ELECTRICAL SCIENCE
CASE STUDY
SUBMITTED BY:- YASHIKA GANDHI
ANUSHKA GUPTA
RIMJHIM BANSAL
PRACHI KUMARI
ARYAN GUPTA
SUBMITTED TO:- DR.ASHU SONI
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Topic - WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATORS ALONG
WITH THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IT
INTRODUCTION
DC machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
and vice versa. When the device acts as a generator (or dynamo), mechanical
energy is converted into electrical energy. On the other hand, when the device
acts as a motor, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. The d.c
machines are classified as d.c generators and d.c motors. The construction of a d.c
machine basically remains same whether it is a generator or a motor.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATORS
DC generators are electrical machines that convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy in the form of direct current (DC). They work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which states that when a conductor is moved through
a magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the conductor.
The basic construction of a DC generator consists of a stationary set of
conductors, called the stator, and a rotating set of conductors, called the rotor.
The stator is made up of a number of coils of wire, wound around an iron core,
which produces a magnetic field when an electrical current flows through it. The
rotor, on the other hand, is made up of a shaft with a set of coils of wire wound
around it, called the armature, which rotates within the magnetic field produced
by the stator.
When the rotor is rotated, the conductors in the armature cut across the
magnetic lines of force produced by the stator, and an EMF is induced in the
armature conductors. This EMF causes a current to flow in the armature
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conductors, which is collected by brushes and slip rings mounted on the rotor
shaft, and is then delivered to the external circuit as a DC voltage.
The magnitude of the induced EMF in the armature conductors depends on the
strength of the magnetic field, the speed of the rotor, and the number of turns in
the armature coils. By varying these parameters, the output voltage of the DC
generator can be controlled.
In summary, the working principle of a DC generator involves the conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy through the process of electromagnetic
induction, as the armature conductors rotate within the magnetic field produced
by the stator.
WORKING
The coil is rotated in anticlockwise direction with the help of prime mover.
Magnetic field is produced either by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet
energized by the DC supply.
When the angle ө = 0 degree, the coils is perpendicular to the magnetic field and
the instantaneous component of velocity of conductors is parallel to the magnetic
field. The flux linked with the coil is maximum but the rate of change of flux is
minimum. Hence emf cannot be generated. Therefore current flows through the
conductors.
When 0 <θ<90°, due to the rotation of the coil in the anticlockwise direction, the
velocity of the conductor has two components that is vsinθ and vcosθ. Therefore
the conductors will cut the flux due to vsinθ. Hence emf is induced in the
conductors and current flows in the conductors.
If when θ = 90 degree, coil is parallel to the magnetic field and the instantaneous
component of velocity of conductors is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The
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flux linked with the coil is minimum but the rate of change of flux is maximum.
Hence emf generated is maximum. Therefore maximum current flows through
the conductors.
When the coil rotates from θ = 90 degree to θ = 180 degree the components of
velocity that is sin θ of conductors perpendicular to the field decreases and hence
emf is induced in the conductor and current flow in the conductors.
When θ = 180 degree, the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the
instantaneous components of velocity of conductors is parallel to the magnetic
field.
The flux linked with the coil is maximum but the rate of change of flux is
minimum. Hence emf cannot be generated. Therefore the current flows through
the conductor.
When 180degree < θ < 270 degree due to rotation of the coil in the anticlockwise
direction, the velocity of the conductors has two components that is vsinθ and
vcosθ and the direction is opposite to the case when 0degree < θ< 90degree .
Therefore the conductor have the flux due to vsin θ.
Hence emf is induced in the conductors in the direction opposite to the cases of 0
degree < θ < 90 degree and current flows in the conductors in the direction
opposite to the 0 degree< θ < 90 degree. Similarly the other case till θ = 360
degree.
The direction of flow of current through the conductor can be found by Fleming’s
right hand rule. To have a unidirectional current communicator is used. A split
ring where two segments A and B are separated by an insulating material. Let the
conductor 1 be connected to segment A and conductor 2 be connected to
segment B.
The conductor 1 carries current in the downward direction while the conductor 2
carries current in the upward direction and current through the resistance R flows
from P to Q. After one half of rotation, conductor 1 and 2 come under the
influence of south and North Pole respectively.
The split ring is mounted on the shaft and it rotates with the armature. The split
ring will reverse this positions with the reversing of the position of the
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conductors, but the direction of current flow through the conductor remains
unaltered because the P & Q are stationary.
DC Generator practical application
DC generators have a wide range of practical applications, including:
1. Portable power generators: DC generators are commonly used in portable
power generators because they are compact, lightweight, and efficient. They can
provide power for camping, outdoor events, and emergency situations.
2. Electric vehicles: DC generators are used in electric vehicles to convert
mechanical energy from the motor into electrical energy to charge the battery.
They are also used in hybrid vehicles to provide additional power to the battery.
3. Industrial applications: DC generators are used in various industrial
applications, such as in steel mills, paper mills, and chemical plants. They are used
to power machinery and equipment that require a constant supply of DC power.
4. Renewable energy systems: DC generators can be used in renewable energy
systems, such as wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants, to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
5. Marine applications: DC generators are commonly used in marine applications
to provide power for navigation lights, communication equipment, and pumps.
Overall, DC generators are widely used in various applications where a reliable
and efficient source of DC power is required.
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