Determination of Waterbody capacity by standard survey methods

and comparison by standard survey methods and by latest satellite

technology of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

By
V.H.S Dinusha
174062

Department of Civil Engineering

IESL College of Engineering

Submitted in Accordance with the requirements for Qualification

Engineering Graduate Diploma

Engineering Graduate Diploma

 Department of Civil Engineering at IESL College of Engineering

Determination of Waterbody capacity by standard survey methods

and comparison by standard survey methods and by latest satellite
technology of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

By
V.H.S. Dinusha
174062
Department of Civil Engineering
IESL College of Engineering
No.7, Hector Kobbekaduwa Mawatha
Colombo-07.

November 2023

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements of qualification

Graduate Diploma Level

Department of Civil Engineering

IESL College of Engineering
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 03rd of December 2023

Student's Declaration;

I, Viyana Hewage Supun Dinusha hereby declare that the work entitled
"Determination of Waterbody capacity by standard survey methods and
comparison by standard survey methods and by latest satellite technology of
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)" is my original work. I have not
copied from any other student's work, or from any other sources, except where
due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor any part
has been written for me by another person.

03.12.2023
………………… ……………………..
Date Submitted Student's Signature

Supervisor's Endorsement;

I, Eng. (Dr) G.G.A Godaliyadda hereby endorses that the work "Determination of
Waterbody capacity by standard survey methods and comparison by standard
survey methods and by latest satellite technology of Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS)" was prepared by the above-named student, and was submitted
to me as a partial fulfillment of Engineering Graduate Diploma, and the
aforementioned work, to the best of my knowledge, is the said student's work.

04-12-2023
………………… ………………………………..
Date Supervisor's Signature

Supervisor’s Name: Dr.(Eng).G G A Godaliyadda

B.Sc.Eng (Hons) (UoP), M.Phil (UoP), Ph.D (Cornell, USA), C.Eng, FIE (SL), MICE (London),
ECSL (Member)

i
 ABSTRACT

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is an all-weather, space-based navigation and
positioning system. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most popular topics in
civilian applications. Normally, GPS can be used to collect the land use change information
successfully and quickly. However, GPS doesn’t work in some cases, such as in urban areas or
under trees can’t entertained huge time-consuming methods like levelling instruments or
theodolites. Then, those classical terrestrial survey methods as above mentioned, can be
replaced with GNSS system, that can be used to overcome above issues. Since the collected
land use or waterbody information using either GNSS or total station or even levelling
instruments will be entered to an existed project or land development work. Hence, the land
use change styles of the interested region could be classified into a certain number of groups
from the point view of Geographic Information System (GIS). At there GNSS data is so much
valuable and important rather compared to the other methods. In order to reduce the field
surveying works of GNSS and/or total station, as well as collect the spatial information of the
interested land use or waterbody can change region promptly and accurately, it is necessary
to design an optimized and effective field surveying procedure by means of analyzing the land
use, determine capacity of waterbody and even future environmental disasters will vary
according to the styles of survey and environmental characteristics of the demarcated region.

Based on the above-mentioned concept, a study project has been undertaken by myself on
two selected tanks at Anuradhapura Irrigation Region. After carrying out two methods of
appropriate conduct of survey to develop capacity curves and check the suitability of adopting
GNSS survey data to analyzed those tanks using two different methods of flood routing with
existing data. It resulted the Satellite data was more accurate over the capacity curve
interpolation data. In the data analysis capacity extrapolated curves which second order
polynomial equations rising up the end of the curve much more deviation relative to curve
prepared by satellite survey data. Hence the conclusion of the both tanks analysis ends
Satellite based Survey is enough to remedial improvements of the medium tank.

ii
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge my obligation to IESL College of Engineering for granting me permission
to accomplish research on "Determination of Waterbody capacity by standard survey
methods and comparison by standard survey methods and by latest satellite technology of
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)".

I am grateful and wish my sincerely thank to my supervisor Eng. (Dr) G.G.A Godaliyadda
(former Director General of Irrigation) for guiding me throughout the research project and
providing all the necessary information for carrying out this work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all the lectures of IESL College of
Engineering for providing us with quality education which enables us to conduct this project.

Finally, I express my hearty thanks to my wife, colleagues and family members for their kind
help and encouragement throughout the course of this project work.

Sincere thanks also go to Eng. L.G.A Edirisinghe Director of Irrigation (ICT & GIS), who
contributed considerably to achieve the challenge of preparing this project report and Eng. L.
Kotawilaarachchi DIE (Anuradhapura) and miss. Shanika Engineering Assistant of the scheme.
Last but not least, for those who assisted us in any way, I give my gratitude.

In addition to that, the grateful acknowledgement is made to the following organization, IESL
College ofEngineering as well as their administration and I thank them for their overall
support.
Thank you all.

V.H.S. Dinusha (174062)

Civil Engineering
IESL College of Engineering

iii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

➢ UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

➢ DEM Digital Elevation Model
➢ DTM Digital Terrain Model
➢ GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
➢ GPS Global Positioning System
➢ DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
➢ RTK Real Time Kinematic
➢ PPK Post Processing Kinematics
➢ LASER Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation
➢ TIN Triangulated Irregular Network
➢ WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984
➢ SLD99 Sri Lanka Datum 1993
➢ ID Irrigation Department
➢ USGS United States Geological Survey
➢ DEM Digital Elevation Model
➢ WGS World Geodetic System
➢ IDF Intensity Duration Frequency
➢ DDF Depth Duration Frequency
➢ UH Unit hydrograph
➢ SCS Soil Conservation Service
➢ CN Curve Number
➢ AMC Antecedent Moisture Condition
➢ FSL Full Supply Level
➢ H.F.L High Flood Level
➢ F.B Free Board
➢ B.T.L Bund Top Level
➢ Tc Time of Concentration
➢ Tp Time to peak
➢ Tb Time Base
➢ tp Lag Time
➢ Q Discharge
➢ Qp Peak Discharge
➢ A Area of Catchment
➢ Ro Accumulated Direct Runoff Depth
➢ P Accumulated Rainfall Depth
➢ Ia Initial Abstraction
➢ S Potential Maximum Retention
➢ L Length of longest Water course of the catchment

iv
➢ Lc Length from the point of interest to the point on the river
➢ C Run-off Coefficient
➢ Ct, Cp Coefficients according to the physical characteristics of the
catchment
➢ m3 Cubic meters
➢ Acft Acre Feet
➢ m3/s Cubic meters per second

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK ............................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT ................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter – 01 .............................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.1 Background information ...................................................................................................... 10
1.1.2 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 10
1.1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................................. 11
Chapter – 02 .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Literature review ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Definition of Waterbody and its capacity ............................................................................ 13
2.1.2 Standard survey methods and modern survey methods practiced in Sri Lanka (nowadays)
...................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 Total Station and Satellite augmented survey methods with elaboration of the technology
...................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.4 Adaptation of the GNSS to the standard survey methods as a common practice .............. 15
2.1.5 Methods of preparing drawings and capacity calculation ................................................... 15
Chapter - 03 ............................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Carryout the Surveys and Collecting Data .................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Survey using level instrument .............................................................................................. 17
3.1.2 Survey using Total Station.................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3 Survey Using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) .................................................... 19
3.2 GIS Database ............................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter - 04 .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.1 Data Analysis and Calculations ................................................................................................... 21
Chapter – 05 .............................................................................................................................. 81
5.1 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................ 81
5.2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 83
5.3 Further Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 83
5.4 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 84

vi
5.5 Annextures .................................................................................................................................. 85
5.5.1 Irrigation Department Hand Plotted drawing for Galkadawala Tank .................................. 85

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Galkadawala Tank Surveyed Area .......................................................................................... 17

Figure 2: Spot level map of Galkadawala tank ...................................................................................... 18
Figure 3: Database with detailed indexing ........................................................................................... 20
Figure 4: Google Earth view of a tank ................................................................................................... 20
Figure 5: Capacity curve of the Maningamuwa tank up to FSL ............................................................ 21
Figure 6: Capcity curve of the Maningamuwa tank developed with curve extrapolation ................... 22
Figure 7: Capcity curve of the Maningamuwa tank developed with curve GNSS survey data ............. 23
Figure 8: Comparison of the both curves GNSS vs Curve extrapolated data on Maningamuwa tank . 24
Figure 9: Maningamuwa tank combined survey layout plan ................................................................ 25
Figure 10: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala tank up to FSL .............................................................. 26
Figure 11: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala tank with cureve extrapolation darta ......................... 27
Figure 12: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala tank using GNSS survey data ....................................... 28
Figure 13: Comparison of the both curves GNSS vs Curve extrapolated data on Galkadawala tank ... 28
Figure 14: Galkadawala tank combined survey layout plan ................................................................. 29
Figure 15: Area Capacity cure for the Maningamuwa tank .................................................................. 30
Figure 16: Area Capacity curve for the Galkadawala tank .................................................................... 34
Figure 17: Snyder’s Inflow hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank ......................................................... 44
Figure 18: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Maningamuwa Tank ............................................. 48
Figure 19: Snyder’s Inflow hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank ......................................................... 54
Figure 20: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Maningamuwa Tank ............................................. 58
Figure 21: Snyder’s Inflow Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank ............................................................. 64
Figure 22: Inflow vs Outflow Discharge curves of the Galkadawala Tank ............................................ 68
Figure 23: Snyder’s Inflow Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank ............................................................. 74
Figure 24: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Galkadawala Tank ................................................ 78
Figure 25: Elevation Capacity Curve with Previous Surveyed data....................................................... 79
Figure 26: Elevation Capacity Curves comparison with Previous Surveyed data curve ....................... 80
Figure 27: Previous tank bed contour plan for Improvements to Galkadawala tank........................... 85
Figure 28: Area Capacity table for the Galkadawala tank (existing one) .............................................. 86
Figure 29: Important features and previous proposals of improvements of Galkadawala tank .......... 87

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Maningamuwa tank elevation capacity table ......................................................................... 21

Table 2: Elevation capacity table of Maningamuwa tank with curve extrapolation data .................... 22
Table 3: Galkadawala tank Elevation capacity table ............................................................................. 26
Table 4: Elevation capacity table of Galkadawala tank with curve extrapolation data ........................ 27
Table 5: Elevation Capacity Table for the Maningamuwa tank ............................................................ 30
Table 6: Inflow and outflow table for the Maningamuwa tank as per the curve extrapolated values 32
Table 7: Inflow and outflow table for the Maningamuwa tank as per the GNSS Surveyed Values...... 33
Table 8: Elevation Capacity Table for the Galkadawala tank ................................................................ 34
Table 9: Inflow and outflow table for the Galkadawala tank as per the GNSS surveyed values .......... 37
Table 10: Inflow and outflow table for the Galkadawala tank as per the curve interpolated values .. 38
Table 11: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank .................................. 40
Table 12: Flood Hydrograph Development For Maningamuwa Tank – Modified Pull’s Method ......... 41
Table 13: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method ........................ 44
Table 14: Elevation vs Discharge ........................................................................................................... 46
Table 15: Inflow vs Outflow .................................................................................................................. 47
Table 16: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank .................................. 50
Table 17: Flood Hydrograph Development For Maningamuwa Tank – Modified Pull’s Method ......... 51
Table 18: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method ......................... 54
Table 19: Elevation vs Discharge of Maningamuwa tank ..................................................................... 56
Table 20: Inflow vs Outflow of Maningamuwa tank ............................................................................. 57
Table 21: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank...................................... 60
Table 22: Flood Hydrograph Development for Galkadawala Tank – Modified Pull’s Method ............. 61
Table 23: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method ........................ 64
Table 24: Elevation vs Discharge Maningamuwa tank ......................................................................... 66
Table 25: Inflow vs Outflow of Maningamuwa tank ............................................................................. 67
Table 26: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank...................................... 70
Table 27: Flood Hydrograph Development For Galkadawala Tank – Modified Pull’s Method ............ 71
Table 28: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method ........................ 74
Table 29: Elevation vs Discharge Maningamuwa tank ......................................................................... 76
Table 30: Inflow vs Outflow Maningamuwa tank ................................................................................. 77
Table 31: Elevation capacity table of previously surveyed values ........................................................ 79
Table 32: Eqn Y = 0.1392X2-26.426X+1254.3 vs Y = 0.1213X2-22.993X+1089.6 ................................... 80
Table 33: Eqn Y = 0.1239X2-23.467X+1111.5 vs Y = 0.1213X2-22.993X+1089.6 ................................... 80

ix
 Chapter – 01
1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Background information

Sri Lanka has three Argo Ecological Zones according to the rain delivered annually including
two monsoonal rains on same year. In dry zone area such a little amount of water can be kept
which released from rain and excess would be flowing out to the sea. So, there is a necessity
to store the water for two seasonal cultivations and needs of mankind. Above mentioned
small water quantity is utilizing every kind of needs scarcity from water. Hence fast and
reliable media for represent the water quantity in a waterbody has arises. There are various
opinions on the suitability of the above guidelines at present as the Earth’s surface conditions
have changed due to the prevailing climate change and urbanization, mostly in Village tank
design, Rational method was used for flood estimation and methods such as Snyder’s Method
were also used to little larger tanks such as medium to major reservoirs. Apart from these
methods many of the Village tank rehabilitation projects. The latest community-based
Navigation Satellite systems are quite good for the quick and accurate topographical survey
purposes, which is less time consuming and less expensive for surveying but the initial cost
for purchase these equipment’s.

1.1.2 Problem Statement

In Sri Lanka there are many minor and medium tanks currently under active operation have
not well defined their High Flood Level, Bund Top Level and further, Full Supply Levels to cater
for recent inflows due to climate change. Some medium and minor tanks could be found
requiring further immediate physical improvements due to above mentioned situation. These
tanks need to take up for immediate rehabilitation depending on the availability of funds from
time to time. It has been observed that most of these tanks are having area-capacity curves
only up to Full Supply Level (FSL). For determination required spillway and it design afflux for
a give return period flood, flood routing has to be carried out using missing data. In such
situation unavailability of area capacity curve above FSL will delay the design process and
hence project implementation. On such situations it needs to find out quick and accurate
methods for determination of area capacity curve above FSL in the absence of such data.
The empirical methods of interpolation of existing data leads to in accuracies in the design,
and carrying out field surveys to establish such data are time consuming depending on the
urgency of the project implementation. As such there is need to develop more accurate and
fast techniques to establish such data. The GPS based satellite systems can used for surveying,
developing and cross-checking purpose of previously carried out analysis on irrigation tanks.
Also, the application field of GPS has been increased and expected to be more accurate with
the geodetic reference system in World Geodetic System.

10
1.1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this research study is to overcome the problems stated in
implementation of tank improvements programme in a short period of time by developing
survey technique for establishing data for tank design. The sub objectives of the study are;
1. Select two medium tanks of Anuradhapura Irrigation Region for the study
2. Carryout field survey above selected tanks to establish area capacity curves up to FSL using
total station or use the existing curve
3. Carryout GNSS survey to establish area -capacity curve at regular intervals above FSL up
to BTL
4. Develop area- capacity curve by extrapolating data above FSL using information gathered
from objective 2.
5. Compare area- capacity curve data developed by extrapolating existing data with data
obtained by GNSS survey method.
6. Validate the results using available existing data above FSL for both methods and select
suitable procedure by detail analysis
7. Use the data developed by two methods for flood routing for further validation.

11
 Chapter – 02

2.1 Literature review

This chapter describes about the distinguishes about the usages and outcomes of standard
survey instruments and satellite based survey instruments. Also, the influence of accuracy
and reliability of satellite based survey systems into various survey criteria's like bathymetry,
hydrographic, topographic terrestrial features and geotechnical are very impressive. This
review has included the GPS survey which was tested under the challenging environment
conditions for two medium tanks on Irrigation Department and results obtained through
analyzing them.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are hereby presented as a rapid method for
monitoring spatial changes to support environmental monitoring and decision making to
meet the future necessities. To validate the GNSS-based method, a comparison is made of
results from a small-scale topographic survey using radio-based real-time kinematic GNSS
(GNSS-RTK) and total station survey methods at Jack Finnery Lake, Perth, Australia. The
accuracies achieved by the total station in this study were 2 cm horizontally and 6 cm
vertically, while the GNSS-RTK also achieved an accuracy of 2 cm horizontally, but only 28 cm
vertically. While the GNSS-RTK measurements were less accurate in the height component
compared to those from the total station method, it is still capable of achieving accuracies
sufficient for a topographic map at a scale of 1:1,750 that could support environmental
monitoring tasks such as identifying spatial changes in small water bodies or wetlands. 1 The
time consumed to perform the survey using GNSS-RTK, was much shorter compared to the
total station method, thereby making it quite suitable for monitoring spatial changes within
an environmental context and as example the dynamic mining activities that require rapid
surveys and the updating of the monitored data at regular intervals.

the U. S. Navy's Fleet Survey Team (FST), and the National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) conducted hydrographic surveys for nautical charting in accordance
with International Hydrographic Organization (S-44) standards. To meet these standards,
current practice requires shore stations for differential GPS control and local water level
determination. A real-time DGPS system, in which corrections are delivered by satellite,
presents an opportunity to greatly simplify hydrographic operations by minimizing or
eliminating shore stations. The three dimensional accuracy of DGPS is demonstrated from
static observations. The vertical accuracy of GDGPS positioning for hydrographic surveying is
compared to that obtained from simultaneously acquired real-time kinematic (RTK)
positioning. The accuracy of traditional hydrographic sounding reduction techniques, using
water level corrections and measured heave, is also presented. The accuracy of GDGPS
vertical positioning is observed to be adequate for IHO Order 1 hydrographic surveying.2 The
coordinates including depth measurements obtained at the times when reference shore
stations (CORS) bring us the information to meet a such accuracy and precision.

Through the Comprehensive Study on Flood Routing with Limited Topographical Data in
Designing of Spillways for Minor and Medium Tanks with Small Catchments - Case Study from
Trincomalee District has investigated and concluded that limited topographical data

12
combined with Satellite data was enough to carryout the flood routing and spill designing.
The google earth pro and other map making software platforms increase their accuracy and
precision of positioning along with elevations in global earth surface. The more precise
analysis of flood study is not a really free for end users, because much pixelate data will be
given for subscribed and valid licensed users unless they were used for education purposes.
As such examples Esri and Autodesk platforms are not for the use of commercial without
having valid licenses.

2.1.1 Definition of Waterbody and its capacity

A body of water or waterbody (often spelled water body) is any significant accumulation of
water, generally on a planet's surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes,
but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles.

2.1.2 Standard survey methods and modern survey methods practiced in Sri Lanka
(nowadays)

The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite, measuring tape,
total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto a tripod
when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D
scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.

The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate circles,
protractors, or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope
mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section
rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope
makes against the vertical, known as the zenith angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and
lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known
direction (bearing) and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to
measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is
wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle
between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.

The Gyro theodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the
absence of reference marks. It is used in underground applications.

The level instrument is the basic one which used to measure a level relative to one elevation
point. The staff reding of the staff is vary from 0.005m to 5m, within that range for reducing
an elevation for so much different it needs to set the instrument so many times. The
maximum binocular distance may be limited to 400m approximately in medium sin light,
because due high sun light on noon the visible sight may be refracted with increasing the
distance.

13
2.1.3 Total Station and Satellite augmented survey methods with elaboration of the
technology

The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement
device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since
their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic
devices.[9]

Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light
pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic and can even e-mail point data
to a remote computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning
System. Real Time Kinematic GPS systems have significantly increased the speed of surveying,
and they are now horizontally accurate to within 1 cm ± 1 ppm in real-time, while vertically it
is currently about half of that to within 2 cm ± 2 ppm.[10]

GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS
uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time
lets the receiver compare measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites
orbit also provide the measurement network with well-conditioned geometry. This produces
an accurate baseline that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and
one roving antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and
atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed
for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link that allows the static antenna to send
corrections to the roving antenna. The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the
GPS signals it is receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller distances
than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further away from the base reduce
accuracy.

Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses.
Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world
countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap
instrument. Total stations are workhorses for many professional surveyors because they are
versatile and reliable in all conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large
scale surveys makes them popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-
person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim
the telescope or record data. A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a
helicopter, using a GPS to record the location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure
the ground. To increase precision, surveyors place beacons on the ground (about 20 km (12
mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).[11]

Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons
used for sighting purposes; PPE; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for
finding survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various
surfaces and structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.

14
2.1.4 Adaptation of the GNSS to the standard survey methods as a common practice

While these were good advancements, for me the biggest improvement was the introduction
of GPS into surveying, followed by the advancement to real-time network capability. Now,
coupled with modern communication methods of radio or cellular transmission to permanent
base stations, the GNSS rover has become one of the most valuable tools in the surveyor's
toolbox.

To understand the importance of GNSS technology and its use by the surveying community,
first take a look at the history of the profession and method/devices used for measuring. Land
surveyors have been measuring boundaries of parcels for centuries, dating back to Egyptian
times and workers known as "rope stretchers." Their use of rope with knots tied at specific
intervals was the measuring stick of the time period.

As centuries passed and measuring units were developed, surveyors used these dimensional
tools for measuring and describing land parcels. By the time the early settlers of America
began traveling westward, surveyors were using a 66-foot-long Gunter's chain made with 100
links, each almost eight inches long. Over time the links would stretch until the surveyor's
measurements were not accurate for land surveys.

2.1.5 Methods of preparing drawings and capacity calculation

A plot plan is a type of architectural drawing that shows a piece of property and all the
essential structures and features. There are several features included on a plot plan, which
includes all the buildings, decks, porches, sheds, pools, and other landscape features, as well
as the boundaries of the property.

They can often be used as part of a zoning application, which must be submitted to the
relevant permitting agencies when making an application. They can be drawn by homeowners
themselves but are usually completed by architects, surveyors, or engineers, depending on
the context.

If you're looking to identify the existing structure and man-made features, a plot plan is an
excellent option that makes the most sense. These are ideal solutions to ensure that the site
plan will meet the guidelines of the development codes, and to demonstrate that to the
relevant authorities.

On the other hand, land surveys are more focused on the accurate and precise display of the
land's dimensions and where the boundaries lie. So, if that's the factor that matters the most
to you for whatever reason, it might make the most sense to choose a land survey.

Some essential instructions need to be followed if you want to draw your own plot plan

• Obtain accurate measures of the property using a measuring wheel.

15
• Markdown the measurements and repeat the process with all the structures on the
property.
• Use the measurements to draw an outline to scale on graph paper.
• Ensure you show the scale used on the map.
• Show existing buildings on the map, as well as the changes that you're proposing to
make.
• Show the orientation of the property with a directional arrow or compass.
• Show the square footage of the property and the overall project.

AutoCAD is a very basic and most commonly popular software that used in the computer
aided drawings and plotting. If we have a simple computer or laptop, we can prepare drawings
as necessarily. The specialty when comparing with other drawing software’s, this is enables
us to scale the drawing, rotate, set a desired printer and add annotations and symbols in both
model drawing and layout drawing. So AutoCAD is very simply and useful when dealing with
modern survey instruments also. The AutoCAD Civil 3D is the advanced version of the
AutoCAD , it has the capable of working with several instruments directly and, it can be input
the different data in raw formats. AutoCAD Civil 3D offers a unique solution for Land
Surveyors and Civil Engineers to work in a single software environment to complete land
development projects. In this course, Introduction to Surveying: Field to Finish in AutoCAD
Civil 3D, you will learn the basics of how the field measurement data is taken from the
surveyor's instruments and processed into a dynamic Civil 3D model. First, you'll learn about
survey objects and databases. Next, you will explore the portions of the Civil 3D user interface
that are specific to Survey workflows, and dig into the Survey Settings. Finally, you will learn
how to use Description Keys to control the look of points and their layers based on their Raw
Description codes. When you're finished with this AutoCAD course, you'll not only have a
strong understanding of AutoCAD Civil 3D, but you'll also be able to apply this knowledge and
experience when surveying in your career. Software required: AutoCAD Civil 3D 2016, 2017.

16
 Chapter - 03

3.1 Carryout the Surveys and Collecting Data

The survey has done using three instruments, levelling, total station and GNSS instrument.
So, the data collected by all three methods are tabulated accordingly, the level instrument
data was written on a standard level book and reduces as per the TBM levels, other two data
sets prepared through a excel data sheet with communicating those devices. The introduction
of carryout each survey explained in below and tabulated and written datasets append
herewith.

3.1.1 Survey using level instrument

As per the instructions given by technical guideline hand book of Irrigation Department (page
annexed), select the baseline along the tank bund and sub grid lines arrange perpendicular to
baseline at 25m intervals. Some of the sub baselines are arrange approximately perpendicular
to the baseline. Also, very few amount of sub baselines arrange perpendicular to the corner
sub baselines.

Figure 1: Galkadawala Tank Surveyed Area

17
3.1.2 Survey using Total Station

Total station is used to carry out the large ground area survey and hydrographic surveys. This
instrument is very quick comparable to earlier discussed instrument.

At the beginning of total station survey, we should suggest a coordinate system, first place
and the direction we are continue the survey. Not like the earlier method this instrument
survey is carryout using coordinate system, this is essential and even can be identified if
something happen wrong or misconducted. Usually, this instrument uses arbitrary coordinate
system limited to 10,000 value and with three decimal places. Because the accuracy of the
instrument is 1” (seconds) to 5” (seconds) in angles and 0.001m in length or distances.

Figure 2: Spot level map of Galkadawala tank

18
3.1.3 Survey Using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Same as total station this set of instrument needs a coordinate system, but this time it will be
a world or national defined coordinate system. This instrument has the functionality to select
the coordinate system and carryout the survey. Comparing to the earlier GPS based survey
systems these GNSS survey kits have higher horizontal and vertical accuracy. Due to that
profitability and less time consuming when surveying GNSS were widely used in surveying
industry. After getting into touch with reference spill level and bund top level the survey was
carried out in between. After match them using Arc GIS software (coordinate transformation)
the AutoCAD Civil 3D software used to develop the respective contours.

3.2 GIS Database

Land on the sphere where we perform almost all our day-to-day life activities and
development tasks ranging from individual to national or even to international level. Such
development activities heavily damage the earth resources mainly soil, water, forest and
affect other environmental phenomena like bio diversity, air temperature and ozone layer
too. As such the development and protection of earth resources is likely to become a
controversial issue. For managing and protecting earth resources including the environmental
aspects, every country requires administration of land- man interaction such as use of land
and development taken place on land etc., with well-defined national policies. Further aspects
of Land man relationship such as land tenure systems, rights and responsibilities, and
management of all kinds of land related information, especially waterbodies with its spatial
embedment are of vital important as the basic infrastructure for managing land resources in
every society in the modern world, if a sustainable development is desired.

Every resource, activity, development or process on our environment has to be managed

properly for the sustainability and achieve our goals. As the land is the only sphere where all
our wealth and resources are generated; it should be managed with utmost attention and
care. Therefore, the importance of the management of land is a vital issue in every country in
the world. Let us see what the land management is from the expert’s point of view in this
context.

Data extracted from GNSS Surveys, Orthoimages, Google or maps in Arc GIS as per the Data
production manuals given by the project and to the geodatabase structure shown below.
Mainly the Buildings, Transport, Hydro, topography and Land Use features are extracted.
Also, other administrative boundaries, Topography and utilities feature are automatically
processed and prepare the database, finally produce maps 1:50,000 coverages or 1:10,000
indexed maps set with available digital data.

The Extracted data are undergone every time to a quality check. The quality check involves
visual checking of Geometry and attributes of each and every feature classes, Non-
intersection of Transport, Hydro and Building feature classes and Topology. The produced
Geodatabased is then to be uploaded into the Geodatabase in ArcGIS servers in the Internet
for public or restricted use.

19
 Figure 3: Database with detailed indexing

Upon successful data collection can be produced feature map with consisting all the data
layers. In every time all the separate data layers will indicate every kind of data publishing,
not only the selected format even simple PDF files also consisted those included data
separately on layers. On below showing a map produced using GIS data with comparing to
the Ortho (Satellite) Image captured by Google map (images are not in same scale).

Figure 4: Google Earth view of a tank

In map updating, change detection from satellite images and some of Land Uses were not
updated as those to be ascertained in the field and it will be more improved especially for
land Use/Land cover if we attend field checks. The geometric accuracy, which can be achieved
for locating topographic object, is controlled by the accuracy of the geometric rectification of
the images and the accuracy and precision of the instrument used to survey.

20
 Chapter - 04
4.1 Data Analysis and Calculations

Comparison of Tables and Graphs to distinguish the GNSS Survey and Capacity Extrapolation
methods data the medium tanks on Irrigation Department

1.1 Maningamuwa Tank

Below Table 01 and figure 05 showing the Capacity curve developed by interpreting the Total
Station Survey data using average end area method to develop this curve up to FSL

Table 1: Maningamuwa tank elevation capacity table

Contour Area Mean Area Depth Capacity Cumulative

Elevation (m) (ha) (ha) (m) (MCM) Capacity (MCM)
RL
95.50 0.46 0.23 0.50 0.00 0.00
96.00 4.95 2.70 0.50 0.01 0.01
96.50 14.55 9.75 0.50 0.05 0.06
97.00 19.60 17.08 0.50 0.09 0.15
97.50 26.96 23.28 0.50 0.12 0.26
98.00 33.88 30.42 0.50 0.15 0.42
98.50 41.81 37.84 0.50 0.19 0.61
99.00 46.62 44.21 0.50 0.22 0.83

Elevation Capacity Curve up to FSL

0.9

0.8
y = 0.0693x2 - 13.24x + 632.5
0.7
Capacity (mcm)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5
Elevation (m) in RL

Figure 5: Capacity curve of the Maningamuwa tank up to FSL

21
The equation of the curve is Y = 0.0693X2 – 13.24X + 632.5
The above equation is used to obtain the extrapolated values for develop the Capacity curve
from Spill level to Bund top level. The Extrapolated Table values and GNSS surveyed data
values are appeared on the Table 02 in Blue color circles and Red color squares respectively.

Table 2: Elevation capacity table of Maningamuwa tank with curve extrapolation data

Contour Area Mean Area Depth Capacity Cumulative Extrapolated

Elevation (ha) (ha) (m) (MCM) Capacity Capacity
(m) RL (MCM) (MCM)
95.50 0.46 0.23 0.50 0.00 0.00
96.00 4.95 2.70 0.50 0.01 0.01
96.50 14.55 9.75 0.50 0.05 0.06
97.00 19.60 17.08 0.50 0.09 0.15
97.50 26.96 23.28 0.50 0.12 0.26
98.00 33.88 30.42 0.50 0.15 0.42
98.50 41.81 37.84 0.50 0.19 0.61
99.00 46.62 44.21 0.50 0.22 0.83
99.50 50.06 48.34 0.50 0.24 1.07 1.21
100.00 52.87 51.47 0.50 0.26 1.33 1.50
100.50 55.74 54.31 0.50 0.27 1.60 1.83

Below Graph is shown the Capacity curve as per the extrapolation using the above equation
from elevation 99.0m spill level to 100.5m bund top level

Capacity Curve as per the Extrapolation

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Capacity (mcm)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5 100.0 100.5 101.0

Elevation (m) in RL

Figure 6: Capcity curve of the Maningamuwa tank developed with curve extrapolation

22
This is the graph developed by combining the Total Station survey data with the GNSS data to
determine the Capacities up to bund top level (up to 99.0m Total station data and above up
to 100.5m was obtained from Satellite data).

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4
Capacity (mcm)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5 100.0 100.5 101.0
Elevation (m) RL

Figure 7: Capcity curve of the Maningamuwa tank developed with curve GNSS survey
data

23
Comparison of the Capacity curves on both methods to check the variation at Bund Top
Level

Capacity Curves Overlapping

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4
Capacity (mcm)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5 100.0 100.5 101.0

Elevation (m) RL

Figure 8: Comparison of the both curves GNSS vs Curve extrapolated data

on Maningamuwa tank

The difference from each curve at BTL is 0.2mcm (186 acft) which is 14% of the total capacity
of the tank up to Bund top level

24
Figure 9: Maningamuwa tank combined survey layout plan

25
1.2 Galkadawala Tank
Below Table 03 and Graph 05 showing the Capacity curve developed by interpreting the Total
Station Survey data using average end area method to develop this curve up to FSL

Table 3: Galkadawala tank Elevation capacity table

Contour Area (ha) Mean Area Depth (m) Capacity Cumulative

Elevation (ha) (MCM) Capacity (MCM)
(m) RL
94.50 0.39 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
95.00 2.67 1.53 0.50 0.01 0.01
95.50 13.86 8.27 0.50 0.04 0.05
96.00 25.63 19.74 0.50 0.10 0.15
96.50 43.90 34.76 0.50 0.17 0.32
97.00 57.92 50.91 0.50 0.25 0.58
97.50 72.10 65.01 0.50 0.33 0.90
98.00 88.32 80.21 0.50 0.40 1.30
98.50 98.77 93.55 0.50 0.47 1.77
99.00 107.88 103.33 0.50 0.52 2.29

Elevation Capacity Curve up to FSL

2.5
y = 0.1392x2 - 26.428x + 1254.4
2.0
Capacity (mcm)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 100
Elevation (m) in RL

Figure 10: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala tank up to FSL

26
The equation of the curve is Y = 0.1392X2 – 26.428X + 1254.4
The above equation is used to obtain the extrapolated values for develop the Capacity curve
from Spill level to Bund top level. The Extrapolated Table values and GNSS surveyed data
values are appeared on the Table 02 in Blue color and Red color respectively.

Table 4: Elevation capacity table of Galkadawala tank with curve extrapolation data

Contour Area Mean Depth Capacity Cumulative Interpolated

Elevation (ha) Area (ha) (m) (MCM) Capacity Capacity
(m) RL (MCM) (MCM)
94.50 0.39 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
95.00 2.67 1.53 0.50 0.01 0.01
95.50 13.86 8.27 0.50 0.04 0.05
96.00 25.63 19.74 0.50 0.10 0.15
96.50 43.90 34.76 0.50 0.17 0.32
97.00 57.92 50.91 0.50 0.25 0.58
97.50 72.10 65.01 0.50 0.33 0.90
98.00 88.32 80.21 0.50 0.40 1.30
98.50 98.77 93.55 0.50 0.47 1.77
99.00 107.88 103.33 0.50 0.52 2.29
99.50 115.34 111.61 0.50 0.56 2.84 2.92
100.00 123.90 119.62 0.50 0.60 3.44 3.50
100.50 132.19 128.04 0.50 0.64 4.08 4.34

Below Graph is shown the Capacity curve as per the extrapolation using the above equation
from elevation 99.0m spill level to 100.5m bund top level

Elevation Capacity Curve with Interpolated Values

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0
Capacity (mcm)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
Elevation (m) RL

Figure 11: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala

Graph 06 tank with cureve extrapolation darta

27
This is the graph developed by combining the Total Station survey data with the GNSS data to
determine the Capacities up to bund top level (up to 99.0m Total station data and above up
to 100.5m was obtained from Satellite data).

Elevation Capacity Curve as per the GNSS Survey

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00
Capacity (mcm)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
94.00 95.00 96.00 97.00 98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00

Elev ation (m) RL

Figure 12: Capacity curve of the Galkadawala tank using GNSS survey data

Comparison of the Capacity curves on both methods to check the variation at Bund Top
Level

Elevation Capacity Curves Overlapping

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Capacity (mcm)

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101

Elevation (m) RL

Figure 13: Comparison of the bothGraph

curves
08GNSS vs Curve extrapolated data
on Galkadawala tank

28
The difference from each curves at BTL is 0.26mcm (210 acft) which is 6% of the total capacity
of the tank up to Bund top level

Figure 14: Galkadawala tank combined survey layout plan

29
1.1 Development of Area Capacity Table and Curve for Flood Estimation and Analysis for the
Determination of the Spill length by Rational Method

1.1.1 Maningamuwa Tank

Table 5: Elevation Capacity Table for the Maningamuwa tank

Contour Area (ha) Mean Area Depth Capacity Cumulative

Elevation (ha) (m) (MCM) Capacity
(m) RL (MCM)
95.50 0.46 0.23 0.50 0.00 0.00
96.00 4.95 2.70 0.50 0.01 0.01
96.50 14.55 9.75 0.50 0.05 0.06
97.00 19.60 17.08 0.50 0.09 0.15
97.50 26.96 23.28 0.50 0.12 0.26
98.00 33.88 30.42 0.50 0.15 0.42
98.50 41.81 37.84 0.50 0.19 0.61
99.00 46.62 44.21 0.50 0.22 0.83
99.50 50.06 48.34 0.50 0.24 1.07
100.00 52.87 51.47 0.50 0.26 1.33
100.50 55.74 54.31 0.50 0.27 1.60

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
Capacity (mcm)

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 98.5 99.0 99.5 100.0 100.5 101.0
Elevation (m) in RL

Figure 15: Area Capacity cure for the Maningamuwa tank

30
Calculations of Spilling Length
Active storage = 928.00 x1000m3 751.68 acft
Detention at HFL = 451.90 x1000m3 366.04 acft
Detention at BTL = 897.90 x1000m3 727.30 acft

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 6.70 km. 4.163 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.50 km. 0.932 miles
Assumed Afflux = 1.03 m. 3.378 ft
Gross Catchment area = 1295 ha. 3198.376 acres

Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves have been developed for 6 hydrological Zones

in Sri Lanka by the Irrigation Department. It is seen that the intensity curves approximate to
straight lines on Log paper in which the curves are plotted. Hence, these curves could be given
in the form of the following equation:

I = X * D-Y

Where;
I is the intensity of rain inches per hour

D is the Duration in minutes

X & Y are constants for each curve

"Design of Irrigation Headwork for Small Catchments" published by Director of Irrigation Eng.
A.J.P.Ponrajah, in Irrigation Department 1982, it gives the values of X & Y for each Zone and
Return Period when I is in inches per hour and D is in minutes.

The Region for the selected Tank (Maningamuwa) is located in Zone 2

Hence, for a Return Period of 50 years;

X = 176.74

31
 Y = 0.863
I = 1.46 inches/hour
Run-off Coefficient
Catchment slope 1.0 % < 2

Run-off Coeficient and Average Velocity are obtained from the Tables 4.2.4, 4.2.6 respectively from
the booklet "Design of Irrigation Headworks for Small Catchments" published by Eng.A.J.P.Ponrajah,
Irrigation Department.
Hence,

Run-off Coeficient C = 0.3

Average Velocity = 1.5 ft/sec

Concentration Time (Tc)

If the longest water course is L feet and the velocity is V ft/sec, the Time of Concentration Tc is given
by:
Tc = L/(V*60) + 15 minutes
= 259.24 minutes
= 4.32 hrs
Calculation of Flood
Rational formula gives
Q = C*I*A
Q = 1401 cusec 39.67 cumec

Table 6: Inflow and outflow table for the Maningamuwa tank as per the curve extrapolated values

C = 0.3 C = 0.6
D - hrs I - in/hr Qi Qo Ds Qi Qo Ds(hrs)
4.32 1.46 1401 375 32.3 2802 764 31.7
5 1.29 1235 374 33.0 2470 760 32.5
10 0.71 679 329 41.2 1358 667 40.7
15.0 0.50 478 284 50.5 957 574 50.0
16.0 0.47 453 277 52.4 905 559 51.8
17.0 0.45 430 269 54.2 859 544 53.7
18.0 0.43 409 262 56.1 818 530 55.6
19.0 0.41 390 256 58.0 780 516 57.4
15.0 0.50 478 284 50.5 957 574 50.0

32
Above table shows that the inflow is maximum when the rain duration is equal to
concentration time

Afflux = 0.60 m 2 ft
BTL to FSL = 1.50 m 4.92 ft

Assume Natural spillway (Existing Natural Spill Length - 59 m)

Spill length required = 48.49 ft (14.78 m)

Spill Length required if inflow is doubled = 24.99 ft (7.62 m)

Table 7: Inflow and outflow table for the Maningamuwa tank as per the GNSS Surveyed
Values
C = 0.3 C = 0.6

D - hrs I - in/hr Qi Qo Ds Qi Qo Ds(hrs)

4.32 1.46 1401 734 16.5 2802 1286 18.8
5 1.29 1235 706 17.5 2470 1244 19.8
10 0.71 679 546 24.9 1358 982 27.7
15.0 0.50 478 445 32.3 957 808 35.5
16.0 0.47 453 429 33.8 905 781 37.1
17.0 0.45 430 415 35.2 859 755 38.7
18.0 0.43 409 401 36.7 818 732 40.2
19.0 0.41 390 389 38.2 780 710 41.8
15.0 0.50 478 445 32.3 957 808 35.5

Above table shows that the inflow is maximum when the rain duration is equal to
concentration time

Afflux = 0.60 m 2 ft
BTL to FSL = 1.50 m 4.92 ft

Assume Natural spillway (Existing Natural Spill Length - 59 m)

Spill length required = 94.91 ft (28.94 m)

Spill Length required if inflow is doubled = 42.07 ft (12.83 m)

33
1.1.2 Galkadawala Tank

Table 8: Elevation Capacity Table for the Galkadawala tank

Contour Area (ha) Mean Area Depth Capacity Cumulative

Elevation (ha) (m) (MCM) Capacity
(m) RL (MCM)
94.50 0.39 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
95.00 2.67 1.53 0.50 0.01 0.01
95.50 13.86 8.27 0.50 0.04 0.05
96.00 25.63 19.74 0.50 0.10 0.15
96.50 43.90 34.76 0.50 0.17 0.32
97.00 57.92 50.91 0.50 0.25 0.58
97.50 72.10 65.01 0.50 0.33 0.90
98.00 88.32 80.21 0.50 0.40 1.30
98.50 98.77 93.55 0.50 0.47 1.77
99.00 107.88 103.33 0.50 0.52 2.29
99.50 115.34 111.61 0.50 0.56 2.84
100.00 123.90 119.62 0.50 0.60 3.44
100.50 132.19 128.04 0.50 0.64 4.08

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00
Capacity (mcm)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
94.00 95.00 96.00 97.00 98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00

Elev ation (m) RL

Figure 16: Elevation Capacity curve for the Galkadawala tank

34
Calculations of Spilling Length
Active storage = 2278.95 x1000m3 1845.95 acft
Detention at HFL = 443.90 x1000m3 359.56 acft
Detention at BTL = 1796.40 x1000m3 1455.09 acft

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 5.15 km. 3.2 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.62 km. 1.0 miles
Assumed Afflux = 0.4 m. 1.312 ft
Gross Catchment area = 797.7 ha. 1970.151 acres

Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves have been developed for 6 hydrological Zones in Sri
Lanka by the Irrigation Department. It is seen that the intensity curves approximate to straight lines
on Log paper in which the curves are plotted. Hence, these curves could be given in the form of the
following equation:

I = X * D-Y

Where;
I is the intensity of rain inches per hour
D is the Duration in minutes
X & Y are constants for each curve

"Design of Irrigation Headwork for Small Catchments" published by Director of Irrigation Eng.
A.J.P.Ponrajah, in Irrigation Department 1982, it gives the values of X & Y for each Zone and Return
Period when I is in inches per hour and D is in minutes.

The Region for the selected Tank (Galkadawala) is located in Zone 2

Hence, for a Return Period of 50 years;

X = 176.74
Y = 0.863
I = 1.80 inches/hour

35
Run-off Coefficient
Catchment slope 1.0 % < 2

Run-off Coeficient and Average Velocity are obtained from the Tables 4.2.4, 4.2.6 respectively
from the booklet "Design of Irrigation Headworks for Small Catchments" published by
Eng.A.J.P.Ponrajah, Irrigation Department.

Hence,

Run-off Coeficient C = 0.3

But Water spread area > 10% of catchment area (0.4 sq miles > 0.32 sq miles), then “C" is
taken as follows

C = (((A-S)*S)+S*1) / A
= (((3.2-0.4)*0.3)+0.3*1)/3.3
= 0.356

Average Velocity = 1.5 ft/sec

Concentration Time (Tc)

If the longest water course is L feet and the velocity is V ft/sec, the Time of Concentration Tc
is given by:
Tc = L/(V*60) + 15 minutes
= 202.73 minutes
= 3.38 hrs

Calculation of Flood
Rational formula gives
Q = C*I*A
Q = 1266 cusec 35.85 cumec

36
 Table 9: Inflow and outflow table for the Galkadawala tank as per the GNSS surveyed
values

C = 0.356 C = 0.7125
D - hrs I - in/hr Qi Qo Ds Qi Qo Ds(hrs)
3.38 1.80 1266 -22 -382.4 2532 -2682 -6.4
3.5 1.75 1228 -16 -538.5 2456 -2622 -6.6
4 1.56 1094 7 1321.5 2189 -2402 -7.3
5.0 1.29 903 38 235.9 1805 -2050 -8.8
6.0 1.10 771 59 158.1 1543 -1783 -10.4
8.0 0.86 602 81 118.9 1203 -1404 -13.7
10.0 0.71 496 91 108.9 993 -1150 -17.3
12.0 0.60 424 96 106.4 848 -967 -21.0
15.0 0.50 350 97 107.9 700 -775 -27.1
20.0 0.39 273 94 115.5 546 -573 -38.1
24.0 0.33 233 91 123.3 466 -469 -47.7

Above table shows that the inflow is maximum when the rain duration is equal to
concentration time

Afflux = 0.40 m 1.64 ft

BTL to FSL = 1.50 m 4.92 ft

Assume Natural spillway (Existing Natural Spill Length - 30 m)

Spill length required = 23.04 ft (7.03 m)

Check Condition is ok when the afflux is doubled the spill length is enough to accommodate
the maximum afflux

37
Table 10: Inflow and outflow table for the Galkadawala tank as per the curve interpolated
values

D - hrs I - in/hr Qi Qo Ds Qi Qo Ds(hrs)

3.38 1.80 1266 -111 -77.1 2532 -3310 -5.2
5 1.29 903 -33 -272.5 1805 -2557 -7.1
10 0.71 496 46 213.6 993 -1467 -13.5
15.0 0.50 350 65 162.2 700 -1006 -20.9
20.0 0.39 273 69 158.4 546 -755 -28.9
26.0 0.31 218 68 165.4 435 -574 -39.4
30.0 0.27 192 67 172.4 385 -491 -47.0
35.0 0.24 168 65 182.4 337 -415 -56.8
40.0 0.21 150 62 193.0 300 -357 -67.3
45.0 0.19 136 60 204.0 271 -312 -78.2
50.0 0.18 124 58 215.1 247 -276 -89.7

Above table shows that the inflow is maximum when the rain duration is equal to
concentration time

Afflux = 0.40 m 1.64 ft

BTL to FSL = 1.50 m 4.92 ft

Assume Natural spillway (Existing Natural Spill Length - 30 m)

Spill length required = 16.391 ft (5.0 m)

Check Condition is ok when the afflux is doubled the spill length is enough to accommodate
the maximum afflux

38
1.2 Development of Area Capacity Table and Curve for Flood Estimation and Analysis for the
Determination of the Maximum Afflux by Modified Pull’s method

1.2.1 Maningamuwa Tank (for capacity curve Interpolation data)

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 6.70 km. 4.163 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.50 km. 0.932 miles
Assumed Afflux = 1.03 m. 3.378 ft
Gross Catchment area = 1295 ha. 3198.376 acres

Development of Unit Hydrograph

Snyder's formulae are given in the following form for the unit hydrograph:

Lag time, tp = Ct*(L*Lc)0.3

Unit hydrograph peak discharge, qp = 640*Cp*A/tp

W25 = 850 (qp/A)-1

W50 = 500 (qp/A)-1
W75 = 270 (qp/A)-1
T = 3(tp+12)

Where, tp is in hours

Ct and Cp are Coefficients that vary according to the physical characteristics of the catchment
L is the length of the longest water course in miles.
Lc is the length from the point of interest to the point on the river course closest to the
centroid of the catchment in miles.

39
A is the catchment area in sq miles.
W25 is width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge
W50 is width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge
W75 is width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge

Table 11: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank

Length of longest river course of the catchment :- L 4.16 miles

Length from the point of interest to the point on the river course :- Lc 1 miles
Coefficient of catchment :- Ct 2
Lag time :- tp 3.07 hours
Coefficient of catchment :- CP 0.75
Area of catchment :- A 5 sq. miles
Unit hydro graph peak discharge in cusecs :- qp 782 cusecs
Time base Tb 45.2 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge W25 5.4 hours

W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- W50 3.2 hours

W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- W75 1.7 hours
W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge :- q25 196 cusecs
W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- q50 391 cusecs
W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- q75 587 cusecs

40
 Table 12: Flood Hydrograph Development For Maningamuwa Tank – Modified Pull’s Method

Unit Storm Period 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

DRH
Depth of Rainfall Cusec
0.167 0.167 0.256 0.256 1.057 7.198 0.256 0.256 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167
(Inch)
1 308 51.44 51
2 545 91.02 91
3 775 129.43 129
4 565 94.36 51.44 146
5 315 52.61 91.02 144
6 175 29.23 129.43 78.85 237
7 95 15.87 94.36 139.52 250
8 70 11.69 52.61 198.40 78.85 342
9 66 11.02 29.23 144.64 139.52 324
10 60 10.02 15.87 80.64 198.40 325.56 630
11 58 9.69 11.69 44.80 144.64 576.07 787
12 56 9.35 11.02 24.32 80.64 819.18 2216.98 3161
13 54 9.02 10.02 17.92 44.80 597.21 3922.91 4602
14 52 8.68 9.69 16.90 24.32 332.96 5578.45 78.85 6050
15 50 8.35 9.35 15.36 17.92 184.98 4066.87 139.52 4442
16 48 8.02 9.02 14.85 16.90 100.42 2267.37 198.40 78.85 2694
17 46 7.68 8.68 14.34 15.36 73.99 1259.65 144.64 139.52 1664
18 44 7.35 8.35 13.82 14.85 69.76 683.81 80.64 198.40 51.44 1128
19 42 7.01 8.02 13.31 14.34 63.42 503.86 44.80 144.64 91.02 890
20 40 6.68 7.68 12.80 13.82 61.31 475.07 24.32 80.64 129.43 51.44 863
21 38 6.35 7.35 12.29 13.31 59.19 431.88 17.92 44.80 94.36 91.02 778
22 36 6.01 7.01 11.78 12.80 57.08 417.48 16.90 24.32 52.61 129.43 51.44 787
23 34 5.68 6.68 11.26 12.29 54.96 403.09 15.36 17.92 29.23 94.36 91.02 742

41
24 32 5.34 6.35 10.75 11.78 52.85 388.69 14.85 16.90 15.87 52.61 129.43 51.44 757
25 30 5.01 6.01 10.24 11.26 50.74 374.30 14.34 15.36 11.69 29.23 94.36 91.02 714
26 28 4.68 5.68 9.73 10.75 48.62 359.90 13.82 14.85 11.02 15.87 52.61 129.43 677
27 26 4.34 5.34 9.22 10.24 46.51 345.50 13.31 14.34 10.02 11.69 29.23 94.36 594
28 24 4.01 5.01 8.70 9.73 44.39 331.11 12.80 13.82 9.69 11.02 15.87 52.61 519
29 22 3.67 4.68 8.19 9.22 42.28 316.71 12.29 13.31 9.35 10.02 11.69 29.23 471
30 20 3.34 4.34 7.68 8.70 40.17 302.32 11.78 12.80 9.02 9.69 11.02 15.87 437
31 18 3.01 4.01 7.17 8.19 38.05 287.92 11.26 12.29 8.68 9.35 10.02 11.69 412
32 16 2.67 3.67 6.66 7.68 35.94 273.52 10.75 11.78 8.35 9.02 9.69 11.02 391
33 14 2.34 3.34 6.14 7.17 33.82 259.13 10.24 11.26 8.02 8.68 9.35 10.02 370
34 12 2.00 3.01 5.63 6.66 31.71 244.73 9.73 10.75 7.68 8.35 9.02 9.69 349
35 10 1.67 2.67 5.12 6.14 29.60 230.34 9.22 10.24 7.35 8.02 8.68 9.35 328
36 8 1.34 2.34 4.61 5.63 27.48 215.94 8.70 9.73 7.01 7.68 8.35 9.02 308
37 7 1.17 2.00 4.10 5.12 25.37 201.54 8.19 9.22 6.68 7.35 8.02 8.68 287
38 6 1.00 1.67 3.58 4.61 23.25 187.15 7.68 8.70 6.35 7.01 7.68 8.35 267
39 5 0.84 1.34 3.07 4.10 21.14 172.75 7.17 8.19 6.01 6.68 7.35 8.02 247
40 4 0.67 1.17 2.56 3.58 19.03 158.36 6.66 7.68 5.68 6.35 7.01 7.68 226
41 3 0.50 1.00 2.05 3.07 16.91 143.96 6.14 7.17 5.34 6.01 6.68 7.35 206
42 2 0.33 0.84 1.79 2.56 14.80 129.56 5.63 6.66 5.01 5.68 6.35 7.01 186
43 1 0.17 0.67 1.54 2.05 12.68 115.17 5.12 6.14 4.68 5.34 6.01 6.68 166
44 0 0.00 0.50 1.28 1.79 10.57 100.77 4.61 5.63 4.34 5.01 5.68 6.35 147
45 0.33 1.02 1.54 8.46 86.38 4.10 5.12 4.01 4.68 5.34 6.01 127
46 0.17 0.77 1.28 7.40 71.98 3.58 4.61 3.67 4.34 5.01 5.68 108
47 0.00 0.51 1.02 6.34 57.58 3.07 4.10 3.34 4.01 4.68 5.34 90
48 0.26 0.77 5.29 50.39 2.56 3.58 3.01 3.67 4.34 5.01 79
49 0.00 0.51 4.23 43.19 2.05 3.07 2.67 3.34 4.01 4.68 68
50 0.26 3.17 35.99 1.79 2.56 2.34 3.01 3.67 4.34 57

42
51 0.00 2.11 28.79 1.54 2.05 2.00 2.67 3.34 4.01 47
52 1.06 21.59 1.28 1.79 1.67 2.34 3.01 3.67 36
53 0.00 14.40 1.02 1.54 1.34 2.00 2.67 3.34 26
54 7.20 0.77 1.28 1.17 1.67 2.34 3.01 17
55 0.00 0.51 1.02 1.00 1.34 2.00 2.67 9
56 0.26 0.77 0.84 1.17 1.67 2.34 7
57 0.00 0.51 0.67 1.00 1.34 2.00 6
58 0.26 0.50 0.84 1.17 1.67 4
59 0.00 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.34 3
60 0.17 0.50 0.84 1.17 3
61 0.00 0.33 0.67 1.00 2
62 0.17 0.50 0.84 2
63 0.00 0.33 0.67 1
64 0.17 0.50 1
65 0.00 0.33 0
66 0.17 0
67 0.00 0
68 0

43
 Inflow hydrograph
7000

6000

5000
Inflow (Cusec)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (hours)

Figure 17: Snyder’s Inflow hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank

Table 13: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method

Inflow ∆𝒕𝑸 ∆𝒕𝑸

Time 𝐈 𝐈 . ∆𝐭
I 𝑺− 𝑺+ Q
(hr) 𝟐 𝟐 Elevation
(𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /s) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (Cusec)
(Cusec) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (ft)

0 0 99 0
46 8 770 777
2 91 99.06 7
119 20 777 796
4 146 99.20 23
192 32 794 826
6 237 99.43 50
290 48 822 870
8 342 99.74 110
486 80 860 941
10 630 100.22 226
1896 313 922 1235
12 3161 101.95 838
4606 761 1166 1927
14 6050 105.23 2570

44
 4372 722 1715 2437
16 2694 107.28 3937
1911 316 2112 2427
18 1128 107.24 3904
996 164 2105 2269
20 863 106.63 3483
871 144 1982 2126
22 878 106.06 3100
818 135 1869 2005
24 757 105.56 2776
717 118 1775 1894
26 677 105.09 2484
598 99 1688 1787
28 519 104.63 2208
478 79 1605 1684
30 437 104.16 1938
414 68 1524 1592
32 391 103.74 1707
370 61 1451 1512
34 349 103.36 1505
329 54 1388 1442
36 308 103.02 1332
288 47 1332 1380
38 267 102.70 1178
247 41 1282 1323
40 226 102.41 1042
206 34 1237 1271
42 186 102.14 921
167 28 1195 1223
44 147 101.88 809
128 21 1156 1177
46 108 101.63 706
94 15 1118 1134
48 79 101.39 612
68 11 1083 1095
50 57 101.16 527
47 8 1051 1059
52 36 100.95 451
27 4 1021 1026
54 17 100.75 385
12 2 994 996
56 7 100.57 326
6 1 969 970

45
 58 4 100.40 276
4 1 947 948
60 3 100.26 237
3 0 928 929
62 2 100.14 204
2 0 912 912
64 1 100.03 173
0 0 898 898
66 0 99.93 150
0 0 885 885
68 0 99.85 133

Maningamuwa existing Natural Spillway of 59m (193.56 ft) has considered for calculating the
outflow (spill discharge)
Discharge = 2.8*L*H1.5
Coefficient = 2.8
Spill length = 193.56 ft
Maximum Afflux = 8.28 ft (107.28 – 99.00)

Table 14: Elevation vs Discharge

Elevation Storage Outflow

(ft) (Ac.ft) discharge(cusec)

99 770 0
99.5 830 58
100 894 165
100.5 960 303
101 1028 467
101.5 1100 653
102 1173 858
102.5 1250 1082
103 1329 1322
103.5 1411 1577
104 1495 1847
104.5 1582 2131
105 1671 2428
105.5 1763 2738

46
 106 1858 3060
106.5 1955 3393
107 2055 3738
107.5 2158 4094
108 2263 4460
108.5 2371 4837
109 2481 5224

Table 15: Inflow vs Outflow

Time InFlow Outflow Time InFlow Outflow

0 0 0 34 349 1505
1 51 4 35 328 1419
2 91 7 36 308 1332
3 129 15 37 287 1255
4 146 23 38 267 1178
5 144 37 39 247 1110
6 237 50 40 226 1042
7 250 80 41 206 981
8 342 110 42 186 921
9 324 168 43 166 865
10 630 226 44 147 809
11 787 532 45 127 758
12 3161 838 46 108 706
13 4602 1704 47 90 659
14 6050 2570 48 79 612
15 4442 3254 49 68 569
16 2694 3937 50 57 527
17 1664 3920 51 47 489
18 1128 3904 52 36 451
19 890 3693 53 26 418
20 863 3483 54 17 385
21 778 3291 55 9 356
22 787 3100 56 7 326
23 742 2938 57 6 301
24 757 2776 58 4 276
25 714 2630 59 3 256
26 677 2484 60 3 237
27 594 2346 61 2 221
28 519 2208 62 2 204
29 471 2073 63 1 189
30 437 1938 64 1 173
31 412 1822 65 0 162
32 391 1707 66 0 150
33 370 1606 - - -

47
 7000

6000

Inflow Outflow
5000

4000
Discharge (cusec)

3000

2000

1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hr)

Figure 18: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Maningamuwa Tank

48
1.2.1 Maningamuwa Tank (for GNSS Surveyed data)

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 6.70 km. 4.163 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.50 km. 0.932 miles
Assumed Afflux = 1.03 m. 3.378 ft
Gross Catchment area = 1295 ha. 3198.376 acres

Development of Unit Hydrograph

Snyder's formulae are given in the following form for the unit hydrograph:

Lag time, tp = Ct*(L*Lc)0.3

Unit hydrograph peak discharge, qp = 640*Cp*A/tp

W25 = 850 (qp/A)-1

W50 = 500 (qp/A)-1
W75 = 270 (qp/A)-1
T = 3(tp+12)

Where, tp is in hours

Ct and Cp are Coefficients that vary according to the physical characteristics of the catchment
L is the length of the longest water course in miles.
Lc is the length from the point of interest to the point on the river course closest to the
centroid of the catchment in miles.

A is the catchment area in sq miles.

W25 is width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge
W50 is width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge
W75 is width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge

49
 Table 16: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank

Length of longest river course of the catchment :- L 4.16 miles

Length from the point of interest to the point on the river course :- Lc 1 miles
Coefficient of catchment :- Ct 2
Lag time :- tp 3.07 hours
Coefficient of catchment :- CP 0.75
Area of catchment :- A 5 sq. miles
Unit hydro graph peak discharge in cusecs :- qp 782 cusecs
Time base Tb 45.2 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge W25 5.4 hours

W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- W50 3.2 hours

W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- W75 1.7 hours
W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge :- q25 196 cusecs
W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- q50 391 cusecs
W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- q75 587 cusecs

50
 Table 17: Flood Hydrograph Development For Maningamuwa Tank – Modified Pull’s Method

Unit Storm Period 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

DRH
Depth of Rainfall Cusec
0.167 0.167 0.256 0.256 1.057 7.198 0.256 0.256 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167
(Inch)
1 308 51.44 51
2 545 91.02 91
3 775 129.43 129
4 565 94.36 51.44 146
5 315 52.61 91.02 144
6 175 29.23 129.43 78.85 237
7 95 15.87 94.36 139.52 250
8 70 11.69 52.61 198.40 78.85 342
9 66 11.02 29.23 144.64 139.52 324
10 60 10.02 15.87 80.64 198.40 325.56 630
11 58 9.69 11.69 44.80 144.64 576.07 787
12 56 9.35 11.02 24.32 80.64 819.18 2216.98 3161
13 54 9.02 10.02 17.92 44.80 597.21 3922.91 4602
14 52 8.68 9.69 16.90 24.32 332.96 5578.45 78.85 6050
15 50 8.35 9.35 15.36 17.92 184.98 4066.87 139.52 4442
16 48 8.02 9.02 14.85 16.90 100.42 2267.37 198.40 78.85 2694
17 46 7.68 8.68 14.34 15.36 73.99 1259.65 144.64 139.52 1664
18 44 7.35 8.35 13.82 14.85 69.76 683.81 80.64 198.40 51.44 1128
19 42 7.01 8.02 13.31 14.34 63.42 503.86 44.80 144.64 91.02 890
20 40 6.68 7.68 12.80 13.82 61.31 475.07 24.32 80.64 129.43 51.44 863
21 38 6.35 7.35 12.29 13.31 59.19 431.88 17.92 44.80 94.36 91.02 778
22 36 6.01 7.01 11.78 12.80 57.08 417.48 16.90 24.32 52.61 129.43 51.44 787
23 34 5.68 6.68 11.26 12.29 54.96 403.09 15.36 17.92 29.23 94.36 91.02 742

51
24 32 5.34 6.35 10.75 11.78 52.85 388.69 14.85 16.90 15.87 52.61 129.43 51.44 757
25 30 5.01 6.01 10.24 11.26 50.74 374.30 14.34 15.36 11.69 29.23 94.36 91.02 714
26 28 4.68 5.68 9.73 10.75 48.62 359.90 13.82 14.85 11.02 15.87 52.61 129.43 677
27 26 4.34 5.34 9.22 10.24 46.51 345.50 13.31 14.34 10.02 11.69 29.23 94.36 594
28 24 4.01 5.01 8.70 9.73 44.39 331.11 12.80 13.82 9.69 11.02 15.87 52.61 519
29 22 3.67 4.68 8.19 9.22 42.28 316.71 12.29 13.31 9.35 10.02 11.69 29.23 471
30 20 3.34 4.34 7.68 8.70 40.17 302.32 11.78 12.80 9.02 9.69 11.02 15.87 437
31 18 3.01 4.01 7.17 8.19 38.05 287.92 11.26 12.29 8.68 9.35 10.02 11.69 412
32 16 2.67 3.67 6.66 7.68 35.94 273.52 10.75 11.78 8.35 9.02 9.69 11.02 391
33 14 2.34 3.34 6.14 7.17 33.82 259.13 10.24 11.26 8.02 8.68 9.35 10.02 370
34 12 2.00 3.01 5.63 6.66 31.71 244.73 9.73 10.75 7.68 8.35 9.02 9.69 349
35 10 1.67 2.67 5.12 6.14 29.60 230.34 9.22 10.24 7.35 8.02 8.68 9.35 328
36 8 1.34 2.34 4.61 5.63 27.48 215.94 8.70 9.73 7.01 7.68 8.35 9.02 308
37 7 1.17 2.00 4.10 5.12 25.37 201.54 8.19 9.22 6.68 7.35 8.02 8.68 287
38 6 1.00 1.67 3.58 4.61 23.25 187.15 7.68 8.70 6.35 7.01 7.68 8.35 267
39 5 0.84 1.34 3.07 4.10 21.14 172.75 7.17 8.19 6.01 6.68 7.35 8.02 247
40 4 0.67 1.17 2.56 3.58 19.03 158.36 6.66 7.68 5.68 6.35 7.01 7.68 226
41 3 0.50 1.00 2.05 3.07 16.91 143.96 6.14 7.17 5.34 6.01 6.68 7.35 206
42 2 0.33 0.84 1.79 2.56 14.80 129.56 5.63 6.66 5.01 5.68 6.35 7.01 186
43 1 0.17 0.67 1.54 2.05 12.68 115.17 5.12 6.14 4.68 5.34 6.01 6.68 166
44 0 0.00 0.50 1.28 1.79 10.57 100.77 4.61 5.63 4.34 5.01 5.68 6.35 147
45 0.33 1.02 1.54 8.46 86.38 4.10 5.12 4.01 4.68 5.34 6.01 127
46 0.17 0.77 1.28 7.40 71.98 3.58 4.61 3.67 4.34 5.01 5.68 108
47 0.00 0.51 1.02 6.34 57.58 3.07 4.10 3.34 4.01 4.68 5.34 90
48 0.26 0.77 5.29 50.39 2.56 3.58 3.01 3.67 4.34 5.01 79
49 0.00 0.51 4.23 43.19 2.05 3.07 2.67 3.34 4.01 4.68 68
50 0.26 3.17 35.99 1.79 2.56 2.34 3.01 3.67 4.34 57

52
51 0.00 2.11 28.79 1.54 2.05 2.00 2.67 3.34 4.01 47
52 1.06 21.59 1.28 1.79 1.67 2.34 3.01 3.67 36
53 0.00 14.40 1.02 1.54 1.34 2.00 2.67 3.34 26
54 7.20 0.77 1.28 1.17 1.67 2.34 3.01 17
55 0.00 0.51 1.02 1.00 1.34 2.00 2.67 9
56 0.26 0.77 0.84 1.17 1.67 2.34 7
57 0.00 0.51 0.67 1.00 1.34 2.00 6
58 0.26 0.50 0.84 1.17 1.67 4
59 0.00 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.34 3
60 0.17 0.50 0.84 1.17 3
61 0.00 0.33 0.67 1.00 2
62 0.17 0.50 0.84 2
63 0.00 0.33 0.67 1
64 0.17 0.50 1
65 0.00 0.33 0
66 0.17 0
67 0.00 0
68 0

53
 Inflow hydrograph
7000

6000

5000
Inflow (Cusec)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (hours)

Figure 19: Snyder’s Inflow hydrograph for Maningamuwa Tank

Table 18: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method

Inflow I 𝐈̅ ∆𝒕𝑸 ∆𝒕𝑸

𝐈 ̅. ∆𝐭 𝑺− 𝑺+ Elevation
Time (hr) 𝟐 𝟐 Q (Cusec)
(ft)
(Cusec) (𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /s) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭)
(A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭)
0 0 99 0
46 8 673 680
2 91 99.06 7
119 20 680 699
4 146 99.21 25
192 32 697 729
6 237 99.44 51
290 48 725 773
8 342 99.76 114
486 80 763 843
10 630 100.27 240
1896 313 824 1137
12 3161 101.24 556
4606 761 1091 1852
14 6050 106.14 3153
4372 722 1591 2314
16 2694 108.54 4868
1911 316 1911 2227

54
18 1128 108.13 4558
996 164 1851 2015
20 863 107.02 3752
871 144 1705 1849
22 878 106.13 3146
818 135 1589 1724
24 757 105.45 2707
717 118 1501 1619
26 677 104.88 2357
598 99 1424 1523
28 519 104.35 2046
478 79 1354 1433
30 437 103.85 1766
414 68 1287 1356
32 391 103.41 1531
370 61 1229 1290
34 349 103.04 1342
329 54 1179 1234
36 308 102.71 1182
288 47 1136 1184
38 267 102.42 1046
247 41 1097 1138
40 226 102.15 925
206 34 1061 1095
42 186 101.89 813
167 28 1028 1056
44 147 101.65 715
128 21 997 1018
46 108 101.41 620
94 15 967 982
48 79 101.19 538
68 11 938 949
50 57 100.98 461
47 8 911 919
52 36 100.78 395
27 4 886 890
54 17 100.59 323
12 2 864 866
56 7 100.43 284
6 1 842 843
58 4 100.27 240
4 1 823 824
60 3 100.13 201

55
 3 0 807 808
62 2 100.02 171
2 0 793 794
64 1 99.92 148
0 0 781 781
66 0 99.83 129
0 0 771 771
68 0 99.75 112

Maningamuwa existing Natural Spillway of 59m (193.56 ft) has considered for calculating the
outflow (spill discharge)
Discharge = 2.8*L*H1.5
Coefficient = 2.8
Spill length = 193.56 ft
Maximum Afflux = 9.54 ft (108.54 – 99.00)

Table 19: Elevation vs Discharge of Maningamuwa tank

Elevation Storage Outflow

(ft) (Ac.ft) discharge(cusec)

99.0 673 0
99.5 732 58
100.0 792 165
100.5 851 303
101.0 914 467
101.5 978 653
102.0 1042 858
102.5 1108 1082
103.0 1174 1322
103.5 1241 1577
104.0 1308 1847
104.5 1374 2131
105.0 1441 2428
105.5 1508 2738
106.0 1573 3060
106.5 1638 3393
107.0 1703 3738

56
 107.5 1767 4094
108.0 1832 4460
108.5 1905 4837
109.0 1975 5224

Table 20: Inflow vs Outflow of Maningamuwa tank

Time InFlow Outflow Time InFlow Outflow

0 0 0 34 349 1342
1 51 4 35 328 1262
2 91 7 36 308 1182
3 129 16 37 287 1114
4 146 25 38 267 1046
5 144 38 39 247 985
6 237 51 40 226 925
7 250 83 41 206 869
8 342 114 42 186 813
9 324 177 43 166 764
10 630 240 44 147 715
11 787 398 45 127 667
12 3161 556 46 108 620
13 4602 1855 47 90 579
14 6050 3153 48 79 538
15 4442 4010 49 68 499
16 2694 4868 50 57 461
17 1664 4713 51 47 428
18 1128 4558 52 36 395
19 890 4155 53 26 359
20 863 3752 54 17 323
21 778 3449 55 9 304
22 787 3146 56 7 284
23 742 2926 57 6 262
24 757 2707 58 4 240
25 714 2532 59 3 221
26 677 2357 60 3 201
27 594 2201 61 2 186
28 519 2046 62 2 171
29 471 1906 63 1 159
30 437 1766 64 1 148
31 412 1649 65 0 139
32 391 1531 66 0 129
33 370 1437 - - -

57
 7000

6000

Inflow Outflow
5000

4000
Discharge (cusec)

3000

2000

1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hr)

Figure 20: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Maningamuwa Tank

58
1.2.2 Galkadawala Tank (for capacity curve Interpolation data)

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 5.15 km. 3.200 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.62 km. 1.000 miles
Assumed Afflux = 0.4 m. 1.312 ft
Gross Catchment area = 797.7 ha. 1970.151 acres

Development of Unit Hydrograph

Snyder's formulae are given in the following form for the unit hydrograph:

Lag time, tp = Ct*(L*Lc)0.3

Unit hydrograph peak discharge, qp = 640*Cp*A/tp

W25 = 850 (qp/A)-1

W50 = 500 (qp/A)-1
W75 = 270 (qp/A)-1
T = 3(tp+12)

Where, tp is in hours

Ct and Cp are Coefficients that vary according to the physical characteristics of the
catchment
L is the length of the longest water course in miles.
Lc is the length from the point of interest to the point on the river course closest to the
centroid of the catchment in miles.

A is the catchment area in sq miles.

W25 is width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge
W50 is width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge
W75 is width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge

59
 Table 21: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank

Length of longest river course of the catchment :- L 3.2 miles

Length from the point of interest to the point on the river course :- Lc 1 miles
Coefficient of catchment :- Ct 2
Lag time :- tp 2.84 hours
Coefficient of catchment :- CP 0.75
Area of catchment :- A 3.08 sq. miles
Unit hydro graph peak discharge in cusecs :- qp 521 cusecs
Time base Tb 44.5 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge W25 5 hours

W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- W50 3 hours

W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- W75 1.6 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge :- q25 130 cusecs
W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- q50 261 cusecs
W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- q75 391 cusecs

60
 Table 22: Flood Hydrograph Development for Galkadawala Tank – Modified Pull’s Method

Unit Storm Period 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Depth of Rainfall DRH
0.167 0.167 0.256 0.256 1.057 7.198 0.256 0.256 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167
(Inch) Cusec
1 220 36.74 37
2 390 65.13 65
3 510 85.17 85
4 315 52.605 36.74 89
5 170 28.39 65.13 94
6 70 11.69 85.17 56.32 153
7 40 6.68 52.605 99.84 159
8 36 6.012 28.39 130.56 56.32 221
9 35 5.845 11.69 80.64 99.84 198
10 34 5.678 6.68 43.52 130.56 232.54 419
11 33 5.511 6.012 17.92 80.64 412.23 522
12 32 5.344 5.845 10.24 43.52 539.07 1583.56 2188
13 31 5.177 5.678 9.216 17.92 332.955 2807.22 3178
14 30 5.01 5.511 8.96 10.24 179.69 3670.98 56.32 3937
15 29 4.843 5.344 8.704 9.216 73.99 2267.37 99.84 2469
16 28 4.676 5.177 8.448 8.96 42.28 1223.66 130.56 56.32 1480
17 27 4.509 5.01 8.192 8.704 38.052 503.86 80.64 99.84 749
18 26 4.342 4.843 7.936 8.448 36.995 287.92 43.52 130.56 36.74 561
19 25 4.175 4.676 7.68 8.192 35.938 259.128 17.92 80.64 65.13 483
20 24 4.008 4.509 7.424 7.936 34.881 251.93 10.24 43.52 85.17 36.74 486
21 23 3.841 4.342 7.168 7.68 33.824 244.732 9.216 17.92 52.605 65.13 446
22 22 3.674 4.175 6.912 7.424 32.767 237.534 8.96 10.24 28.39 85.17 36.74 462
23 21 3.507 4.008 6.656 7.168 31.71 230.336 8.704 9.216 11.69 52.605 65.13 431

61
24 20 3.34 3.841 6.4 6.912 30.653 223.138 8.448 8.96 6.68 28.39 85.17 36.74 449
25 19 3.173 3.674 6.144 6.656 29.596 215.94 8.192 8.704 6.012 11.69 52.605 65.13 418
26 18 3.006 3.507 5.888 6.4 28.539 208.742 7.936 8.448 5.845 6.68 28.39 85.17 399
27 17 2.839 3.34 5.632 6.144 27.482 201.544 7.68 8.192 5.678 6.012 11.69 52.605 339
28 16 2.672 3.173 5.376 5.888 26.425 194.346 7.424 7.936 5.511 5.845 6.68 28.39 300
29 15 2.505 3.006 5.12 5.632 25.368 187.148 7.168 7.68 5.344 5.678 6.012 11.69 272
30 14 2.338 2.839 4.864 5.376 24.311 179.95 6.912 7.424 5.177 5.511 5.845 6.68 257
31 13 2.171 2.672 4.608 5.12 23.254 172.752 6.656 7.168 5.01 5.344 5.678 6.012 246
32 12 2.004 2.505 4.352 4.864 22.197 165.554 6.4 6.912 4.843 5.177 5.511 5.845 236
33 11 1.837 2.338 4.096 4.608 21.14 158.356 6.144 6.656 4.676 5.01 5.344 5.678 226
34 10 1.67 2.171 3.84 4.352 20.083 151.158 5.888 6.4 4.509 4.843 5.177 5.511 216
35 9 1.503 2.004 3.584 4.096 19.026 143.96 5.632 6.144 4.342 4.676 5.01 5.344 205
36 8 1.336 1.837 3.328 3.84 17.969 136.762 5.376 5.888 4.175 4.509 4.843 5.177 195
37 7 1.169 1.67 3.072 3.584 16.912 129.564 5.12 5.632 4.008 4.342 4.676 5.01 185
38 6 1.002 1.503 2.816 3.328 15.855 122.366 4.864 5.376 3.841 4.175 4.509 4.843 174
39 5 0.835 1.336 2.56 3.072 14.798 115.168 4.608 5.12 3.674 4.008 4.342 4.676 164
40 4 0.668 1.169 2.304 2.816 13.741 107.97 4.352 4.864 3.507 3.841 4.175 4.509 154
41 3 0.501 1.002 2.048 2.56 12.684 100.772 4.096 4.608 3.34 3.674 4.008 4.342 144
42 2 0.334 0.835 1.792 2.304 11.627 93.574 3.84 4.352 3.173 3.507 3.841 4.175 133
43 1 0.167 0.668 1.536 2.048 10.57 86.376 3.584 4.096 3.006 3.34 3.674 4.008 123
44 1 0.084 0.501 1.28 1.792 9.513 79.178 3.328 3.84 2.839 3.173 3.507 3.841 113
45 0 0 0.334 1.024 1.536 8.456 71.98 3.072 3.584 2.672 3.006 3.34 3.674 103
46 0.167 0.768 1.28 7.399 64.782 2.816 3.328 2.505 2.839 3.173 3.507 93
47 0.084 0.512 1.024 6.342 57.584 2.56 3.072 2.338 2.672 3.006 3.34 83
48 0 0.256 0.768 5.285 50.386 2.304 2.816 2.171 2.505 2.839 3.173 73
49 0.128 0.512 4.228 43.188 2.048 2.56 2.004 2.338 2.672 3.006 63
50 0 0.256 3.171 35.99 1.792 2.304 1.837 2.171 2.505 2.839 53

62
51 0.128 2.114 28.792 1.536 2.048 1.67 2.004 2.338 2.672 43
52 0 1.057 21.594 1.28 1.792 1.503 1.837 2.171 2.505 34
53 0.529 14.396 1.024 1.536 1.336 1.67 2.004 2.338 25
54 0 7.198 0.768 1.28 1.169 1.503 1.837 2.171 16
55 3.599 0.512 1.024 1.002 1.336 1.67 2.004 11
56 0 0.256 0.768 0.835 1.169 1.503 1.837 6
57 0.128 0.512 0.668 1.002 1.336 1.67 5
58 0 0.256 0.501 0.835 1.169 1.503 4
59 0.128 0.334 0.668 1.002 1.336 3
60 0 0.167 0.501 0.835 1.169 3
61 0.084 0.334 0.668 1.002 2
62 0 0.167 0.501 0.835 2
63 0.084 0.334 0.668 1
64 0 0.167 0.501 1
65 0.084 0.334 0
66 0 0.167 0
67 0.084 0
68 0 0

63
 Inflow hydrograph
4500
4000
3500
3000
Inflow (Cusec)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (Hours)

Figure 21: Snyder’s Inflow Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank

Table 23: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method

Inflow I 𝐈̅ ∆𝒕𝑸 ∆𝒕𝑸

𝐈 ̅. ∆𝐭 𝑺− 𝑺+
Time(hr) 𝟐 𝟐 Elevation Q (Cusec)
𝟑
(Cusec) (𝐟𝐭 /s) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (ft)
(A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭)
0 0 99 0
33 5 1825 1830
2 65 99.02 4
77 13 1830 1843
4 89 99.06 12
121 20 1842 1862
6 153 99.12 23
187 31 1860 1891
8 221 99.22 43
320 53 1887 1940
10 419 99.39 76
1303 215 1934 2149
12 2188 100.05 299
3062 506 2124 2630
14 3937 101.40 1028
2708 447 2545 2993

64
16 1480 102.33 1679
1021 169 2854 3023
18 561 102.40 1731
524 87 2880 2966
20 486 102.26 1627
474 78 2832 2910
22 462 102.12 1523
455 75 2784 2860
24 449 102.00 1433
424 70 2741 2811
26 399 101.87 1344
349 58 2700 2758
28 300 101.74 1255
278 46 2654 2700
30 257 101.59 1152
247 41 2605 2646
32 236 101.44 1053
226 37 2559 2596
34 216 101.31 972
205 34 2516 2550
36 195 101.19 898
185 31 2476 2506
38 174 101.07 823
164 27 2438 2465
40 154 100.96 758
144 24 2403 2426
42 133 100.85 698
123 20 2369 2389
44 113 100.74 638
103 17 2336 2353
46 93 100.64 583
83 14 2305 2319
48 73 100.55 534
63 10 2275 2285
50 53 100.45 484
43 7 2245 2252
52 34 100.35 437
25 4 2216 2220
54 16 100.26 396
11 2 2188 2189
56 6 100.17 354
5 1 2160 2161
58 4 100.08 313

65
 3 1 2135 2136
60 3 100.01 280
2 0 2113 2113
62 2 99.94 254
1 0 2092 2092
64 1 99.87 229
0 0 2073 2073
66 0 99.81 208
0 0 2056 2056
68 0 99.76 190

Maningamuwa existing Natural Spillway of 59m (193.56 ft) has considered for calculating the
outflow (spill discharge)
Discharge = 2.8*L*H1.5
Coefficient = 2.8
Spill length = 98.5 ft
Maximum Afflux = 3.4 ft (102.4 – 99.00)

Table 24: Elevation vs Discharge Maningamuwa tank

Outflow
Elevation Storage
Discharge
(ft) (Ac.ft)
(cusec)
99 1825 0
99.5 1965 98
100 2110 276
100.5 2260 507
101 2416 780
101.5 2577 1090
102 2742 1433
102.5 2913 1806

66
 Table 25: Inflow vs Outflow of Maningamuwa tank

Time InFlow Outflow Time InFlow Outflow

0 0 0 34 216 972
1 37 2 35 205 935
2 65 4 36 195 898
3 85 8 37 185 861
4 89 12 38 174 823
5 94 18 39 164 791
6 153 23 40 154 758
7 159 33 41 144 728
8 221 43 42 133 698
9 198 59 43 123 668
10 419 76 44 113 638
11 522 187 45 103 611
12 2188 299 46 93 583
13 3178 663 47 83 559
14 3937 1028 48 73 534
15 2469 1354 49 63 509
16 1480 1679 50 53 484
17 749 1705 51 43 461
18 561 1731 52 34 437
19 483 1679 53 25 417
20 486 1627 54 16 396
21 446 1575 55 11 375
22 462 1523 56 6 354
23 431 1478 57 5 334
24 449 1433 58 4 313
25 418 1388 59 3 297
26 399 1344 60 3 280
27 339 1299 61 2 267
28 300 1255 62 2 254
29 272 1203 63 1 242
30 257 1152 64 1 229
31 246 1102 65 0 219
32 236 1053 66 0 208
33 226 1013

67
 4500

4000

3500
Inflow hydrograph Outflow
3000

2500
Discharge (cusec)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (hours)

Figure 22: Inflow vs Outflow Discharge curves of the Galkadawala Tank

68
1.2.2 Galkadawala Tank (for GNSS Surveyed data)

Design Parameters

Design Return period = 50yrs

Length of the longest water course = 5.15 km. 3.200 miles
Length of the water course to the centroid = 1.62 km. 1.000 miles
Assumed Afflux = 0.4 m. 1.312 ft
Gross Catchment area = 797.7 ha. 1970.151 acres

Development of Unit Hydrograph

Snyder's formulae are given in the following form for the unit hydrograph:

Lag time, tp = Ct*(L*Lc)0.3

Unit hydrograph peak discharge, qp = 640*Cp*A/tp

W25 = 850 (qp/A)-1

W50 = 500 (qp/A)-1
W75 = 270 (qp/A)-1
T = 3(tp+12)

Where, tp is in hours

Ct and Cp are Coefficients that vary according to the physical characteristics of the
catchment
L is the length of the longest water course in miles.
Lc is the length from the point of interest to the point on the river course closest to the
centroid of the catchment in miles.

A is the catchment area in sq miles.

W25 is width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge
W50 is width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge
W75 is width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge

69
 Table 26: Development of Snyder’ Flood Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank

Length of longest river course of the catchment :- L 3.2 miles

Length from the point of interest to the point on the river course :- Lc 1 miles
Coefficient of catchment :- Ct 2
Lag time :- tp 2.84 hours
Coefficient of catchment :- CP 0.75
Area of catchment :- A 3.08 sq. miles
Unit hydro graph peak discharge in cusecs :- qp 521 cusecs
Time base Tb 44.5 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge W25 5 hours

W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- W50 3 hours

W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- W75 1.6 hours

W25 = width of hydrograph in hr at 25% of peak discharge :- q25 130 cusecs
W50 = width of hydrograph in hr at 50% of peak discharge :- q50 261 cusecs
W75 = width of hydrograph in hr at 75% of peak discharge :- q75 391 cusecs

70
 Table 27: Flood Hydrograph Development For Galkadawala Tank – Modified Pull’s Method

Unit Storm Period 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Depth of Rainfall DRH
0.167 0.167 0.256 0.256 1.057 7.198 0.256 0.256 0.167 0.167 0.167 0.167
(Inch) Cusec
1 220 36.74 37
2 390 65.13 65
3 510 85.17 85
4 315 52.605 36.74 89
5 170 28.39 65.13 94
6 70 11.69 85.17 56.32 153
7 40 6.68 52.605 99.84 159
8 36 6.012 28.39 130.56 56.32 221
9 35 5.845 11.69 80.64 99.84 198
10 34 5.678 6.68 43.52 130.56 232.54 419
11 33 5.511 6.012 17.92 80.64 412.23 522
12 32 5.344 5.845 10.24 43.52 539.07 1583.56 2188
13 31 5.177 5.678 9.216 17.92 332.955 2807.22 3178
14 30 5.01 5.511 8.96 10.24 179.69 3670.98 56.32 3937
15 29 4.843 5.344 8.704 9.216 73.99 2267.37 99.84 2469
16 28 4.676 5.177 8.448 8.96 42.28 1223.66 130.56 56.32 1480
17 27 4.509 5.01 8.192 8.704 38.052 503.86 80.64 99.84 749
18 26 4.342 4.843 7.936 8.448 36.995 287.92 43.52 130.56 36.74 561
19 25 4.175 4.676 7.68 8.192 35.938 259.128 17.92 80.64 65.13 483
20 24 4.008 4.509 7.424 7.936 34.881 251.93 10.24 43.52 85.17 36.74 486
21 23 3.841 4.342 7.168 7.68 33.824 244.732 9.216 17.92 52.605 65.13 446
22 22 3.674 4.175 6.912 7.424 32.767 237.534 8.96 10.24 28.39 85.17 36.74 462
23 21 3.507 4.008 6.656 7.168 31.71 230.336 8.704 9.216 11.69 52.605 65.13 431

71
24 20 3.34 3.841 6.4 6.912 30.653 223.138 8.448 8.96 6.68 28.39 85.17 36.74 449
25 19 3.173 3.674 6.144 6.656 29.596 215.94 8.192 8.704 6.012 11.69 52.605 65.13 418
26 18 3.006 3.507 5.888 6.4 28.539 208.742 7.936 8.448 5.845 6.68 28.39 85.17 399
27 17 2.839 3.34 5.632 6.144 27.482 201.544 7.68 8.192 5.678 6.012 11.69 52.605 339
28 16 2.672 3.173 5.376 5.888 26.425 194.346 7.424 7.936 5.511 5.845 6.68 28.39 300
29 15 2.505 3.006 5.12 5.632 25.368 187.148 7.168 7.68 5.344 5.678 6.012 11.69 272
30 14 2.338 2.839 4.864 5.376 24.311 179.95 6.912 7.424 5.177 5.511 5.845 6.68 257
31 13 2.171 2.672 4.608 5.12 23.254 172.752 6.656 7.168 5.01 5.344 5.678 6.012 246
32 12 2.004 2.505 4.352 4.864 22.197 165.554 6.4 6.912 4.843 5.177 5.511 5.845 236
33 11 1.837 2.338 4.096 4.608 21.14 158.356 6.144 6.656 4.676 5.01 5.344 5.678 226
34 10 1.67 2.171 3.84 4.352 20.083 151.158 5.888 6.4 4.509 4.843 5.177 5.511 216
35 9 1.503 2.004 3.584 4.096 19.026 143.96 5.632 6.144 4.342 4.676 5.01 5.344 205
36 8 1.336 1.837 3.328 3.84 17.969 136.762 5.376 5.888 4.175 4.509 4.843 5.177 195
37 7 1.169 1.67 3.072 3.584 16.912 129.564 5.12 5.632 4.008 4.342 4.676 5.01 185
38 6 1.002 1.503 2.816 3.328 15.855 122.366 4.864 5.376 3.841 4.175 4.509 4.843 174
39 5 0.835 1.336 2.56 3.072 14.798 115.168 4.608 5.12 3.674 4.008 4.342 4.676 164
40 4 0.668 1.169 2.304 2.816 13.741 107.97 4.352 4.864 3.507 3.841 4.175 4.509 154
41 3 0.501 1.002 2.048 2.56 12.684 100.772 4.096 4.608 3.34 3.674 4.008 4.342 144
42 2 0.334 0.835 1.792 2.304 11.627 93.574 3.84 4.352 3.173 3.507 3.841 4.175 133
43 1 0.167 0.668 1.536 2.048 10.57 86.376 3.584 4.096 3.006 3.34 3.674 4.008 123
44 1 0.084 0.501 1.28 1.792 9.513 79.178 3.328 3.84 2.839 3.173 3.507 3.841 113
45 0 0 0.334 1.024 1.536 8.456 71.98 3.072 3.584 2.672 3.006 3.34 3.674 103
46 0.167 0.768 1.28 7.399 64.782 2.816 3.328 2.505 2.839 3.173 3.507 93
47 0.084 0.512 1.024 6.342 57.584 2.56 3.072 2.338 2.672 3.006 3.34 83
48 0 0.256 0.768 5.285 50.386 2.304 2.816 2.171 2.505 2.839 3.173 73
49 0.128 0.512 4.228 43.188 2.048 2.56 2.004 2.338 2.672 3.006 63
50 0 0.256 3.171 35.99 1.792 2.304 1.837 2.171 2.505 2.839 53

72
51 0.128 2.114 28.792 1.536 2.048 1.67 2.004 2.338 2.672 43
52 0 1.057 21.594 1.28 1.792 1.503 1.837 2.171 2.505 34
53 0.529 14.396 1.024 1.536 1.336 1.67 2.004 2.338 25
54 0 7.198 0.768 1.28 1.169 1.503 1.837 2.171 16
55 3.599 0.512 1.024 1.002 1.336 1.67 2.004 11
56 0 0.256 0.768 0.835 1.169 1.503 1.837 6
57 0.128 0.512 0.668 1.002 1.336 1.67 5
58 0 0.256 0.501 0.835 1.169 1.503 4
59 0.128 0.334 0.668 1.002 1.336 3
60 0 0.167 0.501 0.835 1.169 3
61 0.084 0.334 0.668 1.002 2
62 0 0.167 0.501 0.835 2
63 0.084 0.334 0.668 1
64 0 0.167 0.501 1
65 0.084 0.334 0
66 0 0.167 0
67 0.084 0
68 0 0

73
 Inflow Hydrograph
4500
4000
3500
3000
Inflow (Cusec)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (Hours)

Figure 23: Snyder’s Inflow Hydrograph for Galkadawala Tank

Table 28: Flood Routing for Maningamuwa Tank as per the Modified Pull’s Method

𝐈̅ ∆𝒕𝑸 ∆𝒕𝑸
Inflow I 𝐈 ̅. ∆𝐭 𝑺− 𝑺+ Elevation
Time(hr) 𝟐 𝟐 Q (Cusec)
(Cusec) (𝐟𝐭 𝟑 /s) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (ft)
(A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭) (A𝐜. 𝐟𝐭)
0 0 99 0
33 5 1857 1862
2 65 99.02 4
77 13 1862 1874
4 89 99.06 12
121 20 1873 1893
6 153 99.13 25
187 31 1891 1922
8 221 99.23 45
320 53 1919 1971
10 419 99.40 78
1303 215 1965 2180
12 2188 100.09 317
3062 506 2154 2660
14 3937 101.54 1118
2708 447 2568 3015

74
16 1480 102.52 1822
1021 169 2865 3033
18 561 102.57 1862
524 87 2879 2966
20 486 102.39 1724
474 78 2824 2902
22 462 102.21 1590
455 75 2771 2846
24 449 102.06 1478
424 70 2724 2794
26 399 101.91 1371
349 58 2680 2738
28 300 101.76 1269
278 46 2633 2679
30 257 101.59 1152
247 41 2584 2625
32 236 101.44 1053
226 37 2538 2575
34 216 101.31 972
205 34 2495 2529
36 195 101.19 898
185 31 2455 2485
38 174 101.07 823
164 27 2417 2444
40 154 100.96 758
144 24 2382 2405
42 133 100.85 698
123 20 2348 2368
44 113 100.74 638
103 17 2315 2332
46 93 100.64 583
83 14 2284 2298
48 73 100.55 534
63 10 2254 2264
50 53 100.45 484
43 7 2224 2231
52 34 100.35 437
25 4 2195 2199
54 16 100.26 396
11 2 2167 2168
56 6 100.17 354
5 1 2139 2140
58 4 100.08 313

75
 3 1 2114 2115
60 3 100.01 280
2 0 2092 2092
62 2 99.94 254
1 0 2071 2071
64 1 99.87 229
0 0 2052 2052
66 0 99.81 208
0 0 2035 2035
68 0 99.76 190

Maningamuwa existing Natural Spillway of 59m (193.56 ft) has considered for calculating the
outflow (spill discharge)
Discharge = 2.8*L*H1.5
Coefficient = 2.8
Spill length = 98.5 ft
Maximum Afflux = 3.57 ft (102.57 – 99.00)

Table 29: Elevation vs Discharge Maningamuwa tank

Outflow
Elevation Storage
discharge
(ft) (Ac.ft)
(cusec)
99 1857 0
99.5 1992 98
100 2128 276
100.5 2264 507
101 2409 780
101.5 2557 1090
102 2706 1433
102.5 2858 1806
103 3016 2206
103.5 3174 2633
104 3333 3084

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 Table 30: Inflow vs Outflow Maningamuwa tank

Time InFlow Outflow Time InFlow Outflow

0 0 0 34 216 972
1 37 2 35 205 935
2 65 4 36 195 898
3 85 8 37 185 861
4 89 12 38 174 823
5 94 19 39 164 791
6 153 25 40 154 758
7 159 35 41 144 728
8 221 45 42 133 698
9 198 61 43 123 668
10 419 78 44 113 638
11 522 198 45 103 611
12 2188 317 46 93 583
13 3178 717 47 83 559
14 3937 1118 48 73 534
15 2469 1470 49 63 509
16 1480 1822 50 53 484
17 749 1842 51 43 461
18 561 1862 52 34 437
19 483 1793 53 25 417
20 486 1724 54 16 396
21 446 1657 55 11 375
22 462 1590 56 6 354
23 431 1534 57 5 334
24 449 1478 58 4 313
25 418 1425 59 3 297
26 399 1371 60 3 280
27 339 1320 61 2 267
28 300 1269 62 2 254
29 272 1210 63 1 242
30 257 1152 64 1 229
31 246 1102 65 0 219
32 236 1053 66 0 208
33 226 1013 - - -

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 4500

4000

3500
Inflow hydrograph Outflow
3000

2500
Discharge (cusec)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (hours)

Figure 24: Inflow Outflow Discharge curves of the Galkadawala Tank

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 Table 31: Elevation capacity table of previously surveyed values

Contour
Contour Capacity
Elevation Area (Acres) Capacity (acft)
Elevation (ft) (mcm)
(m)
251 95.0 36.0 18.0 0.0
252 95.3 51.3 43.7 0.1
253 95.7 76.1 105.7 0.1
254 96.0 90.7 190.8 0.2
255 96.3 102.2 286.2 0.4
256 96.7 120.6 398.7 0.5
257 97.0 141.4 525.6 0.6
258 97.3 158.8 675.8 0.8
259 97.7 179.4 846.8 1.0
260 98.0 196.6 1036.8 1.3
261 98.3 238.0 1248.0 1.5
262 98.7 261.1 1503.6 1.9
263 99.0 278.6 1768.4 2.2
264 99.3 307.4 2066.4 2.5
265 99.7 326.6 2379.9 2.9
266 100.0 347.1 2720.3 3.4
267 100.3 370.3 3075.0 3.8

Elevation Capacity Curve with exixting survey data

4.5

4.0

3.5
Capacity (mcm)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
Elevation (m)

Figure 25: Elevation Capacity Curve with existing survey data

79
Comparison of the Capacity curves on both methods with respect to Existing Previous
Surveyed Data on hand plotted drawing (Red colour line – GNSS Surveyed data, Blue Colour
line – Interpolated values and Green colour line – existing survey data values)

4.5
y = 0.1213x2 - 22.993x + 1089.6
4.0
y = 0.1239x2 - 23.467x + 1111.5
3.5
y = 0.1392x2 - 26.426x + 1254.3
3.0
Capacity (mcm)

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
101

Elevation (m) RL

Figure 26: Elevation Capacity Curves comparison with existing survey data curve

Equations for each curve and amount of deviation respect to existing survey data capacities

Table 32: Eqn Y = 0.1392X2-26.426X+1254.3 vs Y = 0.1213X2-22.993X+1089.6

Capacity of GNSS Existing Capacity

Contour Deviation Percentage of
data by equation by equation
Elevation (m) (mcm) Deviation (%)
(mcm) (mcm)
99.0 2.4252 2.1543 0.2709 12.57
99.5 3.0278 2.6968 0.3310 12.27
100.0 3.7000 3.3000 0.4000 12.12
100.5 4.4418 3.9638 0.4780 12.06

Table 33: Eqn Y = 0.1239X2-23.467X+1111.5 vs Y = 0.1213X2-22.993X+1089.6

Capacity of Existing Capacity

Contour Deviation Percentage of
Extrapolated data by by equation
Elevation (m) (mcm) Deviation (%)
equation (mcm) (mcm)
99.0 2.6109 2.1543 0.4566 21.19
99.5 3.1744 2.6968 0.4776 17.71
100.0 3.8000 3.3000 0.5000 15.15
100.5 4.4874 3.9638 0.5236 13.21

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 Chapter – 05

5.1 Results and Discussion

Results of the study can be summarized and listed under three situations as stated below.
Situation 1: Developing a complete Area- Capacity curve for an irrigation tank by extrapolating
the values above FSL as in most situations the data are unavailable above FSL
Situation 2: Developing a complete Area-Capacity curve for an irrigation work by using GNSS
survey data
Situation 3: Use of complete Area- Capacity curve for an irrigation tank which is already
available for validation of above two situations
According to the results derived by the comparing capacity curve developed by
extrapolation (Situation 1) with existing surveyed data curve (Situation 3) and curve
developed using GNSS survey data (Situation 2) with existing survey data curve (Situation 3)
at each stage (elevations) of the curve by numerical values (Table 32 and Table 33) and
visually inspection of the graph (Fig 26) have proved more accurate data set was the GNSS
survey data ( Situation 2).
The deviation from GNSS data values (Situation 2)at each stage of the curve was around 12%
up to BTL. However, capacity curve extrapolation data (Situation 1) were varied from 13% to
21% which is relatively high, nearly two times of variation to GNSS data set.

1. In Maningamuwa Tank the difference between the Surveyed values and Interpolated
values at Bund top level was 0.20mcm (186 acft) which is about 14% of the total
capacity at the BTL contour level. This is a slightly higher value when compared with
its capacity.

2. In Galkadawala Tank the difference between the Surveyed values and Interpolated
values at Bund top level was 0.26mcm (210 acft) which is only 6% of the total capacity
at the BTL contour level. This is a small value when compared with its capacity.

The results of the flood routing for design of spillway by using Rational Method and by using
Modified Puls method using capacity curve developed by above situations are summarized
below.

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The results of the analysis using the Rational method on each tank and for both situations are
as follows;

Calculated by Curve
Calculated by GNSS
Tank Name Existing Spill Length Interpolation
Survey (Situation 2)
(Situation 1)
1. Galkadawala 30m (98ft) 7.03m (23.00ft) 5.00m (16.40ft)
2. Maningamuwa 59m (193ft) 14.78m (48.49ft) 28.94m (94.91ft)

The results of the analysis using the Modified Pul’s method on each tank and for both
situations are as follows;

Calculated HFL by Calculated HFL by

Existing HFL (Max
Tank Name Curve Interpolation GNSS Survey
Afflux level)
(Situation 1) (Situation 2)
1. Galkadawala 0.4m (1.4ft) 1.04m (3.40ft) 1.08m (3.57ft)
2. Maningamuwa 0.6m (2.0ft) 2.52m (8.28ft) 2.90m (9.54ft)

There are two methods used for flood routing, the modified Pul’s method for the Snyder’s
flood hydrograph and Rational method in the guidelines used in book (Eng.A.J.P.Ponrajah
1984, Design of irrigation Head works for small catchments).
Both rational method and Snyder's UH/ Modified Pulse Method, can observe same trend.
Comparing with the existing data both methods have much difference on spill length
calculating and afflux calculating. Anyway, considering above results obtained, the best
method for flood routing is using the Modified Pulse Method. It is because in this method the
area capacity diagram is used for completely from FSL level up to design HFL level, where the
flood capacity from FSL up to Design HFL level of the tank can be obtained with better
accuracy respect to available data.

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5.2 Conclusions
According to the results obtained it can be concluded that the area capacity curve equation
developed by extrapolation and the area capacity curve developed by actual survey done by
the GNSS method shows that more accurate values can be derived from GNSS method when
compared with the already existing survey data of the curve. When flood routing to be carried
out in a situation where area capacity curve values are not available for tank improvement
project for a particular area, then GNSS method will provide more accurate and fast results
to complete the tank improvement project in a cost-effective manner.

The satellite map is effective technique for the accelerated design process with the limited
topographical data to acquire the required data for the design. Now a day’s satellite maps are
upgraded for more accuracy to extract the related necessary parameters for any purpose.
Hence GNSS method is more accurate and faster in the application of irrigation tank design
works.

Further, the area capacity curve developed by GNSS surveying and mathematical
extrapolation of curve equation were used for flood routing for design of spillway of the
selected two tanks. The slight variations of values of each stage of the curve have influenced
the final values obtained for maximum afflux obtained by modified Pul’s method. The GNSS
method values are more accurate in comparison to actual situation tallying with past records,
the GNSS data with Modified Pul’s method combination is more suitable for spillway design
of any future irrigation development programmed.

5.3 Further Recommendations

In this study the selected two medium tanks were shallow, according to these observations
can recommend study by GNSS surveying for the deep medium tanks classified according to
the topography of the tank. When implementing this method for deep tanks having large
quantity of volume and wide spread of water surface need further study of existing water
spread area by GNNS coupling with echosounders. That will helpful for gather unique set of
data at every level of stage by national or world geodetic coordinate systems. Then the studies
can compare with satellite digital elevation models available on Survey Department or other
companies like ESRI (Environmental Systems research Institute) using different software on
desk (some may need to be pay for the services).

83
5.4 REFERENCES

1. Dr. (Eng.).G.G.A.Godaliyadda, Lecture Notes Graduate Diploma in Irrigation

Engineering, IESLCE
2. Eng.A.J.P.Ponrajah 1984, Design of irrigation head works for small catchments,
Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
3. Eng.A.J.P.Ponrajah ,Technical Guidelines for Irrigation Works-1988 , Irrigation
Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
4. Irrigation Department (Hydrology Division)-Hydrology of Small Catchments Volume 1,
2, Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
5. Comprehensive Study on Flood Routing with Limited Topographical Data in Designing
of Spillways for Minor and Medium Tanks with Small Catchments - Case Study from
Trincomalee District by Mr. Thevananthan Nirmalan
6. The performance of RTK-GPS for surveying under challenging environmental
conditions, School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New
South Wales, Sydney, Australia

84
5.5 Annextures

5.5.1 Irrigation Department Hand Plotted drawing for Galkadawala Tank

Figure 27: Previous tank bed contour plan for Improvements to Galkadawala tank

85
Figure 28: Area Capacity table for the Galkadawala tank (existing one)

86
Figure 29: Important features and previous proposals of improvements of
Galkadawala tank

87