MONIRUZZAMAN SAZAL

GENDER ANALYSIS FOR THE USAID

CLIMATE STRATEGY 2022-2030

APRIL 2022

THIS GENDER ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S
EMPOWERMENT HUB (GENDEV) IN THE BUREAU FOR DEVELOPMENT, DEMOCRACY, AND INNOVATION (DDI) IN
COLLABORATION WITH THE LAND AND RESOURCE GOVERNANCE (LRG) DIVISION IN DDI.
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT GENDEV.
CONTENTS
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GENDER LINKAGES: GENDER ANALYSIS FOR THE USAID
CLIMATE STRATEGY 2022-2030......................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1

METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................. ...1

LAWS, POLICIES, REGULATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES...........................1

ACCESS TO AND CONTROL OVER ASSETS AND RESOURCES.......................................2

GENDER ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND TIME USE.............................................................2

CULTURAL NORMS AND BELIEFS................................................................................................2

PATTERNS OF POWER AND DECISION-MAKING.................................................................3

POLICY FRAMEWORK......................................................................................................................3

POTENTIAL GENDER ISSUES & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USAID CLIMATE

STRATEGY 2022-2030........................................................................................................5

SO 1: TARGETED DIRECT ACTION: ACCELERATE AND SCALE

TARGETED CLIMATE ACTIONS........................................................................5

IR 1.1: CATALYZE URGENT MITIGATION (EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

AND SEQUESTRATION) FROM ENERGY, LAND USE, AND OTHER
KEY SOURCES.......................................................................................................................5

IR 1.2: STRENGTHEN CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF PEOPLE VULNERABLE TO

CLIMATE IMPACTS (ADAPTATION).............................................................................6

IR 1.3: INCREASE THE FLOW OF AND EQUITABLE ACCESS TO FINANCE

TO SUPPORT ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION....................................................8

IR 1.4: PARTNER WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES

TO LEAD CLIMATE ACTION...........................................................................................9

IR 1.5: ENABLE AND EMPOWER WOMEN AND YOUTH AND OTHER

MARGINALIZED AND/OR UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS TO LEAD
CLIMATE ACTION..............................................................................................................10

SO 2: SYSTEMS CHANGE: CATALYZE TRANSFORMATIVE SHIFTS TO

NET-ZERO AND CLIMATE-RESILIENT PATHWAYS......................................12

IR 2.1: ADVANCE TRANSFORMATION OF KEY SYSTEMS AND ESSENTIAL

SERVICES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS AND ENHANCE CLIMATE RESILIENCE..12
 IR 2.2: SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO CLIMATE-RESILIENT, NET-ZERO
ECONOMIES AND FINANCIAL SYSTEMS...................................................................13

IR 2.3: STRENGTHEN RESPONSIVE, TRANSPARENT GOVERNANCE AND

CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT FOR EFFECTIVE CLIMATE ACTION............................14

IR 2.4: STRENGTHEN THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN,

DEVELOPMENT, AND PEACEBUILDING ASSISTANCE TO ADDRESS
CLIMATE IMPACTS.............................................................................................................15

SPECIAL OBJECTIVE: DOING OUR PART: STRENGTHEN OPERATIONS AND

APPROACHES TO PROGRAMMING TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE AND
FURTHER CLIMATE JUSTICE WITHIN USAID AND OUR PARTNER
ORGANIZATIONS.................................................................................................16

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES.............................................................................................17
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GENDER LINKAGES: GENDER ANALYSIS
FOR THE USAID CLIMATE STRATEGY 2022-2030

INTRODUCTION
Climate change is not gender neutral. The effects of climate change vary across individuals and populations, with
dramatically different impacts based on gender, class, race, ethnicity, disability, geography, and more. Gender
norms shape the way that climate change affects populations, and thus, climate vulnerability cannot be effectively
addressed without understanding the effects of climate stressors on women, girls, men and boys, as well as how
intersecting identities, geographies, and social positions contribute to those vulnerabilities. A gender lens
strengthens all approaches by providing insights into the norms, power dynamics, laws and policies, governance
structures and more that dictate the lived realities of all members of society who are impacted by climate change
and can contribute to targeted climate action that benefits and responds to the needs and priorities of women and
girls, particularly those facing multiple and intersecting forms of exclusion. Moreover, integrating gender equality
and women’s empowerment into all aspects of climate action—including mitigation and adaptation efforts—is
essential to achieving more effective, equitable, and sustainable outcomes.

METHODS
This gender analysis was conducted using a desk review of the available literature, consultations with gender and
climate experts from across USAID, including through a gender analysis workshop hosted by DDI/LRG and
DDI/GenDev. As part of the climate strategy development process, USAID/GenDev hosted a gender and climate
listening session with experts from around the world. Their recommendations have been integrated into this
analysis. This analysis takes an intersectional approach, considering how gender intersects with other identities and
subject positions. The tables below provide illustrative guidance that broadly aligns with requirements under ADS
205 to integrate gender into USAID programming based on and drawing from gender analysis. Table 1 provides
general recommendations that may be applicable across the entire Results Framework. Table 2 provides more
targeted recommendations for specific Intermediate Results.

LAWS, POLICIES, REGULATIONS, AND INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES

Women and girls bear the brunt of climate change impacts due to social and legal gender inequities which grant
greater access to and control over resources to men and boys. Women and girls are significantly more likely, on
average, than men to die from natural and climate disasters and to die at earlier ages, 1 and due to discriminatory
laws, policies and practices, as well as harmful gender norms, they are the first to feel the impacts of depleting
natural resources resulting from climate change.2 Although working to create more gender-responsive laws can
take time, this work provides an important foundation for shifting social norms and improving women’s equal
opportunity.

1 Neumayer, Eric and Plümper, Thomas (2007). “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the
Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981-2002.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(3): pp. 551-556.
2 Nellemann, C. Verma R., and Hislop, L (2011). “Women on the Frontline of Climate Change: Gender Risks and Hopes.” United Nations
Environment Programme: pp. 15-35.

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ACCESS TO AND CONTROL OVER ASSETS AND RESOURCES
Inequalities in access to, use of, and control over natural resources and assets, such as land, forests and water for
women and men are linked to harmful gender norms, intra-household dynamics, discriminatory customary
systems, and legal policies and regulations. For example, on average women own smaller sized land holdings
compared to men, regardless of how its ownership is considered.3 Moreover, because women and girls have less
control over resources, traditional coping mechanisms to climate stressors often come at their expense. In times
of crisis. Small livestock and poultry, traditionally under the purview of women and girls, are often the first assets
to be liquidated in times of crisis. 4 As families’ asset bases shrink, girls are often withdrawn from school to save
money and assist with household work. Such strains on family resources create negative incentives to push young
girls into child, early, and forced marriage, disrupting their education, decreasing their economic opportunities,
leading to early maternity and poor pregnancy outcomes, and increasing the likelihood that they will experience
future intimate partner violence.5

GENDER ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND TIME USE

Gender norms shape labor roles, which in turn determine how women and men are differently impacted by
climate stressors and adaptations to them. In particular, women’s roles within food and water systems, along with
their frequently limited access to resources and information, can increase their risk exposure and ability to adapt
to climate impacts.6 Importantly, adaptations to climate change, including development activities to address climate
change, can increase women's time poverty and unpaid work burdens. Women’s time and labor burdens must be
understood in order to ensure that interventions do not increase these burdens.7 For example, because traditional,
gender neutral approaches to climate smart agriculture do not consider gender roles, preferences, and resources
in program design, they may significantly increase women’s labor burden and time poverty. Also, in many locations
men have migrated to find work. Women left behind have additional, unpaid work burdens. Adaptive strategies
that do not identify such burdens may inadvertently overburden women. The strenuous nature of agricultural
work, exacerbated by heightened temperatures caused by the changing climate, places women and men agricultural
workers at an elevated risk from heat stress. 8 In times of drought, male farmers in developed and developing
countries experience higher rates of suicide due to weaker or non-existent support networks.

CULTURAL NORMS AND BELIEFS

Gendered norms and beliefs can dictate and determine how climate disasters impact women and girls, men and
boys—in all their diversity, differently. For example, in disasters, men may be under particular pressure to perform
first-responder, “heroic” roles, which may make them more susceptible to injury or death, while women may be
more susceptible to disadvantage due to their responsibilities to care for children and older persons. 9 Moreover,

3 Palacios-Lopez, A., L. Christiansen and T. Kilic (2015). “How Much of the Labor in African Agriculture is Provided by Women?” World Bank
Group, Africa Region.
4 “Shean, Allison and Alnouri, Sahar (2014). Rethinking Resilience: Prioritizing Gender Integration to Enhance Household and Community
Resilience to Food Insecurity in the Sahel.” Mercy Corps.
5 Deubel, Tara and Boyer, Micah (2017). “Gender, Markets and Women’s Empowerment in the Sahel Region: A Comparative Analysis of Mali,
Niger, and Chad.” World Food Programme.
6 Bryan, Elizabeth (2019). “A Focus on Gender is Key to Climate Adaptation.” International Food Policy Research Institute.
7 UNDP Climate (2016). Women. Work. Climate. Retrieved from: https://undp-climate.exposure.co/women-work-climate
8 Kato-Wallace, Jane (2019). “Men, Masculinities, and Climate Change: A Discussion Paper.” MenEngage Alliance: pp. 1-4.
9 Boyer, A.E., Meijer, S.S., and Gilligan, M (2020). “Advancing Gender in the Environment: Exploring the Triple Nexus of Gender Inequality,
State Fragility, and Climate Change.” The International Union for Conservation of Nature with the United States Agency for International
Development.

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cultural norms regarding the role of women in society can particularly constrain the movement of women with
disabilities,10 dictating who may assist them and where they may shelter during climate-related emergencies,
significantly increasing their risk of harm. In disaster and post-disaster situations, LGBTQI+ people are often
excluded from formal and informal aid services, experience a heightened risk of violence and harassment, and often
have a reduced capacity for recovery due to pre-disaster discrimination and marginalization in education,
workplaces, and families.11 Harmful social norms, practices and beliefs create often-intense pressures for women
and girls to forgo education, remain out of the labor force, renounce control of assets and resources, accept
onerous work burdens caring for family, and limit their participation in planning processes, resource management
bodies, and governance structures. Additionally, women's economic status and lack of access to mobile phones and
other technology limits their access to early warning information, hindering their ability to cope with disaster.
These norms and practices constrain women’s resilience and keep their voices and solutions out of decision
making and planning processes.

PATTERNS OF POWER AND DECISION-MAKING

Women and girls have valuable knowledge and skills that make them powerful change agents in designing and
implementing climate solutions that benefit all people. Women and girls should be integrally involved in programs
and policies to address climate change. Women’s unique experiences with climate impacts can also offer important
insights for climate solutions. For example, research has shown that having more women in Parliament contributes
to more ratified environmental treaties and higher rates of land protection, 12 each of which can lay an important
groundwork for additional ambitious climate action. Empowering Indigenous women and girls to leverage their
important sociocultural roles and knowledge to design and implement culturally appropriate interventions can
promote sustainable nature-based solutions. Including women in forest management groups results in better
governance and conservation outcomes.13 Similarly, gender-inclusive water projects have been found to be far
more effective than projects that are not gender inclusive.14 When we create inclusive access to leadership
opportunities, increase women's access to finance and resources, and build their capacities to actively participate in
decision-making, the design and implementation of climate change solutions are more effective, benefit more
people, and increase resilience.15 USAID programming should promote these positive outcomes through robust
analyses that identify gaps and critical entry points for engagement, support, and evaluation and learning.

POLICY FRAMEWORK
There is increasing recognition of the connection between gender and climate change in policy frameworks and
strategies at international and national levels. Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
adopted the enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender (ELWPG) and its associated Gender Action Plan (GAP)
at the 25th Conference of Parties (COP25) in 2019. The ELWPG works to advance knowledge, understanding, and

10 United Nations (2020). “Analytical Study on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Context of
Climate Change.” United Nations General Council.
11 Dwyer, Emily and Woolf, Lana (2018). “Down by the River: Addressing the Rights, Needs and Strengths of Fijian Sexual and Gender
Minorities in Disaster Risk Reduction and Humanitarian Response.” Oxfam.
12 Norgaard, Kari and York, Richard (2005). “Gender Equality and State Environmentalism.” Gender and Society, 19(4): pp 506-522.
13 Leisher, Craig, Gheda Temsah, Francesca Booker, Michael Day, Leah Samberg, Debra Prosnitz, Bina Agarwal, Elizabeth Matthews, Dilys Roe,
Diane Russell, Terry Sunderland & David Wilke (2016). “Does the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affect resource
governance and conservation outcomes? A systematic map.” Environmental Evidence 5:6.
14 Dalia Saad (April 25, 2019). “Why women’s involvement is so vital to water projects’ success - or failure.” The Conversation.
15 De Pinto, Alessandro, Greg Seymour, Elizabeth Bryan, and Papti Bhandari (2020). “Women’s empowerment and farmland allocations in
Bangladesh: evidence of a possible pathway to crop diversification.” Climatic Change 163, 1025-1043.

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implementation of gender-responsive climate action under five priority areas: 1) capacity-building, knowledge
management, and communication; 2) gender balance, participation and women’s leadership; 3) Coherence; 4)
Gender responsive implementation and means of implementation; and 5) Monitoring and reporting. At the US
Government level, the Biden-Harris administration has made gender equality and equity fundamental to U.S.
foreign policy broadly, including climate. This includes the first-ever National Strategy on Gender Equity and
Equality, under which “Promot[ing] Gender Equity in Mitigating and Responding to Climate Change” is one of ten
priority areas.

This gender analysis was conducted under the direction of the Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Hub
(GenDev) in the Bureau for Development, Democracy, and Innovation (DDI) in collaboration with the Land and
Resource Governance (LRG) Division in DDI. If you have any questions, please contact GenDev.

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 POTENTIAL GENDER ISSUES & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USAID CLIMATE STRATEGY 2022-2030

Activity Potential gender issues Recommendations

SO 1: Targeted Direct Action: Accelerate and scale targeted climate actions

IR 1.1: Catalyze ● Legal frameworks for compulsory ● Support partner country efforts to strengthen compulsory acquisition laws to ensure they are gender-
urgent mitigation acquisition and resettlement associated with responsive and provide women with equitable compensation for economic and physical displacement
(emissions infrastructure (and agribusiness) development ● Support partner country efforts to identify laws that restrict women’s employment in transport, energy,
reductions and may not be gender equitable infrastructure and agribusiness sectors and make them gender responsive
sequestration) ● Transport, energy, infrastructure (and ● Build partner country capacity for gender-responsive NDC development and implementation,
from energy, land agribusiness) projects may bring benefits but and national climate, energy and related policies/strategies at all levels
use, and other key may also disproportionately impact women, ● Build partner country capacity to collect, analyze and disseminate gender-differentiated data to support
sources possibly displacing them and/or making it more evidence-based climate policy making, planning and implementation
difficult to access needed resources and ● Support transport, energy, infrastructure and agribusiness firms to develop and implement operational
support livelihoods; men may be guidelines, employment and compensation targets that promote gender equality and women’s empowerment -
disenfranchised as industries transition, hire, train and retain more women, particularly for mid- and senior-level management
affecting their livelihoods, with knock-on ● Support women and women’s organizations to participate in public consultations, planning, design and
effects on gender dynamics. implementation processes involving transport, energy, infrastructure, and agribusiness development
● Transport, energy, infrastructure (and ● Work with men and boys to build support for women’s engagement in climate mitigation activities and to
agribusiness) projects may contribute to rising change some of the norms that govern indoor household air pollution.
real property values which can benefit some ● Identify and address any gendered norms that make it difficult for men and boys, women and
women but make it more difficult for others to girls to change behaviors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, such as not using public
access housing, business space, and/or transport
farming/ag lands ● Promote women’s entrepreneurship around transport, energy, infrastructure and agribusiness projects
● Efforts to limit agricultural expansion and ● Ensure women’s active participation in projects that restrict access to lands, forests and carbon pools to
protect forests or other carbon pools may mitigate risks of disparate impact
limit women’s access to resources needed ● Ensure women have equitable access to rangelands and forest management trainings and opportunities to
for food security and livelihoods. meaningfully participate in associated governance bodies
● Gender roles and power dynamics and ● Support trainings on GBV to reduce likelihood of backlash from women’s engagement in the
gender differences in access to and workforce or women’s mobility and support delivery of GBV-related legal, health and
control of assets and resources may limit employment services for victims
women’s access to crop varieties that reduce ● Support behavior change and communications campaigns that help increase acceptance of women’s
emissions, to perennial crops or to improved participation and decision making in sectors critical to climate mitigation efforts, working closely with male
livestock breeds champions
● Gender roles may create incentives for ● Work to ensure transport services are safe and accessible for women and girls, persons with
women, men, boys and girls to continue disabilities, and LGBTQI+ people
traditional practices that contribute to

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 greenhouse gas emissions and/or to avoid ● Support social marketing and financing approaches to increase women’s access to energy and electrical
behavior that could reduce emissions. systems, including clean energy alternatives
● Projects, such as efforts to reduce food waste ● Ensure women are recognized as rights holders to lands including agricultural lands, forests,
or change diets, fail to take into consideration mangroves, marshes, peat and drylands
women’s safety and time burden concerns ● Enable women’s active participation in coastal and other blue carbon sequestration activities
● Gender roles limit women’s ability to do ● Support rigorous research and analysis of impacts of energy, transport, other infrastructure and agribusiness
certain kinds of work (foresters, electricians, project development on women and girls
etc.) and expose women and girls to disparate ● Identify, understand and assess gendered and other intersecting vulnerabilities to climate change and climate
health risks from a changing climate change mitigation interventions and adjust programming to reflect differential needs and capacities of women
● Projects to decarbonize infrastructure may and girls, men and boys
impose disproportionate financial and/or ● Create gender sensitive outreach/communication material and ensure that information pertaining to pollution
time and labor burdens on some women and health are delivered in a medium accessible to women
and create labor dislocations for some men ● Engage women’s organizations and ensure that the viewpoints of populations who spend significant time at
● Transport, renewable energy, infrastructure home are involved and active contributors to these processes
(and agribusiness) projects may contribute ● Increase investment in and efforts to promote the retention of adolescent girls in education and skills training
to GBV if women’s employment or mobility programs to reduce carbon emissions
are seen as disruptive, if environmental or land ● Protect, manage, and restore forests, mangroves, peatlands, and other high-carbon ecosystems to achieve
rights defenders are targeted or if project climate mitigation benefits using gender mainstreaming and socially inclusive approaches
workers harm women and girls ● Support smallholder female food producers to invest in nature-based solutions that protect forests and
● Lack of knowledge around clean energy increase soil carbon
technologies, financing options, or rental relief ● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
programs limits women’s decision making identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
● Failure to recognize intersectional ● Support men through capacity-building and norms change programs to facilitate their transition
vulnerabilities that exacerbate inequalities into previously feminized sectors such as the care economy, including childcare, eldercare,
such as those discussed above residential care, healthcare and home healthcare, and other forms of domestic and care work.
● Adolescent girls may be forced to leave school,
limiting their opportunities to take leadership
roles in the private and public sector
addressing climate change, and are less
informed about their role in carbon emissions
and accelerating climate change
IR 1.2: Strengthen ● Legal frameworks for asset/resource ● Support partner country efforts to strengthen laws and policies, including family laws, to enable equitable
climate resilience control, ownership and management may not access to, control and accumulation of, assets and natural resources including land, forests and water
of people be gender equitable ● Support partner country efforts to strengthen laws and policies to enable participatory, gender equitable land
vulnerable to ● Power dynamics, social norms and and urban planning and resource management
climate impacts beliefs limit women’s participation in policy ● Build partner country capacity for gender-responsive NAP planning and review processes and implementation
(adaptation) making and governance processes efforts and national climate, energy and related policies/strategies at all levels

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● Power dynamics, social norms and ● Build partner country capacity to engage with and integrate gender-responsive approaches into disaster risk
beliefs limit access to and control of reduction planning and other activities
assets and resources, mobility, health care, ● Build partner country capacity to collect, analyze and disseminate gender-differentiated data to
extension services, education and employment support evidence-based climate policy making, planning and implementation
limiting adaptive capacities ● Build partner country capacity to engage with and integrate gender-responsive approaches in social protection
● Gender roles limit women’s ability to do schemes
certain kinds of work (ploughing, pruning trees, ● Consider support for Gender Advisors and/or the creation of Gender Units at appropriate partner country
fire fighting, “technical” work) and expose ministries and offices, including designating a Gender and Social Inclusion Expert as key personnel in partner
women and girls to disparate health risks, contracts and agreements
including sexual health risks, from a changing ● Enable robust integration of gender and attention to women and girls’ unique health risks, including sexual
climate health, in One Health and other programming
● Gender roles often encourage men to see ● Identify and address, including through behavior change activities, gender norms that create unique risks for
themselves as primary providers for families; if men and boys.
they lose traditional livelihoods as a result of ● Support behavior change programs for families and couples and awareness raising campaigns for communities
impacts of climate change they may be more to understand, address and mitigate risks for climate-related GBV
likely to engage in violence or self-harm. ● Promote women’s participation and leadership in climate solutions’ innovation cycle from
Women and girls may also experience self- research and development to dissemination to include CSA technologies and advances
harm due to impacts to livelihoods and debt ● Develop programming to support male and female farmers considering self-harm as a result of drought, other
burdens. climate-related livelihood losses and debt burdens
● Gender roles lead to different needs and ● Support women, women’s organizations and coalitions to build capacity for equitable and active participation in
preferences for climate (adaptation) solutions - climate policy development, project design and implementation and to collect and analyze climate data
technologies and practices - as well as for risk ● Increase gender equitable access to climate information, including early warning systems, digital
management strategies and approaches. and other technologies to support adaptation
● Gender roles and power dynamics may ● Support hiring, training and retaining women extension agents and expand women’s access to extension
limit women’s equitable participation in benefit services that provide climate information and training on climate-resilient practices including CSA and crop
sharing or PES schemes diversification practices and how to address disease spread due to climate impacts
● Increased levels of GBV associated with ● Improve access to credit, including through unsecured lending, and provide crop/livestock insurance tailored to
increasing socio-economic/environmental women’s resource and asset portfolios
stress ● Identify, understand and assess gendered and other intersecting vulnerabilities to climate change
● Lack of knowledge around climate laws, and adjust programming to reflect differential needs and capacities of women and girls, men and
policies, programming, financing, and climate boys
science limits women’s effective ● Increase investment in and efforts to promote the retention of adolescent girls in education and skills training
participation and decision making programs that build resilience and adaptation to climate change
● Increasing competition/demand for resources ● Employ a holistic, context-aware approach that tackles systemic and specific power imbalances in designing
creates/exacerbates power dynamics, climate adaptation measures
creates conflicts, and limits women’s ● Promote equal access to and control over resources and assets as key to realizing gender-equal adaptation
access and control of resources measures

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 ● Proposed programs or activities add to ● Strengthen local protection systems against child abuse, sexual and domestic violence afflicting women and
women’s time/labor burdens children especially during disasters and climate crises
● Failure to recognize intersectional ● Strengthen the capability of local responders to prevent and mitigate, and respond to cases of abuse and
vulnerabilities violence against women and children especially during disasters and climate crises
● Critical and persistent gender gaps in access ● Develop programming to support households to better plan for safe and productive migration of
to financial, digital and other technology a household member including planning ahead for issues such as women's labor burden and land
shape women's ability to mitigate the impacts tenure security, how remittances will be transferred and how the household and migrant will
of climate shocks and to adapt communicate
● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others

IR 1.3: Increase ● Legal frameworks for financial services may ● Support partner country efforts to develop gender equitable financial services laws/regulations
the flow of and not be gender equitable, limiting women’s to improve equitable access to credit
equitable access to access to credit ● Support partner country efforts to ensure consumer protection in accessing financial services and preventing
finance to support ● Climate financing may disproportionately predatory debt
adaptation and benefit men, entrenching or expanding existing ● Include gender equality goals in funding criteria as key objectives (as with GCF’s NAP funding)
mitigation inequality, limiting women’s access to ● Promote gender balance and gender expertise on climate funding boards and technical advisory
assets and resources groups
● Power dynamics, social norms and ● Ensure new funds require robust gender analyses and implementation plans
beliefs limit women’s participation in the ● Work with private sector partners to review social safeguard policies and strengthen company capacity to
design, implementation, or evaluation of implement gender provisions of safeguard policies and standards
climate finance projects/programs ● Work with private sector partners to Increase accountability for meeting gender equality targets through
● Women lack skills and capacity to participate audits of gender impacts and the collection of gender-differentiated project/program data
effectively in climate finance programs and ● Support efforts to improve women’s access to affordable and patient finance/capital to support
projects limiting decision making adaptation choices, women-run businesses that provide critical services and promote climate-
● Power dynamics and social norms related entrepreneurship
constrain women’s ability to be equally ● Support programs to increase women’s and girls digital and financial literacy
represented at senior levels in climate finance ● Support gender-responsive public budgeting for climate funding
decision making ● Seek regular input and active participation of women and women’s organizations from concept to design and
● Climate finance structures tend to limit implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of climate finance projects/programs
women’s access to funding opportunities ● Identify, understand and assess gendered and other intersecting vulnerabilities to climate change, finance
● Power dynamics, social norms and beliefs will (including credit and debt), and adjust programming to reflect differential needs and capacities of women and
make it difficult for women to access and girls, men and boys
benefit from increasing levels of financing ● Support efforts to expand women's access to and control of financial services through the use of appropriate
● Failure to recognize intersectional digitally-enabled financial services, including payments, savings, credit, and insurance.
vulnerabilities ● Ensure women do not bear an undue debt burden from accessing financial services by ensuring
interest rate and fee transparency

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 ● Create investment programs that develop human capacities and help improve the adaptation conditions of
women in territories vulnerable to climate change
● Increase financial and technical resources for women-led and gender equality organizations to
enable a leadership role in addressing the climate crisis
● Support the strengthening of internal areas within Indigenous organizations whose objective is to promote the
participation of women in the various priority issues and decision-making spaces
● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
IR 1.4 Partner ● Legal frameworks and customary laws ● Support partner government efforts to improve processes to recognize and protect Indigenous Peoples’
with Indigenous and practices make it difficult to recognize territories
Peoples and local and protect Indigenous womens’ territories ● Strengthen capacity of Indigenous women and their organizations to participate in processes,
communities to and resources information gathering and consultations to recognize territorial claims
lead climate action ● Legal frameworks criminalize activities of ● Consider support for Gender Advisors and/or the creation of Gender Units at appropriate partner country
environmental and land rights defenders who ministries and offices, including designating a Gender and Social Inclusion Expert as key personnel in partner
are from Indigenous communities contracts and agreements
● Power dynamics, social norms and ● Explore options to decriminalize peaceful protests of environmental and land rights defenders
beliefs raise vulnerability of women in ● Support and protect environmental and land rights defenders who are from Indigenous and local
Indigenous and local communities to GBV communities
● Indigenous women may lack skills and capacity ● Strengthen skills and capacity of Indigenous women to manage and lead Indigenous organizations
to lead climate actions limiting decision ● Support efforts to combat GBV directed towards women in Indigenous and local communities,
making, engagement and empowerment particularly GBV resulting from engagement in and support for climate or conservation
(for example, language barriers) processes
● Time/labor burdens make it difficult or ● Provide targeted training to support Indigenous women’s participation in NDC and NAP policy development
impossible for some women in Indigenous and processes
local communities to lead climate solutions ● Support Indigenous women to enter STEM fields to build skills and contribute to climate actions
● Women in Indigenous and local communities ● Work with women, men, and and other gendered leaders of Indigenous and local community organizations to
are poorly represented and may not champion women and girls as agents of climate change
participate in international, national, and ● Increase opportunities for women and youth in Indigenous and local communities to participate
local fora in climate processes, policy making and governance structures at all levels, including at
● Indigenous women have few opportunities to international fora
participate in NDC and NAP ● Support behavior change and communications campaigns that help increase acceptance of Indigenous women’s
development processes participation and leadership on climate actions, identify and hold up Indigenous women as agents of positive
● Women in Indigenous and local communities change and work with male champions to support and encourage Indigenous women’s active participation and
may lack access to climate information and/or their support for Indigenous women’s land rights
may lack skills to use and deploy climate ● Support opportunities for Indigenous women to access, analyze and use climate information and technologies
information ● Support efforts to integrate traditional/local and Indigenous women’s knowledge in climate planning processes
● Indigenous and traditional women’s knowledge ● Identify, understand and assess intersecting gender, Indigenous and other vulnerabilities and
is not adequately incorporated into the adjust programming to reflect differential needs and capacities

9
 creation, design, implementation and evaluation ● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
of climate actions identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
● Failure to recognize the intersectional
vulnerabilities of Indigenous women within
and outside of their communities
IR 1.5: Enable and ● Legal frameworks fail to recognize rights of ● Consider support for Gender Advisors and/or the creation of Gender Units at appropriate
empower women women, including young, disabled, minority, partner country ministries and offices, including designating a Gender and Social Inclusion
and youth and and women who are members Expert as key personnel in partner contracts and agreements
other marginalized underrepresented and marginalized groups, to ● Support partner governments to address gaps in legal frameworks that restrict women, youth, and
and/or under- access resources needed to lead or contribute underrepresented and marginalized groups’ access to resources to promote leadership on climate action
represented to climate action ● Support partner governments and other key stakeholders to bring women, including young women and
groups to lead ● Time/labor burdens and family women who are members of underrepresented and marginalized groups, purposefully into climate processes
climate action responsibilities make it difficult or impossible including those related to NDC and NAP development
for women, including young women and ● Consider supporting partner governments to develop gender-responsive youth parliaments that
women who are members of can participate in a variety of policy making actions, including those related to climate change
underrepresented and marginalized groups to (see “Youth Engagement in Climate Action” in resources)
engage in and lead climate solutions ● Support local civil society organizations to strengthen capacity of women, including young women, to engage in
● Power dynamics, social norms and climate policy making including through development of climate relevant policy documents, as strategic
beliefs limit opportunities for women, communicators, as climate youth champions and as climate advocates through youth councils
including young women and members of ● Support partner countries to use targeted subsidies to encourage women, particularly young women, to
underrepresented and marginalized groups to remain in school and take part in regular health care initiatives
engage in climate policy planning and decision ● Support women, including young women to enter STEM fields to build skills and contribute to climate actions
making ● Support civil society and the private sector to engage directly with all youth, including young women, including
● Women, including young women, often lack as youth ambassadors for climate change
skills and capacity to participate in climate ● Support youth and women’s organizations with grants and other financial support to promote
actions limiting engagement and empowerment youth and women’s leadership for climate action
● Climate financing does not reach and support ● Support youth and women’s organizations with grants and other financial resources to enable women, including
women and youth-led organizations working young women and women who are members underrepresented and marginalized groups to travel to and
on climate participate in climate decision-making fora
● Women, including young women and women ● Support contests to promote women, youth, and underrepresented and marginalized persons-led climate
who are members of underrepresented and innovations
marginalized groups, are poorly represented ● Support behavior change and communications campaigns that help increase acceptance of women, including
and may not participate in international, young women and women who are members underrepresented and marginalized groups, activism, and
national, and local fora leadership on climate action and education’
● Failure to recognize intersectional ● Carry out a rapid scan(s) of women’s, environmental, and other civil society and research organizations to
vulnerabilities of women, particularly young determine potential partners on air pollution, gender, and transport issues
women and women who are members of ● Identify and engage women’s self-help groups as potential community-based partners for air
underrepresented and marginalized groups quality monitoring, entrepreneurship, clean air advocacy, and climate change

10
● Failure to recognize the vulnerabilities of ● Engage men and boys in gender-transformative climate actions to foster change in socio cultural perceptions,
women from countries with gender discriminatory structures, and imbalanced power dynamics
discriminatory nationality laws of becoming ● Develop strong gender-transformative education and training pathways, including internships,
stateless, particularly for low-lying island states apprenticeships, and on-the-job training for girls and boys, and to create gender-responsive
that risk becoming uninhabitable transition support, especially for girls and historically marginalized youth, into green industries,
including mentoring
● Assist partner countries in identifying barriers, such as traditional roles in their society to the advancement of
women and institute appropriate policies and programs to address these barriers
● Support projects that are designed, implemented, monitored and evaluated with a gender-responsive lens, are
informed by data disaggregated by gender, wealth, age, education, ethnicity and disability status, among others
● Recognize and address women’s time poverty due to care and domestic work in design of climate
programming
● Promote the participation of women in participation in decision-making on climate change at the household,
community, national, and sub-national levels
● Invest in and support women, including adolescent girls’ skills training and TVETs – innovating
and strengthening TVETs as a key hub for private sector engagement and inter-ministerial
planning about green + blue jobs, growth markets, and opportunities related to forestation,
fisheries, water and sanitation
● Integrate gender into situation analyses, results frameworks, and program design to advance the effectiveness
and sustainability of climate interventions through gender-responsive and transformative approaches
● Support the leadership development, mentoring and coaching of women leaders to enable their success in
leading organizations and initiatives focused on tackling climate change
● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others

11
Activity Potential gender issues Recommendations

SO 2: Systems Change: Catalyze transformative shifts to net-zero and climate-resilient pathways

IR 2.1: Advance ● Legal frameworks associated with delivery ● Conduct gender audits of national and regional legal frameworks to create and implement net-
transformation of of renewable/green energy services, zero, resilient policies to improve gender-responsiveness
key systems and infrastructure and nature-based solutions may ● Support partner countries to design and deliver infrastructure, renewable/green energy and other services and
essential services not be gender equitable projects that focus on nature-based solutions to improve gender-responsiveness
to reduce ● Women parliamentarians and officials may lack ● Support women parliamentarians to strengthen skills and access information needed to craft
emissions and information and support to create and gender equitable policies and legislation for net-zero, climate-resilient services and systems,
enhance climate implement participatory, gender- responsive including those related to agricultural subsidies
resilience legal frameworks for net-zero services ● Support the development of “gender and climate” caucuses in partner countries to promote a net-zero and
and infrastructure and effective nature-based climate resilient agenda, engage men as champions for this work
solutions ● Support women’s organizations and coalitions to effectively participate in climate policy planning processes and
● Subsidies designed to promote needed in systematic climate and gender data collection, enhancing access and use of such data for planning and
transformations, including those for agriculture, decision making processes.
flow primarily to businesses owned and ● Identify and address gender norms and roles that may limit men’s willingness to participate in
controlled by men, inadvertently emissions reduction projects
disadvantaging women-owned or ● Support women to enter and succeed in STEM fields, TVET and non-traditional service sectors (electricians,
controlled businesses real property assessors, etc.)
● Private investors fail to integrate gender ● Support programs to address GBV associated with women’s engagement in STEM, TVET and non-traditional
considerations and women’s service sectors
employment/compensation targets into low- ● Provide support to partner countries at multiple levels for the development of gender-equitable procurement
carbon projects limiting women’s access to policies and processes that promote net-zero and climate-resilient economies
assets ● Support efforts to promote a just transition to a net-zero economy by enabling men to
● Women lack access to land and face legal and transition into sectors that are traditionally feminized, including the care sector
social challenges to land ownership, limiting ● Work with private sector partners to promote gender equitable employment and compensation targets across
women’s access to assets green supply chains—hire, train and retain more women in these sectors
● Emissions reductions projects may ● Support partner countries, traditional and Indigenous leaders and local communities to strengthen women’s
inadvertently increase women’s time/labor land rights and improve gender responsiveness of land governance systems
burdens ● Support women to build the skills necessary to engage at all levels of green mineral supply chains
● Emissions reductions projects may not address ● Support women at all levels to participate in consultations and deliberative process and structures that
gender norms and roles that would limit promote climate adaptation
women’s participation;men may also be ● Conduct rigorous research and analysis of impacts of transitions to low-emissions services and
disenfranchised as industries transition, infrastructure development on women and girls

12
 affecting their livelihoods, with knock-on ● Identify, understand and assess gendered intersecting vulnerabilities with regard to essential services and
effects on gender dynamics. infrastructure and adjust programming to reflect differential needs and capacities
● Potential for GBV if women are employed in ● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
fields that do not comply with gender roles and identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
social norms
● Failure to recognize intersectional
vulnerabilities
IR 2.2: Support a ● Legal frameworks and policies to support ● Explore opportunities to support development of gender-responsive Green Jobs Acts with
transition to the development of green jobs may not be partner countries
climate-resilient, gender equitable and may frustrate a just ● Work with partner countries to ensure use of carbon and other green taxes and fees do not
net-zero transition to net-zero economies disproportionately harm women-owned businesses
economies and ● Women may be legally barred from ● Support women officials in partner countries to develop the skills and expertise needed to design and
financial systems pursuing some green jobs implement gender-equitable policies and laws that promote net-zero, climate-resilient economies, engage with
● Gender norms and roles may expose men men as champions for this work
to additional safety risks in some green jobs ● Support women’s organizations and coalitions to effectively participate in net-zero, climate
● Power dynamics, social norms and resilient policy planning processes
beliefs limit women’s participation in policy ● Ensure women are involved in the design, implementation, monitoring of payment for ecosystems service
making and governance structures needed to projects and that men champion this involvement
support a green economy ● Support efforts to expand women's access to and control of financial services through the use of
● Women may lack skills and information appropriate digitally-enabled financial services, including payments, savings, credit, and
needed to participate effectively in new insurance
markets and financial systems associated with a ● Support women to build and scale net-zero, climate-resilient businesses and climate solutions through
green economy improved linkages to markets, access to finance, challenge grants and mentorship programs
● Carbon and other green taxes, fees and ● Identify and address gender norms and roles that may expose men to additional safety risks in some green
administrative processes may be more careers and jobs
burdensome for women-owned businesses ● Support women to enter and succeed in STEM, TVET, finance and other related fields that will contribute to
● Women may be at heightened risk of GBV net-zero, climate-resilient economies
through employment in STEM, TVET or non- ● Work with private sector partners to promote gender-equitable employment and compensation targets across
traditional and green economy jobs green supply chains
● Failure to recognize intersectional ● Support behavior change campaigns that promote women’s employment in STEM, TVET non-traditional and
vulnerabilities other green economy jobs and reduce risks associated women’s employment and participation, including GBV
● Conduct long-term, rigorous research and analyses of impacts of transitions to green economies for women
and girls
● Support capacity building at national universities and research institutions in partner countries to contribute to
and conduct long-term, rigorous research and analysis of impacts of transitions to green economies for women
and girls
● Identify, understand and assess gendered intersecting vulnerabilities and adjust programming to reflect
differential needs and capacities

13
 ● Work with the private sector to nurture a methodical inclusion of women-centered funds into
existing sustainable development financing vehicles.
● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
IR 2.3: Strengthen ● Adaptation and other climate and disaster ● Build partner country capacity for gender-responsive NDC development and implementation, national climate,
responsive, risk reduction plans may not be gender- energy and related policies/strategies at all levels
transparent responsive and may inadvertently reinforce ● Support government officials to create more participatory, gender-equitable climate action
governance and harmful gender norms that encourage men and plans, implementation and monitoring processes, engage with men to act as champions for this
citizen engagement boys to engage in risky behaviors work
for effective ● Power dynamics, social norms and ● Support governments to engage in gender budgeting in order to identify the distribution of budgeted resources
climate action beliefs limit women’s ability to participate in to women and men and use this information in order to implement a gender-equitable budget
policy making, planning and implementation ● Ensure disaster risk reduction plans do not inadvertently reinforce gender norms that encourage
processes at all levels men and boys to take on risky behaviors
● Women lack skills and information ● Build partner country capacity to collect, analyze and disseminate gender-differentiated data to support
needed to participate effectively in climate evidence-based climate policy making and assess impacts for women and girls of climate action
action and governance processes ● Support women’s organizations to participate in climate policy development, to collect/analyze climate data
● Women may not be included or equitably and participate in consultations and governance institutions
represented in national delegations at ● Support women officials and other women leaders to actively participate in national delegations at international
international climate fora climate fora, engage with men to act as champions for this work
● Stakeholders, including women, lack access to ● Support women as peace builders and dispute resolvers to address conflicts related to increasingly scarce
gender-differentiated data to support resources
more equitable policy making and project ● Support behavior change and communications campaigns that help increase acceptance of women’s
design and implementation participation and decision making in climate policies and climate action and work with male champions to
● Failure to recognize intersectional support and encourage women’s active participation
vulnerabilities affecting access to ● Provide legal assistance to women whose rights are negatively impacted by the effects of climate
participation in governance structures change, including through conflict over increasingly scarce resources, compulsory acquisition of
land and property, and discrimination in the workplace
● Identify, understand and assess gendered intersecting vulnerabilities and adjust programming to reflect
differential needs and capacities
● Work with the private sector to nurture a methodical inclusion of women-centered funds into existing
sustainable development financing vehicles.
● Support e-government and other digitally-enabled services that enable women and men to more effectively
engage with relevant government agencies and to coordinate climate action—and ensure these efforts are
accompanied by digital inclusion actions targeting women and girls
● Promote efforts to use national laws, regulations and policies that provide an enabling
environment for gender mainstreaming into the project framework and to have these to trickle
down at all levels of governance

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 ● When designing climate interventions, consider how best to address the additional intersecting, marginalized
identities of women, such as disability, class, race, sexuality, ethnicity, among others
IR 2.4: Strengthen ● Legal frameworks related to disaster risk ● Support partner countries to ensure disaster planning policies and processes, relocation and resettlement
the coordination of management/reduction and policies and processes and climate action plans and processes are coherent and gender responsive
humanitarian, relocation/resettlement may not be gender ● Strengthen skills and capacity of women and women’s organizations to participate in disaster planning
development, and equitable processes and to collect, access, analyze and use gender-differentiated data to contribute to climate resilient
peacebuilding ● Legal frameworks may prevent or limit and sustainable disaster planning, engage with men to champion this work
assistance to refugee or displaced women’s abilities to build ● Strengthen capacity of women and women’s organizations to actively participate in disaster planning, relocation
address climate and expand businesses in the formal sector and resettlement processes
impacts ● Increasing health burdens from climate change ● Provide women and men with skills to provide effective, efficacious self-care and care for family members to
add to women’s time and care burdens address physical and mental health risks from climate change
● Power dynamics, social norms and ● Support women to enter and succeed in STEM, urban planning and other related fields that will contribute to
beliefs make it difficult for women to pursue climate resilient and sustainable humanitarian response efforts
adaptation-supporting activities or serve as ● Support efforts to remove barriers to women’s entrepreneurship in the formal sector, particularly for refugee
agents of positive change or displaced women
● Host communities engage with male heads of ● Support behavior change programs for displaced or disaster-impacted families and couples and awareness
households when providing (renting) land or raising campaigns for host communities to understand, address and mitigate risks for climate- and disaster-
housing and needed services, disempowering related GBV
women, limiting access to assets or ● Support partner country efforts to support gender-equitable property rental markets and service provision
resources ● Enhance women’s long-term economic and social opportunities in IDP camps and resettlement areas, engage
● Women may be at heightened risk of GBV with men to champion this work
in relocation sites or due to disaster-related ● Support women as peace builders and dispute resolvers to address conflicts related to increasingly scarce
stressors resources
● Women’s capacities as peace builders ● Conduct long-term, rigorous research and analysis of impacts of efforts to integrate humanitarian and
and dispute resolvers are overlooked development responses to climate change in fragile, conflict-affected contexts on women and girls
● Failure to recognize intersectional ● Identify, understand and assess gendered intersecting vulnerabilities and adjust programming to reflect
vulnerabilities differential needs and capacities
● Support women's health and reproductive care during conflict, displacement and/or natural disasters
● Work with the local governments to create a safe space for women and girls with immediate access to basic
amenities
● Include USAID and national government gender investments in coordination efforts

15
Activity Potential gender issues Recommendations

SP O: Doing Our Part: Strengthen operations and approaches to programming to address climate change
and further climate justice within USAID and our partner organizations.

● Increased telework to reduce emissions may ● Develop and deliver trainings to help staff negotiate equitable home and family care arrangements
increase domestic work burdens for ● Continue to provide access to mental and physical health services for staff adversely impacted changing work
women arrangements
● Increased telework may increase incidence of ● Conduct internal messaging campaigns around importance of self-care and options for employee assistance
intrapersonal conflicts with partners or ● All managers, supervisors and staff need to be made aware of the potential for “presentism” bias so that they
family members can proactively mitigate any inequities
● In the US, increased telework may impact ● Ensure employment review processes address potential for bias associated with differential in-person
child/elder care responsibilities and may raise attendance
rates of depression among primary ● Identify gaps and needed revisions to the “Climate Risk Management for USAID Project and Activities”
caregivers (evidence related to other reference document for ADS 201 to effectively integrate equity and inclusion
locations is limited) ● Consider reviewing existing Climate Risk Profiles to address gender and social inclusion issues
● Research has shown that telework may ● Ensure efforts to update and strengthen social safeguards policies robustly address and integrate intersectional
inadvertently create biases about “presentism” gender concerns, including those associated with social norms and practices
which disadvantages women 16 ● Ensure that paid parental leave, short- and long-term disability benefits are offered to all employees regardless
● Gender-responsiveness may not be robustly of hiring mechanism
integrated into USAID’s climate risk
management processes and materials
● Social safeguard policies may not sufficiently
address gender concerns

16 Ibarra, Herminia, Gillard, Julia, & Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic. “Why WFH Isn’t Necessarily Good for Women.” Harvard Business Review. July 16, 2020.

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

● (2021) “Gender and national climate planning: Gender integration in the revised Nationally Determined Contributions.” International Union for the
Conservation of Nature.
● Owren, Cate. (2021) “Understanding and addressing gender-based violence as part of the climate emergency” UN Women Expert Group Meeting.
● Kwauk, Christina (2021). “The Road to a Net Zero Economy Requires Building Girls’ Green Skills for Green Jobs.” The Brookings Institution.
● Gender and Climate Listening Session Key Takeaways. (2021) (Internal)
● Castañeda Camey, I., Sabater, L., Owren, C. and Boyer, A.E. (2020). “Gender-based violence and environment linkages: The violence of inequality.”
Wen, J. (ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 272pp.
● Cummings, Mike (2020). “Study Reveals Gender Inequality in Telecommuting.” Yale News.
● Ibarra, Herminia, Gillard, Julia and Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (2020). “Why Working from Home Isn’t Necessarily Good for Women.” Harvard Business Review.
● Ibarra, Hermenia, Julia Gillard and Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic (2020). “Why WFH Isn’t Necessarily Good for Women.” Harvard Business Review.
● TEP-A (2020). “Youth Engagement in Climate Change Action.” Sylvan Trust, Policy Brief.
● Resurrección, B.P., Bee, B.A., Dankelman, I., Park, C.M.Y., Halder, M., and McMullen, C.P. (2019).
“Gender-Transformative Climate Change Adaptation: Advancing Social Equity.” Stockholm Environment Institute.
● (2019). “NDC Partnership Gender Strategy.” Nationally Determined Contributions Partnership.
● Kato-Wallace, Jane (2019). “Men, Masculinities, and Climate Change: A Discussion Paper.” MenEngage Alliance.
● Orlando, Maria Beatriz, Vanessa Lopes Janik, Pranav Vaidya, Nicolina Angelou, Ieva Zumbyte, and Norma Adams (2018).
“Getting to Gender Equality in Energy Infrastructure: Lessons from Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution Projects.”
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Technical Report 012/18.
● (2015). “Strengthening Gender Considerations in Adaptation Planning and Implementation in the Least Developed Countries.”
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
● (2014). “Gender, Climate and Health.” World Health Organization.
● Von Hagen, Markéta and Johanna Willems (2012). “Women’s Participation in Green Growth- A Potential Fully Realised?”
The Donor Committee for Enterprise Development.
● Nellemann, C. Verma R., and Hislop, L (2011). “Women on the Frontline of Climate Change: Gender Risks and Hopes.”
United Nations Environment Programme.

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