EASY ARABIC

HISTORY &
GOVERMENT
(PAPER 1)
2010 - 2023
WITH MARKING SCHEME

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K.C.S.E E YEAR 2010 PAPER 1

SECTION A (25 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.
1 Give the meaning of history.
(1 mark)
2 Identify one age-grade for elders among the Akamba.
(1 mark)
3 State the first settlement area of the Luo during their migration from Sudan.
(1 mark)
4 Name one early Christian missionary who worked in Kenya.
(1 mark)
5 State two characteristics of independent churches in Kenya during the colonial period.
(2 marks)
6 Identify the constitutional change that increased the number of African members to the legislative
council in Kenya in 1957.
(1 mark)
7 Identify one Asian who took part in the struggle for independence in Kenya.
(1 mark)
8 Name one African political party whose leaders attended the 2nd Lancaster House Conference in
1962.
(1 mark)
9 Identify two Educational Commissions appointed by the government of independent Kenya to
review the education system.
(2 marks)
10 Give the main reason why the government of Kenya introduced the Constituency Development
Fund (CDF).
(1 mark)
11 State two ways in which the government has promoted the culture of the people of Kenya since
independence.
(2 marks)
12 Identify two conditions that one must fulfil in order to register as a voter in Kenya.
(2 marks)
13 Give two special courts in Kenya. (2
marks)
14 State two duties of the leader of Government Business in parliament in Kenya.
(2 marks)
15 Identify two symbols of national unity in Kenya.
(2 marks)
16 Give two reasons' that can make a registered person to lose citizenship in Kenya,
(2 marks)
17 Give one type of human rights.
(1 mark)

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SECTION B (45 marks)

Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.
18 (a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Plains Nilotes to Kenya during the pre-
colonial period.
(5 marks)
(b) Explain five results of the migration and settlement of the Maasai in Kenyaduring the pre-colonial
period. (10 marks)
19 (a) Give three reasons why the early visitors came to the Kenyan-coast before 1500 A.D.
(3 marks)
(b) Explain six factors that contributed to the development of trade between the Kenyan coast and the
outside world by 1900.
(12 marks)
20 (a) State three socio-economic reasons why Britain colonized Kenya in the 19th Century.
(3 marks)
(b) Explain six factors that contributed to the formation of political associations in Kenya before
1939.
(12 marks)
21 (a) State three ways in which the government of Kenya facilitated the acquisition of land for
Africans after 1963. (3 marks)
(b) Explain six challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks)

Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.
22 (a) Give the structure of the provincial administration in Kenya. (5 marks)
(b) Describe five functions of the president of the Republic of Kenya. (10 marks)
23 (a) Give three reasons why the constitution is important in Kenya. , (3 marks)
(b) Explain six factors that may undermine the administration of justice in Kenya. (12 marks)
24 (a) Identify five stages in the preparation of the national budget. (5
marks)
(b) Explain why it is important for the Government to prepare the national budget annually
(10 marks)

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3.8 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT (311)

3.8.1 History & Government Paper 1 (311/1)

SECTION A (25 marks)

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

1 State two ways in which the study of History and Government promotes a sense of patriotism
in the learner. (2 marks)

2 Name the community in Kenya that belongs to the Southern Cushites. (1 mark)

3 State two political functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai during the 19th century.
(2 marks)
4 Give two ways through which knowledge in marine technology facilitated the coming of the
early visitors to the Kenyan Coast. (2 marks)

5 Identify the town that was established by missionaries in Kenya as a centre for freed slaves
during the 19th Century. (1 mark)
6 State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 affected the
composition of the government in Kenya. (2 marks)

7 Give two reasons why the British used the Imperial British East African Company (I.B.E.A.C.)
to administer its possessions in Kenya. (2 marks)

8 Identify two ways in which the results of the collaboration of the Maasai with British was
similar to that of the Wanga. (2 marks)

9 Give one way in which the construction of the Uganda railway speeded up the colonization
of Kenya. (1 mark)

10 Give the main political contribution of Christian Missionaries in Kenya during the struggle
for independence upto 1939. (1 mark)

11 Name the first African to be appointed as minister in Kenya by the colonial government.
(1 mark)
12 State the main result of the Lyttleton Constitutional amendment of 1954. (1 mark)

13 Identify the leader who stepped down as the president of Kenya African Union for
Jomo Kenyatta. (1 mark)

14 State two ways in which the Harambee spirit promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)

15 State two ways through which the Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies in Kenya
benefit their members. (2 marks)

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16 State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the
Government’s excesses. (1 mark)
17 Give the main challenge facing the Free Primary Education programme since its introduction
in 2003. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks)

Answer THREE questions from this section.
18 (a) Give five reasons for the migration of the Mijikenda from Shungwaya during the
pre-colonial period. (5 mark)

(b) Explain five social effects of the migration and settlement of the Mijikenda in their
present homeland. (10 marks)

19 (a) State five factors which influenced the Akamba to participate in the long distance trade.
(5 marks)
(b) Describe five effects of the long distance trade on the people of Kenya. (10 marks)

20 (a) Give five factors that influenced the location of urban centres in Kenya during the
colonial period. (5 marks)
(b) Explain five factors which led to the migration of Africans to the urban areas in Kenya
during the colonial period. (10 marks)

21 (a) Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African Union in the
struggle for independence. (5 marks)
(b) Describe five political roles played by the African elected members of parliament
during the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks)

Answer TWO questions from this section.
22 (a) Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenyan citizen by
birth. (3 marks)

(b) Explain six social rights of an individual in Kenya. (12 marks)

23 (a) State three qualifications for a person to be eligible for election as a member of the
National Assembly in Kenya. (3 marks)
(b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of
Kenya. (12 marks)

24 (a) State three objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (3 marks)

(b) Explain six ways in which the County governments raise their revenue. (12 marks)

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4.8 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT (311)

4.8.1 History & Government Paper 1 (311/1)

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

1. State two ways in which the study of History and Government promotes a sense of patriotism
in the learner. (2 marks)

(i) It enables one to acquire a positive attitude towards the country.

(ii) It enables one to be a responsible citizen.
(iii) It enables one to become loyal to his/her country.
(iv) It helps one to develop positive values.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

2. Name the community in Kenya that belongs to the Southern Cushites. (1 mark)

- the Dahallo (Sanye)

1 x 1 = 1 mark

3. State two political functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai during the 19th century.
(2 marks)

(i) He administered the Maasai land/acted as unifying factor.

(ii) He settled disputes.
(iii) He declared war against his enemies/Adviced and blessed worriors.
(iv) Advised the Council of Elders.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

4. Give two ways through which knowledge in marine technology facilitated the coming of the
early visitors to the Kenya Coast. (2 marks)

(i) It enabled them to use the compass to sail.

(ii) It facilitated the construction/use of boats.
(iii) It enabled them to develop/apply the skills of map reading.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

5. Identify the town that was established by missionaries in Kenya as a centre for freed slaves
during the 19th century. (1 mark)
- Freetown
1 x 1 = 1 mark

6. State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 affected the com
position of the Government in Kenya. (2 marks)

(i) It created a coalition government.

(ii) It created the office/position of the Prime Minister.
(iii) It created the offices/positions of the two deputy prime ministers.
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(iv) It increased the number of ministers/cabinet ministers.

Any 2 x 1 - 2 marks

7. Give two reasons why the British used the Imperial British East African Company (IBEA) to
administer its possessions in Kenya. (2 marks)

(i) It was familiar with the area.

(ii) They lacked a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions.
(iii) They lacked enough personnel.
(iv) They lacked sufficient funds/inadequate funds.
Any 2 x 1- 2 marks

8. Identify two ways in which the results of the collaboration of the Maasai with the British was
similar to that of the Wanga. (2 marks)

(i) The British recognized their leaders.

(ii) Both communities lost their independence.
(iii) The people of both communities were hired as mercenaries.
(iv) Both communities got material gains/rewards.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
9. Give one way in which the construction of the Uganda railway speeded up the colonization of
Kenya. (1 mark)
(i) It enhanced the transportation of troops/administration.
(ii) It open up the country to European settlers.
(iii) It led to forceful displacement/loss of land by some communities.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

10. Give the main political contribution of Christian missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for
independence upto 1939. (1 mark)

- They represented the Africans in the Legislative Council (LegCo).

11. Name the first African to be appointed a minister in Kenya by the colonial government.
(1 mark)
- B. A. Ohanga
1 x 1 = 1 mark

12. State the main result of the Lyttleton constitutional amendment of 1954. (1 mark)

- It allowed for the formation of Multi-racial government/society.

1 x 1 = 1 mark

13. Identify the leader who stepped down as the president of Kenya African Union for Jomo
Kenyatta. (1 mark)
- James Gichuru

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14. State two ways in which the Harambee spirit promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)

(i) It encourages people to work together.

(ii) It promotes cooperation.
(iii) It promotes equity in the distribution of resources.
(iv) It enhances interaction of the people.
(v) It promotes patriotism.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

15. State two ways through which the Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya benefit
their members. (2 marks)

(i) They give loans/credit facilities.

(ii) They provide banking facilities/saving facilities.
(iii) They provide benevolent/insurance services.
(iv) They invest on behalf of members.
(v) They create employment.
(vi) They educate members on financial management/investment.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

16. State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the
Government excesses. (1 mark)

(i) They point out the mistakes made by the government.

(ii) They point out misuse of public resources.
1 x 1 = 1 mark

17. Give the main challenge facing Free Primary Education Programme in Kenya since its
introduction in 2003. (1 mark)

- Over enrollment of the pupils

1 x 1 = 1 mark

SECTION B - (45 marks)

18. (a) Give five reasons for the migration of the Mijikenda from Shungwaya during the pre-
colonial period. (5 marks)

(i) Due to attacks by the Oromo/Cushitic speakers.

(ii) Due to increased population.
(iii) Due to internal conflicts/family/clan feuds.
(iv) In search for land for cultivation.
(v) Due to drought/famine.
(vi) Due to outbreak of diseases/epidemics.
(vii) Due to love for adventure.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

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(b) Explain five social effects of the migration and settlement of the Mijikenda in their
present homeland. (10 marks)

(i) They intermarried with other groups thereby strengthening relationships.

(ii) There was cultural exchange due to their interaction with other people/
assimilation/absorption.
(iii) There was an increase in population in the areas where they settled.
(iv) There were inter-community conflicts/wars in the areas they settled.
(v) It caused redistribution of people in the areas they settled leading to further
migration/displacement.
(vi) Some were converted to Islam due to their interaction with Arabs.
(vii) It led to the establishment of Kaya/villages which were fortified in order to
protect themselves against external attacks.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks

19 (a) State five factors which influenced the Akamba to participate in the long distance trade.
(5 marks)
(i) The central/strategic location of the community between the coast and the
interior.
(ii) There existed items of trade.
(iii) The existence of merchants/leaders/entrepreneurs.
(iv) There existed trade routes between the coast and the interior.
(v) There existed markets for trade goods.
(vi) The establishment of trade links with their neighbours/experience.
(vii) There was demand for goods.
(viii) Drought/unreliable rainfall experienced in their area/poor soils.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

(b) Describe five effects of the long distance trade on the people of Kenya. (10 marks)

(i) It let the settling of people in urban centres that developed along trade routes.
(ii) It led to the emergence of a class of wealthy people along the coast/in the
interior of Kenya/emergence of powerful chiefs & kingdoms.
(iii) It led to acquisition of foreign/new goods through trade/traditional industries.
(iv) People acquired /cultivated new crops leading to increased food production.
(v) Some people were converted into Islam by Muslim traders.
(vi) People were introduced to money economy thereby making transactions easy.
(vii) African slave labour led to the development of plantation agriculture along the
coast.
(viii) There was depopulation as many Africans were captured/sold as slaves.
(ix) It caused untold suffering/misery as people were raided/captured as slaves.
(x) It opened up the interior leading to colonization.
(xi) The trade routes later developed into roads and highways.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks

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20. (a) Give five factors that influenced the location of urban centres in Kenya during the
colonial period. (5 marks)

(i) Existence of administrative centres.

(ii) Existence of social amenities eg, mission stations.
(iii) Availability of minerals/mining activities/industries.
(iv) Availability of security.
(v) Agricultural activities.
(vi) Commercial activities/trading activities.
(vii) Availability of transport/communication.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

(b) Explain five factors which led to the migration African to the urban areas in Kenya
during the colonial period. (10 marks)

(i) The overcrowded/unproductive reserves created by the colonial government

made living conditions difficult/unbearable thereby resulting into migrations to
towns.
(ii) Availability of better social services/amenities/health centres/education provided
in towns attracted them.
(iii) The taxes imposed on Africans forced them to migrate to towns in search of
jobs.
(iv) Availability of infrastructure/piped water/paved roads/electricity attracted many
people to towns as they hoped for a better life.
(v) Employment/job opportunities attracted people to towns as it promised them
better wages.
(vi) Mistreatment/frustrations by the labour/public works forced them to move to
towns.
(vii) The widespread poverty in rural/reserves caused untold suffering thereby
making them to migrate to town.
(viii) Loss of land/landlessness caused by the colonial land policies resulted into a
state of despair thereby forcing people to move to towns.
(ix) African enterprenuers wanted to take advantage of wider markets in towns.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks

21. (a) Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African Union in the
struggle for independence? (5marks)

(i) Betrayal by some Africans undermined its activities/wrangles between

moderates and radicals.
(ii) Insufficient/inadequate funds hampered its activities.
(iii) Opposition from the colonial government/settlers.
(iv) Repressive laws restricted its activities.
(v) Arrest/detention of its leaders after the declaration of a state of emergency
frustrated its members.
(vi) Lack of proper communication channels.
(vii) Banning of the party in 1953.
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(viii) Ethnic divisions/fear of dominance by larger communities.

(ix) Lack of political awareness due to illiteracy.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

(b) Describe five political roles played by the African elected members of parliament
during the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks)

(i) They demanded for the release of detained/imprisoned African nationalists.

(ii) They networked with other Pan-Africanists to hasten the achievement of
independence.
(iii) They aired/presented African grievances in international fora.
(iv) They formed political parties/movements to demand for independence/rights of
Africans.
(v) They popularized Kenyatta thereby making him acceptable as a national leader.
(vi) They took part in the writing of the independence constitution/Lancaster House.
(vii) They enlightened/educated other Africans on the need to struggle for
independence.
(viii) They advocated for an increase in African representation in the LegCo.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks

SECTION C (30 marks)

22. (a) Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenyan citizen by
birth. (3 marks)

(i) If the father or mother of the person is a Kenyan citizen.

(ii) A child found in Kenya who is/appears to be less than eight years of age and
whose nationality and parents are not known.
(iii) A former Kenyan citizen by birth who reapplies to regain Kenya citizenship.
3 x 1 = 3 marks

(b) Explain six social rights of the individual in Kenya. (12 marks)

(i) The right to health care services which are of a reasonable standards.
(ii) The right to housing facilities which are accessible and adequate.
(iii) The right to have adequate food which is of acceptable quality.
(iv) The right to regular supply of water which is clean and safe.
(v) The right to appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support
themselves and their dependants.
(vi) The right to accessible formal education inorder to promote literacy.
(vii) The right to embrace culture/language of one’s choice regardless of his/her
background.
(viii) The right to clean environment/sanitation which is free from pollution.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

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23. (a) State three qualifications for a person to be eligible for election as a member of the
National Assembly in Kenya. (3 marks)

(i) Must be a registered voter.

(ii) Must be literate.
(iii) Must be supported by at least 1,000 registered voters in the constituency/must
be nominated by a political or an independent candidate.
(iv) Should uphold good moral values.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

(b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of
Kenya. (12 marks)

(i) It registers prospective citizens who intend to participate in the elections.

(ii) It draws the boundaries of the constituencies/wards in all parts of the country
inorder to ensure equitable representation of the people.
(iii) It regulates nomination of candidates by political parties so as to ensure
proportional nomination of members.
(iv) It settles electoral disputes other than petitions arising from the electoral process
in order to ensure smooth/fair elections.
(v) It registers that all candidates who intend to contest for positions during
elections/announces and provides an election timetable.
(vi) It educates voters on their rights/importance of participating in the electoral
process so as to make informed decisions.
(vii) It monitors/observes the elections in order to ensure transparency/honesty.
(viii) It regulates the amount of money spent by a candidate/political parties to
prevent some candidates from influencing the voters.
(ix) It develops code of conduct for candidates/parties participating in elections with
the view of checking malpractices.
(x) It ensures compliance with the electoral laws by all the parties involved in order
to promote free and fair elections.
(xi) It distributes/transports electoral materials to all polling stations.
(ix) It appoints election officials.
(x) It announces the results and declares the winners.
Any 6 x 2 =12 marks

24. (a) State three objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (3 marks)

(i) To promote democratic exercise of power.

(ii) To promote unity in the country.
(iii) To empower the people to participate in decision making /to make informed
decisions.
(iv) To protect the interests of the minority/marginalised groups.
(v) To promote equitable development in the country.
(vi) To enable people access services/take services closer to the people.
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(vii) To decentralize state organs/functions from the capital.

(viii) to enhance checks and balances/accountability.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

(b) Explain six ways in which the county governments raise their revenue.
(12 marks)

(i) They impose property rates within their territories to enable them raise revenue
for their operations.
(ii) They charge for the services they render to the residents of the counties in order
to generate income.
(iii) They are allocated part of the annual national revenue in order to supplement
their supplement.
(iv) By borrowing loans from the national government international organizations to
finance development projects.
(v) They levy taxes on the services/goods generated in the county to finance their
activities.
(vi) Through licences granted to businesses/services operating in the counties.
(vii) By charging fees for the use of the counties property/fines.
(viii) By renting property/houses to people inorder to raise funds for development.
(ix) Through grants eg. local and external sources.

Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

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3.8 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT (311)

3.8.1 History & Government Paper 1 (311/1)

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 KCSE 2014 PP1
4.8 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT (311)

4.8.1 History & Government Paper 1 (311/1)

SECTION A (25 marks)

1. Give two ways in which archaeologists identify a pre-historic site.

(i) existence of a collection of artefacts/tectonic forces/erosion.

(ii) evidence of burial sites/cultivation/construction/fossils.
(iii) evidence of ruins of settlements/vision.
(iv) evidence of art/ paintings.
(v) Historical research and documentation.
(vi) Use of experience and skill.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

2. Identify one natural factor that caused the Abagusii to migrate from Mount Elgon region
to their present homeland.

(i) Due to famine.

(ii) Due to disease.
(iii) Due to drought.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

3. State the main factor that contributed to the growth of city-states along the Kenya coast
before 1500 AD.

Trade between the Coast and the outside world. (1 x 1 = 1 mark)

4. Give one way in which the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages facilitated
the spread of Christianity in Kenya.

(i) The local people could read the Bible.

(ii) it created better understanding of the teaching of the Bible.
(iii) More africans could identify themselves with Christianity.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

5. Give one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen.

(i) Participating in development activities.

(ii) Paying taxes.
(iii) engaging in income generation.
(iv) Protecting the environment.
(v) Fighting corruption.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

433
6. Give one economic factor that promotes national unity in Kenya.

(i) equitable distribution of resources.

(ii) Commercial interaction/ trade.
(iii) equal employment opportunities.
(iv) Use of a common currency.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

7. Identify one way in which elders resolve conflicts in the community.

(i) through arbitration.

(ii) through mediation.
(iii) through conciliation/reconciliation.
(iv) negotiation.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

8. State two similar grievances of the Taita Hills Association and the Ukamba Members
Association to the colonial government.

(i) They resented land alienation by the White settlers.

(ii) They were against destocking order by the government.
(iii) They protested forced labour.
(iv) They were against taxation.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

9. Outline two ways in which the ex-soldiers of the second world war contributed to the
struggle for independence in Kenya.

(i) They were instrumental in the formation of the Mau Mau movement.
(ii) They trained freedom fighters in war tactics.
(iii) They waged armed struggle against the colonial government.
(iv) They made weapons used in the struggle.
(v) They dispelled the myth of european supremacy.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

10. What was the main contribution of Prof. Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya?

environmental conservation/ Tree planting. (any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

11. State two functions of the supreme court in Kenya.

(i) To hear/ determine disputes relating to the election of the President of Kenya.
(ii) To hear/ determine appeals from the Court of appeal/ other courts/ tribunals.
(iii) To give an advisory opinion concerning County Governments.
(iv) To handle any case/ issue which has to do with the interpretation/ application of the
constitution.
(v) To review the certification made by the Court of Appeal on a matter of general public
importance.

434
 (vi) To make rules for the exercise of its jurisdiction.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

12. State two qualifications that a person must fulfil in order to be allowed to register as a
voter in Kenya.

(i) Must be a Kenyan citizen.

(ii) Must be 18 years old or above.
(iii) Must be of sound mind.
(iv) Not been convicted of an election offence during the period preceding 5 years.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
13. State two functions of the Secretary to the cabinet in Kenya.

(i) He/ she is incharge of cabinet office.

(ii) Keeps minutes of the cabinet.
(iii) arranging the business of the cabinet/agenda.
(iv) Convey decisions of the cabinet to appropriate authorities/ persons.
(v) executes directives of the cabinet.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

14. Name the two branches of National Police Service in Kenya.

(i) The Kenya Police Service.

(ii) The administration Police Service.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

15. Give one reason for the adoption of Harambee strategy in Kenya after independence.

(i) To pool the scarce resources together.

(ii) To eradicate poverty among the people.
(iii) To promote unity among the people.
(any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

16. Identify two types of land ownership in Kenya.

(i) Public land.

(ii) Community land.
(iii) Private land.
(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

17. Give the main function of the commission on Revenue Allocation in Kenya.

To ensure equitable sharing of revenue between National and County governments/ among
County governments.
(1 mark)

435
 SECTION B (45 marks)

18. (a) Identify the three Luo groups which migrated into Kenya during the pre-colonial
period.

(i) Joka - Jok

(ii) Joka - Owiny
(iii) Joka - Omolo.
(any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Describe the political organization of the Luo during the pre-colonial period.

(i) The family was the lowest unit and its head was the father who was referred to
as Jaduong’.
(ii) Several related families formed a clan.
(iii) There were lineage councils (Buch Dhoot) which settled domestic issues.
(iv) a council of elders existed in the clan which was responsible for settling inter-
family disputes called Doho.
(v) Clans were grouped together to form Oganda headed by a chief elder (ruoth/
Gweng’).
(vi) There existed a council of elders (Buch Piny) which comprised of
representatives from each clan and mainly settled inter-clan disputes.
(vii) There was a class of warriors (Thuondi) headed by a war leader (Osumba
Mrwayi) and its main responsibility was to defend the community.
(viii) The Luo was a decentralized community as they did not have an overall leader.
(ix) Religious leaders eg. diviners, medicinemen, healers, rainmakers etc influenced
their politics.
(any 6 points well explained x 2 = 12 marks)

19. (a) State three methods used by the British to establish colonial rule in Kenya.
(i) They used military force.
(ii) They signed treaties/ agreement with some african rulers/ collaboration/
diplomacy.
(iii) They used divide and rule tactics.
(iv) They lured africans with gifts/ presents/treachery.
(v) They established bases of operation/company rule.
(any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Explain six problems experienced by the Imperial British East Africa Company in
Kenya.

(i) There was scarcity of mineral wealth and profitable export commodities which
made it difficult for the company to generate enough wealth to meet the cost of
administration.
(ii) There was poor transport network which made movement of goods slow/
difficult/ expensive thereby making the enterprise less profitable.
(iii) There was lack of proper co-ordination between the company headquarters in
Britain and the officials in Kenya hence delays/ waste and misunderstandings.
436
 (iv) The company officials lacked the experience which was necessary for the
success of the administration in the protectorate.
(v) Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore concentrated on their
personal enrichment at the expense of the enterprise.
(vi) resistance from the local communities posed a great challenge to the company
as it had to administer and at the same time suppress the communities.
(vii) There was inadequate capital to carry out its operations thus making the
administration of the protectorate ineffective.
(viii) Unfavourable climatic conditions/ tropical diseases claimed lives of some of the
company personnel.
(ix) Lack of enough personnel.
(x) rivalry from German east africa affected its operations.
(any 6 points well explained x 2 = 12 marks)

20. (a) Give reasons why Africans were put in reserves during the colonial period.

(i) To create a pool of african labour for settler farming/ europeans/ public works.
(ii) To avail land/ create space for white settlement.
(iii) To restrict the movement of africans.
(iv) For easy control/ monitoring of african activities.
(v) For easy control of african nationalism.
(any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Explain six problems faced by Africans working for the European settlers during
the colonial period.

(i) They were paid low wages which could hardly meet their expenses thereby
making them lead squalor/ impoverished lives.
(ii) The living conditions were poor as they were crowded in residential houses with
inadequate sanitation.
(iii) The working conditions were very difficult as they were sometimes mistreated/
whipped.
(iv) They were subjected to long working hours without compensation which made
them develop negative attitude towards work.
(v) They were forced to pay taxes despite their poor remuneration/ low wages.
(vi) There were inadequate social amenities/ schools/ health facilities to cope with
the large number of workers.
(vii) They were despised on the basis of their colour/ race and this lowered their
dignity.
(viii) They were not allowed to form workers’ union as the settlers feared that they
would incite/ organize strikes against them.
(ix) They were provided with inadequate food rations which led to malnutrition.
(any 6 points well explained x 2 = 12 marks)

437
21. (a) State three challenges that have contributed to high illiteracy levels in Kenya since
independence.

(i) Traditional/ cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from

schooling.
(ii) Lack of schools/ inadequate educational facilities has made education
inaccessible in some regions.
(iii) High poverty levels in the society has made education unaffordable.
(iv) Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
(v) Nomadic way of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
(vi) Negative attitude towards adult education programmes has resulted in low
enrolment.
(vii) insecurity in some regions eg. Kapendo, Baragoi, Tana river etc.
(any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Discuss six factors that have facilitated industrialisation in Kenya since independence.

(i) The availability of modern sources of energy has enabled the establishment of
more industries which process different products.
(ii) availability of both skilled/ unskilled labour from large population provides the
work force required in industries.
(iii) Good transport and communication infrastructure has created a viable
environment for industrial development as the products can be transported with
ease.
(iv) The rich agricultural country provides raw materials required in the processing
of various products.
(v) The existence of mineral resources has given rise to industries which process
them into finished products.
(vi) The existence of both natural and man-made forests has promoted the
development of furniture industries in many parts of the country.
(vii) availability of varied tourist attractions in the country has promoted tourism as
many local and international tourists visit the countryside.
(viii) Availability of water resources rich in fish has given rise to fish processing
industries in the country.
(ix) Government initiative through creation of ministries of trade, commerce and
industry offering technical and financial aid/support.
(any 6 points well explained x 2 = 12 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks)

22. (a) State five decisions reached after the first Lancaster House conference of 1960.

(i) Maintenance of the 12 elective seats in the LegCo.

(ii) Composition of the Council of Ministers was to be changed to include 4
africans, 3 europeans and 1 asian.
(iii) There were to be 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be contested/ vied
for on a common roll.

438
 (iv) 20 seats would be reserved that is 10 for europeans, 8 for asians and 2 for
africans.
(v) Formation of countrywide political parties e.g. KaNU and KaDU was allowed.
(vi) The state of emergency was lifted.
(vii) a Bill of rights would be included in the Constitution.
(any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Describe five main features of the Constitution of Kenya.

(i) it vests sovereign power on the people of Kenya who can exercise it directly or
through their representatives.
(ii) it contains a comprehensive Bill of rights which has been expanded to include
socio-economic and cultural rights as well as group rights.
(iii) it spells out national values and principles of governance which guides/ binds all
people / institutions.
(iv) It contains affirmative action for women/ the youth/ persons with disabilities/
marginalised communities as it protects them from all forms of discrimination.
(v) It defines the powers of the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary as it provides
for checks/ balances in governance.
(vi) It provides a mechanism for its implementation by creating specific organs for
that purpose.
(vii) it has provision for transitional requirements that ensure a smooth transition of
government.
(viii) it provides stringent amendment procedures in order to safeguard peoples’
interests.
(ix) it provides for devolved government by creating forty seven counties.
(x) Citizenship - it describes what citizens are entitled to eg. acquisition and
revocation of citizenship.
(xi) It outlines the principles of Land Policy and classification.
(xii) Leadership and intergrity - it states the responsibilities, conduct and restriction
on activities of state officers.
(xiii) National security - it establishes 3 national security organs ie. Kenya Defence
Forces, National intelligence Service and National Police Service.
(xiv) it establishes a Bicameral Legislature composed of the National assembly and
the Sanate.
(xv) it creates an independent Judiciary composed of a system of courts with superior
and subordinate courts.
(xvi) it provides for a Public Service which stipulates the values and principles of
professional ethics and accountability.
(any 5 points well explained x 2 = 10 marks)

23. (a) Give five reasons why human rights are important.

(i) They give the general public access to information necessary for protection of
democracy and accountability.
(ii) They assist in achieving a dignified life which respects human needs.

439
 (iii) They guide organs of state on the exercise of state power.
(iv) They provide basis for granting special treatment to persons with special needs.
(v) When respected, these rights reduce conflicts and enhance national integration.
(v) They empower citizens by giving them control in decision making organs of the
state.
(vi) rights are inherent to human beings since one has rights because they are
human.
(any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Explain five functions of the Kenya National Commissions on Human Rights.

(i) To protect respect for human rights/ develop a culture of human rights in the
country.
(ii) To receive complaints about alleged abuses of human rights from the citizens.
(iii) To monitor/ investigate on the observance of human rights in the country and
take appropriate action.
(iv) To provide a shadow report to the United Nations on the status of observance of
human rights in the country.
(v) To formulate/ implement programmes intended to create public awareness of the
rights/ obligations of citizens.
(vi) To ensure that the country complies with international treaties/ conventions
regarding human rights.
(vii) To work with the National Gender and equality Commission and Commission
on Administrative Justice to ensure efficiency/ effectiveness/ complementarity in
their activities.
(viii) To make recommendations to the state to improve the functioning of the state
organs.
(any 5 points well explained x 2 = 10 marks)

24. (a) State five qualifications of a presidential candidate in Kenya.

(i) Be of sound mind.

(ii) a Kenyan citizen by birth.
(iii) Not have served for more than 2 consecutive terms as president.
(iv) Nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate.
(v) Nominated by at least 2000 voters from each of majority of counties.
(vi) Not have been declared bankrupt by a court of law.
(vii) abide by the requirements of chapter 6 of the constitution on integrity.
(viii) Must be a registered voter.
(ix) Be qualified to stand for election as an MP.
(x) Does not owe allegiance to a foreign state.
(any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

440
(b) Explain five functions of the National Assembly in Kenya.

(i) it makes laws that govern the country so as to ensure smooth running of the
country.
(ii) it determines the allocation of public revenue to all government sectors in order
to promote development.
(iii) it approves funds for expenditure by the national government to ensure
provision of services.
(iv) it exercises oversight over public revenue and expenditure thereby promoting
accountability/ transparency.
(v) To review the conduct in office of the executive in order to check excesses in
government.
(vi) To approve appointments made by the president to ensure merit/
professionalism/ integrity of the appointees.
(vii) To approve declaration of war and extension of states of emergency.
(viii) it represents peoples’ interests through their elected members of parliament.
(ix) Oversight of state organs i.e. it supervises and checks state organs ensuring
proper and accountable handling of duties.
(any 5 points well explained x 2 = 10 marks)

441
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HISTORY & GOVERNMENT

2016 PAPER 1
No.1 .Identify one disadvantage of using anthropology as a source of
information in History and Government. (1 mark)
 It is time consuming
 It is an expensive method
 Information collected may be inaccurate/ distorted
 Information collected may be biased.

No.2.Identify two communities in Kenya which belong to the Western Bantu

group. (2 marks)
 The Luhya
 Kuria,
 Kisii
 Abasuba

No.3.State two similarities in the political organisation of the Ameru and

Abaluhya of Kenya during the 19th Century. (2 marks)
 The clans formed the basic political unit
 Leadership was by the council of elders
 Both had age set systems
 The council of elders settled disputes
 They had warriors who defended their communities

No.4.Give one economic duty of a Kenyan citizen. (1 mark)

 Participating in development activities
 Paying taxes.
 Protecting the environment
 Fighting corruption

No.5.Identify two foreign powers that took control of the Kenyan Coast
during the 16th Century.(2 marks)
 Egyptians
 Turks
 Arabs
 Persians
 The British
 Dutch
 French

No.6.Which factor influenced Seyyid Said to develop agriculture in

Zanzibar during the 16th Century? (2 marks)
 Zanzibar had favourable climate for clove growing.
 Availability of labour/slave labour
 Zanzibar had a natural deep harbour which would promote trade in
agricultural products.
 Zanzibar had fertile soil.
 No.7.State two ways through which the construction of the Uganda railway
facilitated the colonisation of Kenya. (2 marks)
 It enhanced the transportation of troops/administrators
 It opened the country to European settlers
 It led to forceful displacement/loss of land by some communities

No.8 .State the meaning of "Direct democracy".(1 mark)

 It is a government where people themselves make rules/ decisions that affect
their welfare.

No.9.Give two Education Commissions appointed by the Government of

Kenya to review the Education System since independence. (2 marks)
 The Kenya Education Commission/Ominde Commission of 1964.
 The National Committee on Education objectives and policies/Gachathi
commission of 1976.
 The presidential working party on the Second University/Mackay Commission
of 1981.
 The Kamunge Commission 1988
 David Koech Commission 1999
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No.10.Identify one reason why the government may limit one's freedom of
expression in Kenya. (1 mark)
 If one’s speech incites the public against the state.
 If one discloses confidential information relating to the state.
 If one spreads false information about the state / individual.

No.11.State two features of African farming in Kenya during the colonial

period. 2 marks)
 Small scale farming was practiced
 Africans mainly grew foods
 Traditional methods of farming were used.

No.12.What was the main reason why the second Lancaster House
Conference was held in 1962? (1 mark)
 To come up with a constitution for independent Kenya

No.13.State one way through which the Harambee spirit among Kenyans
promotes national unity. (1 mark)
 It encourages people to work together
 It promotes cooperation
 It promotes equity in the distribution of resources
 It enhances interaction of people
 It promotes patriotism

No.14.Give two negative effects of over reliance on foreign aid for the
country. (2 marks)
 It is given with conditions.
 It attracts high interest rates.
 It creates donor dependency syndrome/debt crisis
 It limits the choice of trading partners.
 It delays the implementation of projects.

No.15.Give one symbol of national unity in Kenya. (1 mark)

 The National flag
 The National Anthem
 The Coat of Arms
 The Loyalty pledge
 The Presidency
 The Constitution
 The National language

No.16.Who is the administrative head of Parliament in Kenya?

(1 mark)
 The Clerk

No.17.Identify the police department responsible for maintaining law and

order.(1 mark)
 The Administration police
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No.18a .Identify five causes of the Nandi resistance against British

invasion in Kenya (5 marks)
 They wanted to safeguard their independence
 They were proud people who disliked interference by strangers
 Had successfully raided /fought their neighbours/intruders in the past
 They disliked the whiteman's/European skin colour/dressing.
 They did not want to lose their land.
 They fought to avert the fulfillment of Kimnyole/Orkoiyors prophecy
 They had an able leader who inspired them to fight/resist.

No.18b .Explain five results of the Maasai collaboration with the British in
the early 20th Century. (10 marks)
 Lenana was made a paramount chief of the Maasai because of his
cooperation.
 They lost land which was taken up by the British for farming/settlement.
 They were rewarded with material wealth/granted favoured status due to
their cooperation.
 They lost their independence/were manipulated as their land became a
British protectorate.
 It led to the division/separation between those for/against collaboration
thereby weakening them further.
 They were hired as mercenaries to assist the British in subduing/suppressing
communities that were resisting establishment of colonial rule.
 It led to the eviction/displacement of the Maasai thereby causing untold
suffering/loss of livelihood.
 It led to the disruption of their economic structure thereby causing loss of
wealth

No.19a.Outline three reasons of Somali resistance against the British rule

in Kenya in the 19th Century. (3 marks)
 The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and
Italian spheres of influence which separated the clans
 They were opposed to punitive expeditions sent against them by the British
 The Somali people being Muslims were opposed to being controlled by the
British who were Christians
 The British attempted to stop the Somali raiding activities against their
neighbours
 The Somali were against British Control of their pasture land and watering
points
 The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life
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No.19b .Describe six negative effects of British colonial rule on the people of
Kenya. (12 marks)
 Colonial rule led to the loss of political independence
 Creation of reserves for Africans led to the emergence of Squatters
 It led to the introduction of forced labour among the Africans
 Led to the introduction of taxation on Kenyans
 Creation of colonial boundaries split communities and affected their social
cohesion.
 Africans in Kenya lost their land to Europeans settlers leading to landlessness
 Colonial rule undermined African cultural practices
 It destroyed traditional African political systems replacing them with
appointed leaders
 Introduced segregation/ colour bar which created divisions among Kenyans

No.20a.Outline five grievances expressed by the Kikuyu Central

Association and presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the Colonial Secretary in
1929. (5 marks)
 Land alienation.
 Taxation of Africans.
 Lack of African representation at Legco
 Lack of quality/poor education for Africans.
 Release of Harry Thuku.
 Abolition of forced labour
 Abolition of Kipande system

No.20b.Explain the role played by Thomas Joseph Mboya in the

development of trade union movement in Kenya. (10 marks)
 He was instrumental in the formation of trade union movement.
 He served as a leader in trade union organizations both locally and
internationally. :
 He organized protests/ demonstrations against the arrest and harassment of
trade union members/workers.
 He liaised with international trade union organizations where he gained
knowledge/ experience of running trade unions.
 He solicited for funds to finance the activities of trade Union movement in
Kenya.
 He organized trade union courses/ seminars in various parts of the country to
educate the workers/leaders.
 He agitated for better terms/conditions for workers.
 He attended courses on industrial relations abroad where he gained
knowledge on labour relations
 No.21a.State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate
illiteracy in Kenya. (3 marks)
 Traditional/cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from
schooling.
 Lack of enough schools/inadequate educational facilities has made education
inaccessible in some regions/shortage of teachers.
 High poverty levels in the society has made education unaffordable.
 Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
 Nomadic ways of life in some communities has hampered provision of
education.
  Negative attitude towards adult education programmes has resulted in low
enrolment
 Insecurity in some regions

No.21b .Describe six factors that have influenced industrialisation in

Kenya since independence. (12 marks)
 The availability of modern sources of energy has enabled the establishment of
more industries which process different products.
 Availability of both skilled /unskilled labour from large population provides
the workforce needed in industries.
 Good transport and communication has created a viable environment for
industrial development as the products can be transported with ease.
 The agriculturally rich country provides raw materials required in the
processing of various products.
 The existence of mineral resources has given rise to industries which process
them into finished products.
 The existenance of both natural and man- made forests has promoted the
development for furniture industries in many parts of the country.
 Availability of water resources rich in fish has given rise to fish processing
industries in the country.
 Government initiatives through creation of trade, commerce and industry

No.22a.Identify five circumstances that can make a registered voter be

denied the right to vote in Kenya. (5 marks)
 When one is insane/ unsound mind
 When one presents oneself in a constituency where one s not registered
 When one is discovered to have registered twice
 When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day
 When one does not have a national identification Card on the voting day/ one
has a defective National Identification Card
 When ones name does not appear in the voters register
 When one is time barred/ late

 No.22b.Describe the rights of an accused person in a court of law during trial

in Kenya.(10 marks)
 The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty
 He/ She should be informed of the charge with sufficient detail so as to
prepare a defence.
 One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate/ witness
 One should be present when court proceedings are taking place
 One should be given a chance to plead for leniency
 One should not be forced to give evidence
 One should be allowed to be heard
 One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling
 Right to legal representation

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No.23a.Name five types of courts in Kenya (5 marks)

 The Court of Appeal
 The Chief Magistrates Court
 The Resident Magistrates Court
 The Senior Principal Magistrates Court
 Special Courts/Tribunals

No.23b.Explain the importance of separation of powers between the

Legislature, Executive and Judiciary in Kenya. (10 marks)
 To make the co-ordination of government programmes and administration
effective.
 To enable the government to facilitate division of labour.
 It helps prevent abuse of power/provides checks and balances.
 It promotes efficient service delivery.
 It is a constitutional requirement
 To enhance accountability
 It promotes transparency/openness in government dealings.
 It ensures that no arm of the government interferes with the other.

No.24a .Give the three categories of the Kenya Defence Forces. (3 marks)
 The Kenya Army
 The Kenya Air force
 The Kenya Navy

No.24b.Explain six challenges encountered by the Kenya Police Service in

the course of discharging their duties. (12 marks)
 Lack of support/negative attitude from the members of the public who
/withhold useful information
 Corruption among some officers renders them ineffective in discharging their
duties
 Inadequate transport facilities hamper their movement making it difficult to
respond to emergencies.
 Sophisticated weapons used by criminals threaten/endanger police officer’s
lives.
 Inadequate modern communication equipment makes it difficult for them to
relay/pass confidential information.
 Interference by politicians/members of the public demoralizes/frustrates their
efforts
 Betrayal by some officers who collude with criminals to break the law/subvert
justice.
 Inadequate training of the officers renders them incompetent in discharging
their duties
 Increased acts of terrorism/crime
 Poor working and living conditions eg. poor housing/low salaries.
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 KCSE 2018

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 HISTORY KCSE 2020 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
1. Two Eastern Cushitic communities who migrated into Kenya during the pre-colonial
period. FORM 1 TOPIC 4: THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY
i. Rendille
ii. Burji
iii. Borana
iv. Somali
v. Gabbra
vi. Galla/ Oromo (any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
2. Two forms of oral tradition used as sources of information in History and Government.
FORM 1 TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
i. Songs
ii. Riddles
iii. Proverbs
iv. Folk tales/ stories
v. Tongue twisters
vi. Myths
vii. Legends
viii. Poems (any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
3. One reason for the coming of Arabs to the Kenyan Coast before 1500AD. FORM 1
TOPIC 6: CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN COAST AND THE OUTSIDE
WORLD
i. They came for trade
ii. They were looking for settlement
iii. They were escaping religious persecution/ conflicts/ civil wars
iv. They came for adventure/ exploration
v. They came to spread Islam (any 1 x 1 = 1
mark)
4. Two commodities obtained from the Kenyan Coast during the Long Distance Trade.
TOPIC 6: CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN COAST AND THE OUTSIDE
WORLD

i. Cloths/ silk
ii. Beads
iii. Iron ware/ tools
iv. Utensils/ glass/ porcelain bowls
v. Cowrie shells
vi. Spices
vii. Weapons/ guns/swords/ daggers (any 2 x 1 = 2
marks)

1
5. The other monument built by the Portuguese apart from Fort Jesus. TOPIC 6:
CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN COAST AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD

i. Vasco da Gama Pillar (in Malindi) (1 x 1 = 1

mark)
6. Two National Days celebrated in Kenya. FORM 2 TOPIC 7: CONSTITUTION AND
CONSTITUTION MAKING
i. Madaraka
ii. Mashujaa
iii. Jamhuri (any 2 x 1 =
2 marks)
7. The main reason for the formulation of the Inter-Party Parliamentary Group (I.P.P.G) in
1997. FORM 2 TOPIC 7: CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTION MAKING

i. To ensure a level playing ground for all political parties/ promote free and fair
elections
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
8. Two ways through which African communities in Kenya responded to the British
colonization. FORM 3 TOPIC 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN
KENYA
i. They resisted
ii. They collaborated
iii. They offered mixed reaction (any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
9. One arm of the National Government of Kenya. FORM 3 TOPIC 8: FORMATION,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA
i. The legislature
ii. The executive
iii. The judiciary (any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
10. Two social functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the pre-colonial period.
FORM 1 TOPIC 5: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF
KENYAN COMMUNITIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
i. Foretelling the future
ii. Presiding over religious fucntions/ was a religious leader
iii. Arbitrating disputes
iv. Blessing warriors
v. Rainmaker
vi. Medicine man (any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

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11. Two ways in which the rule of law is maintained in Kenya. FORM 3 TOPIC 8:
FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF
KENYA

i. All citizens/ people are treated equal before the law

ii. An accused person is assumed/ treated as innocent until proved guilty/ taking
suspects to court of law for trial
iii. An accused person is given a fair hearing/ a chance to defend themselves/ right of
appeal
iv. By ensuring independence of the judiciary
v. By guaranteeing legal representation of the accused (any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
12. The author of the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965. FORM 4 TOPIC 4: NATIONAL
PHILOSOPHIES IN KENYA

i. Thomas Joseph Mboya/ Tom Mboya (1 x 1 = 1 mark)

13. The education commission which recommended the establishment of the 8-4-4 system of
education in Kenya. FORM 4 TOPIC 5: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
i. The Presidential Working Party on Second University in Kenya/ The Mackay
Commission
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
14. Two types of government expenditure in Kenya. FORM 4 TOPIC 8: PUBLIC
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA
i. Capital expenditure
ii. Recurrent expenditure (any 2 x 1 = 2
marks)
15. The chief executive of a County Government in Kenya. FORM 4 TOPIC 7: DEVOLVED
GOVERNMENT
i. The County Governor (1 x 1 = 1 mark)

16. The main grievance of the Ukamba Members Association. FORM 3 TOPIC 5:
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN
KENYA (1919 - 1963)
i. The De-stocking policy (1 x 1 = 1
mark)
17. The other pillars of Nyayoism besides peace and love. FORM 4 TOPIC 4: NATIONAL
PHILOSOPHIES IN KENYA

i. Unity (1 x 1 = 1
mark)

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 SECTION B (45 MARKS)

18. a. Name five communities among the Plain Nilotes who settled in Kenya during the
colonial period. FORM 1 TOPIC 4: THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19TH
CENTURY
i. The Maasai
ii. The Samburu/ Burkeneji
iii. The Njemps/ Ilchamus
iv. Iteso
v. The Turkana (any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
b. Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period.
FORM 1 TOPIC 5: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF
KENYAN COMMUNITIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

i. The family was the basic unit of the society headed by a man/ the father
ii. They had a decentralized form of government headed by a council of elders
iii. They had clans which were formed by several related families
iv. Each clan was ruled by a council of elders known as ‘kiama’/ headed by a
Muramati
v. They had a higher council of elders who acted as a court of appeal/ administered
justice in the community/ settled disputes
vi. They had an age-set system which comprised of boys who had undergone
circumcision at the same time
vii. They had warriors who defended the community against external attacks
(any 5 x 2 =10
marks)
19. a. State five reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan Coast. TOPIC 6:
CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN COAST AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD
i. To trade with the Coastal towns / create a trading empire
ii. To find a guide for the sea route to India
iii. To look for the legendary Prester John
iv. To explore the vast Kenyan Coast/ satisfy their spirit of adventure
v. To spread Christianity/ counter the influence of Islam/ revenge against the Arabs
vi. The Kenyan Coast was strategic for supplies/ prevent the control of the coast by
the Turks / Arabs/ To control the East African Coast
vii. Presence of natural harbors (any 5 x 1 =5 marks)

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 b. Explain five challenges faced by the early Christian missionaries in their work in
Kenya. TOPIC 6: CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN COAST AND THE
OUTSIDE WORLD
i. Tropical diseases such as Malaria claimed the lives of many missionaries/ slowed
down their work
ii. Islam posed stiff competition to Christianity at the Coast since Islam was already
established in the region
iii. Missionaries faced resistance/ hostility from Africans because Christian teaching
condemned some African traditions/ practices like polygamy / female
circumcision
iv. Poor transport and communication network/ lack of roads hindered movement
into the interior
v. Missionaries lacked a common language of communication with Africans making
it difficult to share the gospel
vi. Rivalry among different missionary groups hindered cooperation among them
vii. Christian Missionaries faced hostility from slave traders since they condemned it
and wanted it abolished
viii. Inadequate funds made it difficult for the missionaries to finance all their
operations
ix. They lacked enough personnel to spread Christianity over the vast/ expansive
region
x. Hostile African communities such as the Nandi/ Oromo vandalized mission
stations/ installations/ facilities
xi. Inadequate supplies of food/ medicines undermined their ability to carry out their
work effectively.
xii. Threat/ menance of wild animals such as lions, snakes which could attack/ harm
them
xiii. Sometimes, their guides/ porters deserted them robbing them thereby slowing
their mission (any 5 x 2 =10 marks)
20. a. Highlight five reasons why settler farming was encouraged in Kenya during the
colonial period. FORM 3 TOPIC 4: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN
KENYA DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD
i. To strengthen the colonial economy/ make Kenya a white man’s country
ii. To finance the administrative costs of the colony
iii. To recover the cost of construction of the Uganda railway
iv. To utilize the fertile idle land/ Africans didn’t have technical knowhow in large
scale farming
v. To promote self-sufficiency in food production
vi. To produce raw materials for industries
vii. The white Highlands had suitable climate
viii. To check the influence of Asian community in Kenya
ix. To maintain the Uganda railway/ repair (any 5 x 1 =5 marks)

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 b. Discuss five consequences of colonial land policies in Kenya. FORM 3 TOPIC 4:
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN KENYA DURING THE
COLONIAL PERIOD

i. Large tracts of land were declared White Highlands leading to loss of land by
Africans
ii. Africans were restricted to the reserves which were characterized by
overcrowding/ overstocking/ soil degradation
iii. Africans became squatters on their own land leading to misery/ poverty
iv. It led to introduction of a new system of land tenure/ individual land ownership
v. Classes within African societies emerged as the few Africans to seek employment
in the settler farms in order to raise money to pay the tax
vi. It led to introduction of the Kipande system which limited/ restricted the
movement of Africans
vii. It led to the development of African nationalism to agitate for the plight of
Africans
viii. It led to forced labor whereby African Chiefs were required to recruit workers for
the European farmers/ effects of the Northey circular
ix. It led to the introduction of poll tax which forced Africans to seek wage
employment in the settler farms in order to raise money to pay the tax.
(any 5 x 2 =10 marks)

21. a. State five factors that led to the re-introduction of multi-party democracy in Kenya.
FORM 4 TOPIC 5: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND
CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
i. The alleged rigging of the 1988 general elections
ii. Failure by K.A.N.U to accommodate divergent views/ KANU policies
iii. Political reforms in the Soviet Union
iv. Pressure by western countries to adopt multi-party democracy
v. Introduction of multi-partism in other African Zambia/ Togo
vi. Pressure from the multi-party activists / political prisoners/ clergy
vii. Recommendation of the Saitoti Review Committee Report of 1990
viii. Repeal of section 2A of the constitution
ix. Rampant corruption in all sectors of government (any 5 x 1 =5 marks)

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b. Explain five challenges facing the provision of health services in Kenya. FORM 4
TOPIC 5: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND
CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
i. High cost of medical services which limits access by majority of the populace
who c cannot afford
ii. The high population which puts strain on the limited available health facilities/
equipment
iii. High rate of HIV/ AIDS / other diseases which puts a huge burden on the health
budget
iv. Corruption in the health sector thereby hindering effective service delivery/
affecting procurement procedures/ provision of drugs/ equipment
v. Kenya faces acute brain drains as many medical practitioners seek greener
pastures outside the country
vi. Ineffective National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) which makes it difficult for
many people to access quality health service
vii. Inadequate health practitioners/personnel which compromises the quality of
health services
viii. High rate of road accidents/ injuries has strained the available health facilities
ix. High poverty levels among people renders them vulnerable to diseases/
malnutrition
x. Eruption of new deadly diseases like Corona Virus that do not have cure has
made all available resources to be channeled to it, thereby ignoring other diseases
which still trouble the citizenry.
xi. Frequent / industrial unrest by health workers has resulted into death/ suffering of
many patients
xii. Inadequate facilities/ equipment has made it difficult to access quality services
xiii. Inadequate funding by the government which has resulted into provision of poor
health services
xiv. Retrogressive cultural/ religious practices have frustrated efforts to provide
healthcare
xv. Increased environmental pollution has led to higher incidences of ailments
(any 5 x 2 =10 marks)

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 SECTION C (30 MARKS)

22. a. Identify three peaceful methods of conflict resolution. FORM 1 TOPIC 8:

NATIONAL INTEGRATION
i. mediation
ii. negotiation/ diplomacy
iii. arbitration
iv. legislation/ litigation
v. alternative dispute resolution mechanisms/ elders/ use of religious leaders
vi. community policing
vii. reconciliation (any 3 x 1 =3 marks)
b) Explain six factors which undermine national unity in Kenya. FORM 1 TOPIC 8:
NATIONAL INTEGRATION

i. Unequal distribution of national resources creates disparity in terms of

development leading to the feelings of exclusion
ii. Tribalism which favors people from one’s ethnic group thereby creating
animosity hatred among the people
iii. Religious conflicts brought about by intolerance to other people’s faiths
leading to division of people along religious lines
iv. Discrimination on the basis of color creates antagonism among different races/
racism
v. Affiliation to different political parties with different ideologies polarizes the
country along political lines
vi. Corruption / greed/ bribery leads to a few people amassing a lot of wealth at
the expense of the others
vii. Poverty among the people creates a state of lawlessness/ high rate of crime in
the society
viii. Terrorism/ radicalization creates a state of anarchy/ fear/ suspicion among
people
ix. Nepotism- this is the practice of favoring relatives
x. Cultural conflicts- some diverse cultural aspects may be in conflicts among
different communities.
xi. Ignorance- leading to intolerance of other people’s views leading to failure to
appreciate developments taking place around them.
(any 6 x 2 =12 marks)

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23. a. Give three members of the Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. FORM 3 TOPIC 8:
FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF
KENYA

i. The chief justice

ii. The Attorney General
iii. One Supreme Court Judge
iv. One Court of Appeal Judge
v. High Court Judge
vi. Chief Registrar of the Judiciary
vii. Two advocates representing the Law Society of Kenya (LSK)
viii. Two presidential nominees
ix. One nominee by the Public Service Commission
x. One Magistrate (any 3 x 1 =3 marks)
b. Explain six reasons which can disqualify one from being elected as a Member of
County Assembly in Kenya. FORM 3 TOPIC 8: FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA

i. If one is not a registered voter in a constituency/ ward

ii. If one does not have political nomination certificate and is not an independent
candidate
iii. If one is declared bankrupt by a competent court of law, for this puts to question
the ability of such a person to guard public resources
iv. If one has not lived in Lenya for at least ten years preceding the election date
v. If one is of unsound mind and therefore will not be able to discharge duties
required for a Member of the County Assembly
vi. If one has violated Chapter six of the Kenyan constitution on integrity of leaders
public servants
vii. If one is serving a sentence exceeding six months by the time of election
viii. If there is proof of involvement in electoral malpractice in the past such as
rigging
ix. If one is a holder of public office
x. If one has been holding an office of IEBC for the last five years preceding
elections
(any 6 x 2 =12 marks)

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24. a. State three objectives of devolution of government in Kenya. FORM 4 TOPIC 7:
DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT
i. To promote socio-economic development in the country
ii. To facilitate decentralization of state organs/ functions/ services/ take services
closer to people
iii. To ensure equitable sharing of resources
iv. To protect/ promote interests/ rights of minorities/ marginalized
v. To foster national unity/ cohesion
vi. To promote democratic/ accountable exercise of power
vii. To recognize rights of communities to manage their own affairs
viii. To promote citizens’ participation in governance
ix. To enhance checks and balances / separation of powers (any 3 x 1 =3 marks)

b. Discuss six reasons why national government of Kenya prepares a budget. FORM 4
TOPIC 8: PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA
i. It enables the government to source for revenue to finance its activities /
programs
ii. To enable prudent use of resources/ avoid wastage
iii. It enables the government to prioritize development according to the needs if
the country
iv. It creates confidence among donors/foreign countries/ World Bank/IMF who
bridge budget deficit
v. It helps the government to assess its performance based on set development
targets/ the previous year’s performance
vi. It enhances accountability/ transparency of the government in the eyes of the
public / through parliamentary watchdog committees
vii. It enhances balance in the country’s revenue and expenditure hence avoiding
budget deficit
viii. To enable the government explain to the public the tax structure/ set tax
levels
ix. The government is able to set aside some funds to be used in case of
emergencies in the course of the financial year
x. To ensure equitable share of resources and balanced development
(any 6 x 2 =12 marks)
Compiled and analyzed by:
Edwin Okoth Ogada
Alliance High School
0711 786 474

10
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HISTORY AND GOVT KCSE 2021 MARKING SCHEME -BY TOMKIM

HISTORY& GOVERNMENT PAPER:311 /1 KCSE 2021 MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

1.Identify two linquistic groups in Kenya

i) Bantu

ii) Nilotes

iii) Cushites

2.State two ways in which the Agikuyu interacted with the Akamba during the Pre-colonial period

i) Through intermarriage

ii) Through trade

iii) Through warfare

iv Through raiding

v) Through sporting activities/wrestling

3. Give the main economic activity of the plain nilotes during the pre-colonial period

Pastoralism /Livestock keeping

4Highlight two factors which led to increase in demand for slaves along the East African Coast during
the 19 century

i) Demand for cheap African labour in Portuguese/French plantations

ii Demand for domestic workers in Arab world/Arabia

iii) Establishment of plantation agriculture at the Coast

5. Name the document that contains the Bill of Rights for Kenyan Citizens

The constitution of Kenya

6. Give the meaning of the term ‘conflict’

It is a situation where people/groups/countries are involved in a disagreement/fight/war between

people/state of disharmony

7. Identify the type of the constitution used in Kenya

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Written

8. Identify two colors of the national flag in Kenya

i) Green

ii) White

iii) Red

iv) Black

9. State two causes of the Bukusu resisistance against the British

i) They were against imposition /recognition of Nabongo Mumia as their leader

ii) They were opposed to British demand to surrender their guns

ii) They wanted to safeguard their independence

iv) They were opposed to taxation

They detested the European interference with their cultural practices

10. Identify the Cushitic community which attacked the Bantu at Shungwaya during the pre-colonial
period

Oromo/Orma/Galla/Wagalla

11. Name the political party that led Kenya to Independence

The Kenya National African Union (KANU)

12. State one common political characteristic of the National Philosophies in Kenya

i) They promote Nationalism/patriotism

ii) They promote national unity/cohesion

iii) They promote democratic practices

13. Give two types of elections held in Kenya

i) General elections

ii) By-elections

14. Highlight two branches of the National Government of Kenya

i) Legislature/ parliament(Not National Assembly /Senate)

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ii) Judiciary

iii) Executive

15. Give one reason for the adaptation of the African Socialism in Kenya

i)The desire to promote unity in the country

ii)The desire to create a society free from inequality/oppression/racism

iii)The desire to create just/humane society

16 identify the commission that recommended cost sharing in education sector in Kenya

The Kamunge Commission

17. State two ways in which the National Government of Kenya spends its recurrent expenditure

i) It repairs/maintains infrastructure

ii) It establishes /maintains security organs

iii) It pays salaries for state/public officers

iv ) It services domestic/external debts

v) It maintains foreign embassies

vi) It provides for social services/health care/education/cash transfers to elderly

vii) It caters for emergencies

viii) Contributes to international organizations i.e UNO,COMESA,AU,EAC etc

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SECTION B (45 marks)

18. a) State five causes of migration of the Highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period(5
marks)

i) There was outbreak of diseases

ii) There was population pressure

iii) Due to their love for adventure/spirit of adventure/curiosity

iv)Due to natural calamity/drought/famine

v) They were searching for land for cultivation

viThey were running away from hostile neighbors/external attacks

vii) Due to internal conflicts /family feuds

viii) They were searching for pasture/water

b )Describe the social organization of the Borana in the 19th century(10 marks)

i) It was a patrilineal society where first born son inherited the fathers property

ii) Basic social unit was a family with the most senior married man as the head of the family

iii) They practicised circumcision for boys which marked a higher stage in life

iv) It had ageset system/Gada which comprised of people initiated at the same period

v) They practiced polygamous and exogamous marriage where one would marry from a different clan

vi) They were religious/worshipped God called Wak/Waq who was the creator of the universe

vii) They had religious leaders/Qaalu through whom they worshipped their God

viii)They performed social ceremonies/marriages/religious rituals/offering sacrifices to mark/celebrate

important events in life/community

ix) Women were incharge of household chores/built houses/cared for the children/Division of labour

x) The society was divided into clans consisting of related families

xi) Related/unrelated families lived in camps

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19a) Identify five categories of special groups of people whose rights are enshrined in the constitution
of Kenya (5 marks)

i) The youth

ii) Persons living with disabilities

iii) Children

iv) The minority/marginalized

v) Older members of the society

vi)The Arrested/detained/held in custody/imprisoned

b) Explain five challenges faced by African political organization in Kenya up to 1939(10marks)

i)The leaders/members were arrested deported in order to disconnect them from the people/curtail
their political activities.

ii) Their members were harassed by colonial authorities through the introduction of Kipande system/to
monitor their movements

iii) They experienced leadership wrangles/competition which weakened their fabric/undermined their
activities

iv) They lacked the requisite/necessary leadership experiences/skills which made them less effective

v) Some of them were banned/proscribed by the colonial government (Kikuyu

Central Association) thus hindering their operations

Vi )Disunity /Tribalism/ethnicity among the organizations which facilitated divide and rule scheme by
the colonial government.

20a) Highlight five features of the independence constitution of Kenya(5marks)

i) It provided for the position of the head of stte/Governor General

ii) It provided for a Bicameral government/Senate and the House of Representative

iii) It provided for a public service commission/civil service

iv) It provided for automatic citizenship for all Kenyans

v) It provided for a coalition government/power sharing between political parties

vi) It provided for multipartism

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vii) It created an independent/impartia judiciary/judicial service commission

viii) It provided for regional/majimbo/federal system of government

ix) It created an independent Electoral Commission/Electoral Commission of Kenya

x) It provided for the Bill of Rights

xi) It provided for the position of the Prime Minister who was the head of Government

b) Describe five factors which led to the collapse of the Imperial British East African Company(IBEAC)in
1894(10marks)

i)Resistance by Africans who undermined the company’s operations

ii) There was poor communication between it and the Head office in Britain hence poor coordination of
activities.

iii) There was lack of strategic natural resources/minerals for export leading to poor/weak revenue base

iv) Many of the company officials lacked requisite/necessary administrative skills/experience

v) Inadequate finds made it difficult for it to effectively carry out its operations

vi) Poor transport/lack of navigable rivers hampered movement of goods/administrators

vii) Corruption among some company officials led to misappropriation /loss of funds/resources

viii) Some company personnel experienced health challenges/tropical diseases/harsh climatic conditions
which made them less productive

ix) Rivalry from German East African Company(GEACO) which hindered its operations

x) The area was too vast for the few officials to manage

21 a) State five characteristics of the independent churches in Kenya during the colonial
period(5marks)

i) They worked closely with the African political associations

ii) They opposed the westernizing influence of the missionaries

iii) They allowed the practice of African culture/values

iv) Positions of leadership were held by Africans

v) Most of the founders were educated/trained by the missionaries

vi) They had their following from rural masses

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vii) They retained some of the aspects of mainstream churches in Kenya

b)Explain five roles played by women in the MAUMAU Liberation movement(10marks)

i)They acted as spies/provided intelligence/information to MAUMAU fighters by befriending the home

guards/passed information to fighters.

ii) Some women took up arms/fought alongside men

iii) They coordinated supplies/food/weapons/medicine for MAUMAU fighters

iv) They encouraged people to join/continue with the struggle

v) They composed/sang songs to mobilize/support/motivate fighters/ridicule collaborators

vi) They participated in the administration of oaths which bound the fighters to stay on course

vii) They cared /managed the families as men went into the forest to fight

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SECTION C (30 MARKS)

22 a) State three members of the County Executive Committee of County Governments in Kenya(3
marks)

i)County Governor

ii)Deputy County Governor

iii) Members appointed by the Governor

b) Discuss six functions of the County Governor in Kenya(12 MARKS)

i)he/ she is the Chief Executive of the county as public servants in the county Government are
accountable to him/her

ii)He/she appoints members of County Executive Committee who are Chief Officers in charge of various
departments in the County Government

iii)He/she assigns responsibilities to the Deputy Governor who is his/her principal assistant in the
running of the county

iv)He supervises the County Executive Committee members to ensure service delivery in the respective
departments

v)He/she assents to the bills which have been passed by the County Assembly into by-laws

vi)He/she is in charge of implementation of the county and National legislations in his/her respective
county

vii)Delivers state/county address in the County Assembly

viii)Submits to the County Assembly plans/policy approvals

ix)In the event of death /resignation/impeachment of a sitting governor ,the new governor will appoint
a deputy governor

23a)State the composition of the cabinet in Kenya(3 Marks)

i)The president

ii)The Deputy president

iii)The Attorney General

iv)Cabinet secretaries

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b)Explain six functions of the National Assembly in Kenya (12 marks)

i)It makes/amends laws of the land which are used to govern the country

ii)It determines the allocation of public revenue between the National government and the County
Governments

iii)It represents the interests of the people through their elected members.

iv)It deliberates on national/international issues of concern with a view of addressing them

v)It exercises oversight over public revenue and its expenditure through its watchdog committees
/Parliamentary Accounts Committee/Public Investment Committee

vi)It checks the conduct of public/state officers/president/Deputy president/other state officers/can

initiate the process of removing them if need be.

vii)It approves declaration of war/state of emergency

viii)It vets senior government/public officers appointed by the president/presidential

nominees/appointees before they take office.

ix)It participates in National budget marking by scrutinizing sources of revenue/expenditure by National

government

24a)Name the three branches of the Kenya Defense Forces (3marks)

i)The Kenya Army

ii)The Kenya Air Force

iii)The Kenya Navy

b) Discuss six functions of the Kenya Police Service (12 marks)

i)It liaises with international police/Interpol in order to prevent/combat international crime

ii)It maintains law/order by arresting law breakers

iii)It controls crowds during public gatherings so as to ensure peace

iv)It entertains the public during national days/madaraka Day/ Mashujaa Day/Jamhuri Day through
mounting parades

v)It confines suspected criminals in custody/cells as they wait to be arraigned in court

vi)It regulates traffic by directing/arresting traffic offenders/inspecting vehicles to determine their road-
worthiness

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vii)It conducts driving tests for trainee drivers/recommends persons to be issued with driving licenses by
National Transport Safety Authority(NTSA)

viii)It investigates reported crime/suspected crime with a view to gathering evidence to help in court
cases

ix)It protects property/government installations/provides security to senior government

officers/VIPs/VVIPs

x)Prevent corruption and promote /practice transparency and accountability

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KCSE 2022
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KCSE 2022 PAPER 1

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KCSE 2023 PAPER 1 HISTORY