin 2 sin 45
Refractive index = = = 1.414
A sin30
sin 2

5𝜆𝜆 5𝜆𝜆 2𝜋𝜋

56. X – 2nd order maxima = − 2
, Phase difference = − 2
× 𝜆𝜆
= −5𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
Y – 3rd minima =3𝜆𝜆 Phase difference =3𝜆𝜆 × = 6𝜋𝜋
𝜆𝜆

(i) The electromotive force (emf) of the battery must be greater than 10 V, so that the
57.
potential difference across the wire is more than the e.m.f.s of the cell to be
compared. Otherwise, the balance length for 10 V cannot be determined.
(ii) A series variable resistant/rheostat must also be added to the primary circuit to
minimize the current drawn from the cell and adjust the potential drop across the
potentiometer.
58. kqQ kQq kqq −2kqQ −kqq
− − + = 0 or =
x x 2x x 2x
A

Solving we get, Q: q = 1: 4

59. (a)

Y-intercept gives the emf of the cell.

(b) The slope of the graph = internal resistance.

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60. (a) Two ‘γ’ photons are produced to conserve momentum.

(b) Using E = mc2 it can be shown that energy equivalent to mass of an electron is equal
to 0.511 MeV.

61. Using E = mc2

4 × 109 × 30 × 103 = m × (2.99792 × 108)2
4 × 109 × 30 × 103 −3
m= 8 2 = 1.33 × 10 kg
(2.99792 × 10 )

62. 0 -1.51 -0.85 -0.0544

-2 0 1 2
-3.4 3 4 5 6

-4
-6
energy

-8
-10
-12 -13.6
-14
-16
principal quantum number (n)

63. 1 R
cos φ = = ; Z= 11√2 , L= 0.035 H
2 Z

64. (a) For R1; (b) 0.1592 Hz & 159.2 Hz

Figure. 1 – Infrared rays:

65.

Figure. 2 UV rays: Welders to protect their eyes from intense UV use welding glasses.

66. (a) (i) −ve Z-axis for an electron.

(ii) +ve Z-axis for a proton.
(b) The direction of motion of the electron should be parallel to the magnetic field
direction.

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67. (a) Y
(b) Free of chromatic aberration / Image formed is brighter / Free from spherical
aberration. (anyone relevant point)
𝑓𝑓0
(c) Magnifying power of telescope of student 2 = =5
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒
Hence, the magnifying power of the telescope of student 1= 10. Since f e = 5 cm,
hence f 0 =50 cm.
Length = 50 + 5 = 55 cm.

68. (a) Response is correct. The Gaussian surface is an imaginary closed surface around a
charge.
(b) Response is incorrect. The electric flux does not change with the area of the Gaussian
surface.
1 2 × 10−6
(c) Response is incorrect. The total flux through the square plate =  =
6  ε0 
3.77 × 104 Nm2 /C.
(Reason is to be given for both correct as well as incorrect responses.)

69. (a) 2.08 kHz

(b)

70. (a) Nuclear binding energy is also energy needed to bind nucleons together in the nucleus.
Therefore, energy is needed to break the nucleons' infinite distance apart OR energy
is needed to work against the strong nuclear forces.
(b) 3Y7 is more stable as it has a greater number of neutrons as compared to 3X6, therefore
nuclear force is greater than the electrostatic force of repulsion between protons.
(c) E = ∆m⋅c2
2.23 MeV = ∆m × 931.5 MeV
2.23
∆m = = 0.00239398 u
931.5

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71. N = 20, r = 10 × 10−2 m, B = 0.10 T

(a) τ = zero
(b) Ftotal = zero
I
(c) F = evdB = e neA B = 5 × 10−25 N

72. STEP 1: µ0NI

STEP 2: B 2πr = µ0NI
STEP 3: B = µ0nI

1
73. (a) K.E. = mv2 = eV
2
2 eV
v= = 2.65 × 107 m/s
m
mv2
= qvB sin θ
r
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∴ r= 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
= 9.95× 10−4 m [Circular]

(b)

mv2
= qvB sin θ
r'
∴ r' = (2r) = 2 × 9.95 × 10−4 m. [Spiral]

74. (a) No. The force is experienced since they are aligned perpendicular to the current
carrying conductor AB.
(b) There is a force of attraction between AB and PQ and a force of repulsion between
AB and SR.
(c) PQ is closer to AB than SR, so the force of attraction is stronger than the force of
repulsion. So, the loop begins to move towards AB.

75. (a) Focal length by using the teacher's reading

1 1 2 1
= + = =
20 20 20 10
⇒ f = 10 cm
(b) He should move his screen 3 cm farther from the lens.
(c) Student 1 has kept his lens at F, the image would be at infinity.

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76. (a) A = −π, B = 2π

(b) Imin : Imax = (3 – 1)2 : (3 + 1)2 = 1 : 4

77. (a) Eyepiece is of shorter focal length / Image XY isn't between optical centre and F /
Objective is having a larger aperture. (any two relevant points.)
(b) A
3
78. 1−
n2 n1 n2 − n1 1 3/2 2
H(X) → − = = − =
v u R H(X) −24 −40
H(X) = −20 cm
3
n2 n1 n2 − n1 1−
1 3/2 2
H(Y) → − = = − =
v u R H(Y) −24 40
H(Y) = −13.33 cm
79. (a) By conservation of energy,
Change in K.E. + Change in P.E. = 0
or ∆K + q∆V = 0
1 2 2
∆K 2 m(v − u )
∆V = − =−
q q
1
×6.64×10−27 ×(25−6.25)×1012
2
=
3.2×10−19
5
= −1.95 × 10 V
∆V
(b) E = = 1.95 × 106 V/m
d
(c) Particle accelerator/Linear accelerators/Atom smashers.

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80. 2.5 Ω 5Ω
A B I2 C
I1 I3 I2

Ω
5
3.
3 V, 2 Ω 2Ω

5 ,
0. 2 V
Ω
I2
E 4Ω I1 D

I3 = I1 + I2
In loop 1 (ABDEA):
−2.5I1 − 2I3 − 4I1 − 2I1 + 3 = 0
or −10.5I1 − 2I2 = −3

or −10.5I1 + 2I2 = 3 ...(i)

In loop 2 (BCDB):
2I1 + 11I2 = −2 … (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get:
4I1 + 22I2 = −4
−115.5I1 + 22I2 = −33
Subtracting,
−111.5I1 = −37 ⇒ I1 = 0.33 A
11I2 = − 2 − 0.66 ⇒ I2 = −0.24 A

I3 = 0.33 − 0.24 ⇒ I3 = 0.09 A

81. (a) When key is pressed, the distance between the plates decreases and hence, the
capacitance increases.
Kε0A 5×8.85×10−12 ×2×10−4
(b) C = = = 8.85 pF
d 10−3
Q = CV = 26.55 pC
Q
Charge density = = 13.28 × 10−8 C/m2
A
σ
Alternately: E = or σ = EKε0 = (ε 0 KV/d)
Kε0

(c) Graph:

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82. (a) R ∝ A1/3

r1 641/3
=
r2 271/3
r1 4
=
r2 3
r1: r2 = 4:3
(b) d1:d2 = 1:1
Nuclear density is constant.
(c) 2.3 × 1014:1
83.
(a) & (b)

(c) Nuclear fission: Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than middle
ones. When a heavier nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, the binding energy per nucleon
changes from about 7.6 MeV to 8.4 MeV.
Nuclear fusion: The binding energy per nucleon is small for light nuclei. So, when two
light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy per nucleon
of the latter results in the release of energy.

84. (a) Heavy water/graphite rods.

(b) Cadmium rods.
(c) If the number of neutrons produced per second is equal to the number of neutrons lost
per second in the block.

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85. hc
λ = ΔE

6.6×10−34 ×3×108
E 2 -E 1 =176.7×10−9 ×1.6×10−19 eV
E2 – E1 = 7eV
E 2 = -10eV + 7 eV = -3 eV Since K = -E, therefore

K 2 = 3 eV
∆E for next spectral line = 9 eV
Similarly, E 3 = -10 eV + 9 eV = -1 eV, therefore K 3 = 1 eV. and K 2 :K 3 = 3:1

86. −34
(a) ∆L ≈ −1.06 × 10 kg m / s (Using ∆𝐿𝐿=
ℎ(3−2)
)
2𝜋𝜋
This negative value indicates that the angular momentum of the electron decreases
during the transition.
Finally, we can determine the angular momentum of the emitted photon using the
principle of conservation of angular momentum. Since the angular momentum of the
electron decreases by 1.06 × 10−34 kg m/s, therefore the angular momentum of the
emitted photon must be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Therefore, the angular momentum of the emitted photon is approximately 1.06 × 10−34
kg m/s.
1
(b) r0 ∝
m
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
ro

0.4
Graph:
0.2
0
0 2 4 6
mass (m)

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50
87. Total resistance in the circuit = + 1 = 6 ohms
10
VR = 10 × 6 = 60 V
VL = 2002 − 602 = 190.8 V
BD = (102 + 190.82 )1/2 = 191.06 V
191.06
Z= = 19.106 ohms
10
60
Power factor = cos θ = = 0.3
200
Total active power = EI cos θ = 200 × 10 × 0.3 = 600 W

88. P
i1 = = 50 A, Power loss is 2500R watt
V
i2 = 0.5 A, power loss is 0.25R watt
Comparing the two, the second mode is preferred.

89. 1 – (ii), 2 – (iii), 3 – (i)

90. (a) Inductive reactance increases and capacitive reactance decreases.

Vx
(b)
2
R 5
(c) Z =
2

91. (a) Ionisation, electrostatic attraction, electric discharge.

(b) On introducing the dielectric between the mesh and plates, the electric field between
the plates reduces. Hence, the ionisation of gas molecules/dust particles reduces and the
efficiency of the device decreases.
V 1.50 × 104
(c) E = = = 7.5 × 105 N/C
d 2 × 10−2
(d) Air purifier/Electrostatic air cleaner.

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92. (a) Student 1– Pattern C; Student 2 – Pattern B.

(b) Student 1- Utilisation of a single slit results in a diffraction pattern, characterized by a
wider central maximum and diminishing fringe widths as they extend. Conversely,
Student 2- Utilisation of double slits yields an interference pattern, as evidenced by
uniform fringe widths across the pattern. Pattern C conforms to a diffraction pattern
due to its wider central maximum and progressively decreasing fringe widths, while
pattern B exhibits equal fringe widths indicative of an interference pattern.
λD
(c) Distance of the first minimum of the diffraction pattern from the centre, y =
d
Let y = d = x
x2 = λD = 500 × 10−9 × 1
x = 70.7 × 10−5 m
λ
(d) New wavelength =
n
5
500 ÷
3
λD
D has to be increased 5/3 times as fringe width = .
d

93. (a) Yes.

(b) Option c – 1.1 to 2 eV
(c) Maximum potential when the solar cell is in an open circuit.
(d) No.
(e) Due to potential barriers.
94. (a) The microwaves are reflected within the metal interior of the oven where they are
absorbed by food.
(b) X-rays penetrate through the flesh and rebound back from the bone.
(c) Radio waves.
(d) Radio waves.
(e) The basis of this camera is the use of infrared imaging.

95. (a) B = 0
(b) E = 0
(c) B ≠ 0
(d) B = 0

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