General Mathematics || FUNCTIONS || RELATIONS || Inequalities

୨— Relation, Ordered Pair, Function ―୧

❱ GRAPHICALLY
❱ RELATION - the graph of a relation can easily be determined if it
- is any set of one or more ordered pairs. is a function or not, it is with the use of Vertical Line
- can also be a rule that relates the domain (set of all Test. If the vertical line intersects the graph at
first coordinates of the ordered pair) and the range exactly one point, then the relation is a function.
(set of all second coordinates of the ordered pair). Otherwise, it is a mere relation.

❱ ORDERED PAIR
- consists of two components,(x, y), where x and y
୨— Basic Functions ―୧
are any real number.
❱ FUNCTION
- a special type of relation where each element in
the domain is paired to the range only once by some
rule

Reminder: All functions are relations, but not all

relations are functions. One to many is not a
function.

A function may be represented as :

● Ordered Pair ● Equation or

● Table Formula
● Arrow or Mapping ● Function as a set
Diagram of ordered pairs
● Graphically
୨— Functions with Operations ―୧
❱ ORDERED PAIRS
- a function is a set of ordered pairs where the
x-value appears only once in the set, otherwise the it
is not a function. The set of all x − values is called
the domain. The set of all y − values is called the
range.
❱ TABLE
- all the points in the ordered pair can be tabulated
using two rows; the independent variable and the
dependent variable, to show their relationship.
❱ ARROW OR MAPPING DIAGRAM
- In the tabular form, the possible values of x and y
are arranged chronologically and lines are drawn
from the independent variable to their corresponding
dependent variable.
❱ EQUATION OR FORMULA
- can be expressed as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where the dependent
variable 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) is written on the left side and the
independent variable x is written at the right side of
the equation.
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 ୨— Rational Function, Expression, Function, and
Inequalities ―୧

❱ RATIONAL EXPRESSION
- is an algebraic expression whose numerator and
denominator are polynomials and whose
denominator is not equal to 0.

❱ RATIONAL EQUATION
- is an equation involving rational expressions.
(with an equal sign)

❱ RATIONAL FUNCTION
- is a function that can be written in the form 𝑓 (x) =
p(x) / q (x) , where 𝑃 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials and
𝑄(𝑥) is not equal to 0.

❱ RATIONAL INEQUALITY
- is a statement that compares two rational
expressions using <, >, ≤, ≥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≠.

🗒 ❛ notes by rai ༉‧₊˚✧ - Page 2

 ୨— Solving Rational Inequalities ―୧

A. rewrite in standard form

B. perform the operation
C. find the CV (critical value)

a. Zero of function (zeros)

- numerator
b. Excluded values
- denominator

D. plot on your number line

E. do the sign test
F. find the solution set that satisfies the given

Examples of Solving Rational Equations

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 Examples of Solving Rational Inequalities

Important things to remember :

● Rewrite in standard form first

● Sa sign test, dapat ga satisfy sa equation ang imo sabat
○ If > and ≥ then sa positive
○ If < and ≤ then sa negative
● If ≤ ≥ ang signs
○ ang zeros shaded and included
○ ang excluded values not shaded and not included
● If < > lang ang signs
○ tanan na critical values hindi shaded
🗒 ❛ notes by rai ༉‧₊˚✧ - Page 4
 Intercepts || Zeros of Rational Functions || Inverse of the Function

୨— Intercepts ―୧ ୨— Asymptotes ―୧
❱ INTERCEPT OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION ❱ ASYMPTOTES OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION
● is a point where the graph of the rational function ● lines that the curve approaches at the edges of
intersects the x - or y - axis. the coordinate plane.
❱ X – INTERCEPT ❱ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
● is a point (a,0) where a graph intersects the ● of a function f is the vertical line x=a if the graph of
x-axis. f either increases or decreases without bound as
● the x-coordinate of a point of intersection that a the x values approach a from the right or left
graph makes with the x-axis.
❱ Y – INTERCEPT To find the vertical asymptote of a function:
a. Rewrite the rational function into its simplest form.
● is a point (0,b) where a graph intersects the
b. Equate the denominator of the function to zero.
y-axis.
c. Simplify.
● y-coordinate of a point of intersection that a graph
makes with the y-axis.
❱ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
● of a function f is the horizontal line y=b if f(x) gets
Rational functions have properties : closer to b as x increases or decreases without
bound (x→ +∞ or x→ - ∞).
● To find the x-intercept or zero of the function, find
the values of x where the numerator will be zero. To determine the horizontal asymptote of a rational
● To find the y-intercept, evaluate the function at function use the degree of its numerator and
denominator. Let n be the degree of the numerator and
x=0 (substitute x by 0).
m be the degree of the denominator.
— If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
EXAMPLES :
— If n = m, the horizontal asymptote is y = a/b, where a
1. f(x) = x – 5 2. f(x) = 5x - 3 is the leading coefficient of the numerator and b is the
4x x+3 leading coefficient of the denominator.
— If n > m, there is no horizontal asymptote.
x – intercept : x – intercept :
● x-5=0 ● 5x - 3 = 0
● x = 5 → (5,0) ● 5x = 3 (cancel 5)
EXAMPLES :
5 5
● x = ⅗ → (⅗ , 0) 1. f(x) = x – 4 2. f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6
x+4 x+3
y – intercept : y – intercept :
● 0 - 5 → -5 ● 5(0) - 3 vertical asymptote: vertical asymptote:
4 (0) 0 0+3 ● x+4=0 ● x+3=0
● UNDEFINED ● -3 → y = -1 → (0,-1) ● x=-4 ● x=-3
● y = NONE 3
horizontal asymptote: horizontal asymptote:
● n = 1 and m = 1 ● n = 2 and m = 1
3. f(x) = x2 + 6x + 8 3. f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6 ● n=m ● n>m
x-5 x+3 ● y = a/b ● no horizontal
● y = 1/1 → y = 1 asymptote
x – intercept : x – intercept :
● x2 + 6x + 8 ● x2 - 5x + 6
● (x + 4) (x+2) ● (x - 3) (x - 2) ❱ DOMAIN OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION
● x + 4 = 0 → x = -4 ● x-3=0→x=3 ● the set of all possible inputs for the function
● x + 2 = 0 → x = -2 ● x-2=0→x=2 ● in the form of {x/x ER, x ≠ (values of x)}
● (-4, 0) & (-2, 0) ● (3, 0) & (2, 0) ● to get the domain, you need the values of the
vertical asymptote.
y – intercept : y – intercept :
● (0)2 + 6(0) + 8 ● (0)2 - 5(0) + 6 EXAMPLES :
0-5 0+3 ● in the example no. 1 above, the vertical asymptote
● 8 → (0, 8/-5) ● 6 → 2 → (0, 2) is x = -4, therefore the domain is {x/x ER, x ≠ -4}
-5 3

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 ୨— Summary ―୧ ୨— Inverse of the Function ―୧

❱ X – INTERCEPT ❱ INVERSE
● equate the numerator to 0 ● Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and
range B. Then, the inverse of f, denoted f-1 , is a
❱ Y – INTERCEPT
function with domain B and range A defined by f-1
● evaluate the function to 0 → f(0) (y) = x if and only if f(x) = y for any y in B.
❱ VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE ● A function has an inverse if and only if it is
one-to-one function.
● equate the numerator to 0
❱ HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE ❱ To find the inverse of a one-to-one function,
● consider the degree of numerator and ● write the function in the form y = f(x);
denominator ● interchange the x and y variables;
● degree — the highest exponent in an equation ● solve for y in terms of x.
● write f-1 (x) for y.
❱ DOMAIN
● in the form of {x/x ER, x ≠ (values of x)} EXAMPLES :
● to get the domain, you need the values of the
vertical asymptote.
1. f (x) = x + 5 2. f (x) = 5x + 3
● y=x+5 ● y = 5x + 3
f (x) = x - 5 _ simplest form : x-5 _ ● x=y+5 ● x = 5y + 3
x2 - 8x + 12 (x - 6) (x - 2) ● y=x-5 ● x - 3 = 5y
● f-1(x) = x - 5 5 5
x – intercept ● f-1 (x) = x - 3
● x - 5 = 0 → x = 5 → (5 , 0) 5

y – intercept 3. f (x) = 3x_ 4. f (x) = √9 - x

● 0 - 5 _ → -5 → (0 , -5/12) x+2 ● y = √9 - x
02 - 8(0) + 12 12 ● y = 3x_ ● x = √9 - y
x+2 ● x2 = 9 - y
vertical asymptote : ● x = 3y_ ● y = -x2 - 9
● (x - 6) (x - 2) y+2 ● f-1(x) = -x2 - 9
● x-6=0→x=6 ● cross multiply
● x-2=0→x=2 ● xy + 2x = 3y
● 2x = y (3 - x)
horizontal asymptote : (3-x) = (3 - x)
● n=1&m=2 ● y = 2x / (3 - x)
● n<m ● f-1(x) = 2x_
● y=0 3-x

domain : 5. f(x) = x - 2 6. f (x) = 3x - 5

● {x/x ER, x ≠ 6 , 2} 4 ● y = 3x - 5
● y=x-2 ● x = 3y - 5
4 ● 3y = x + 5
● x=y-2 3 3
୨— One to one Function ―୧ 4 ● y=x+5
● cross multiply 3
❱ ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION ● 4x = y - 2 ● f-1(x) = x + 5
● function f is one-to-one if for any x1, x2 in the ● 4x + 2 = y 3
domain of f, then f(x1) ≠ f(x2). That is, the same ● y = 4x +2
y-value is never paired with two different x-values. ● f-1(x) = 4x + 2

EXAMPLES :

● The relation pairing the learner to his or her

learning reference number (LRN).
● The relation pairing the town to its zip code.
● The relation pairing the learner to his or her senior
high school strand.
● The relation of a sim card to its sim card number.

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