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Nesrine Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2A Depth Study - Russia

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100% found this document useful (5 votes)

2K views50 pages

Nesrine Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2A Depth Study - Russia

Made for the newest syllabus (as of Aug 2024)

Uploaded by

Chuck

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or
king for ove
r
UPDATED EDITION

W
30

ducation
Ca
m bridge A
YEARS

al E
on
es i

ss
sm WITH at
ent Intern

Cambridge
IGCSE TM and O Level

History
Depth Study:
Russia, 1905–41
Second edition

Benjamin
Benjamin Harrison
Harrison

2A
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Contents
DEPTH STUDY: RUSSIA, 1905–41
1 Key terms
2 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?
19 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate
their rule?
35 Key Questions 3 and 4: How did Stalin gain and hold on to power? What was the impact of
Stalin’s economic policies?

How to use this workbook

This workbook is part of a suite of resources for IGCSE History. However, it does not offer exam practice and does not require
The textbook covers the content that you need to know and that you write extended answers. That is achieved through
includes Focus Tasks that develop the analytical thinking about the Exam Focus sections of the textbook and the Focus Tasks
the issues embedded in the Key Questions and Focus Points. throughout the textbook.
This workbook has more modest aims – it is a course companion Other workbooks available are:
that you use alongside your textbook. Workbook 1 – Core Content Option B: The 20th Century:
• It will help you check your knowledge of the content. International Relations since 1919, ISBN: 9781398375116
• It should help build your writing confidence as you use your Workbook 2B – Depth Study: Germany, 1918–45,
knowledge to write short explanations or arguments using ISBN 9781398375130
structured writing frames we have provided. Workbook 2C – Depth Study: The USA, 1919–41,
• It will be useful for revision because you will create tables ISBN 9781398375147
and charts to show, for example, the features or causes of Sample answers to the questions in the workbooks can be found
events. at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/cambridgeextras

Endorsement indicates that a resource has passed Cambridge responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is
International’s rigorous quality-assurance process and is suitable to sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address
support the delivery of a Cambridge International syllabus. However, of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser.
endorsed resources are not the only suitable materials available to support Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and
teaching and learning, and are not essential to be used to achieve the recyclable products and made from wood grown in well-managed forests
qualification. Resource lists found on the Cambridge International website and other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing processes
will include this resource and other endorsed resources. are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country
of origin.
Any example answers to questions taken from past question papers,
practice questions, accompanying marks and mark schemes included in this Orders: please contact Hachette UK Distribution, Hely Hutchinson
resource have been written by the authors and are for guidance only. They Centre, Milton Road, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 7HH.
do not replicate examination papers. In examinations the way marks are Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Email [email protected].
awarded may be different. Any references to assessment and/or assessment Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Friday.
preparation are the publisher’s interpretation of the syllabus requirements. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.co.uk
Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any ISBN: 978 1 3983 7512 3
assessment set by Cambridge International.
© Benjamin Harrison 2023
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on First published in 2018, this second edition published in 2023 by
the qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official syllabus, Hodder Education,
specimen assessment materials and any associated assessment guidance An Hachette UK Company
materials produced by the awarding body are the only authoritative Carmelite House
source of information and should always be referred to for definitive 50 Victoria Embankment
guidance. Cambridge International recommends that teachers consider London EC4Y 0DZ
using a range of teaching and learning resources based on their own
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
professional judgement of their students’ needs.
Year 2025 2024 2023
Cambridge International has not paid for the production of this resource,
nor does Cambridge International receive any royalties from its sale. All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law,
For more information about the endorsement process, please visit no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
www.cambridgeinternational.org/endorsed-resources
recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system,
The questions, example answers, marks awarded and/or comments that without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from
appear in this book were written by the authors. In the examination, the the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences
way marks would be awarded to answers like these may be different. (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright
Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have Typeset in India
been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the Printed in the UK by Ashford Colour Press Ltd
necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses
are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held

ii
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Key terms
Use Chapter 7 of your textbook to match the heads and tails to define the key terms.

Heads Tails
Tsar A village commune which controlled different aspects of daily life for Russian
peasants
Autocracy The tsarist secret police

Mir Revolutionary communist party led by Lenin which adhered to Marxist ideas

Okhrana A system of government with one ruler with absolute power

Bolsheviks Moderate Marxist party that was part of the Social Democratic Party with the
Bolsheviks before they split
Mensheviks The emperor of the Russian Empire

Duma Town and district councils dominated by the nobility and professional classes
in Russia
Zemstva Russian parliament formed after 1905

Cheka/NKVD Soviet secret police

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the

Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?
• Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)
1 Study Figure 1. Answer the following questions.

a Which part of Russia was the most industrialised by 1900?

............................................................................................................................................

b List the countries that border the Russian Empire.

............................................................................................................................................

c Using an atlas to help you, which continents was the Russian Empire part of in 1900?

............................................................................................................................................

d Which parts of the Russian Empire do you think would have had the highest and lowest populations?

............................................................................................................................................

e What problems do you think the Tsar, an autocrat, would have ruling the Russian Empire?

............................................................................................................................................

2 Read pages 172–173 of your textbook. Answer the questions below.

a What year did Nicholas II become Tsar of the Russian Empire?

............................................................................................................................................

b What nickname was given to the new tsar when he was crowned? What does the name suggest
about the people’s relationship with their ruler?

............................................................................................................................................

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Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

c How long did Nicholas II’s rule last?

............................................................................................................................................

3 Read all of the information and study all of the sources on pages 173–175 of your textbook.

a Read the profile of Tsar Nicholas II. What characteristics did the Tsar have that might make him
an ineffective ruler of the Russian Empire?

............................................................................................................................................

b What problems did the Tsar face trying to rule the Russian Empire? Use the key provided to colour
code the different factors in the text boxes below.

Socio-economic Personal Geographical

Farming was Russia was a huge Trade unions were Pay and conditions
backwards and empire of 8.8 million illegal so workers were poor for
primitive for a rapidly square miles. could not protest. most workers and
growing population. peasants.

Industrial growth The Tsar was not The Russian Empire Some parts of Russia
had led to a new interested in day-to- supressed ethnic were poorly linked by
aspirational middle day government. minorities. transport routes.
class.

Sixty per cent of the Workers in the cities Nicholas II was not a The Tsar ruled by
Russian Empire’s lived in terrible, reformer and believed fear, using the secret
population were not cramped conditions. in autocracy. police to suppress
Russian. opponents.

c Study Figure 3 and Source 4 on page 175. How could the information in Figure 3 explain the
photograph in Source 4? Explain your answer using details from both sources.

............................................................................................................................................

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

d What percentage of the population was peasants?

............................................................................................................................................

e What name was given to the richer class of peasants?

............................................................................................................................................

f How important was the Church in maintaining tsarist rule in Russia?

............................................................................................................................................

g Why did some peasants support radical political parties?

............................................................................................................................................

h Briefly describe the peasant land issue and its impact.

............................................................................................................................................

i Which two Russian cities saw the most industrialisation by 1900?

............................................................................................................................................

j Give two examples of industrial growth experienced in Russia by 1900.

............................................................................................................................................

k What type of jobs did the capitalist middle classes have in Russia?

............................................................................................................................................

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Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

4 Continue using pages 173–175 to complete the following tasks.

a The tsarist autocracy was a ‘top-down’ hierarchy. Re-arrange the text boxes on the left to place
them in hierarchical order on the right.

Nobility 1.

The Tsar 2.

Peasants and workers 3.

Middle class 4.

b Which group do you think formed most of the government (Council of Ministers) in Russia?

............................................................................................................................................

c Use pages 173–175 to complete the spider diagram below to summarise the different ways in
which the Tsar made his government weak.

Why was the Tsar’s

government weak?

d What methods did the Tsar use to keep control in Russia? Link the methods in the centre with the
details by drawing lines.

Newspapers were censored and

political parties were banned.

The Okhrana sent thousands Workers and peasants had

to prisons in Siberia. few rights and freedoms.
Nobility

The zemstvo improved Living standards Land captains controlled the

healthcare and education. daily life of the peasants in
the mir.
Repression and terror
Governors were appointed
by the Tsar to control the Peasants could elect
regions. officials on the zemstvo.
The army and the Cossacks
were used to crush rebellions.

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

e ‘Terror was the main reason Tsar Nicholas II maintained control of the Russian Empire.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Use your own knowledge to explain your answer.

Terror did allow the Tsar to maintain control in the Russian Empire because ...............................

.......................................................................................................................................

This can be seen by the fact that ........................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Another example of terror was .............................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This would help the Tsar keep control because ......................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

However, another factor that helped the Tsar maintain control was ..........................................

For example, .....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This meant that ................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Overall, the most important method used by the Tsar to maintain control in the Russian

Empire was .......................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

because ...........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

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Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

5 Below are different examples of people in Russian society and government during the reign of Tsar
Nicholas II. In the speech bubbles, explain why they might oppose tsarist autocracy. The first one has
been done for you.

Government minister The tsarist

system is chaotic and Nicholas
II avoids making important decisions to help the
Russian people. The regional governors don’t know what to
do most of the time. When there is a good minister like Witte or
Stolypin, the Tsar feels threatened. The system is corrupt and
needs to modernise, like in Britain or Germany, so Russia
can remain a great power!

Peasant

Factory worker

Middle class

Jewish family

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

6 Read page 176 of your textbook then complete the following tasks.

a Create a storyboard about Marxist theory. Use the captions below each box to help you draw a
storyboard sketch.
Marxist theory in four easy steps!

History is dominated by class struggle. First, the middle class takes control from the monarchy.

Next, the workers or proletariat would overthrow the capitalist middle class by revolution.

The Communist Party would set up a dictatorship and own all industry to create equality – socialism.

Finally, once everyone is equal, the government would disappear and people would live in peace.

b Which aspects of the Marxist theory seem idealistic? Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................................

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Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

c Use the text boxes to complete the table below to show the differences between the three
different opposition parties to the Tsar.

Liberals They were Marxists who wanted Mainly middle-class They wanted democracy
an equal society for workers people and a parliament like some
Western societies

Bolsheviks wanted revolution; Socialist Violent struggle Mainly peasants

Mensheviks did not Revolutionaries including assassination

They wanted peaceful Mainly industrial Social Democratic They wanted to give the
reform of the government workers (proletariat) Party nobles’ land to the peasants

Political party Supporters Aims/policies Methods

d Study Source 5 on page 177. Which of the political parties above do you think made this cartoon?
Explain your answer using details from the source and your own knowledge.

Source 5 was probably made by ...........................................................................................

In the source it shows .......................................................................................................

which suggests that ..........................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This can be supported by the fact that .................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

• The 1905 Revolution (pages 178–181)

7 Read all of the information and study the sources on pages 178–179 of your textbook, then complete
the tasks below.

a Study Source 7. List the demands of the protestors in 1905.

............................................................................................................................................

b Who was the leader of the protests on ‘Bloody Sunday’?

............................................................................................................................................

c Why do you think Sunday 22 January 1905 was known as ‘Bloody Sunday’?

............................................................................................................................................

d Study Source 8. What impact do you think the events of ‘Bloody Sunday’ might have on poorer
people in the Russian Empire? Explain your answer using details from the source.

............................................................................................................................................

e The boxes below show different causes of the 1905 Revolution. Decide which are long-term factors
and which are short-term factors by drawing a line to the relevant text boxes. Then colour code
them as socio-economic, military or political factors using the key provided. Some may fit into
more than one category!

Socio-economic Military Political

1904–1905 Russo- By 1900, Russia was Socialist parties had ‘Bloody Sunday’ –
Japanese War led to facing depression – low been spreading the idea protestors demanded
humiliating defeats. pay and unemployment. of revolution for years. better conditions.

Long-term causes Short-term causes

The tsarist secret police The war against Japan Police-‘approved’ The year 1901 was
had arrested many was fought by mainly trade unions led to plagued by a poor harvest,
opponents of the regime. peasant soldiers. more strikes in Russia. starvation and oppression.

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The 1905 Revolution (pages 178–181)

8 Read page 180 and study all of the sources. Then complete the tasks below.

a What is meant by the term soviet?

............................................................................................................................................

b Complete the following paragraph by using the words in the word bank to fill in the gaps.

The events of ..................................................... sparked a revolution across the

Russian Empire. It began with ..................................................... which spread into the

cities which quickly turned into riots and .................................................... . The Tsar’s

.............................. was assassinated. Many different groups joined the ...........................

in demanding government reform. .................................................... wanted

freedom in the universities, the middle class wanted new .............................................

and democracy. Many of the different ..................................................... demanded

independence from the Russian Empire. The only issue that weakened them was they

were not all .................................................... . In June 1905, sailors aboard the Battleship

..................................................... mutinied, which caused alarm for the Tsar who

needed the armed forces to remain .................................................... . Peasants attacked

............................ and the workers formed soviets, especially in cities like Moscow and

..................................................... . Some revolutionary leaders like ......................................

returned to Russia and by September a general strike began which ......................................

the Empire.

nationalities uncle Trotsky liberties landlords

strikes workers violence St Petersburg paralysed
Potemkin united students loyal Bloody Sunday

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

c Below is a mixture of true and false statements about how the Tsar responded to and survived
the 1905 Revolution. Complete the table by ticking if the statement is true and rewriting the
statement to make it accurate if it is false.
True (¸) False (rewrite)
The Tsar issued a set of government
reforms known as the October
Manifesto, which pleased all classes.
The Tsar made peace with Japan and
ended the war.

The Tsar always had the loyalty of the

returning soldiers.

The Tsar arrested the leaders of the

soviets.

By the end of 1905, the Russian army

had completely suppressed peasant
unrest.
The Tsar executed or imprisoned
thousands of protestors.

• The troubled years, 1905–14 (pages 182–183)

9 Read the information and sources on pages 182–183 of your textbook.
a Study Figure 13. What does this graph suggest about how industrialised Russia was by 1913?

............................................................................................................................................

b When did the new Duma (parliament) first meet?

............................................................................................................................................

c How successful were the Dumas, 1906–1912? Explain your answer using details from Source 14
and your own knowledge.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
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The troubled years, 1905–14 (pages 182–183)

d Who did Nicholas II appoint as his new prime minister in 1906?

............................................................................................................................................

e Study the text boxes below, which show the different methods used by the new prime minister.
Decide which are:

• ‘carrot’ approaches (those that try to reward)

• ‘stick’ approaches (those that try to punish or threaten).
Add them to the table.

He arrested 20,000 revolutionaries He let kulaks buy ‘Stolypin’s necktie’ – Introduced the Peasants' Land
protestors. were exiled. their own land. 1000+ hanged. Bank to lend money to peasants.

Encouraged industrial production He used the secret police to He tried to improve Russian–
to grow. arrest opposition. Jewish relations.

f Study Source A (below). What evidence is there in the source that Stolypin’s reforms improved life
in Russia 1906–1911? Explain your answer using details from the source.

SOURCE A
Pyotr Stolypin’s reforms produced astounding results within a few years. Between 1906 and
1915, thanks to the efforts of Stolypin’s farmers, the productivity of crops nationwide grew
by 14 percent, in Siberia by 25 percent. In 1912, Russia’s grain exports exceeded by 30
percent those of Argentina, the United States and Canada combined.
Taken from Pioneering Land Reform by Boris Nemtsov in The Moscow Times, 29 September 1995

............................................................................................................................................

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

g Use the chart below to show how far each group of Russian people benefited from Stolypin’s
reforms, where 0 means didn’t benefit at all and 5 is maximum benefit. For each group of people,
write some evidence to support your judgements. An example has been done for you.

0 5
Benefit

The Tsar and The Tsar benefited from Stolypin’s reforms because opponents
the nobles were removed and agricultural production increased. However,
the Tsar did not like the fact that Stolypin was changing
Russia so much.
4

Middle class

Workers

h What year was Stolypin assassinated?

............................................................................................................................................

10 In the table below, write some evidence to show that:

• the Tsar was losing support again by 1913, or

• the Tsar was firmly in control.
The Tsar was losing support in Russia The Tsar was firmly in control

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The impact of the First World War (pages 184–186)

11 Read the section on Rasputin on page 183 of your textbook. Add branches to the diagram below to
show how Rasputin was creating a problem for the Tsar.

• The impact of the First World War (pages 184–186)

12 Read all of the information and study all of the sources on pages 184–186 of your textbook. Then
complete the tasks below.

a What impact did the First World War have on Russia when it first broke out in 1914?

............................................................................................................................................

b When did the Tsar take personal command of the army? What was the impact of this decision?
Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................................

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

c Study Source 18 and Figure 19 on page 184. What evidence is there in these sources that
conditions in the army might lead to greater opposition to the Tsar? Use details from the sources
to support your answer.

............................................................................................................................................

d Study Figures 20 and 22 on page 185. How do these two sources link together? Explain your
answer using details from both sources.

............................................................................................................................................

e How were different groups in Russian society impacted by the First World War? Link the different
classes in the centre to the correct statements by drawing lines or colour coding them.

Most of the By 1917, there Junior officers Transport Many did not
conscripts were was bread suffered losses was poor and trust the Tsar’s
peasants. rationing in and many called overcrowding wife (Tsarina)
urban areas of for the Tsar to in towns was who was left in
Russia. abdicate. common. charge.

Many were The army The peasants The workers Huge casualties
appalled at the affected rural
conditions for areas and
soldiers at the left families
front. The middle class The aristocracy destroyed.

Troops were The Tsar was Industrialists Many nobles Wages in the
poorly fed blamed for complained of distrusted cities remained
and equipped Russia’s defeats – shortages of Rasputin who was low despite
compared to the he was not a good raw materials. seen to advise the extra work in
German troops. commander. Tsarina. factories.

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The March 1917 Revolution (page 185)

13 Examine the answers to question 12e. Which group in Russian society do you think was most affected
by the war? Explain your answer.

The group affected by the war the most was ..............................................................................

This was because ..................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

This can be supported by the fact that ......................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

• The March 1917 Revolution (page 185)

14 Use the text boxes below to complete the flow diagram of events leading up to the March 1917 Revolution
and the abdication of the Tsar. Add the correct dates, using page 185 of your textbook to help you.

Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the

throne and a Provisional
Government takes over.

Strikes break out and spread

quickly, some supported by the
army.

250,000 workers are on strike –

the Duma sets up a Provisional
Committee to take over.

The Tsar orders his army to

crush the strikers – they refuse
and some join in the strike,
others shoot their officers.

Revolutionaries set up the

Petrograd Soviet to undermine
the army leadership and
organise the soldiers.

The Putilov steelworkers’

strike is joined by thousands of
women on International
Women’s Day.
The March 1917 Revolution

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1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

15 Why did the Tsarist regime collapse by March 1917? Decide which of the factors below are long-term
causes and which are short-term causes, using the key to colour code them. Then decide on a priority
order for the different causes and place them in the pyramid. Add a sentence to explain your decisions.

Long-term Short-term

1905 Revolution and The effects of the First The Tsar’s decision to Stolypin’s reforms,
the October Manifesto World War, 1914–18 take command of the 1906–11
army in September 1915

The role of the The ‘land issue’ – Opposition parties and The personality
Tsarina and Rasputin peasants’ demands revolutionaries such as the and character of
for more land to farm SRs, Liberals and Marxists Tsar Nicholas II

2 3

4 5

6 7 8

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2 Key Question 2: How did the

Bolsheviks gain power, and how
did they consolidate their rule?
• Dual power: The Provisional Government and the Petrograd
Soviet (pages 187–191)
1 Read all of the information and study the sources on pages 187–189 of your textbook, then complete
the tasks below.

a Study Source 1 and Figure 4. What do these suggest were some of the problems faced by the new
Provisional Government between March and October 1917?

............................................................................................................................................

b The period between March and October 1917 is sometimes known as a period of ‘dual power’. What
evidence is there to support this view?

............................................................................................................................................

c Below is a list of different social groups in Russia. Which groups were more likely to support or
be part of either the Provisional Government or the Petrograd Soviet? Write the different groups
around the two institutions.

factory workers middle class liberals poor peasants landowners

soldiers socialists kulaks sailors officers

Provisional Government Petrograd Soviet

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

d Who was Alexander Kerensky? What roles did he have in the government?

............................................................................................................................................

e Read the text boxes below and decide which were the ‘problems’ faced by the Provisional
Government in the first half of 1917 and which were the ‘solutions’ they decided on. Add them to
the table provided and explain why you think each was a success or a failure.

To continue the war with The ‘land issue’ – should Food and fuel shortages in
Russia’s Western allies or the peasants have land they the cities
make peace demanded shared out to them?

Work alongside the Petrograd Ask the peasants to remain Promise the allies Russia
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ calm and wait for the election would continue fighting and
Deputies who control the railways of a new Constituent Assembly settle the situation in Russia

Problems faced by the Provisional Solutions Success or failure?

Government Explain your opinion

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Dual power: The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet (pages 187–191)

2 Read all the information and study the sources on page 189 of your textbook. Then complete the
tasks below.

a Who was Lenin? When did he return to Russia and for what reason?

............................................................................................................................................

b Why did the Germans allow Lenin to return to Russia?

............................................................................................................................................

c Which classes or groups of people would have liked parts of Lenin’s April Theses? Complete the
table below and explain why. An example has been done for you.

Policy in the April Which group(s) in Russia might support Explain your choices
Theses this policy? (e.g. workers, soldiers,
peasants, etc.)
‘Peace’

‘Bread’ Workers in the cities The workers would support this policy because
there were massive food shortages in Petrograd
and Moscow due to the First World War.

‘Land’

‘All power to the soviets’

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

3 Read all the information and study the sources on pages 188–191 of your textbook, then complete
the tasks below.

a Study Source 2 on page 188. How far does this source suggest that the Provisional Government
was doomed from the beginning? Use source details and your own knowledge to explain your
answer.

............................................................................................................................................

b Study Source 6 on page 190 of your textbook. What problems do you think the report in this
source would pose for the Provisional Government? Use source details to explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................................

c Use the text boxes below and the timeline opposite to decide how far different events weakened
the Provisional Government. Place the event on the timeline by writing out the text box next
to the correct date and then deciding where on the Weakness scale it belongs according to how
much it would weaken the government. An example has been done for you. (NB: three events are
in March.)

Lenin returns from Kerensky launches The Kornilov Affair: General

exile and sets out his a ‘Summer Offensive’ Kornilov attempts a coup
April Theses. against the to remove the Provisional
Germans. Government and the
Bolsheviks.

The Provisional The Provisional The ‘July Days’ see

Government decides Government decides Bolshevik-led protests
to continue the to put the ‘land issue’ against the war.
war with its for the peasants
Western allies. on hold.

Leon Trotsky is chairman of the The Petrograd Soviet is formed to

Petrograd Soviet – the Bolsheviks lead soldiers and workers.
control major cities.

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Dual power: The Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet (pages 187–191)

DATE 0 WEAKNESS LEVEL 10

1917

MARCH
This would weaken the
government as the peasants
The Provisional Government decides to put
started to seize land themselves;
the ‘land issue’ for the peasants on hold. 6
however, the PG did promise
to solve it in the future.

APRIL

JUNE

JULY

SEPT

d Which event do you think weakened the Provisional Government the most? Use the paragraph
structure below to explain your answer.

The event that weakened the Provisional Government the most was .........................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This was because ..............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

For example, .....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

• The November Revolution (pages 192–193)

4 Read the information and study all of the sources on pages 192–193, then complete the tasks below.

a Decide which boxes link to the Bolshevik leaders by colouring them using the key provided.

Lenin Trotsky

A professional He was a He was leader He organised Wrote the

revolutionary with Menshevik first, of the Bolshevik and led the revolutionary
a single purpose – then joined the Party. Red Guards. newspaper Iskra
to seize power. Bolsheviks later. while in exile.

Became leader Elected Chairman Some historians He was the editor He was popular
of the Bolshevik of the Petrograd regard him as the of the newspaper with workers who
faction in 1903. Soviet. overall planner of Pravda. saw him as one of
the revolution. them.

b Use the word bank to complete the following paragraph which describes the Bolsheviks’ seizure of
power in November 1917.

Lenin decided in ..................................................... 1917 that the Bolsheviks

should seize power. They had the support of the workers and soldiers of the

.................................................... . Some Bolsheviks like ............................................. thought

it was too early for a ..................................................... but Lenin won the argument. On

6 November the ..................................................... led by Trotsky took control of strategic

buildings and by 7 November they stormed the ..................................................... and

arrested the ministers of the .................................................... . On 9 November, Lenin

announced to the people of Russia that a new ....................................... government had

been created.

Kamenev
Winter Palace Soviet (x 2) October
Red Guard revolution Provisional Government

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The November Revolution (pages 192–193)

c What factors allowed the Bolsheviks to seize power in November 1917? Examine all of the reasons
in the table below and colour code them using the key provided. Some reasons could have more
than one factor.

Military Socio-economic Individuals

Bolsheviks Government

Lenin and Trotsky were able Lenin’s April Theses was General Kornilov tried to
leaders who planned the popular among workers, seize power and Kerensky
seizure of power. soldiers and poor peasants. armed the Bolsheviks.

Membership rose to around Kerensky’s Summer Trotsky organised and led

800,000 and they controlled Offensive led to desertion the Red-Guard-armed
the Petrograd Soviet. and low morale with Bolsheviks.
soldiers.

The war continued to cause Peasants were seizing land The Bolsheviks included
shortages of food and fuel as the Government failed to dedicated revolutionaries.
throughout Russia. solve the ‘land issue’.

Strikes, lawlessness and The Petrograd Soviet The Provisional Government

violence spread in the cities. controlled the workers and was unpopular with many
soldiers. Russians.

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

d ‘The November Revolution was Lenin’s revolution.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.

The November Revolution was Lenin’s revolution because ........................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

For example, .....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This meant that ................................................... ............................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

However, another cause of the November Revolution was ........................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

For example, .....................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This meant that ................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Overall, the most important cause of the November Revolution was ..........................................

.......................................................................................................................................

This was because ..............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

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Lenin in power (page 194)

• Lenin in power (page 194)

5 Read the information and study the sources on page 194 of your textbook. Then complete the tasks below.

a Why did Lenin need to deliver on his promises of ‘Peace, Bread, Land’ when the Bolsheviks first
seized power in Russia?

............................................................................................................................................

b What was the Sovnarkom?

............................................................................................................................................

c Which party had control of the new elected Constituent Assembly?

............................................................................................................................................

d Why do you think this was a problem for Lenin?

............................................................................................................................................

e How did Lenin deal with the new Constituent Assembly?

............................................................................................................................................

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

f Why did Lenin delay in negotiating a peace treaty with Germany?

............................................................................................................................................

g Who did Lenin put in charge of negotiating a peace treaty?

............................................................................................................................................

h Study Figure 17 and the information on page 194 of your textbook, then answer the following
questions.

i What was the name of the peace treaty signed with Germany?

............................................................................................................................................

ii Why do you think the loss of territory would be unpopular with some Russians?

............................................................................................................................................

iii What impact did the Treaty have on the Russian economy? Give examples.

............................................................................................................................................

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Lenin in power (page 194)

6 Read the information and study Figure 17 on page 194. How did the Bolsheviks keep control?
Use the text boxes to complete the diagram below. You can draw lines to show any links between
examples.

Lenin authorised Trotsky to Lenin set up the Cheka (secret The Tsar and his family were
negotiate the Treaty of police) to remove opposition to executed by order of the
Brest-Litovsk to end the war with the Bolsheviks. Bolshevik Party.
Germany.
Lenin allowed elections for a new Lenin set up a new government – A Bolshevik decree put factories
Constituent Assembly. the Council of People’s under the control of the workers.
Commissars (Sovnarkom) –
dominated by Bolsheviks.
A decree put Russia’s banks Lenin issued a decree banning Lenin used the Red Guard to
under the control of the Bolshevik liberal parties and arresting close down the Constituent
government. their leaders. Assembly in less than 24 hours.
The Land Decree gave the All opposition newspapers were The Bolsheviks introduced an
peasants the land of the Tsar, shut down and banned. eight-hour working day and
nobility and Church. insurance schemes for workers.

Government Terror

How did the

Bolsheviks keep
control, 1917–1918?

Social reforms

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

• Opposition and Civil War (pages 195–197)

7 Read all the information and study the sources on pages 195–197 of your textbook. Then complete
the tasks below.

a Who were the Whites and why were they given this name?

............................................................................................................................................

b How did Trotsky react to the creation of the White armies?

............................................................................................................................................

c How did Trotsky ensure the loyalty of the Red Army?

............................................................................................................................................

d Link the heads and tails below to show why different groups within the Whites would have been
opposed to Bolshevik rule.

The Whites Why would they oppose Bolshevik rule?

Socialist Revolutionaries The Bolsheviks wanted a classless society with no tsar or nobility – they
would lose their wealth and titles.
Mensheviks The Bolsheviks wanted to spread communist revolution to other nations.
Monarchists (supporters of the The Bolsheviks were a party of the industrial workers rather than the
Tsar) peasants.
Middle classes (capitalists and The Bolsheviks wanted to ban private property and have state-controlled
landlords) industry only.
Western nations (USA, Japan, The Bolsheviks were revolutionaries rather than reformers.
France and Britain)

e Study Figure 19. What does this source suggest about how the Bolsheviks were dealing with
opposition?

............................................................................................................................................

8 Read all of the information and study the sources on pages 195–197, then complete the tasks below.

a Study Figure 18.

i Which major cities were still under Bolshevik control?

............................................................................................................................................

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Opposition and Civil War (pages 195–197)

ii What advantages did the White armies have over the Bolsheviks (Reds)?

............................................................................................................................................

b Study Source 25 on page 197.

i Why do you think the dogs are wearing hats?

............................................................................................................................................

ii Who is controlling the dogs?

............................................................................................................................................

iii Which side do you think published this poster during the Civil War? Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................................

9 Why did the Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War? Link the factors below to Bolshevik strengths or
White weaknesses.

They were a united and The forces were

disciplined force and well not united and had
led by Trotsky. different beliefs.

Trotsky travelled around Lenin controlled

on an armoured train the industrial
encouraging soldiers. cities.

Bolshevik strengths White weaknesses

The generals did not Peasants’ support was

communicate as they crucial, as they feared
were spread out. landlords would return.

The soldiers committed Lenin used grain

atrocities and used requisitioning to feed
foreign troops. the army and workers.

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

• Economic policy (pages 198–199)

10 Read the information and study the sources on pages 198–199 of your textbook. Then complete the
tasks below.

a Why did the Bolsheviks introduce War Communism? Give two reasons.

............................................................................................................................................

b What were the successes and failures of War Communism? Complete the table below with examples.

Successes of War Communism Failures of War Communism

c How did Lenin deal with the Kronstadt sailors?

............................................................................................................................................

d What impact did the Kronstadt rebellion have on Lenin’s policies?

............................................................................................................................................

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Economic policy (pages 198–199)

e What were the differences between War Communism and the New Economic Policy? Use the key to
colour code the text boxes.

War Communism New Economic Policy

Peasants could sell surplus Small factories were handed Food was strictly rationed to
grain for a profit. back into private ownership. prioritise the workers and
soldiers.

Factories were taken over and Peasants had to pay a tax on Workers could not strike and
run by the government. the food they produced – the opponents were executed.
end of requisitioning.

All production was planned and Peasants were forced to The banks and vital industries
quotas set by the government. hand over grain – grain like coal, oil and iron remained
requisitioning. in state hands.

f Why do you think some Bolsheviks opposed the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

............................................................................................................................................

11 Study all of the sources and figures on page 199. What evidence is there that the NEP was a success
and a failure? Add the evidence to the table below.
Successes of NEP Failures of NEP

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2 Key Question 2: How did the Bolsheviks gain power, and how did they consolidate their rule?

• The death of Lenin and the creation of the USSR (page 200)
12 Read page 200 and study Sources 31 and 32. What evidence is there that Lenin was a ‘great man’ and
what evidence is there that Lenin was a ‘cruel man’? Add your evidence to the spider diagrams below.

Lenin was a great man Lenin was a cruel man

13 How successfully did the Bolsheviks consolidate their rule by 1924? Complete the bar chart below and
give each factor a ‘success rating’ out of ten. Inside the bars, justify your decisions. The first one has
been done for you.
Success rating
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Red Army helped the Bolsheviks consolidate power
Red Army
because it won the Civil War due to its unity and discipline and
requisitioned grain to feed the workers and soldiers as part
of War Communism. 8
The role
of Lenin and
Trotsky

Propaganda

Red Terror

Bolshevik
decrees

Civil War

War
Communism

NEP

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3/4 Key Questions 3 and 4: How

did Stalin gain and hold on to
power? What was the impact of
Stalin’s economic policies?
• Stalin or Trotsky? (pages 202–203)
1 Read the information and study all of the sources on pages 202–203 of your textbook. Then complete
the tasks below.

a What year did Lenin die?

............................................................................................................................................

b Study Source 2 on page 202. What opinions does Lenin have of Trotsky and Stalin? Use details
from the source to explain your answer.

Trotsky: ...............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Stalin: ................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

c Why was Trotsky most likely to win the leadership contest?

............................................................................................................................................

d What year was Stalin completely secure as the supreme leader of the USSR?

............................................................................................................................................

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3/4 KEY QUESTIONS 3 AND 4: HOW DID STALIN GAIN AND HOLD ON TO POWER? WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES?

e Why did Stalin emerge as leader of the USSR and not Trotsky? Colour code the text boxes below
using the key provided.

Trotsky’s mistakes Stalin’s policies Stalin’s tactics Luck

Trotsky was an intellectual Stalin associated himself He used his position as Trotsky fell ill close to
but arrogant – he often as a close friend of Lenin General Secretary to Lenin’s death.
offended other party – he was chief mourner at appoint supporters to
members. Lenin’s funeral and tricked important posts in the
Trotsky into not attending. party.

Stalin and other Bolshevik He underestimated Stalin His ideas of a permanent His ideas of Socialism in
leaders agreed not to read and did not take the revolution scared many One Country would appeal
Lenin’s Testament to the opportunity to build up who believed it would lead to Russian nationalism.
public. support in the party. to future conflicts.

Stalin allied himself with He portrayed himself as a He was flexible with his Stalin allied himself
Zinoviev and Kamenev to man of the people rather beliefs and moved from the with Bukharin to remove
remove Trotsky from the than an intellectual. left to the right of the party Zinoviev and Kamenev from
party. when it suited him. the party.

• Modernising the USSR 1: Industrialisation (pages 204–208)

2 Study Source 5 and the information on page 204, then complete the diagram below to explain the
different reasons why Stalin wanted to modernise the USSR so quickly. An example has been done for you.

Military reasons Socio-economic reasons

Why did Stalin want to

modernise the USSR?

Political reasons

Stalin wanted to create a

communist society where
most people were workers
rather than peasants.
By 1928, only one in five
Russians were workers.

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Modernising the USSR 1: Industrialisation (pages 204–208)

3 Read the information and study all of the sources on pages 205–208 of your textbook, then complete
the tasks below.
a What new policy did Stalin introduce to replace Lenin’s New Economic Policy?

............................................................................................................................................

b What organisation was used to organise and plan the economic targets?

............................................................................................................................................

c Briefly describe how GOSPLAN organised production targets for industry.

............................................................................................................................................

d Study Figure 6 on page 205. Where were the new industrial centres created? Why was their
location ideal from a defensive viewpoint?

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
e Match the Five-Year Plans to the correct details by drawing lines.

This Plan ran This Plan ran from The focus in this Plan was This Plan ran from 1938
from 1933 to 1937. 1928 to 1932. heavy industry – coal, iron, onwards but was disrupted
oil and electricity. by the Second World War.

First Five-Year Plan

Heavy industry was still the The Plan resulted in the
priority plus mining for lead, creation of new industrial cities
zinc and tin. Second Five-Year Plan in Siberia.

Third Five-Year Plan

The focus was This Plan This Plan resulted Production New dams were
to improve also built new in the building of farming built and parts
Russian transportation of the Moscow machinery, of central Asia
agriculture. such as railways underground tractors and some were developed.
and canals. railway. consumer goods.

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3/4 KEY QUESTIONS 3 AND 4: HOW DID STALIN GAIN AND HOLD ON TO POWER? WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES?

f Study Sources 7 and 8 on page 207 of your textbook. What do these two sources suggest about
attitudes towards the Five-Year Plans? Use source details to explain.

............................................................................................................................................

4 What were the positive and negative effects of industrialisation? Complete the table below using the
information on pages 206–208 and the text boxes provided.

Factory discipline and Unemployment was almost Stalin used prisoners

punishment was harsh for non-existent in the USSR. and forced labour for the
workers. construction of dams.

Living conditions were often Many products were of poor New day-care centres were set
overcrowded and unsanitary. quality due to unrealistic targets. up so mothers could work.

The number of deaths due to In 1935, the worker Stakhanov Coal, oil and iron production
poor conditions and accidents cut 102 tons of coal – he almost doubled by the end of
was very high. became a hero. the First Five-Year Plan.

Positive impact of industrialisation Negative impact of industrialisation

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Modernising the USSR 2: Collectivisation (pages 209–211)

• Modernising the USSR 2: Collectivisation (pages 209–211)

5 Read the information and study the sources on pages 209–211 of your textbook. Then complete the
following tasks.

a Use the Factfile on page 210 to complete the spider diagram below to summarise the main aspects
of collectivisation.

What was collectivisation?

b Study Source 16 on page 211. What does the source suggest about Stalin’s attitudes towards
collectivisation?

............................................................................................................................................

c Study the sources and the information on pages 210–211. What evidence is there of the success
and failure of collectivisation?

............................................................................................................................................

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3/4 KEY QUESTIONS 3 AND 4: HOW DID STALIN GAIN AND HOLD ON TO POWER? WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES?

6 What were the causes and consequences of collectivisation? Use the text boxes below to complete
the table provided. Then use the key to colour code the different points.

Political/ideological Socio-economic

Stalin needed to The secret police Peasants often resisted Stalin wanted to
modernise farming and propaganda – many slaughtered bring socialism to the
to increase food were used to their animals. countryside.
production. motivate peasants.

Stalin wanted to remove In 1930–32 there Grain production Stalin needed more
the rich peasants – the were food shortages did increase but workers for the
kulaks – as a class which led to famine animal numbers factories.
enemy. in many areas. took until 1940.

Stalin sold excess The kulaks were Many peasants were By 1941, almost all
grain to pay for new liquidated as a class deported to Siberia farming land was
technology. of peasant. for hard labour. collectivised.

Causes of collectivisation Consequences of collectivisation

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Modernising the USSR 2: Collectivisation (pages 209–211)

7 Using your answers to questions 5–6 and the information on pages 204–211, answer the following
question using the structure provided for you below.

‘Stalin was more successful modernising industry than agriculture.’ How far do you agree with the
statement? Use your knowledge to explain your answer.

Stalin was successful modernising industry because ....................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

For example, .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

This meant that .....................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

However, Stalin was also successful modernising agriculture because .............................................

............................................................................................................................................

For example, .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

This meant that .....................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Overall, Stalin was more successful modernising ........................................................................

compared to ..................................................... because ......................................................

............................................................................................................................................

This was due to the fact that ..................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

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41
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3/4 KEY QUESTIONS 3 AND 4: HOW DID STALIN GAIN AND HOLD ON TO POWER? WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES?

• How did Stalin control the Soviet Union? (pages 212–213)

8 Read the information and study all of the sources on pages 212–213 of your textbook, then complete
the tasks that follow.

a What was the name of the secret police organisation used by Stalin?

............................................................................................................................................

b What were gulags?

............................................................................................................................................

c What is meant by the term ‘cult of personality’?

............................................................................................................................................

d What event in 1934 led to the initiation of Stalin’s Purges?

............................................................................................................................................

9 What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet Union? Use the key provided below to colour code
the different methods in the text boxes.

Terror and fear Propaganda

Purges of the army 1936 – New Soviet Only approved newspapers Food was strictly rationed
Constitution and magazines could be to prioritise the workers
published and soldiers

The use of the Show trials for political The use of gulags Portraits, photographs
secret police opponents in the and executions and statues of Stalin
Communist Party

Posters showing Books were rewritten to Opponents like Trotsky The use of informers
Stalin as almost show Lenin and Stalin as were removed from
godlike heroes of the Revolution Soviet history

Photocopying prohibited Cambridge IGCSE™ and O Level History Workbook 2A second edition
42
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How did Stalin control the Soviet Union? (pages 212–213)

10 Add your answers to question 9 to the diagrams below, then add further details and explanations of
how it would have helped Stalin maintain control. An example has been done for you.

Show trials were used to remove Communist Party

opponents – Kamenev and Zinoviev in 1936,
Bukharin in 1938. This allowed Stalin to control
the Party unopposed.

Show trials were used to remove Communist Party

opponents – Kamenev and Zinoviev in 1936,
Bukharin in 1938. This allowed Stalin to control
the Party unopposed.
TERROR

TERROR

PROPAGANDA

Photocopying prohibited Cambridge IGCSE™ and O Level History Workbook 2A second edition
43
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3/4 KEY QUESTIONS 3 AND 4: HOW DID STALIN GAIN AND HOLD ON TO POWER? WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES?

• Society and culture under Stalin (pages 214–216)

11 Read the information and study all of the sources on pages 214–216, and also look back to page 213
of your textbook, then complete the tasks that follow.

a Give some examples of the ways in which Stalin controlled and censored the media.

............................................................................................................................................

b What was Soviet Realism?

............................................................................................................................................

c How were Christians and Muslims in the USSR affected by Stalin’s policies?

............................................................................................................................................

d What were the Young Pioneers?

............................................................................................................................................

e What is meant by the term ‘the Great Retreat’?

............................................................................................................................................

f What did Stalin introduce in 1932 to control different nationalities in the USSR?

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
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44
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How complete was Stalin’s control over the Soviet Union by 1941? (pages 215–218)

• How complete was Stalin’s control over the Soviet Union

by 1941? (pages 215–218)
12 Study Sources 24 and 25 on page 215. How far do these sources prove that Stalin had complete
control in the USSR?

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
13 To what extent did Stalin have control over every aspect of life in the Soviet Union by 1941? Use the
bar chart below to decide how far Stalin had complete control over different aspects of life by adding
detail and explanations in the bars. An example has been provided.
1 Control level 10

Communist Stalin removed all of the old Bolsheviks, leaving himself as

Party supreme leader. However, many regional officials far from
Moscow did not always carry out instructions from
central government.
8

Army

Soviet society

Industry

Overall, I think that Stalin was/was not in complete control in the USSR because

............................................................................................................................................

For example,

............................................................................................................................................

Photocopying prohibited Cambridge IGCSE™ and O Level History Workbook 2A second edition
45
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Nesrine Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2A Depth Study - Russia

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Nesrine Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2A Depth Study - Russia

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indd Page 1 23/08/23 8:32 AM A4902 /Data%20Disk/Manoj%20R/2023/AUG/23-08-23/eqa%20files/HO02951_149

How to use this workbook

Okhrana A system of government with one ruler with absolute power

Cheka/NKVD Soviet secret police

1 Key Question 1: Why did the

a Which part of Russia was the most industrialised by 1900?

b List the countries that border the Russian Empire.

2 Read pages 172–173 of your textbook. Answer the questions below.

a What year did Nicholas II become Tsar of the Russian Empire?

Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

c How long did Nicholas II’s rule last?

Socio-economic Personal Geographical

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

d What percentage of the population was peasants?

e What name was given to the richer class of peasants?

f How important was the Church in maintaining tsarist rule in Russia?

g Why did some peasants support radical political parties?

h Briefly describe the peasant land issue and its impact.

i Which two Russian cities saw the most industrialisation by 1900?

j Give two examples of industrial growth experienced in Russia by 1900.

Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

4 Continue using pages 173–175 to complete the following tasks.

Peasants and workers 3.

Why was the Tsar’s

Newspapers were censored and

The Okhrana sent thousands Workers and peasants had

The zemstvo improved Living standards Land captains controlled the

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

This can be seen by the fact that ........................................................................................

Another example of terror was .............................................................................................

This would help the Tsar keep control because ......................................................................

For example, .....................................................................................................................

This meant that ................................................................................................................

Empire was .......................................................................................................................

Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

Government minister The tsarist

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

Russia in 1900 (pages 172–177)

Bolsheviks wanted revolution; Socialist Violent struggle Mainly peasants

Political party Supporters Aims/policies Methods

Source 5 was probably made by ...........................................................................................

In the source it shows .......................................................................................................

which suggests that ..........................................................................................................

This can be supported by the fact that .................................................................................

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

• The 1905 Revolution (pages 178–181)

a Study Source 7. List the demands of the protestors in 1905.

b Who was the leader of the protests on ‘Bloody Sunday’?

Socio-economic Military Political

Long-term causes Short-term causes

The 1905 Revolution (pages 178–181)

a What is meant by the term soviet?

The events of ..................................................... sparked a revolution across the

Russian Empire. It began with ..................................................... which spread into the

.............................. was assassinated. Many different groups joined the ...........................

in demanding government reform. .................................................... wanted

freedom in the universities, the middle class wanted new .............................................

and democracy. Many of the different ..................................................... demanded

..................................................... mutinied, which caused alarm for the Tsar who

needed the armed forces to remain .................................................... . Peasants attacked

..................................................... . Some revolutionary leaders like ......................................

returned to Russia and by September a general strike began which ......................................

nationalities uncle Trotsky liberties landlords

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

The Tsar always had the loyalty of the

The Tsar arrested the leaders of the

By the end of 1905, the Russian army

• The troubled years, 1905–14 (pages 182–183)

b When did the new Duma (parliament) first meet?

The troubled years, 1905–14 (pages 182–183)

d Who did Nicholas II appoint as his new prime minister in 1906?

• ‘carrot’ approaches (those that try to reward)

1 Key Question 1: Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

h What year was Stolypin assassinated?

10 In the table below, write some evidence to show that:

1 Key Question 1: Why did the

2 Key Question 2: How did the

• The November Revolution (pages 192–193)

The November Revolution (pages 192–193)