We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16
Sets
Quick Revision
A well-defined collection of objects, is called a set
Sets are denoted by capital letters 4, B, C, X, Y,Z
etc. and elements of a set are denoted by
4,8, 6, &, 9, Zee.
Ifa is an element of set, then we say that a
belongs to 4, The phrase ‘belongs to’ denoted by
the Greek symbol ¢ (epsilon). Thus, we write and
written as a A and b does not belongs to set is
written as 5 ¢ A.
Representation of Sets
‘There are two ways of representing a set
(i) Roster form or Tabular form or Listing
method In the roster form, we list all the
elements ofthe set within curly braces {} and
separate them by commas.
(ii) Set-builder form or Rule method In the
set-builder form, we ist the property or
properties satisfied by all the elements of the
sets.
Types of Sets
(i) Empty set A set which does not contain any
element is called an empty set or the void set
or the mull set and it is denoted by {} or 0.
(ii) Singleton set_A set consisting of a single
element, is called a singleton set.
(ii) Finite and infinite sets A set which is empty
or consists of a finite number of elements is
called a finite set, otherwise, the set is called
an infinite set
(iv) Equivalent sets Two finite sets A and B are
said to be equal, if they have equal number of
elements, icc. n(A) = n (B).
(v) Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to be
‘equal, if they have exactly the same elements
and we write 4 = B. Otherwise, the sets are
said to be unequal and we write A+ B.
Subset
A set Ais said to be a subset of a set B, if every
element of A is also an element of B. In symbols,
wwe can write
ACB,ifxeA>xeB
Also, if Ac B and 4 # B, then Ais called a proper
subset of B and Bis called superset of A.
Note
(i) Bvery set is a subset of itself
(ii) The empty set is a subset of every sets.
(ii) The total number of subsets of a finite set
containing n elements is 2".
Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers
We know that, every real number is either a
rational or an irrational number and the set of real
numbers is denoted by R There are many
important subsets of set of real numbers which are
given below
(i) Natural numbers The numbers being used in
counting as 1, 2,3, 4,.. called natural numbers.
‘The set of natural numbers is denoted by N.
Thus, = N={1,2,3,4,.)(i) Whole numbers The natural numbers along
with number 0 (zero) form the set of whole
numbers ie. 0, 1,2, 3, «. are whole numbers.
The set of whole numbers is denoted by W.
Thus, W=(0,1,2.3,.
(i) Integers The natural numbers, their negatives
and zero make the set of integers and its
denoted by Z.
Z = (4-5-4, 3-2 -HO42 34}
(iv) Rational numbers A number of the form ’,
7
where pand gboth are integers and q #0
(division by Os not permissible, is called
4 rational number.
‘The set of rational numbers is generally
denoted by Q
Thus,Q = |4
¢
(0) Irrational numbers A number which cannot
bbe writen in the form p/, where p and g both
ae integers and g #0, i called an irrational
number
sez andg}
The set of irrational numbers is denoted by T.
Thus, T = (x: xe Randx €Q)
Diagrammatical Representation All the subsets
can be represented diagrammatically as given
below
Integers geal DUMbe, Rational
number
Whole Irational
number number
Natural
number
Intervals as Subsets of R
Let a and b be two given real numbers such that
E) =
Hf U
= 75425425
25
Hence, the number of students in the group
is 195.
34, Given, n(F) = 50, n(C) =30 and
n{PaC)=15
‘The number of students who participated
for either football or for cricket is 65.
Fc U
Q
35. Assertion ‘The collection of all natural
‘umbers less than 100’, is a well-defined
collection. So, it isa set.
Hence, Assertion and Reason both are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
56, Assertion We can write 60 =2x2x3x5
Prime factors of 60 are 2, 3 and 5
Hence, the set D in roster form is (2, 3,5}.
Reason There are 12 leters in the word
“TRIGONOMETRY” out of which three
letters T, R and O are repeated.
Hence, set Fin the roster form is
{T,R,1,G,0,N,M,E, Y}
Hence, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
37. Assertion We sce that each member in the
«given set is the square of a natural number.
Hence, the given set in set-builder form is
{x:x =n, where nN and 1 @=12,6=10, ¢=5d=8, e=15 f =10
and g=20
(i) Number of students who did not take any
dink
=100-(a+beerdset f +g)
=100 (12 +10 + 5+8 +15+10-+ 20)
{a Number of students who prefer Milk
=atb+ f +e=12+10410+15=47
(ii) Number of students who prefer Coffee
Hb+et f+ g=1045+10+20=
(iv) Number of students who prefer Tea
dte4 f + g=8+15+10+20=53
(v) Number of students who prefer Milk and
Coffee but not Tea is bie. 10.
Let M denotes set of student who reading
mathematics books, P denotes who reading
Physics books and € denotes who reading
chemistry books.
We have,
n{U) = 25, nM) =15,(P) =12, 40) =11
HM OC) =3M OP) =9, POC) =4,
MO POC) =3
(i) The number of students who reading only
Chemistry is 5.
(i) The number of students who reading only
Mathematics is 4
(ii) The number of students who reading only
one of the subject is 4+5+ 2i.e. Il
(iv) The number of students who reading atleast
cone of the subject is 4+6+ 342+ 5+1+2
ive 23,
(v) The number of students who reading none
of the subject is 25~23i.. 2
53. Let M, § and P be the sets of students wo
offered Mathematies, Statistics and Physics
respectively. Let x be the number of students
‘who offered all the three subjects, then the
number of members in different regions are
shown in the following diagram.From the Venn diagram, we get, the number
of students who offered Physics.
40-2) ++ (20-2) +
> 68
(i) The number of students who offered all the
three subjects are 3
(ii) The number of students who offered
Mathematics
5+ (10—x) + x+ (40-2)
[given]
3 fe x=3]
(ii) The number of students who offered
Statisties
2+(10—x) + 2+(20-x)
(iv) 10-x
{v) The number of students who offered
‘anyone of the three subjects
=15+1248+ (10-2) +(40-x}
+(20-a)+ x
(05-28
05-23 =99 fe x=3]
The number of students who did not offer
‘anyone of the three subjects = 100-9:
54, Consider the following Venn diagram
Where,
4 = Number of students who participated
in dance only
+b = Number of students who participated
in dance and drama only
¢=Number of students who participated
in drama only
= Number of students who participated
in singing only
‘¢=Number of students who participated
in dance and singing only
f =Number of students who participated
{nll three events dance,
drama and singing
jumber of students who participated
in drama and singing only
and ¢=
‘Then, we have
dalderf
=12¢=15,f =15
(i) The number of students who participated
indance=a+b+e+f
8410415415
48
{ii) The number of students who participated
in drama=6+e+f +¢
51045415 +5
=35
(ii) The number of students who participated
tet feg
(iv) The number of students who participated in
dance and drama but not in singing = 6 =10
(v) The number of students who did not
participats in any of the events
=100-(a+b+erdterf tg)
00 (8+ 104+ 541241541545)
=100 -(70) = 30
5B. Let G, F and $ be the sets of employees who
offered ground floor, first floor and second
floor respectively. Let x be the number of
employees who offered all three floors, then
the number of members in different regions
are shown in the following diagram.
uw
FE
(s\
S&(i) From the Venn diagram, we get the number
of employees who offered second floor
30 ~ x) + x+ (25 — x) +10 =60 [given]
= 65-x=60
3 s5
(ii) The number of employees who offered
ground floor
=10+ (15) + + (30-2)
Gi) The mmber of employees who feed fist
5+ (15 — x} + x + (25 - x)
liv) The number of employees who offered
‘ground and first floor but not second floor
15-x
15-5
=10
(¥) The number of employees who offer anyone
of the three floors,
=10 +15 +10 + (15x) + (25-2)
+(30-a) +
=105- 2x
105-25
95
The number of employees who did not
offer any of the three floors
=100 -95
=5