General Chemistry I in 2024
Chapter 3. Chemical Reactions and
Reaction Stoichiometry
Prof. Sangaraju Shanmugam
Energy Science and Engineering
DGIST, Korea
This lecture note is based on the lecture presentation provided by 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation
Chapter 3
Chemical Reactions
and
Reaction Stoichiometry
James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hamden, CT
Contents
CH01 Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
CH02 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
CH03 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
3.1 Chemical Equations balancing equations, states
CH04 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity combination, decomposition, combustion
CH06
3.3 Electronic Structure of Atoms
Formula Weights formula and molecular weights
3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole molar mass, n=m/MW
CH07
3.5 Periodic Properties
Empirical Formulas fromof the Elements
Analyses
3.6 Basic
CH08 Quantitative Information
Concepts from Balanced
of Chemical Equations
Bonding
3.7 Limiting Reactants theoretical & percent yield
CH09 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
CH10 Gases
CH11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
CH12 Solids and Modern Materials
3.1
Stoichiometry
• Area of study that examines the quantities of
substances consumed and produced in chemical
reactions
• Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass
(Antoine Lavoisier, 1789)
“We may lay it down as an incontestable
axiom that, in all the operations of art
and nature, nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both before and
after the experiment. Upon this principle,
the whole art of performing chemical
experiments depends.”
—Antoine Lavoisier
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Chemical Equations
• Chemical equations are how chemists represent
chemical reactions on paper.
• Arrows separate the starting materials (on the left),
called reactants, from the ending materials (on the
right), called products.
• “+” separates multiple starting or ending materials.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Balancing Equations
• Follow the Law of Conservation of Mass, but how?
• Start with an element that is only in one reactant and product
(C below).
• Balance it by changing coefficients, NOT subscripts.
(Like in math, a “1” is not written, but it is assumed.)
• Move on to other elements, without changing coefficients that
are set, until complete, checking all elements at the end (H, then
O here; totals below).
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Why Do We Add Coefficients Instead of
Changing Subscripts to Balance?
• Hydrogen and oxygen can make water OR hydrogen peroxide
– 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
– H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(l)
• We don’t change the formula because we don’t
drink hydrogen peroxide.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Sample Exercise 3.1
p.130
Interpreting and Balancing Chemical Equations
The following diagram represents a chemical reaction in which the red spheres
are oxygen atoms and the blue spheres are nitrogen atoms. (a) Write the chemical
formulas for the reactants and products. (b) Write a balanced equation for the
reaction. (c) Is the diagram consistent with the law of conservation of mass?
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Other Symbols in Chemical Equations
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) Δ CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The states of matter for the reactants and products are
often written in parentheses to the right of each formula
or symbol.
(g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid;
Stoichiometry
(aq) = dissolved in aqueous (water) solution
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.1
Other Symbols in Chemical Equations
Δ
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Other symbols can be used to represent conditions
during the chemical reaction. One example is the use of
Δ over the reaction arrow, which means heat is needed
for the reaction to take place.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2
Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
• Types of reactions, which can be predicted
at this point
– Combination reactions → 결합반응
– Decomposition reactions → 분해반응
– Combustion reactions → 연소반응
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2
Combination Reactions
• In a combination reaction, two or more
substances react to form one product.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Combination Reaction Predictions: 3.2
Metal and Nonmetal
• You should be able to predict the product of a combination
reaction between a metal and a nonmetal, like the one below.
(Hint: Remember common charges for Groups!)
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2
Decomposition Reactions
• In a decomposition
reaction one substance
breaks down into two or
more substances.
• In the air bag, solid sodium
azide releases nitrogen gas
quickly.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Decomposition Reaction Predictions: 3.2
Heating a Metal Carbonate
• Metal carbonates decompose when heated to
give off carbon dioxide and a metal oxide.
• Balancing these equations is based on the
charge of the metal.
Δ
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2
Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions are
rapid reactions that
produce a flame.
• Combustion reactions
most often involve oxygen
in the air as a reactant.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.2
Combustion Reaction Predictions
• When burning compounds with C and H in
them, the products are CO2 and H2O.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.3
Formula Weight
• A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for
the atoms in a chemical formula.
• This is the quantitative significance of a formula.
• For an element like sodium, Na, the formula weight is
the atomic weight (23.0 amu).
• For an ionic compound, use the empirical formula.
• The formula weight of sulfuric acid, H2SO4,
would be
– 2(AW of H) + 1(AW of S) + 4(AW of O)
– 2(1.0 amu) + 32.1 amu + 4(16.0 amu)
– FW (H2SO4) = 98.1 amu Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.3
Molecular Weight
• If the substance is a molecule, the formula weight is
also called its molecular weight.
• A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights
of the atoms in a molecule.
• For glucose, which has a molecular formula of C6H12O6,
the molecular weight is
– 6(AW of C) + 12(AW of H) + 6(AW of O)
– 6(12.0 amu) + 12(1.0 amu) + 6(16.0 amu)
– MW (C6H12O6) = 180.0 amu
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.3
Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the mass of a
compound that comes from each of the elements
in the compound by using this equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
% Element = × 100
(FW of the compound)
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.3
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in glucose is:
(6)(12.0 amu)
%C =
(180.0 amu)
72.0 amu
= × 100
180.0 amu
= 40.0%
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.4
Avogadro’s Number
• In a lab, we cannot work
with individual molecules.
They are too small.
• One mole (abbreviated:
mol) is the amount of
particles found in exactly
12 g of C-12.
• 6.02 × 1023 atoms or
molecules is the number
of particles in one mole.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.4
Molar Mass
• A molar mass is the
mass of 1 mol of a
substance (i.e., g/mol).
• The molar mass of an
element is the atomic
weight for the element
from the periodic table.
If it is diatomic, it is twice
that atomic weight.
• The formula weight (in
amu) will be the same
number as the molar
Stoichiometry
mass (in g/mol).
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.4
Sample Exercise 3.7
p.137
Estimating Numbers of Atoms
Without using a calculator, arrange these samples in order of increasing
numbers of carbon atoms:
12 g 12C, 1 mol C2H2, 9 × 1023 molecules of CO2.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.4
Mole Relationships
• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains Avogadro’s
number of those particles.
• The number of atoms of an element in a mole is the
subscript in a formula (number of atoms of that element in
the formula) times Avogadro’s number. Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.4
Converting Amounts
• Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the
real-world scale.
• Using equalities, we can convert from mass to atoms or
from atoms to mass.
• How many atoms in 3 g of copper (Cu)?
• 3 g Cu x (1 mol Cu/63.5 g Cu) x
(6.02 x 1023 atoms/1 mol Cu) = 3 x 1022 atoms
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining Empirical Formulas
One can determine the empirical formula
from the percent composition by following
these three steps.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Empirical Formulas— 3.5
an Example
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%), nitrogen
(10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula
of PABA.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid and
converting to moles:
1 mol
C: 61.31 g × 12.01 g = 5.105 mol C
1 mol
H: 5.14 g × 1.01 g = 5.09 mol H
1 mol
N: 10.21 g × 14.01 g = 0.7288 mol N
1 mol
O: 23.33 g × 16.00 g = 1.456 mol O
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest
number of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 ≈ 2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining a Molecular Formula
• Remember, the number of atoms in
a molecular formula is a multiple of the
number of atoms in an empirical formula.
• If we find the empirical formula and know
a molar mass (molecular weight) for the
compound, we can find the molecular
formula.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Determining a Molecular Formula—
an Example
• The empirical formula of a compound was
found to be CH. It has a molar mass of
78 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
• Solution:
C + H = 1(12) + 1(1) = 13
Whole-number multiple = 78/13 = 6
The molecular formula is C6H6.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Combustion Analysis
• Compounds containing C, H, and O are routinely analyzed
through combustion in a chamber.
– Mass of C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.
– Mass of H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.
– Mass of O is determined by the difference of the mass of the
compound used and the total mass of C and H.
*Note: The mass of O in the compound can NOT be determined from
CO2 and H2O because oxygen is added during the combustion.Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Combustion Analysis
• Mass of C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.5
Combustion Analysis
• Mass of H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sample Exercise 3.15 Determining an p.156
3.5
Empirical Formula by Combustion Analysis
Isopropyl alcohol, sold as rubbing alcohol, is composed of C, H, and O.
Combustion of 0.255 g of isopropyl alcohol produces 0.561 g of CO2 and 0.306 g of
H2O. Determine the empirical formula of isopropyl alcohol.
Using the values given in this example, the mass of C is
Using the values given in this example, we find that the mass of H is
The mass of the sample, 0.255 g, is the sum of the masses of C, H, and O. Thus, the O mass is
Mass of O = mass of sample – (mass of C + mass of H) = 0.255 g – (0.153 g + 0.0343 g) = 0.068 g O
The number of moles of C, H, and O in the sample is therefore
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
Quantitative Information from a
Balanced Equation
• The coefficients in the balanced equation show
– Relative numbers of molecules of reactants and
products
– Relative numbers of moles of reactants and
Stoichiometry
products, which can be converted to mass
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
Stoichiometric Calculations
• We have already seen in this chapter how to convert from grams
to moles or moles to grams.
• The new calculation is how to compare two different materials,
using the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
• The mole ratio comes from the coefficients in the balanced
equation.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation
• How many grams of water can be produced
from 1.00 g of glucose?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
• There is 1.00 g of glucose to start.
• The first step is to convert it to moles.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation
• The new calculation is to convert moles of one
substance in the equation to moles of another
substance.
• The mole ratio comes from the coefficients in the
balanced equation.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation
• In the last step, moles of water is converted to
grams of water.
• This gives the answer we wanted.
• You can do each step separately OR you can
do them in one calculation, as seen above.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.6
Heat and Stoichiometry
• Heat does NOT appear in a balanced
equation.
• However, in Chapter 5 we will see how
amounts of heat are related to a balanced
equation.
• Those amounts depend on stoichiometry as
well.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.7
Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount.
– In other words, it is the reactant you will run
out of first (in this case, the H2).
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.7
Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the
excess reagent.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.7
Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is used in all stoichiometry
calculations to determine amounts of products
that are produced and amounts of any other
reactant(s) that are used in a reaction.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.7
Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the maximum amount
of product that can be made.
– In other words, it is the amount of product
possible as calculated through the stoichiometry
problem.
• This is different from the actual yield, which is
the amount one actually produces and
measures.
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.7
Percent Yield
One finds the percent yield by comparing the
amount actually obtained (actual yield) to the
amount it was possible to make (theoretical
yield):
actual yield
Percent yield = theoretical yield × 100
Stoichiometry
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
CH03. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
3.1 Chemical Equations balancing equations, states
3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
combination, decomposition, combustion
3.3 Formula Weights formula and molecular weights
3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole molar mass, n=m/MW
3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses
3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
3.7 Limiting Reactants theoretical & percent yield
